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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Dqh59rwTVsbDnG49T8x3wds</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250188</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cuidados Paliativos na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada com Necessidade de Terapia Inotr&#243;pica: Oportunidades de Integra&#231;&#227;o para Melhoria dos Desfechos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0150-5361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Battacini Dei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9413-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Cuidados Paliativos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Daniel Battacini Dei Santi Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daniel.santi@hc.fm.usp.br</email>, <email>dr.daniel.santi@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr - Palestrante: Roche Diagn&#243;stico, Torrent, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Astrazeneca, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK. Consultor: Roche Diagn&#243;stico, Abbott Diagn&#243;stico, Torrent, Sanofi Pasteur, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Astrazeneca.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250188</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada apresenta elevada morbidade e mortalidade, comprometendo a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida de pacientes e familiares. Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es elevam a gravidade, especialmente quando requerem terapia inotr&#243;pica. Os cuidados paliativos (CP) auxiliam a lidar com o sofrimento causado por doen&#231;as graves, mas s&#227;o pouco realizados na cardiologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> avaliar a integra&#231;&#227;o dos CP na abordagem de pacientes com IC descompensada, identificando possibilidades de melhoria assistencial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> estudo unic&#234;ntrico, retrospectivo, observacional, realizado entre fevereiro/2015 e maio/2018, com pacientes com IC em terapia inotr&#243;pica. Analisaram-se os encaminhamentos para CP, a abordagem da equipe de interconsulta e os desfechos, com an&#225;lise de sobrevida em 5 anos. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 492 pacientes, 66,9% do g&#234;nero masculino, mediana de idade de 63 anos (IQ 52-72). O referenciamento para CP ocorreu em 23% da amostra, com mediana de 8,0 dias (IQ 4,0-20) antes do &#243;bito. Somente 14% dos pacientes em terapia intensiva foram referenciados. Nenhum paciente transplantado recebeu assist&#234;ncia paliativa. Pacientes atendidos pela equipe de CP foram mais envolvidos na tomada de decis&#227;o e mais frequentemente receberam opioides para manejo de sintomas do que os atendidos exclusivamente por cardiologistas (p&lt;0,01). A mortalidade hospitalar e em 5 anos foi de 42% e 80%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Pacientes em descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC apresentam alta mortalidade e s&#227;o pouco encaminhados para CP, geralmente nos &#250;ltimos dias de vida, o que reduz os benef&#237;cios dessa abordagem. &#201; necess&#225;rio maior educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica em CP e o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para aumentar essa integra&#231;&#227;o, o que pode resultar em melhores desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cuidados Paliativos na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada com Necessidade de Terapia Inotr&#243;pica: Oportunidades de Integra&#231;&#227;o para Melhoria dos Desfechos</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Oportunidades de integra&#231;&#227;o de cuidados paliativos em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Dqh59rwTVsbDnG49T8x3wds/2e4977830d2283dc457633bb4f247cf4f3f103d4.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Dqh59rwTVsbDnG49T8x3wds/79bb81c137dfe54c7a83978c359146f90deb0462.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Dqh59rwTVsbDnG49T8x3wds/7b9d1ce6f97e584a93b1faeff03d00959e7dcbb1.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Paliativos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estado Terminal</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresenta elevada mortalidade no mundo todo, sendo respons&#225;vel por mais de 9 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos todos os anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, se estima um acometimento de 2 milh&#245;es de pessoas, com registro de mais de 240 mil novos casos anualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em 2019, houve mais de 196 mil interna&#231;&#245;es por IC, sendo que os gastos em servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de com essa condi&#231;&#227;o ultrapassam os R$ 3 bilh&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ocorre quando h&#225; piora dos sintomas, o que aumenta os riscos, principalmente naqueles que apresentam sintomas congestivos e de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, classificados como &#8220;perfil cl&#237;nico hemodin&#226;mico C&#8221;, conhecido como &#8220;frio e &#250;mido&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> H&#225; maior demanda de suporte hospitalar, com interna&#231;&#245;es mais prolongadas e maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos para suporte de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a para pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada s&#227;o limitadas a poucas estrat&#233;gias, como o transplante card&#237;aco e dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (DACM), que s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis apenas para uma pequena parcela dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estes pacientes experienciam sintomas importantes, que limitam a sua funcionalidade e qualidade de vida, se fazendo necess&#225;rio a realiza&#231;&#227;o de abordagens complementares ao tratamento convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os cuidados paliativos (CP) t&#234;m um papel de destaque nesse contexto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Radbruch et al. os definem como um &#8220;cuidado hol&#237;stico ativo de indiv&#237;duos de todas as idades com sofrimento significativo relacionado &#224; sa&#250;de devido a doen&#231;as graves, especialmente daqueles em fase final de vida. O objetivo &#233; melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, de suas fam&#237;lias e de seus cuidadores.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos as diretrizes de sociedades de especialistas t&#234;m recomendado a integra&#231;&#227;o precoce dos CP no tratamento de pacientes com IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> principalmente para auxiliar no manejo de sintomas e no planejamento terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa abordagem pode influenciar positivamente nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como evitar interven&#231;&#245;es f&#250;teis e favorecer a transfer&#234;ncia para unidades <italic>hospices</italic>, que s&#227;o estabelecimentos focados em oferecer conforto e atender as necessidades individuais no final de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, h&#225; diversas barreiras &#224; integra&#231;&#227;o dos CP na cardiologia, como a falta de conhecimento dos profissionais de sa&#250;de e a percep&#231;&#227;o equivocada de que os CP s&#227;o destinados a pacientes em fim de vida, no contexto de aus&#234;ncia de perspectivas terap&#234;uticas modificadoras para a doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A imprevisibilidade da trajet&#243;ria cl&#237;nica da IC, a dificuldade de estabelecer um progn&#243;stico preciso e a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de referenciamento, s&#227;o fatores que dificultam essa integra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A mudan&#231;a desse cen&#225;rio requer medidas estruturais, como a amplia&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, a cria&#231;&#227;o de protocolos assistenciais e o fortalecimento de incentivos institucionais, promovendo uma transforma&#231;&#227;o cultural que melhore a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Pacientes em descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC com necessidade de terapia inotr&#243;pica s&#227;o pouco estudados na literatura, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; abordagem de CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar como &#233; feita a integra&#231;&#227;o de especialistas em CP no tratamento a estes pacientes, explorando oportunidades para otimizar a assist&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, realizado em um hospital escola quatern&#225;rio brasileiro, refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento de paciente com IC. A coorte foi composta por pacientes internados por descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC em perfil C, com necessidade de terapia inotr&#243;pica, admitidos no pronto-socorro entre 01 de fevereiro de 2015 e 31 de maio de 2018.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados a partir dos registros de interna&#231;&#227;o com CID-10 de IC (I.50), sendo seus dados coletados atrav&#233;s dos registros eletr&#244;nicos hospitalares, com transcri&#231;&#227;o para uma planilha de dados protegida, para posterior an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A sobrevida da amostra foi analisada em 5 anos.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IC, independentemente da etiologia, com documenta&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor que 50% ou disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante de ventr&#237;culo direito. Os pacientes deviam apresentar crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos ou laboratoriais que permitissem a sua classifica&#231;&#227;o em perfil C e a terapia inotr&#243;pica ter sido iniciada nos primeiros 5 dias da admiss&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra pacientes menores de 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de IC &#8220;nova&#8221; ou nos quais a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda fosse a principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes caso o inotr&#243;pico tivesse sido utilizado por menos de 24 horas ou em decorr&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sico/cir&#250;rgica. Pacientes transferidos de outros servi&#231;os em uso de inotr&#243;picos ou vasopressores, ou cujos registros eletr&#244;nicos iniciais n&#227;o permitissem a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, ou aqueles em que o t&#233;rmino da interna&#231;&#227;o ocorreu fora do complexo hospitalar, tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra. Em caso de mais de uma admiss&#227;o no pronto-socorro no per&#237;odo do estudo, foi considerada apenas a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o que preenchesse esses crit&#233;rios.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Vari&#225;veis de interesse:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes e caracter&#237;sticas da admiss&#227;o no pronto-socorro, com an&#225;lise do risco realizada atrav&#233;s da ferramenta <italic>Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry</italic> (ADHERE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Analisou-se tamb&#233;m o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, os tratamentos realizados e como foi feito o referenciamento para a equipe de CP.</p>
        <p>Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o avaliou a frequ&#234;ncia de solicita&#231;&#245;es de interconsulta e o tempo necess&#225;rio para o encaminhamento, as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes encaminhados, os contextos de interna&#231;&#227;o em que foram feitas as solicita&#231;&#245;es de interconsulta e as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas pela equipe de interconsulta de CP.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que foram atendidos pela equipe de CP foram comparados com aqueles acompanhados exclusivamente por cardiologistas quanto ao uso de opioide no final de vida, participa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nas discuss&#245;es de tomada de decis&#227;o no final de vida e encaminhamento para o ambulat&#243;rio de CP ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram descritos em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das solicita&#231;&#245;es de interconsulta ao longo dos 40 meses do estudo, foram discriminados quatro intervalos de 10 meses. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em mediana e intervalos interquartis (IQ) de 25% e 75%, e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do teste qui-quadrado. Para estimar a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia n&#227;o ajustada e ajustada para os desfechos bin&#225;rios de interesse, foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o de Poisson.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis utilizadas na regress&#227;o multivariada foram: idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, classe funcional <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), uso pr&#233;vio de terapia medicamentosa direcionada por diretrizes (TMDD), insufici&#234;ncia renal, parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, terapia inotr&#243;pica (tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o, necessidade de combina&#231;&#227;o de inotr&#243;picos ou de dose m&#225;xima) e propostas terap&#234;uticas para IC avan&#231;ada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da probabilidade de sobrevida em 5 anos foi feita com o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox, a curva de Kaplan-Meier e o teste Log-Rank. Utilizou-se o software R, vers&#227;o 4.1.3 e o SAS 9.4. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado no estudo foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliadas 1774 admiss&#245;es hospitalares no per&#237;odo do estudo, sendo 492 pacientes inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise final de dados, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 1</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o perfil cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;fico desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de forma&#231;&#227;o da amostra. CID-10: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as, 10&#170; revis&#227;o; CP: cuidados paliativos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;fico da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valores N=492</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>G&#234;nero masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">329 (66,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">63,0 [52,0-72,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">159 (32,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
                <td align="center">98 (19,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">83 (16,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">68 (13,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">37 (7,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras</td>
                <td align="center">76 (15,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Antecedentes pessoais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">271 (55,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">263 (53,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">161 (32,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">154 (31,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">113 (23,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eventos cerebrovasculares</td>
                <td align="center">84 (17,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">113 (23,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ressincronizador card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">48 (9,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">38 (7,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medicamentos de uso pr&#233;vio</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">221 (45,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">91 (18,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">432 (88,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">291 (59,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">126 (25,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">411 (83,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,0 [22,0-33,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em 12 meses ou visitas ao pronto-socorro em 6 meses</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">343 (69,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe funcional NYHA III ou IV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">356 (72,5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Fonte: autor. *mediana [IQ25-IQ75]. BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da interna&#231;&#227;o e tratamentos institu&#237;dos. As principais causas atribu&#237;das &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC foram: infec&#231;&#227;o (42,9%), progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a (39,2%) e m&#225; ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica (14,0%). A aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore ADHERE &#224; admiss&#227;o revelou que 52,0% dos pacientes eram de risco intermedi&#225;rio e 37,4% de risco elevado.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valores (N=492)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dias de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,0 [13,0-42,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pacientes internados em UTI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">276 (56,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dias em UTI *</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16,0 [9,00-34,4]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es na interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Aguda</td>
                <td align="center">414 (84,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o Nosocomial</td>
                <td align="center">215 (43,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Delirium</td>
                <td align="center">134 (27,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR reanimada</td>
                <td align="center">81 (16,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Uso de recursos hospitalares</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasopressor<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">183 (37,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">118 (24,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemodi&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">84 (17,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">62 (12,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Terapia inotr&#243;pica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dias em uso de inotr&#243;pico*</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 [7,00-28,3]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentual de dias em uso de inotr&#243;pico*</td>
                <td align="center">72,6 [48,1-100]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso da dose m&#225;xima de inotr&#243;pico</td>
                <td align="center">183 (37,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso combinado de inotr&#243;picos</td>
                <td align="center">89 (18,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Cirurgia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">38 (7,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outra cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECMO</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DACM de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Implante de DCEI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16 (3,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Procedimentos percut&#226;neos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13 (2,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Alguma limita&#231;&#227;o de suporte terap&#234;utico<sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">144 (29,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica tomada em conjunto com paciente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (16,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#211;bito na interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">210 (42,7%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: autor. DACM: dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica; DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco el&#233;trico implant&#225;vel ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva. *mediana [IQ25-IQ75], <sup>&#8224;</sup>exceto uso perioperat&#243;rio, <sup>&#8225;</sup>Limita&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o de reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, ou ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou hemodi&#225;lise ou vasopressor.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Interconsulta aos cuidados paliativos</title>
        <p>Foram solicitadas 113 interconsultas &#224; equipe de CP (23%). Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o nas interna&#231;&#245;es na segunda metade do estudo, devido &#224; mudan&#231;a ocorrida no servi&#231;o neste per&#237;odo, para um modelo de admiss&#227;o referenciada na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, se observou um aumento progressivo na taxa de solicita&#231;&#227;o de interconsulta para a equipe de CP a cada decemestre: 11%, 19%, 36% e 44% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A compara&#231;&#227;o da primeira e a segunda metade do estudo revela que esse aumento passou de 14,5% para 39,3% (p&lt;0,01). Inversamente, nesse per&#237;odo houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo necess&#225;rio para o chamado, que passou de 10 dias (IQ 4,5-30) para 4,5 dias (IQ 1,0-15), (p&lt;0,01).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o de admiss&#245;es hospitalares e de solicita&#231;&#245;es de interconsulta &#224; equipe de cuidados paliativos a cada decemestre. Fonte: Autor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes encaminhados para CP, 66% eram do g&#234;nero masculino, tinham mediana de idade de 71 anos (IQ 62&#8211;79) e de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 30% (IQ 24&#8211;35). Al&#233;m disso, 83% apresentavam classe funcional NYHA III ou IV previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e 87% apresentavam risco ADHERE intermedi&#225;rio ou elevado &#224; admiss&#227;o. O pronto-socorro foi o setor que mais solicitou interconsultas (48%). Entre os pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), somente 14% foram referenciados para CP. No momento do chamado, poucos pacientes estavam em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, hemodi&#225;lise, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico ou em uso de vasopressores. Em contrapartida, 70% recebiam terapia inotr&#243;pica no momento da interconsulta.</p>
        <p>As solicita&#231;&#245;es de interconsulta foram feitas com uma mediana de 8 dias (IQ 4-20) antes do &#243;bito. A equipe de interconsulta de CP n&#227;o conseguiu atender &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o de 10% dos pacientes, pois o pedido foi feito nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas de vida, incluindo quatro solicita&#231;&#245;es realizadas no mesmo dia do &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a probabilidade de encaminhamento para CP, de acordo com crit&#233;rios de IC avan&#231;ada e marcadores de gravidade da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade de referenciamento para especialistas em cuidados paliativos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Modelo bruto</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Modelo ajustado</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade *</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE &#8804; 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;1 interna&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA III ou IV</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">2,95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">2,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o uso pr&#233;vio de TMDD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRA na interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">4,87</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR reanimada na interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">2,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">2,18</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">3,86</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% de dias em uso de inotr&#243;pico *</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso combinado de inotr&#243;picos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose m&#225;xima de inotr&#243;pico</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">2,45</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17</td>
                  <td align="center">2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aus&#234;ncia de proposta de interven&#231;&#227;o para IC avan&#231;ada</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">2,93</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">2,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Autor. *A cada aumento de um ponto percentual. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PCR: parada cardiorespirat&#243;ria; TMDD: Terapia Medicamentosa Direcionada por Diretrizes.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A equipe de CP realizou ajustes das medidas sintom&#225;ticas, fez reuni&#245;es familiares e recomendou a transfer&#234;ncia para a enfermaria de CP em 65%, 62% e 56% dos casos avaliados, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta as diferen&#231;as nas formas de abordagem de pacientes que foram encaminhados para CP e os atendidos apenas por cardiologistas.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diferenciais da a&#231;&#227;o da equipe de cuidados paliativos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pacientes n&#227;o encaminhados para CP N= 379</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pacientes encaminhados para CP N = 113</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tomada de decis&#227;o envolvendo o paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (18,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de opioide para manejo sintom&#225;tico na data do &#243;bito *</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (12,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (65,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Encaminhados para ambulat&#243;rio de CP ap&#243;s alta hospitalar<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (68,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Autor. CP: cuidados paliativos. * propor&#231;&#227;o referente ao n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos: 116 no grupo n&#227;o encaminhado e 94 no grupo encaminhado. <sup>&#8224;</sup>propor&#231;&#227;o referente ao n&#250;mero de altas: 263 no grupo n&#227;o encaminhado e 19 no grupo encaminhado.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> s&#227;o comparados os grupos de pacientes encaminhados para CP e os que receberam tratamento convencional para IC avan&#231;ada e o suporte hemodin&#226;mico utilizado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. No caso dos dois pacientes que estiveram em lista para transplante card&#237;aco e foram avaliados pela equipe de CP, esse referenciamento ocorreu apenas ap&#243;s a sua inativa&#231;&#227;o em lista.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias para IC avan&#231;ada e suporte ao choque durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pacientes n&#227;o encaminhados para CP N= 379</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pacientes encaminhados para CP N = 113</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discuss&#227;o sobre transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (38,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (25,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paciente que entraram em lista para transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (15,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (10,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor*</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (35,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (42,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante de DCEI<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">15 (3,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte ventricular mec&#226;nico<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">59 (15,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: autor. CP: cuidados paliativos; DCEI: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis. * exceto uso perioperat&#243;rio, <sup>&#8224;</sup>ressincronizador card&#237;aco ou cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, <sup>&#8225;</sup>bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, ECMO ou DACM.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos da interna&#231;&#227;o e seguimento</title>
        <p>Observou-se que tanto a mortalidade hospitalar, quanto em 5 anos foram elevadas, 43% e 80%, respectivamente. Entre os pacientes que receberam alta, 49% foram readmitidos pelo menos uma vez nos anos subsequentes. O encaminhamento para o ambulat&#243;rio de CP ocorreu apenas nos pacientes que foram atendidos pelos CP na interna&#231;&#227;o. Dos 394 &#243;bitos, 67% ocorreram nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o inicial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade de sobrevida da popula&#231;&#227;o geral em 5 anos. Fonte: Autor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo &#233; o maior registro brasileiro de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada internados com necessidade de terapia inotr&#243;pica, sendo in&#233;dito ao propor a investiga&#231;&#227;o da abordagem de CP nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. A gravidade e a complexidade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o fazem das interven&#231;&#245;es paliativas algo premente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de pacientes internados em choque cardiog&#234;nico, em 2020, do <italic>National Inpatient Sample Database,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> observou uma taxa de encaminhamento para CP semelhante &#224; encontrada em neste estudo (22% x 23%). Os autores consideraram que essa baixa taxa reflete o qu&#227;o pouco os CP s&#227;o integrados na da cardiologia, sendo reservados apenas &#224;queles com alta probabilidade de morte.</p>
      <p>O aumento progressivo na frequ&#234;ncia de encaminhamentos, observado ao longo dos 40 meses de estudo, pode ser explicado, em parte, pelo efeito multiplicador das a&#231;&#245;es da equipe de CP. Cada vez mais integradas nas rotinas hospitalares, como algo habitual, a educa&#231;&#227;o de profissionais e a divulga&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas de CP auxiliam na desmistifica&#231;&#227;o de conceitos equivocados, favorecendo a integra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Um estudo com pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico que requeriam suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico observou um aumento de 9,4% para 16,8%, em seis anos, na taxa de referenciamento para CP. Os autores atribu&#237;ram esse achado ao crescente reconhecimento entre os profissionais de sa&#250;de, quanto a import&#226;ncia dos CP para pacientes com IC na melhoria da qualidade de vida, associado &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de sociedades de cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar desse aumento crescente na taxa de referenciamento para CP, se estima que ainda h&#225; uma demanda reprimida. Este estudo buscou identificar oportunidades para facilitar e otimizar a integra&#231;&#227;o dos CP na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>Observou-se que n&#227;o h&#225; uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios utilizados pelos cardiologistas para referenciar seus pacientes para CP. Marcadores de IC avan&#231;ada que s&#227;o associados a um pior progn&#243;stico, como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o muito reduzida, classe funcional NYHA III ou IV e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes por IC, prevalentes neste estudo, n&#227;o foram associados &#224; maior probabilidade de referenciamento. Dois estudos mostraram que a padroniza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios se mostrou mais efetiva do que aguardar a iniciativa dos cardiologistas, aumentando a taxa de referenciamento para CP, de 6,4% para 20%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e de 28% para 46%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Crit&#233;rios claros que orientem cardiologistas a identificar pacientes que se beneficiam de CP facilitam essa integra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, pacientes que permaneceram maior tempo em uso de terapia inotr&#243;pica ou que necessitaram de dose m&#225;xima de inotr&#243;pico foram mais referenciados para CP, possivelmente por representar uma doen&#231;a de mais dif&#237;cil controle. Marcadores hospitalares de gravidade, como interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI, disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas secund&#225;rias e maior necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico, como vasopressores ou suporte ventricular mec&#226;nico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> s&#227;o crit&#233;rios para o encaminhamento para CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Poucos pacientes internados em UTI, neste estudo, foram referenciados para CP, sendo que apenas 15,5% dos &#243;bitos ocorridos nesses setores contaram com o acompanhamento da equipe de CP. As limita&#231;&#245;es de suporte terap&#234;utico foram decididas tardiamente, com uma mediana de quatro dias antes do &#243;bito. Dados de literatura corroboram essa pr&#225;tica, sendo observada uma taxa de encaminhamento para CP em pacientes com IC internados em UTI variando entre 1,2% e 4,1%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e as defini&#231;&#245;es de limita&#231;&#227;o de suporte terap&#234;utico sendo tomadas nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa forma dicot&#244;mica de abordagem da doen&#231;a, reservando os CP exclusivamente para o final de vida, excluindo-o de fases em que ainda h&#225; perspectivas de tratamentos modificadores de doen&#231;a, &#233; uma das principais barreiras para a sua integra&#231;&#227;o precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Destaca-se que neste estudo, as terap&#234;uticas que t&#234;m a capacidade de modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da IC na sua fase avan&#231;ada, como transplante card&#237;aco e os DACM, foram pouco realizadas nesta amostra, limitadas pela baixa disponibilidade de dispositivos, &#243;rg&#227;os para transplante ou por contraindica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#224; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nenhum paciente submetido a transplante card&#237;aco ou DACM foi encaminhado para CP, apesar de estarem em um servi&#231;o que oferece essa avalia&#231;&#227;o a qualquer paciente, independentemente da etiologia, progn&#243;stico ou possibilidades terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      <p>Apesar do reconhecimento da import&#226;ncia da integra&#231;&#227;o dos CP para pacientes listados para transplante card&#237;aco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> isso n&#227;o foi observado nesta coorte. Isso contraria as diretrizes da <italic>International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic>, que recomendam que os CP sejam parte integral do tratamento da IC, realizados juntamente com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de terapias avan&#231;adas, ao longo da evolu&#231;&#227;o e nos cuidados de fim de vida, com o objetivo de aliviar os sintomas, auxiliar na defini&#231;&#227;o de metas terap&#234;uticas e proporcionar um atendimento amplo &#224;s prefer&#234;ncias individuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra diferen&#231;a significativa na forma de abordagem da equipe de CP foi o maior envolvimento dos pacientes nas discuss&#245;es para a tomada de decis&#227;o (18,6% x 0,52%, p&lt;0,01). Sidebottom et al., mostraram que pacientes encaminhados para CP apresentam chance 2,87 vezes maior de estabelecer um planejamento avan&#231;ado de cuidados do que aqueles atendidos apenas por cardiologistas (p=0,03).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A comunica&#231;&#227;o adequada com pacientes e familiares permite o alinhamento das estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas aos seus valores, objetivos e prefer&#234;ncias de cuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo se observou que pacientes atendidos pela equipe de CP mais frequentemente receberam opioides no final da vida, em aten&#231;&#227;o aos seus sintomas, como dor e dispneia. Isso sugere um maior reconhecimento e abordagem dos sintomas quando s&#227;o avaliados por especialistas em CP. De forma semelhante, Ye et al. observaram uma menor avalia&#231;&#227;o das necessidades paliativas quando a abordagem &#233; realizada por n&#227;o especialistas em CP. Justificam o achado pela subestima&#231;&#227;o de sua relev&#226;ncia ou por falta de treinamento e de conhecimentos em CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os inotr&#243;picos s&#227;o outra forma de manejar sintomas e proporcionar qualidade de vida em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, &#224; medida que buscam equilibrar a hemodin&#226;mica. Com intuito paliativo, principalmente em pacientes n&#227;o candidatos a terapias para IC avan&#231;ada, &#233; recomendado o envolvimento de especialistas em CP na condu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Neste estudo, 91% dos pacientes transferidos para enfermaria de CP recebiam inotr&#243;picos para conforto, sendo l&#225; titulados para essa finalidade.</p>
      <p>A enfermaria de CP, neste servi&#231;o, se prop&#245;e a realizar a compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica enquanto alivia os sintomas, com perspectiva de alta hospitalar, e tamb&#233;m serve como modelo <italic>hospice,</italic> com foco em oferecer conforto no final da vida. Foram desospitalizados 19% dos pacientes para l&#225; encaminhados em uso de inotr&#243;picos. Apenas 5% dos &#243;bitos hospitalares ocorreram na enfermaria de CP.</p>
      <p>Diop et al. observou que pacientes que receberam CP foram mais transferidos para <italic>hospice</italic> do que os que receberam tratamento convencional (34,8% x 18,35, respectivamente, p&lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando que um dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para interna&#231;&#227;o em <italic>hospice</italic>, segundo o <italic>Medicare/Medicaid</italic>, &#233; uma expectativa de vida inferior a seis meses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e que, no presente estudo, 67% dos &#243;bitos ocorreram dentro desse per&#237;odo, sendo potencialmente eleg&#237;veis para cuidados em <italic>hospice</italic>, se pode supor que mais pacientes poderiam ter indica&#231;&#227;o de receber CP do que os que foram efetivamente referenciados.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es, principalmente relacionadas &#224; sua metodologia retrospectiva, dependente dos registros m&#233;dicos, que podem ser falhos, especialmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s documenta&#231;&#245;es de sintomas, valores pessoais e diretivas, nos pacientes n&#227;o atendidos pela equipe de CP. Esses fatores limitam a mensura&#231;&#227;o da real demanda por CP na amostra. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza unic&#234;ntrica do estudo &#233; outro fator limitante, o que restringe o seu potencial de generaliza&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, n&#227;o foram avaliadas as interna&#231;&#245;es em outros servi&#231;os de pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar, o que subestimou a taxa de reinterna&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes em descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC com necessidade de terapia inotr&#243;pica apresentam alta mortalidade hospitalar e no seguimento de cinco anos, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade da abordagem integrada de CP, de forma precoce, ainda pouco realizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica da cardiologia. O encaminhamento tardio reduz os potenciais benef&#237;cios da abordagem paliativa. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de pior progn&#243;stico, momentos cr&#237;ticos de tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, manejo de sintomas e a considera&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia para <italic>hospice</italic> s&#227;o oportunidades de melhorar a integra&#231;&#227;o de CP no tratamento da IC. &#201; importante aprimorar a educa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de e desenvolver estrat&#233;gias que favore&#231;am a sua implementa&#231;&#227;o precoce, o que pode otimizar a integra&#231;&#227;o entre cardiologia e CP, com o potencial de impactar positivamente na qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e em desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melillo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gravino</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Errigo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martucci</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caiazzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inotropes in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Not Only Palliative Care</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Clin</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>587</fpage>
          <lpage>598</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hfc.2021.05.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Diop MS, Bowen GS, Jiang L, Wu WC, Cornell PY, Gozalo P, et al. Palliative Care Consultation Reduces Heart Failure Transitions: A Matched Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(11):e013989. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013989.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Diop</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowen</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cornell</surname>
              <given-names>PY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gozalo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Palliative Care Consultation Reduces Heart Failure Transitions: A Matched Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
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          <issue>11</issue>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Daniel Battacini Dei Santi pelo Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 33360320.2.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para corre&#231;&#227;o e tradu&#231;&#227;o de texto e cria&#231;&#227;o de figuras. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250188i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Palliative Care in Decompensated Heart Failure Requiring Inotropic Therapy: Opportunities for Integration to Improve Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0150-5361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Battacini Dei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis e Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9413-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis e Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Cuidados Paliativos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Daniel Battacini Dei Santi Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daniel.santi@hc.fm.usp.br, dr.daniel.santi@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr - Speakers: Roche Diagn&#243;stico, Torrent, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Astrazeneca, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK. Consultants: Roche Diagn&#243;stico, Abbott Diagn&#243;stico, Torrent, Sanofi Pasteur, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Astrazeneca.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Advanced heart failure (HF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, compromising the functionality and quality of life of patients and their families. Hospitalizations exacerbate disease severity, particularly when inotropic therapy is required. Palliative care (PC) supports the management of suffering caused by severe illnesses but is infrequently utilized in cardiology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the integration of PC in the management of decompensated HF, identifying opportunities to enhance patient care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> This unicentric, retrospective, observational study was conducted between February 2015 and May 2018 with HF patients undergoing inotropic therapy. The study analyzed referrals for PC, the approach adopted by the PC-consultation team, and patient outcomes, including an analysis of 5-year survival rates. Statistical significance level: 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 492 patients were included (66.9% male, median age 63 years, IQR 52-72). PC referral occurred in 23% of cases, with a median of 8.0 days (IQR 4.0-20) before death. Only 14% of intensive care patients were referred, and no transplant patients received PC evaluations. Patients assessed by the PC team were more involved in decision-making and received more opioid prescriptions for symptom management than those managed exclusively by cardiologists (p&lt;0.01). In-hospital and 5-year mortality rates were 42% and 80%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Patients experiencing decompensated HF demonstrate high mortality rates and are rarely referred to PC, often in the final days of life, limiting the potential benefits of this approach. Enhanced medical education in PC and the development of strategies to promote its integration may improve patient outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Palliative Care in Decompensated Heart Failure Requiring Inotropic Therapy: Opportunities for Integration to Improve Outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Opportunities for the integration of Palliative Care in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Palliative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Critical Illness</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospice Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) has a high mortality rate worldwide, accounting for over 9 million deaths annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, it is estimated that 2 million people are affected, with more than 240,000 new cases recorded each year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In 2019, HF caused over 196,000 hospitalizations, resulting in R$3 billion in healthcare expenditures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hospitalization is often required when symptoms worsen, particularly in patients with congestive symptoms and low cardiac output, classified as &#8220;clinical hemodynamic profile C&#8221;, known as &#8220;cold and wet&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These cases demand extensive hospital support, prolonged stays, and intensive life-support interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Disease-modifying therapies for advanced HF are limited to a few strategies, such as heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs), accessible to only a small proportion of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These individuals frequently experience severe symptoms that impair functionality and quality of life, necessitating complementary approaches to conventional treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Palliative care (PC) plays an important role in this context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> According to Radbruch et al, it is an &#8220;active holistic care of individuals across all ages with serious health-related suffering due to severe illness and especially of those near the end of life. It aims to improve the quality of life of patients, their families, and their caregivers&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent guidelines from specialist societies have recommended the early integration of PC into the treatment of patients with HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> focusing on symptom control and advanced care planning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This approach can positively influence clinical outcomes, such as avoiding futile interventions and favoring transfer to hospice units, which prioritize comfort at the end of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, there are several barriers to the integration of PC in cardiology, including the lack of knowledge among health professionals and the misconception that PC is exclusively for end-of-life care, in the context of the absence of modifying therapeutic prospects for the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The unpredictability of the clinical course of HF, challenges in establishing a precise prognosis, and the lack of standardized referral criteria further complicate this integration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Changing this scenario requires structural measures, including expanded medical education, the development of clinical care protocols, and the strengthening of institutional incentives, to foster a cultural shift that enhances the quality of care.</p>
        <p>Patients in decompensated HF requiring inotropic therapy are poorly studied in the literature, especially regarding the practice of PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This study aims to investigate how PC specialists are integrated into the treatment of these patients, exploring opportunities to optimize care.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective, single-center observational study conducted in a Brazilian quaternary teaching hospital, a reference center for HF treatment. The cohort consisted of patients admitted to the emergency department between February 1<sup>st</sup>, 2015, and May 31<sup>st</sup>, 2018, with a decompensated HF profile C, requiring inotropic therapy.</p>
          <p>Patients were selected from hospitalization records with an ICD-10 code for HF (I.50). Their data were collected through electronic hospital records and transcribed into a protected spreadsheet for statistical analysis. The sample&#8217;s 5-year survival rate was then analyzed.</p>
          <p>Patients with a previous diagnosis of HF were included, regardless of etiology, and required a documented by echocardiogram left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 50% or moderate or significant right ventricular dysfunction. Patients had to present clinical or laboratory criteria allowing classification in profile C, and inotropic therapy had to be initiated within the first 5 days of hospital admission.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included patients under the age of 18, those with de novo HF diagnosis, or those for whom acute coronary syndrome was the primary diagnostic hypothesis. Patients were also excluded if inotropic therapy duration was less than 24 hours, or because of anesthetic/surgical intervention, or if they were transferred from other services using inotropes or vasopressors. Additionally, patients whose initial electronic records did not allow the characterization of hospital admission or whose hospitalization ended outside the hospital complex were excluded. In cases of multiple admissions during the study period, only the first qualifying admission was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables of interest:</title>
          <p>Clinical and demographic characteristics, as well as emergency room admission details, were analyzed. Risk assessment was performed using the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Hospitalization duration, treatments performed, and referral processes to the PC team were evaluated.</p>
          <p>This analysis included the frequency of inter-consultation requests, referral times, characteristics of referred patients, contexts of PC consultation requests, and interventions performed by the PC team.</p>
          <p>Patients receiving PC were compared to those managed exclusively by cardiologists regarding opioid use at end-of-life, patient involvement in decision-making, and PC outpatient referrals post-discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data was described in absolute and relative frequencies. In order to compare PC-consultation requests over the 40-month study period, four 10-month intervals were defined. Continuous variables were presented as medians with 25% and 75% interquartile ranges (IQR). Group comparisons used the chi-square test. The Poisson regression model estimated the non-adjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios for binary outcomes.</p>
          <p>The variables included in the multivariate regression were: age, ejection fraction, hospital admission within the previous 12 months, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, prior use of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), presence of renal dysfunction, cardiopulmonary arrest, inotropic therapy (duration of use, need for drug combination, or maximum dose requirement), and therapeutic strategies proposed for advanced HF during hospitalization.</p>
          <p>Five-year survival probability was analyzed using the Cox regression model, Kaplan-Meier curves, and the Log-Rank test. Statistical analyses were conducted using R software (version 4.1.3) and SAS (version 9.4). A statistical significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 1,774 hospital admissions were assessed during the study period, with 492 patients included for final data analysis, as presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and demographic profile of these patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Study sample flowchart. ICD: International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; PC: palliative care. Source: Author.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Values N=492</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Male gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">329 (66.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">63.0 [52.0-72.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Heart Failure Etiology</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (32.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (19.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas disease</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (16.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvular</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (13.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertensive</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (7.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (15.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medical History</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">271 (55.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (53.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (32.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (31.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (23.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebrovascular events</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (17.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous cardiac surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (23.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac resynchronization therapy</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (9.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (7.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Previous Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (45.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin receptor blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (18.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">432 (88.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">291 (59.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (25.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">411 (83.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ejection Fraction (%)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.0 [22.0-33.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospitalizations in the past 12 months or emergency department visits in the past 6 months</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">343 (69.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA functional class III or IV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">356 (72.5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: Author. *median [IQR 25-75]. ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the characteristics of hospitalization and treatment performed. The main causes attributed to HF decompensation were infections (42.9%), disease progression (39.2%), and poor therapeutic adherence (14.0%). Applying the ADHERE score on admission revealed that 52.0% of patients were at intermediate risk and 37.4% at high risk.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hospitalization characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Values (N=492)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Days of hospital stay*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.0 [13.0-42.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Patients admitted to the ICU</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">276 (56.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Days in ICU*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16.0 [9.00-34.4]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Hospitalization Complications</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute kidney injury</td>
                  <td align="center">414 (84.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nosocomial infection</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (43.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Delirium</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (27.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resuscitated cardiac arrest</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (16.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Use of Hospital Resources</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">183 (37.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Emergency mechanical ventilation</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (24.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodialysis</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (17.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intra-aortic balloon pump</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (12.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Inotropic Therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Days on inotropic therapy*</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0 [7.00-28.3]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Percentage of days on inotropic therapy*</td>
                  <td align="center">72.6 [48.1-100]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of maximum inotropic dose</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (37.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Combined use of inotropes</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (18.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Cardiac Surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart transplant</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (7.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other cardiac surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECMO</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Long-term MCSD</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Implantable cardiac electronic device</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Percutaneous procedures</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining therapies <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">144 (29.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Therapeutic decision-making involving the patient</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>In-hospital mortality</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">210 (42.7%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: Author. MCSD: Mechanical circulatory support devices, ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: Intensive care unit. *median [IQR 25-75]. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Except for perioperative use; <sup>&#8225;</sup>Decisions involving cardiopulmonary resuscitation orders, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, or vasopressor therapy.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Palliative care consultation</title>
          <p>A total of 113 consultations were requested of the PC team (23%). Despite the reduction in hospital admissions during the second half of the study, due to changes implemented in the service during this period, shifting to a referral-based admission model in the emergency unit, there was a progressive increase in the PC referral rate every ten months: 11%, 19%, 36% and 44% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). A comparison between the first and second halves of the study shows that this increase rose from 14.5% to 39.3% (p&lt;0.01). Conversely, during this period, there was a reduction in the time required for the request, which decreased from 10 days (IQ 4.5-30) to 4.5 days (IQ 1.0-15) (p&lt;0.01).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Proportion of hospital admissions and PC consultation requests per ten-month period. PC: palliative care. Source: Author.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Among the patients referred to PC, 66% were male, had a median age of 71 years (IQR 62-79), and an ejection fraction of 30% (IQR 24-35). Additionally, 83% had NYHA functional class III or IV before admission, and 87% were at intermediate or high risk on admission (ADHERE). The emergency department was the facility that requested the most PC consultations (48%). Among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), only 14% were referred to PC. At the time of the request, few patients were on mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, intra-aortic balloon, or using vasopressors. Conversely, 70% were receiving inotropic therapy at the time of the consultation request.</p>
          <p>PC-consultation requests were made a median of 8 days (IQ 4-20) before death. The PC consultation team was unable to fulfill the evaluation request for 10% of the patients because the request was made within the last 48 hours of life, including four requests made on the same day of the death.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the probability of referral for PC according to advanced HF criteria and hospitalization severity markers.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Probability of referral to PC specialists based on patient characteristics and severity markers</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Clinical Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Non-adjusted model</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Adjusted model</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CI 95%</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CI 95%</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age *</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection Fraction &lt; 30%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;1 hospitalization in the past 12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA functional class III / IV</td>
                    <td align="center">1.88</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">2.95</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">2.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No prior use of GDMT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AKI during hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">2.47</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">4.87</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">2.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resuscitated CPA during hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">1.66</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">2.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">2.18</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">3.86</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% of days on inotropic therapy*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Combined use of inotropes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum inotropic dose</td>
                    <td align="center">1.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">2.45</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17</td>
                    <td align="center">2.28</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Absence of proposed intervention for advanced HF</td>
                    <td align="center">2.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">2.93</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">2.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Author. * For each one-percentage-point increase. CI: confidence interval; AKI: acute kidney injury; CPA: cardiopulmonary arrest; GDMT: guideline-directed medical therapy; HF: heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PR: prevalence ratio.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The PC team adjusted symptomatic measures, held family meetings, and recommended transfer to the PC ward in 65%, 62% and 56% of the cases assessed, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the differences in the approach to patients who were referred to PC and those evaluated only by cardiologists.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Differences in PC team approach</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Patients not referred to PC N= 379</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Patients referred to PC N = 113</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Decision-making involving the patient</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.52%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (18.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Opioid use for symptomatic management on the date of death*</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (12.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (65.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Referred to outpatient PC after hospital discharge<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (68.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Author. PC: Palliative care. *Relative to the number of deaths: 116 in the non-referred group and 94 in the referred group. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Relative to the number of discharges: 263 in the non-referred group and 19 in the referred group.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> compares the groups of patients referred to PC and those who received conventional treatment for advanced HF and the hemodynamic support used during hospitalization. In the case of the two patients who were on the list for heart transplantation and were assessed by the PC team, this referral only took place after their removal from the list.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Utilization of advanced HF therapies and shock support during hospitalization</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Patients not referred to PC N= 379</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Patients referred to PC N = 113</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart transplantation discussion</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (38.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (25.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients listed for heart transplantation</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (15.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart transplantation</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (10.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vasopressor*</td>
                    <td align="center">135 (35.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (42.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implantation of CIED<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">15 (3.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular mechanical support<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">59 (15.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Author. CIED: Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device; PC: Palliative Care. *Except perioperative use. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Cardiac resynchronization therapy or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. <sup>&#8225;</sup>Intra-aortic balloon pump, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation or long term Mechanical Circulatory Support Device.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hospitalization and follow-up outcomes</title>
          <p>Both in-hospital and 5-year mortality rates were high, at 43% and 80%, respectively. Among the patients who were discharged, 49% were readmitted at least once in subsequent years. Referral to the PC outpatient clinic only occurred in patients who had been evaluated by the PC specialists during hospitalization. Of the 394 deaths, 67% occurred in the first 6 months after initial admission (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Five-Year Survival Probability of the Study Population. Source: Author.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250188-50188-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study is the largest Brazilian registry of patients with advanced HF hospitalized requiring inotropic therapy and is unprecedented in proposing to investigate the PC approach in this population. The severity and complexity of this population make palliative interventions an urgent issue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An analysis of patients hospitalized in cardiogenic shock in 2020 from the National Inpatient Sample Database registry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> found a referral rate for PC similar to that observed in this study (22% x 23%). The authors considered that this low rate reflects how poorly PC is integrated into cardiology, with referrals being reserved for those with a high probability of death.</p>
        <p>The observed increase in referral frequency over the 40 months of the study may be partly explained by the progressive influence of the PC team&#8217;s actions. As PC became increasingly integrated into hospital routines, professional education and the dissemination of PC practices contributed to dispelling misconceptions, thereby facilitating integration.</p>
        <p>A study of patients in cardiogenic shock requiring mechanical circulatory support reported an increase in PC referral rates from 9.4% to 16.8% over six years. The authors attribute this finding to the growing recognition among health professionals of PC&#8217;s importance in improving quality of life for patients with HF, alongside recommendations from cardiology society guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the increase in PC referral rates, it is estimated that there is still a significant unmet demand. This study aimed to identify opportunities to facilitate and optimize the integration of PC into cardiology practice.</p>
        <p>It was observed that there is no standardization of the criteria used by cardiologists in referring patients for PC. Markers of advanced HF that are associated with poor prognosis, such as very low ejection fraction, NYHA functional class III or IV, and recurrent hospitalizations for HF, which were prevalent in this study, did not correlate with a higher likelihood of referral. Two studies demonstrated that the standardization of criteria proved more effective than waiting for cardiologists&#8217; initiative, increasing the PC referral rate from 6.4% to 20%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and from 28% to 46%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Clearer criteria to help cardiologists identify patients who would benefit from PC can also enhance integration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, patients on prolonged inotropic therapy or requiring maximum doses were more likely to be referred to PC, possibly due to the complexity of their condition, which represents a more challenging disease. Hospital severity markers, such as ICU admission, secondary organ dysfunction, and increased need for hemodynamic support (e.g., vasopressors or mechanical ventricular support),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> are also considered PC referral criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Few ICU patients in this study were referred to PC, and only 15.5% of deaths in these settings were followed by the PC team. Decisions regarding withholding and withdrawing therapeutic support were often delayed, with a median of four days before death. Literature data corroborate this trend, with PC referral rates for ICU HF patients ranging from 1.2% to 4.1%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and therapeutic limitation decisions occurring within the last 48 hours of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This dichotomous way of approaching the disease, which reserves PC exclusively for end-of-life stages and excludes it from phases when disease-modifying treatments are still viable, is a major barrier to early integration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Notably, no patients undergoing heart transplantation or MCSDs were referred to PC in this study.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that, in this study, therapies capable of modifying the course of advanced heart failure, such as heart transplantation and MCSDs, were infrequently performed in this cohort, mainly due to limited availability of devices or donor organs, or clinical contraindications to their use.</p>
        <p>None of the patients who underwent heart transplantation or MCSD implantation were referred to PC, despite being in a center where such evaluation is available to all patients, regardless of disease etiology, prognosis, or therapeutic possibilities.</p>
        <p>Despite recognition of the value of integrating PC to patients listed for heart transplantation, this was not observed in this cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> This finding contradicts the guidelines of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation, which recommend that PC should be an integral component of HF treatment, conducted alongside evaluations for advanced therapies, including heart transplantation and MCSDs. PC should also be involved at the end of life to alleviate symptoms, assist in defining therapeutic goals, and address individual preferences comprehensively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A notable difference in the PC team&#8217;s approach was the greater involvement of patients in decision-making discussions (18.6% vs. 0.52%, p&lt;0.01). Sidebottom et al. demonstrated that patients referred to PC were 2.87 times more likely to engage in advanced care planning than those managed exclusively by cardiologists (p=0.03).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Effective communication with patients and families enables therapeutic strategies to align with their values, goals, and care preferences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study found that patients evaluated by the PC team more frequently received opioid prescriptions at the end of life to manage symptoms such as pain and dyspnea. This suggests that PC specialists are better at recognizing and addressing symptom management. Similarly, Ye et al. observed that PC needs were less frequently assessed when evaluations were conducted by non-specialists, attributing this to either underestimation of symptom relevance or a lack of PC training among cardiologists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inotropic drugs are another strategy for symptom management and improving quality of life in patients with advanced HF, particularly for those ineligible for advanced HF therapies, as they aim to balance hemodynamics. In such cases, PC specialist involvement is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In this study, 91% of the patients transferred to the PC ward were receiving inotropes for comfort, with doses titrated accordingly.</p>
        <p>In this service, the PC ward serves both for clinical stabilization while implementing measures for symptom relief, with the possibility of discharge, and as a hospice care model, focused on end-of-life comfort. A total of 19% of the patients referred to the PC ward on inotropes were discharged. Only 5% of hospital deaths occurred in the PC ward.</p>
        <p>Diop et al. found that patients receiving PC were more frequently transferred to hospice compared to those receiving conventional treatment (34.8% vs. 18.3%, p&lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering that one eligibility criterion for hospice admission, according to Medicare/Medicaid, is a life expectancy of less than six months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and that 67% of the deaths in this study occurred within this period, potentially eligible for hospice care, it can be assumed that more patients would have been indicated to PC consultation than those who were actually referred.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations, mostly related to its retrospective design, which depends on medical records, which may be incomplete, especially regarding documentation of symptoms, personal values, and directives for patients not assessed by the PC team. These factors limit the accurate measurement of the real demand for PC in the sample. Additionally, the single-center nature of the study restricts the generalizability of the findings. Finally, post-discharge admissions to other services were not assessed, potentially underestimating hospital readmission rates.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with decompensated HF requiring inotropic therapy have high in-hospital and follow-up mortality, reinforcing the need for an integrated and early approach by PC, which is still rarely implemented in clinical cardiology practice. Late referral diminishes the potential benefits of the palliative approach. Utilizing markers of poor prognosis, addressing critical moments in therapeutic decision-making, managing symptoms effectively, and considering hospice transfer are key opportunities to enhance PC integration in HF treatment. Optimizing integration requires improved education for health professionals and the development of strategies that encourage early PC implementation, which can positively impact the quality of care and clinical outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Daniel Battacini Dei Santi, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 33360320.2.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for text correction and translation and figure creation. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
