<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BGnSCjFXXFHfz54shjQxYKn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250088</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade da Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da Valva Pulmonar com Biomarcadores, Capacidade Funcional e Complica&#231;&#245;es em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1017-1917</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aydin</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6564-7185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Bektas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3935-0222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Selda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daghan</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Burak</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">TC Sa&#287;lik Bakanli&#287;i Eski&#351;ehir &#350;ehir Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Odunpazari</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Sa&#287;lik Bakanli&#287;i Eski&#351;ehir &#350;ehir Hastanesi, Odunpazari &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir Osmangazi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir Osmangazi University - Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Fatih Aydin &#8226; TC Sa&#287;l&#305;k Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; Eski&#351;ehir &#350;ehir Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Eskisehir City, Cardiology Department Kardiyoloji B&#246;l&#252;m&#252; Odunpazar&#305; 26080 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drfatihaydin@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250088</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar (RP) &#233; frequentemente encontrada em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Embora geralmente tolerada, a RP grave pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e a desfechos cl&#237;nicos negativos; no entanto, seu impacto espec&#237;fico na popula&#231;&#227;o mais ampla com IC ainda precisa ser melhor elucidado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo foi concebido para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar e os n&#237;veis do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (pr&#243;-BNP), seu efeito na capacidade funcional medida pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e a incid&#234;ncia de problemas cl&#237;nicos significativos em pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Entre 2016 e 2023, realizamos um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 579 pacientes com IC submetidos a ecocardiografia em duas institui&#231;&#245;es terci&#225;rias. Com base na gravidade da RP avaliada de forma semiquantitativa, os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos: sem RP, RP leve, RP moderada e RP grave. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando os testes Qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariada e correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP aumentaram significativamente em todos os grupos de gravidade da RP (Mediana: 2.157 pg/mL [Sem RP] a 23.541 pg/mL [RP Grave], p&lt;0,0001). Em contrapartida, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M diminuiu significativamente com o agravamento da gravidade da RP (Mediana: 254 m [Sem RP] a 72 m [RP Grave], p&lt;0,0001). A preval&#234;ncia de ortopneia e derrame pleural tamb&#233;m aumentou com a gravidade da RP. Ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, a gravidade da RP permaneceu associada de forma independente a n&#237;veis mais elevados de pr&#243;-BNP (&#946;=0,48, p=0,002) e a uma menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (&#946;=-0,39, p=0,008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em pacientes com IC, o aumento da gravidade da RP est&#225; associado de forma independente a n&#237;veis elevados de pr&#243;-BNP, capacidade funcional reduzida e maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade da Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da Valva Pulmonar com Biomarcadores, Capacidade Funcional e Complica&#231;&#245;es em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BGnSCjFXXFHfz54shjQxYKn/f6e06ec3ecb2a3edd2c87742e5f1c0dacef827c3.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BGnSCjFXXFHfz54shjQxYKn/f023364d8dc4876a28c5570634bd13fdb712b490.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BGnSCjFXXFHfz54shjQxYKn/71b8f56bbb9d14b18e7b85e950f8b3a46c37fc9a.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar (RP) &#233; um achado cl&#225;ssico em diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, frequentemente observada no contexto de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Embora a RP leve seja geralmente bem tolerada, a RP grave pode causar sobrecarga de volume e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), o que pode levar ao agravamento dos sintomas e desfechos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os efeitos da RP na capacidade funcional e em biomarcadores estabelecidos em popula&#231;&#245;es com IC continuam sendo uma &#225;rea ativa de pesquisa. O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e o pr&#243;-BNP N-terminal (pr&#243;-BNP) t&#234;m sido amplamente pesquisados e servem como biomarcadores-chave para o diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e monitoramento da IC. N&#237;veis elevados desses pept&#237;deos refletem aumento do estresse da parede ventricular e se correlacionam com eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o padronizada da capacidade funcional em pacientes com IC; ele fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas relevantes e independentes sobre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e o progn&#243;stico geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar e os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP e o TC6M, juntamente com a incid&#234;ncia de ortopneia e derrame pleural nesta coorte de pacientes com IC. Nossa hip&#243;tese era de que o aumento da gravidade da RP estaria associado a n&#237;veis mais elevados de pr&#243;-BNP, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es da IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados com IC que realizaram ecocardiografia em dois grandes hospitais terci&#225;rios entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2023. Inicialmente, 579 pacientes que atendiam a esses crit&#233;rios foram identificados. No entanto, para garantir a robustez da an&#225;lise que exigia vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas, a coorte final do estudo incluiu 490 pacientes com conjuntos de dados completos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Os dados foram extra&#237;dos de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, abrangendo dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico relevante (incluindo comorbidades como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica [DPOC]), resultados de exames laboratoriais padr&#227;o, como pr&#243;-BNP e hemoglobina, dist&#226;ncias percorridas no TC6M, quando realizado, e sintomas documentados, como ortopneia ou evid&#234;ncia de derrame pleural. Vari&#225;veis conhecidas por influenciar o desempenho no TC6M, incluindo idade, sexo, certas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e par&#226;metros laboratoriais, foram inclu&#237;das quando dispon&#237;veis. Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo, os dados sobre peso e &#237;ndice de massa corporal dos pacientes n&#227;o estavam consistentemente dispon&#237;veis em toda a coorte. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (Parecer n&#186;: ESH/BAEK 2025/105, datado de: 22/01/2025) e seguiu os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Os pacientes foram identificados com base em um diagn&#243;stico documentado de IC em seus prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, confirmado por sintomas cl&#237;nicos, e este estudo foi concebido para avaliar os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Os mesmos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram aplicados de forma consistente em ambos os centros.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos se tivessem diagn&#243;stico documentado de IC, confirmado por sintomas cl&#237;nicos (p. ex., dispneia, ortopneia, fadiga) e evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida ou preservada. Foram consideradas as formas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica da IC. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e a estrat&#233;gia de busca, baseados em c&#243;digos da CID e prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, foram aplicados uniformemente em ambos os centros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica como parte de sua avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A gravidade da RP foi determinada por meio de uma abordagem semiquantitativa, integrando m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros Doppler consistentes com diretrizes estabelecidas, como as publicadas pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente considerou achados do Doppler em cores, como a largura do jato regurgitante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao anel pulmonar, sinais de Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua avaliando a densidade do jato e o perfil de desacelera&#231;&#227;o, largura da vena contracta, se mensur&#225;vel com precis&#227;o, e a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de fluxo diast&#243;lico reverso nos ramos da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Com base nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o integrada, a RP foi classificada e, para fins anal&#237;ticos, os pacientes foram categorizados em quatro grupos distintos: Sem RP (Grau 0), RP Leve (Grau 1), RP Moderada (Grau 2) e RP Grave (Graus 3-4).</p>
        <p>Dois avaliadores independentes realizaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da reprodutibilidade interobservador devido ao desenho retrospectivo do estudo, um protocolo semiquantitativo padronizado foi aplicado em ambos os centros, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>).</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o da RP, os ecocardiogramas foram revisados para outros par&#226;metros estruturais e funcionais importantes. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi avaliada por meio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD incluiu medidas funcionais como a varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea (VFA-VD) e a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), juntamente com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho utilizando o di&#226;metro basal do VD. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada utilizando o m&#233;todo da velocidade do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide. A presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada ou grave em outras v&#225;lvulas (tric&#250;spide, mitral) e doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica significativa (estenose ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o) tamb&#233;m foi documentada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi verificada utilizando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), enquanto os dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentados como mediana [intervalo interquartil, IIQ]. Os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o apresentados como contagens e porcentagens (n, %).</p>
        <p>Para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas entre os quatro grupos de gravidade da RP, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi empregado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, dada a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal observada para desfechos importantes como pr&#243;-BNP e TC6M. Quando diferen&#231;as significativas foram encontradas, testes post-hoc de Dunn-Bonferroni foram utilizados para compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas. As diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foram avaliadas utilizando testes de qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado.</p>
        <p>Exploramos as rela&#231;&#245;es lineares entre a gravidade da RP (como vari&#225;vel ordinal) e outros par&#226;metros usando o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (&#961;). Para esta an&#225;lise, os valores de pr&#243;-BNP foram transformados logaritmicamente para melhor aproximar uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, para avaliar se a gravidade da RP estava associada de forma independente aos principais desfechos, realizamos an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariada. Modelos separados foram constru&#237;dos com o pr&#243;-BNP e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M como vari&#225;veis dependentes. Ambos os modelos inclu&#237;ram a gravidade da RP (ordinal), idade, FEVE, PSAP) e hemoglobina como vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes. Os coeficientes de regress&#227;o padronizados (&#946;) s&#227;o apresentados.</p>
        <p>Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais e um valor p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>O &#250;ltimo grupo de estudo consistiu em 490 indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de IC. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais, estratificadas de acordo com a gravidade da RP, est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes nos quatro grupos de RP (sem RP, RP leve, RP moderada e RP grave) apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o renal, com taxas de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimadas (TFG) mais baixas observadas naqueles com RP mais grave. Da mesma forma, os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina foram significativamente menores em pacientes com RP moderada ou grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem RP ou com RP leve. Outros par&#226;metros laboratoriais, como creatinina e prote&#237;na total, tamb&#233;m diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades importantes, como hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabetes mellitus e DPOC, bem como o uso de medicamentos essenciais para IC, como inibidores da ECA/BRA e betabloqueadores, n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos de gravidade da RP nesta coorte.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>Sem RP (n=272)</th>
                  <th>RP leve (n=162)</th>
                  <th>RP moderada (n=20)</th>
                  <th>RP grave (n=36)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p<sup>1</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69,3 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">72,5 &#177; 11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">75,7 &#177; 12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero (Masculino/Feminino)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">150/122 (55,1%/44,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90/72 (55,6%/44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/8 (60%/40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/16 (55,6%/44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TFG (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 15,0</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">65,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HGB (g/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12,72 &#177; 2,01</td>
                  <td align="center">12,10 &#177; 1,85</td>
                  <td align="center">11,80 &#177; 1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">11,50 &#177; 1,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cr (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PROTE&#205;NA TOTAL (g/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PLT (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">220 &#177; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">210 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">200 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">190 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0555</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AST (U/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ALT (U/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2605</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Na (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">140 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3953</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>K (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4424</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Leuc&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glicose (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">112 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">118 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8835</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">180 (66,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (67,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (69,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DAC (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">120 (44,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (43,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4678</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">90 (33,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (30,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5843</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DPOC (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40 (14,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8708</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">80 (29,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (30,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4442</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IECA/BRA (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">150 (55,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (55,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (55,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0896</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Betabloqueador (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">100 (36,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (37,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (38,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4638</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ARM (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">70 (25,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (24,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7891</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Furosemida (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">120 (44,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (49,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tiazida (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (18,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (18,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0442</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Digoxina (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30 (11,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (12,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BCC (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60 (22,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (24,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Amiodarona (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8636</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ivabradina (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (9,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4454</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>TFG: Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular; HGB: Hemoglobina; Cr: Creatinina; PLT: Plaquetas; AST: Aspartato Aminotransferase; ALT: Alanina Aminotransferase; Na: S&#243;dio; K: Pot&#225;ssio; WBC: Contagem de Gl&#243;bulos Brancos; DAC: Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; DPOC: Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica; IECA/BRA: Inibidor da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/Bloqueador do Receptor de Angiotensina II; ARM: Antagonista do Receptor de Mineralocorticoides; BCC: Bloqueador dos Canais de C&#225;lcio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais</title>
        <p>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Embora a FEVE e o DDVE tenham sido semelhantes entre os grupos de gravidade da RP, diferen&#231;as significativas surgiram nos par&#226;metros do cora&#231;&#227;o direito. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, avaliada tanto pela VFA-VD quanto pela TAPSE, demonstrou um decl&#237;nio significativo com o aumento da gravidade da RP. Consistente com a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, o tamanho do VD, medido pelo di&#226;metro basal, tamb&#233;m aumentou significativamente com maior gravidade da RP. A PSAP estimada mostrou um aumento claro e gradual entre os grupos, sendo significativamente maior em pacientes com RP mais grave. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao envolvimento de outras v&#225;lvulas, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica moderada a grave foi significativamente maior em pacientes com RP mais grave, enquanto diferen&#231;as significativas n&#227;o foram observadas para a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a valvar tric&#250;spide ou mitral moderada a grave. A largura da vena contracta apresentou um aumento gradual significativo entre os grupos de gravidade da RP (0,0 &#177; 0,0 mm sem RP, 2,4 &#177; 0,5 mm em RP leve, 4,1 &#177; 0,6 mm em RP moderada e 6,2 &#177; 0,9 mm em RP grave; p &lt; 0,001), consistente com a classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada em diretrizes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>Sem RP (n=272)</th>
                  <th>RP leve (n=162)</th>
                  <th>RP moderada (n=20)</th>
                  <th>RP grave (n=36)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,284</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,421</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>VD</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VFAVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">15 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro basal do VD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VC (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Art&#233;ria Pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Outras doen&#231;as valvares (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RT moderada a grave (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">54,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,761</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVM moderada a grave (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">49,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">52,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVA moderada a grave (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou percentagem (%). FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; DDFVE: Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; VFAVD: Varia&#231;&#227;o Fracion&#225;ria da &#193;rea do Ventr&#237;culo Direito; TAPSE: Excurs&#227;o Sist&#243;lica do Plano Anular da Tric&#250;spide; VD: Ventr&#237;culo Direito; PASP: Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar; RT: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Tric&#250;spide; DVM: Doen&#231;a da Valva Mitral (Regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou Estenose); DVA: Doen&#231;a da Valva A&#243;rtica (Regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou Estenose). VC: Largura da Vena Contracta.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da largura da vena contracta, a largura do jato em rela&#231;&#227;o ao anel pulmonar e os perfis de densidade do jato no Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua foram qualitativamente consistentes com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de gravidade. No entanto, devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es retrospectivas, os dados quantitativos para densidade do jato e inclina&#231;&#227;o da desacelera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o puderam ser extra&#237;dos de forma confi&#225;vel e, portanto, n&#227;o foram apresentados em formato tabular. Mesmo assim, esses par&#226;metros contribu&#237;ram para a abordagem integrada de classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da RP com os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP apresentaram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a gravidade da RP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Os n&#237;veis medianos de pr&#243;-BNP aumentaram substancialmente em todos os grupos, com n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados observados em pacientes com RP mais grave (teste de Kruskal-Wallis geral, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo Sem RP</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>Mediana Pro-BNP (pg/mL)</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>Mediana pr&#243;-BNP mediano (pg/mL)</th>
                  <th>IIQ [Q1, Q3] (pg/mL)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sem RP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">272</td>
                  <td align="center">5.120</td>
                  <td align="center">4.900</td>
                  <td align="center">2.157</td>
                  <td align="center">1.040 &#8211; 5.250</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RP Leve</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">162</td>
                  <td align="center">9.480</td>
                  <td align="center">7.200</td>
                  <td align="center">6.293</td>
                  <td align="center">3.280 &#8211; 12.110</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RP Moderada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">17.320</td>
                  <td align="center">10.100</td>
                  <td align="center">14.944</td>
                  <td align="center">10.800 &#8211; 23.640</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RP grave</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">25.810</td>
                  <td align="center">13.350</td>
                  <td align="center">23.541</td>
                  <td align="center">16.300 &#8211; 34.000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o geral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">490</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p><sup>1</sup>Valor de p para compara&#231;&#227;o geral (teste de Kruskal-Wallis). RP: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar; N: N&#250;mero de pacientes; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ: Intervalo interquartil; Pr&#243;-BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-BNP-terminal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP por gravidade da RP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da RP com a capacidade funcional</title>
        <p>A capacidade funcional, avaliada pelo TC6M, apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa com a gravidade da RP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A dist&#226;ncia mediana percorrida diminuiu progressivamente com o agravamento da gravidade da RP, atingindo uma dist&#226;ncia significativamente menor no grupo com RP grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem RP ou com RP leve (teste de Kruskal-Wallis geral, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada para pr&#243;-BNP e TC6M</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>&#946; (pr&#243;-BNP)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                  <th>&#946; (6MWT)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gravidade da RP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,067</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Ajustado por idade, FEVE, PASP e hemoglobina. &#946;: Coeficiente de regress&#227;o padronizado. RP: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; PASP: Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos por gravidade da RP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es Lineares</title>
        <p>Para explorar melhor essas rela&#231;&#245;es, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). A gravidade da RP demonstrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada com os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP transformados em logaritmo e uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa moderada com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M. Al&#233;m disso, a gravidade da RP apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com indicadores de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e estruturais do VD, mostrando correla&#231;&#245;es positivas com a PSAP e o &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito (VDFVD).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dist&#226;ncia percorrida no Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos (TC6M)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo Sem RP</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>Mediana do 6MWT (m)</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>Mediana do 6MWT (m)</th>
                  <th>IIQ [Q1, Q3] (m)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sem RP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">272</td>
                  <td align="center">261,8</td>
                  <td align="center">104,0</td>
                  <td align="center">254</td>
                  <td align="center">200 &#8211; 320</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RP Leve</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">162</td>
                  <td align="center">214,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87,6</td>
                  <td align="center">198</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#8211; 270</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RP Moderada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">187,3</td>
                  <td align="center">90,4</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#8211; 235</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RP grave</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">120,3</td>
                  <td align="center">83,1</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#8211; 180</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o geral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">490</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p><sup>1</sup>Valor de p para compara&#231;&#227;o geral (teste de Kruskal-Wallis). RP: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar; N: N&#250;mero de pacientes; TC6M: Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ: Intervalo interquartil; m: metros.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Matriz de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise multivariada</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariada para determinar se a gravidade da RP estava independentemente associada aos n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP e &#224; dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M, ap&#243;s o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Controlando para idade, FEVE, PSAP e hemoglobina, a gravidade da RP permaneceu um preditor independente significativo de n&#237;veis mais elevados de pr&#243;-BNP. Da mesma forma, a gravidade da RP foi independentemente associada a uma menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M ap&#243;s o ajuste para as mesmas covari&#225;veis. Nesses modelos, a PSAP e a FEVE tamb&#233;m emergiram como preditores independentes significativos tanto para o pr&#243;-BNP quanto para a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M. Desfechos bin&#225;rios, como ortopneia e derrame pleural, foram avaliados descritivamente entre os grupos; no entanto, modelos de regress&#227;o n&#227;o foram aplicados a essas vari&#225;veis devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de eventos e ao risco de sobreajuste do modelo.</p>
        <p>O modelo multivariado final explicou 46% da vari&#226;ncia nos n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP (R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,46) e 39% da vari&#226;ncia na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,39), indicando um bom ajuste do modelo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de ortopneia e derrame pleural aumentou acentuadamente com o avan&#231;o da gravidade da RP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Ambas as complica&#231;&#245;es foram substancialmente mais comuns em pacientes com RP moderada e grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem RP ou com RP leve. Esses achados destacam a associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a gravidade da RP e a carga cl&#237;nica dos sintomas e complica&#231;&#245;es da IC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia de ortopneia e derrame pleural por gravidade da RP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo demonstra uma correla&#231;&#227;o progressiva entre a gravidade da RP e todos os outros par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com IC. O aumento observado nos n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP com o agravamento da RP pode estar associado ao aumento do estresse da parede ventricular, potencialmente relacionado &#224; sobrecarga de volume do VD frequentemente observada em casos de RP significativa. De forma consistente, nossos achados demonstram um claro aumento gradual nos n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP com o agravamento da gravidade da RP. Isso est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos que mostram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD leva ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M com o aumento da gravidade da RP sugere uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre RP mais grave e capacidade funcional reduzida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Esse achado est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com pesquisas que enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD no desempenho f&#237;sico em IC e &#233; consistente com nossas observa&#231;&#245;es de decl&#237;nio na fra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea de contra&#231;&#227;o do VD (FAC-VD) e no TAPSE, al&#233;m do aumento do di&#226;metro basal do VD com maior gravidade da RP (conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Isso corrobora ainda mais as pesquisas que enfatizaram o funcionamento do VD no desempenho f&#237;sico em IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem associa&#231;&#245;es entre a gravidade da RP e a presen&#231;a de ortopneia e derrame pleural, o que nos leva a sugerir que a RP parece contribuir para o desenvolvimento dessas complica&#231;&#245;es comuns da IC. Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes a essa observa&#231;&#227;o parecem ser multifatoriais. A gravidade da RP &#233; respons&#225;vel por uma sobrecarga significativa em termos de volume e press&#227;o transmitidos ao VD, com consequente dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva e comprometimento da contratilidade, al&#233;m da eleva&#231;&#227;o subsequente das press&#245;es da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o que cria um ciclo vicioso de aumento da regurgita&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a disfun&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VD tamb&#233;m pode desempenhar um papel no enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, utilizando a interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular, aumentando assim a sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica. Os efeitos sist&#234;micos da RP tamb&#233;m implicariam em disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular significativa, visto que uma maior carga de trabalho no lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o causaria altera&#231;&#245;es no desempenho card&#237;aco do lado esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o linear forneceram suporte quantitativo adicional para essas rela&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>). Correla&#231;&#245;es moderadas e estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre a gravidade da RP e os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP transformados em logaritmo, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M, a PSAP estimada e o &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VD. Essas correla&#231;&#245;es refor&#231;am a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da les&#227;o valvar e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos, funcionais, hemodin&#226;micos e estruturais adversos em pacientes com IC.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o (&#961; de Spearman)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Gravidade da RP</th>
                <th>Pr&#243;-BNP (log)</th>
                <th>Dist&#226;ncia 6MWT</th>
                <th>PASP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Gravidade da RP</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,62*</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,58*</td>
                <td align="center">0,54*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pr&#243;-BNP (log)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62*</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,51*</td>
                <td align="center">0,48*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia 6MWT</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,58*</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,51*</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,45*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54*</td>
                <td align="center">0,48*</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,45*</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>*p &lt; 0,001 para todos os coeficientes (bicaudal); os valores de pro-BNP foram transformados logaritmicamente para normalizar a distribui&#231;&#227;o; RP: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar; PASP: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Clinicamente, nossos achados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira da gravidade da RP em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o independente demonstrada entre a gravidade da RP e os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP e a capacidade funcional sugere sua potencial utilidade na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e na orienta&#231;&#227;o das decis&#245;es de tratamento. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com RP moderada a grave pode destacar um subgrupo que poderia se beneficiar de interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas, embora sejam necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas. Portanto, a integra&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o da RP na avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de pacientes com IC parece justificada, pois fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas valiosas que podem influenciar as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Dada a associa&#231;&#227;o conhecida entre n&#237;veis elevados de pr&#243;-BNP e aumento da mortalidade em outros estudos, nossos achados destacam sua potencial utilidade para permitir a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a tomada de decis&#245;es no tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Por exemplo, o tratamento de pacientes com RP moderada a grave em pacientes com IC pode ajudar a mitigar a mortalidade e a morbidade. Este estudo, portanto, fornece implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#250;teis. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da RP deve ser incorporada &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira de pacientes com IC, uma vez que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas valiosas que podem influenciar nossa abordagem de tratamento. Portanto, se justifica a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais pesquisas sobre a efic&#225;cia potencial de interven&#231;&#245;es para redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, como a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar ou interven&#231;&#245;es transcateter, na melhoria dos resultados em pacientes com IC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. Em primeiro lugar, seu desenho retrospectivo inerentemente acarreta riscos de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e depende de dados coletados para fins cl&#237;nicos, que podem n&#227;o ser uniformemente detalhados em todos os pacientes. Em segundo lugar, a avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva da gravidade da RP &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante. Embora nossa classifica&#231;&#227;o tenha utilizado uma abordagem abrangente alinhada &#224;s diretrizes, nem todos os par&#226;metros Doppler puderam ser extra&#237;dos de forma confi&#225;vel dos prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos. Validamos nossa classifica&#231;&#227;o demonstrando que ela era corroborada pelos dados dispon&#237;veis, especialmente a largura da vena contracta, que aumentou com o agravamento da gravidade da RP. No entanto, a aus&#234;ncia de dados quantitativos completos significa que estudos prospectivos futuros com exames de imagem padronizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados. Em terceiro lugar, o estudo foi conduzido em dois centros, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es ou contextos de sa&#250;de. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes nos grupos com RP moderada e grave pode ter limitado o poder estat&#237;stico para an&#225;lises de subgrupos.</p>
        <p>Embora nossa an&#225;lise multivariada tenha identificado a gravidade da RP como um preditor independente de pr&#243;-BNP e da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M ap&#243;s o ajuste para diversos fatores de confus&#227;o importantes, a causalidade n&#227;o pode ser definitivamente estabelecida a partir deste estudo observacional. Apesar de termos ajustado para fatores de confus&#227;o importantes como idade, FEVE, PSAP e hemoglobina, nosso desenho retrospectivo impediu a coleta consistente de dados sobre peso e &#237;ndice de massa corporal dos pacientes. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o significa que fatores n&#227;o mensurados podem ter influenciado as diferen&#231;as observadas na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M entre os grupos de gravidade da RP. Pode haver confus&#227;o residual devido a vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mensuradas ou complexidades na intera&#231;&#227;o entre RP, disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e progress&#227;o geral da IC que n&#227;o foram totalmente capturadas. Embora tenhamos inclu&#237;do preditores importantes como FEVE e PSAP, os dados retrospectivos limitaram nossa capacidade de incluir outros fatores potencialmente importantes de forma uniforme em toda a coorte. Portanto, os achados devem ser interpretados como demonstrando fortes associa&#231;&#245;es independentes, e n&#227;o causalidade direta. Estudos prospectivos com coleta de dados abrangente e metodologias potencialmente avan&#231;adas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados e elucidar ainda mais as vias causais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo demonstra que o aumento da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225; associado de forma independente a n&#237;veis elevados de pr&#243;-BNP, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional medida pelo TC6M e maior frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es como ortopneia e derrame pleural em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar na avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e poss&#237;vel manejo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-632. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyersdorf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Praz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milojevic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Geva T, Wald RM, Bucholz E, Cnota JF, McElhinney DB, Mercer-Rosa LM, et al. Long-Term Management of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Dysfunction in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024;150(25):e689-e707. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001291.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bucholz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cnota</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer-Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Management of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Dysfunction in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>e689</fpage>
          <lpage>e707</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001291</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Romeo JLR, Etnel JRG, Takkenberg JJM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Helbing WA, van de Woestijne P, et al. Outcome after Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159(1):220-236.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.08.127.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Romeo</surname>
              <given-names>JLR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etnel</surname>
              <given-names>JRG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takkenberg</surname>
              <given-names>JJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roos-Hesselink</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helbing</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van de Woestijne</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome after Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>159</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>236.e8</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.08.127</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Sanz J. Volume Overload and the Right Heart. In: Gaine SP, Naeije R, Peacock AJ, editors. The Right Heart. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 116-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Volume Overload and the Right Heart</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaine</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naeije</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peacock</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>The Right Heart</source>
          <publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>136</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Alcidi G, Goffredo G, Correale M, Brunetti ND, Iacoviello M. Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarkers in Current Clinical and Therapeutic Scenarios of Heart Failure. J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):3192. doi: 10.3390/jcm11113192.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alcidi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goffredo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correale</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunetti</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoviello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarkers in Current Clinical and Therapeutic Scenarios of Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <size units="pages">3192</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm11113192</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kuwahara K. The Natriuretic Peptide System in Heart Failure: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;227:107863. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107863.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuwahara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Natriuretic Peptide System in Heart Failure: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>227</volume>
          <size units="pages">107863</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107863</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, Maisel A, Cleland JGF, Kozhuharov N, et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Practical Guidance on the Use of Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(6):715-31. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1494.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonald</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Boer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kozhuharov</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Practical Guidance on the Use of Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>731</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1494</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, Puhan MA, Pepin V, Saey D, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society Technical Standard: Field Walking Tests in Chronic Respiratory Disease. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1428-46. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00150314.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holland</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spruit</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Troosters</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puhan</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pepin</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saey</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society Technical Standard: Field Walking Tests in Chronic Respiratory Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1428</fpage>
          <lpage>1446</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1183/09031936.00150314</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Pollentier B, Irons SL, Benedetto CM, Dibenedetto AM, Loton D, Seyler RD, et al. Examination of the Six Minute Walk Test to Determine Functional Capacity in People with Chronic Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2010;21(1):13-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pollentier</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irons</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benedetto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dibenedetto</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loton</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seyler</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Examination of the Six Minute Walk Test to Determine Functional Capacity in People with Chronic Heart Failure: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Cardiopulm Phys Ther J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, et al. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(4):303-71. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>371</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Haddad F, Hunt SA, Rosenthal DN, Murphy DJ. Right Ventricular Function in Cardiovascular Disease, Part I: Anatomy, Physiology, Aging, and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle. Circulation. 2008;117(11):1436-48. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653576.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right Ventricular Function in Cardiovascular Disease, Part I: Anatomy, Physiology, Aging, and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1436</fpage>
          <lpage>1448</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653576</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Inciardi RM, Abanda M, Shah AM, Cikes M, Claggett B, Skali H, et al. Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Coupling in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(6):489-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Inciardi</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abanda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cikes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claggett</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skali</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Coupling in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>499</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Glaab T, Taube C. Practical Guide to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults. Respir Res. 2022;23(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01895-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glaab</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taube</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Practical Guide to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults</article-title>
          <source>Respir Res</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">9</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12931-021-01895-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Maffeis C, Morris DA, Belyavskiy E, Kropf M, Radhakrishnan AK, Zach V, et al. Left Atrial Function and Maximal Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved and Mid-Range Ejection Fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(1):116-28. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13143.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maffeis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belyavskiy</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kropf</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radhakrishnan</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zach</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Function and Maximal Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved and Mid-Range Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>128</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.13143</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Thandavarayan RA, Chitturi KR, Guha A. Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Right Heart Failure. Cardiol Clin. 2020;38(2):149-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2020.01.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thandavarayan</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chitturi</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guha</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Right Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>160</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ccl.2020.01.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B&#246;hm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumbach</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>3599</fpage>
          <lpage>3726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Biernacka EK, Ruzyllo W, Demkow M, Kowalski M, Spiewak M, Piotrowski W, et al. Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation in Patients with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Dysfunction: Early and Mid-Term Results. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015;27(6):E82-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Biernacka</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruzyllo</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demkow</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowalski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spiewak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piotrowski</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation in Patients with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Dysfunction: Early and Mid-Term Results</article-title>
          <source>J Invasive Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>E82</fpage>
          <lpage>E89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Ma J, Tan T, Zhang S, Xie W, He Y, Tian M, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect by Different Initial Rehabilitative Surgical Age. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1189954. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1189954.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tian</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes of Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect by Different Initial Rehabilitative Surgical Age</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <size units="pages">1189954</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2023.1189954</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233-70. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>270</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jev014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Keiler EA, Kerr KM, Poch DS, Yang JZ, Papamatheakis DG, Alotaibi M, et al. NT-pro-BNP is Predictive of Morbidity and Mortality after Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy and is Independent of Preoperative Hemodynamics. Pulm Circ. 2024;14(2):e12367. doi: 10.1002/pul2.12367.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keiler</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerr</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poch</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papamatheakis</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alotaibi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>NT-pro-BNP is Predictive of Morbidity and Mortality after Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy and is Independent of Preoperative Hemodynamics</article-title>
          <source>Pulm Circ</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e12367</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pul2.12367</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Bhatia MS, Sharda SC, Attri R, Pannu AK, Dahiya N. Correlation of Mortality with Pro-BNP and Precipitating Factors of Acute Heart Failure in Patients Presenting to a Medical Emergency of Tertiary Care Hospital: An Observational Study from North India. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(18):6459-68. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202209_29745.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatia</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharda</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Attri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pannu</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahiya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of Mortality with Pro-BNP and Precipitating Factors of Acute Heart Failure in Patients Presenting to a Medical Emergency of Tertiary Care Hospital: An Observational Study from North India</article-title>
          <source>Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>6459</fpage>
          <lpage>6468</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26355/eurrev_202209_29745</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Eskisehir City Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo ESH/BAEK 2025/105. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250088i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of the Severity of Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation on Biomarkers, Functional Capacity, and Complications in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1017-1917</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aydin</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6564-7185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Bektas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3935-0222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Selda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daghan</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Burak</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Sa&#287;lik Bakanli&#287;i Eski&#351;ehir &#350;ehir Hastanesi, Odunpazari &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir Osmangazi University - Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Fatih Aydin TC Sa&#287;l&#305;k Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; Eski&#351;ehir &#350;ehir Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Eskisehir City, Cardiology Department Kardiyoloji B&#246;l&#252;m&#252; Odunpazar&#305; 26080 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: drfatihaydin@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pulmonary valve regurgitation (PR) is often encountered in cardiac conditions, including heart failure (HF). Although typically tolerated, severe PR can lead to right ventricular dysfunction and negative clinical outcomes; however, its specific impact within the wider HF population needs further clarification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study was designed to evaluate the association between the severity of PR and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) levels, its effect on functional capacity measured by the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and the incidence of significant clinical problems in patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Between 2016 and 2023, we conducted a retrospective study involving 579 HF patients who underwent echocardiography at two tertiary institutions. Based on semi-quantitatively evaluated PR severity, patients were classified into four groups: No PR, Mild PR, Moderate PR, and Severe PR. Group comparisons used Chi-square tests and Kruskal-Wallis. Multivariate linear regression and Spearman correlation analyses were performed to assess associations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Pro-BNP levels significantly increased across PR severity groups (Median: 2,157 pg/mL [No PR] to 23,541 pg/mL [Severe PR], p&lt;0.0001). In contrast, 6MWT distance significantly decreased with deteriorating PR severity (Median: 254 m [No PR] to 72 m [Severe PR], p&lt;0.0001). The prevalence of orthopnea and pleural effusion also increased with PR severity. After multivariate adjustment, PR severity remained independently associated with higher pro-BNP levels (&#946;=0.48, p=0.002) and lower 6MWT distance (&#946;=-0.39, p=0.008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In patients with HF, increasing severity of PR is independently associated with elevated pro-BNP levels, reduced functional capacity, and a higher burden of clinical complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association of the Severity of Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation on Biomarkers, Functional Capacity, and Complications in Patients with Heart Failure</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Walk Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary valve regurgitation (PR) is a classic finding in various cardiac diseases, often noted in the context of congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure (HF). While mild PR is generally well tolerated, severe PR can cause right ventricular (RV) volume overload and dysfunction that may ultimately lead to worsening HF symptoms and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The effects of PR on functional capacity and established biomarkers in HF populations remain an active area of research. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (pro-BNP) have been widely researched and serve as key biomarkers for diagnosing, prognosticating, and monitoring HF. High levels of these peptides reflect increased ventricular wall stress and correlate with adverse clinical events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a standardized assessment of functional capacity in HF patients; it provides relevant and independent prognostic information about exercise tolerance and overall prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of PR and levels of Pro-BNP and 6MWT, together with the incidence of orthopnea and pleural effusion in this cohort of HF patients. We hypothesized that the escalating severity of PR was associated with higher pro-BNP levels, reduced functional capacity, and increased burdens of HF complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Patient Population</title>
          <p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with HF who underwent echocardiography at two large tertiary care hospitals between January 2016 and December 2023. Initially, 579 patients meeting these criteria were identified. However, to ensure the robustness of the analysis requiring specific echocardiographic and clinical variables, the final study cohort included 490 patients with complete datasets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Data were extracted from electronic health records, encompassing patient demographics, relevant medical history (including comorbidities like coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), standard laboratory results such as N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP), and hemoglobin, 6MWT distances when performed, and documented symptoms like orthopnea or evidence of pleural effusion. Variables known to influence 6MWT performance, including age, gender, certain clinical conditions, and laboratory parameters, were included if available. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, data on patient weight and body mass index were not consistently available across the cohort. The study received approval from the local Ethics Committee (Approval No: ESH/BAEK 2025/105, Dated: 22/01/2025) and adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were identified based on a documented HF diagnosis in the medical records, confirmed by clinical symptoms, and this study was designed to evaluate echocardiographic findings. The same inclusion criteria were applied consistently across both centers.</p>
          <p>Patients were included if they had a documented diagnosis of HF confirmed by clinical symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue) and echocardiographic evidence of reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Both systolic and diastolic forms of HF were considered. Inclusion criteria and search strategy based oncodes and clinical notes were applied uniformly across both centers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic Evaluation</title>
          <p>All included patients had undergone transthoracic echocardiography as part of their clinical assessment. The severity of PR was determined through a semi-quantitative approach, integrating multiple Doppler parameters consistent with established guidelines, such as those published by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This comprehensive assessment considered color Doppler findings like the regurgitant jet width relative to the pulmonary annulus, continuous-wave Doppler signals evaluating jet density and deceleration profile, vena contracta width if accurately measurable, and the presence or absence of diastolic flow reversal in the pulmonary artery branches. Based on this integrated evaluation, PR was graded, and for analytical purposes, patients were categorized into four distinct groups: No PR (Grade 0), Mild PR (Grade 1), Moderate PR (Grade 2), and Severe PR (Grades 3-4).</p>
          <p>Two independent readers performed echocardiographic grading. While systematic interobserver reproducibility assessment was not conducted due to the retrospective design, a standardized semi-quantitative protocol was applied at both centers following ASE (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>) recommendations.</p>
          <p>Beyond the PR assessment, the echocardiograms were reviewed for other key structural and functional parameters. Left ventricular function was assessed using left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD). The RV evaluation included functional measures like right fractional area change (RV-FAC) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), along with size assessment using the RV basal diameter. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated using the tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity method. The presence of moderate or severe regurgitation in other valves (tricuspid, mitral) and significant aortic valve disease (stenosis or regurgitation) was also documented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data distribution normality for continuous variables was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Normally distributed data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), while non-normally distributed data are shown as median [Interquartile Range, IQR]. Categorical data are reported as counts and percentages (n, %).</p>
          <p>To compare characteristics across the four PR severity groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed for continuous variables, given the non-normal distribution observed for key outcomes like pro-BNP and 6MWT. Where significant differences were found, Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Differences in categorical variables among the groups were assessed using chi-square tests or Fisher&#8217;s exact test when appropriate.</p>
          <p>We explored the linear relationships between PR severity (as an ordinal variable) and other parameters using Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation coefficient (&#961;). For this analysis, pro-BNP values were log-transformed to better approximate a normal distribution.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, to assess whether PR severity was independently associated with key outcomes, we performed multivariate linear regression analyses. Separate models were constructed with pro-BNP and 6MWT distance as the dependent variables. Both models included PR severity (ordinal), age, LVEF, PASP, and hemoglobin as independent predictor variables. Standardized regression coefficients (&#946;) are reported.</p>
          <p>All statistical tests were two-tailed, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics Version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographics and clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The last study group consisted of 490 HF-diagnosed individuals. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, stratified according to the severity of PR, are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Patients across the four PR groups (No PR, Mild PR, Moderate PR, Severe PR) showed significant differences in renal function, with lower estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFR) observed in those with more severe PR. Similarly, hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in patients with moderate or severe PR compared to those with no or mild PR. Other laboratory parameters, like creatinine and total protein, also differed significantly across the groups. The prevalence of major comorbidities such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and COPD, as well as the use of key HF medications like ACE inhibitors/ARBs and beta-blockers, did not show statistically significant differences among the PR severity groups in this cohort.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographics and Clinical Characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                    <th>No PR (n=272)</th>
                    <th>Mild PR (n=162)</th>
                    <th>Moderate PR (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Severe PR (n=36)</th>
                    <th>p-value<sup>1</sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">69.3 &#177; 10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 11.6</td>
                    <td align="center">72.5 &#177; 11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">75.7 &#177; 12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.198</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender (Male/Female)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">150/122 (55.1%/44.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">90/72 (55.6%/44.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12/8 (60%/40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20/16 (55.6%/44.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.116</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>GFR (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 15.0</td>
                    <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">65.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 &#177; 12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HGB (g/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">12.72 &#177; 2.01</td>
                    <td align="center">12.10 &#177; 1.85</td>
                    <td align="center">11.80 &#177; 1.60</td>
                    <td align="center">11.50 &#177; 1.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cr (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>TPROTEIN (g/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PLT (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">220 &#177; 50</td>
                    <td align="center">210 &#177; 45</td>
                    <td align="center">200 &#177; 40</td>
                    <td align="center">190 &#177; 35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0555</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>AST (U/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">25 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">27 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">29 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">31 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1614</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ALT (U/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">30 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">32 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td align="center">34 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td align="center">36 &#177; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2605</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Na (mmol/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">140 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">139 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">138 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">137 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3953</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>K (mmol/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4424</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>WBC (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8344</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Glucose (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">110 &#177; 20</td>
                    <td align="center">112 &#177; 22</td>
                    <td align="center">115 &#177; 25</td>
                    <td align="center">118 &#177; 28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8835</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">180 (66.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (67.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (75.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (69.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.192</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CAD (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">120 (44.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (43.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (44.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4678</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DM (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">90 (33.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (30.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5843</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COPD (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40 (14.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (15.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (16.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8708</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">80 (29.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (30.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4442</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ACEI/ARB (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">150 (55.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (55.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (60.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (55.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0896</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Beta-blocker (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">100 (36.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (37.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (38.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4638</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MRA (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">70 (25.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (24.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (27.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7891</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Furosemide (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">120 (44.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (49.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (50.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2089</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Tiazid (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50 (18.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (18.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0442</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Digoxin (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">30 (11.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (12.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (13.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5339</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CCB (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">60 (22.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (24.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7220</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Amiodarone (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">10 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (4.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8636</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ivabradine (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">20 (7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (9.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (13.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4454</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate; HGB: Hemoglobin; Cr: Creatinine; TPROTEIN: Total Protein; PLT: Platelet; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; WBC: White Blood Cell Count; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; ACEI/ARB: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker; MRA: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist; CCB: Calcium Channel Blocker.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline echocardiographic findings</title>
          <p>A detailed comparison of baseline echocardiographic parameters is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. While LVEF and LVEDD were similar across the PR severity groups, significant differences emerged in right heart parameters. RV systolic function, assessed by both RV-FAC and TAPSE, demonstrated a significant decline with increasing PR severity. Consistent with worsening RV function, RV size measured by basal diameter also increased significantly with greater PR severity. Estimated PASP showed a clear, graded increase across the groups, being significantly higher in patients with more severe PR. Regarding other valve involvement, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe aortic valve disease was significantly higher in patients with more severe PR, whereas significant differences were not observed for moderate-to-severe tricuspid or mitral valve disease prevalence. Vena contracta width showed a significant stepwise increase across PR severity groups (0.0 &#177; 0.0 mm in no PR, 2.4 &#177; 0.5 mm in mild, 4.1 &#177; 0.6 mm in moderate, and 6.2 &#177; 0.9 mm in severe PR; p &lt; 0.001), consistent with guideline-based classification.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline Echocardiographic Characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                    <th>No PR (n=272)</th>
                    <th>Mild PR (n=162)</th>
                    <th>Moderate PR (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Severe PR (n=36)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Left Ventricle</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">35 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">34 &#177; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">34 &#177; 7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.284</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 &#177; 7</td>
                    <td align="center">58 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.421</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Right Ventricle</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV-FAC (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">40 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">34 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">30 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">17 &#177; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">15 &#177; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV basal diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">37 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">42 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">45 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VC (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Pulmonary Artery</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PASP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 &#177; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">42 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">51 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Other Valve Disease (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate&#8211;Severe TR (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">54.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">56.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.761</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate&#8211;Severe MVD (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">49.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">52.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.815</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate&#8211;Severe AVD (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">19.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">30.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">41.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Values are mean &#177; SD or percentage (%). LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; LVEDD: Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter; RV-FAC: Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change; TAPSE: Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion; RV: Right Ventricle; PASP: Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure; TR: Tricuspid Regurgitation; MVD: Mitral Valve Disease (Regurgitation or Stenosis; AVD: Aortic Valve Disease (Regurgitation or Stenosis). VC: Vena Contracta Width.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In addition to vena contracta width, jet width relative to the pulmonary annulus, and continuous-wave Doppler jet density profiles were qualitatively consistent with the severity classification. However, due to retrospective limitations, quantitative data for jet density and deceleration slope could not be extracted reliably and were therefore not presented in tabular form. Nonetheless, these parameters contributed to the integrated PR grading approach.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of PR severity with pro-BNP levels</title>
          <p>N-terminal pro-BNP levels exhibited a strong positive association with PR severity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Median pro-BNP levels rose substantially across the groups, with significantly higher levels observed in patients with more severe PR (Overall Kruskal-Wallis p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pro-BNP Levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">PR Group</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>Mean pro-BNP (pg/mL)</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                    <th>Median pro-BNP (pg/mL)</th>
                    <th>IQR [Q1, Q3] (pg/mL)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>No PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">272</td>
                    <td align="center">5,120</td>
                    <td align="center">4,900</td>
                    <td align="center">2,157</td>
                    <td align="center">1,040 &#8211; 5,250</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mild PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">162</td>
                    <td align="center">9,480</td>
                    <td align="center">7,200</td>
                    <td align="center">6,293</td>
                    <td align="center">3,280 &#8211; 12,110</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Moderate PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">17,320</td>
                    <td align="center">10,100</td>
                    <td align="center">14,944</td>
                    <td align="center">10,800 &#8211; 23,640</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Severe PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">25,810</td>
                    <td align="center">13,350</td>
                    <td align="center">23,541</td>
                    <td align="center">16,300 &#8211; 34,000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Overall Comp.</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">490</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p><sup>1</sup>p-value for overall comparison (Kruskal-Wallis test). PR: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation; N: Number of patients; SD: Standard Deviation; IQR: Interquartile Range; Pro-BNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pro-BNP Levels by PVR Severity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of PR severity with functional capacity</title>
          <p>Functional capacity, evaluated using the 6MWT, showed a significant inverse relationship with PR severity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Median walking distance progressively decreased with worsening PR severity, reaching a significantly lower distance in the severe PR group compared to those with no or mild PR (Overall Kruskal-Wallis p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate Regression Analysis for pro-BNP and 6MWT</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>&#946; (pro-BNP)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>&#946; (6MWT)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PR Severity</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.058</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PASP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.067</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Adjusted for age, LVEF, PASP, and hemoglobin. &#946;: Standardized regression coefficient.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Six-Minute Walk Test Distance by PVR Severity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Linear correlations</title>
          <p>To further explore these relationships, Spearman correlation analyses were performed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). PR severity demonstrated a moderate positive correlation with log-transformed pro-BNP levels and a moderate negative correlation with 6MWT distance. Furthermore, PR severity was significantly correlated with indicators of hemodynamic and structural RV changes, showing positive correlations with PASP and RV end-diastolic volume index (RVEDV).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">PR Group</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>Mean pro-BNP (m)</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                    <th>Median pro-BNP (m)</th>
                    <th>IQR [Q1, Q3] (m)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>No PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">272</td>
                    <td align="center">261.8</td>
                    <td align="center">104.0</td>
                    <td align="center">254</td>
                    <td align="center">200 &#8211; 320</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mild PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">162</td>
                    <td align="center">214.9</td>
                    <td align="center">87.6</td>
                    <td align="center">198</td>
                    <td align="center">150 &#8211; 270</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Moderate PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">187.3</td>
                    <td align="center">90.4</td>
                    <td align="center">170</td>
                    <td align="center">130 &#8211; 235</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Severe PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">120.3</td>
                    <td align="center">83.1</td>
                    <td align="center">72</td>
                    <td align="center">40 &#8211; 180</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Overall Comp.</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">490</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p><sup>1</sup>p-value for overall comparison (Kruskal-Wallis test). PR: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation; N: Number of patients; 6MWT: Six-Minute Walk Test; SD: Standard Deviation; IQR: Interquartile Range; m: meters.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spearman Correlation Matrix.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate analysis</title>
          <p>Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to determine if PR severity was independently associated with pro-BNP and 6MWT distance after accounting for potential confounders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). Controlling for age, LVEF, PASP, and hemoglobin, PR severity remained a significant independent predictor of higher pro-BNP levels. Similarly, PR severity was independently associated with lower 6MWT distance after adjusting for the same covariates. In these models, PASP and LVEF also emerged as significant independent predictors for both pro-BNP and 6MWT. Binary outcomes such as orthopnea and pleural effusion were evaluated descriptively across groups; however, regression models were not applied to these variables due to the limited number of events and the risk of model overfitting.</p>
          <p>The final multivariate model explained 46% of the variance in pro-BNP levels (R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0.46) and 39% of the variance in 6MWT distance (R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0.39), indicating a good model fit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical complications</title>
          <p>The prevalence of orthopnea and pleural effusion increased markedly with advancing PR severity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Both complications were substantially more common in patients with moderate and severe PR compared to those with no or mild PR. These findings highlight the significant association between the severity of PR and the clinical burden of HF symptoms and complications.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Prevalence of Orthopnea and Pleural Effusion by PVR Severity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250088-50088-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study shows a progressive correlation between PR severity and all other clinical parameters in HF patients. The observed increase in pro-BNP levels with worsening PR may be associated with increased ventricular wall stress, potentially related to the RV volume overload often seen with significant pulmonary regurgitation. Consistent with this, our findings demonstrate a clear graded increase in pro-BNP levels with escalating severity of PR. This agrees with other studies showing that RV dysfunction leads to increased levels of natriuretic peptide in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The decrease in 6MWT distance with increased severity of PR suggests an association between more severe PR and reduced functional capacity in this population. This finding aligns with research emphasizing the importance of RV function in exercise performance in HF and is consistent with our observations of declining RV-FAC and TAPSE and increasing RV basal diameter with greater PR severity (as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). This further substantiates the research that emphasized the functioning of RV in exercise performance in HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There exist associations between PR severity and the presence of orthopnea and pleural effusion, leading us to suggest that PR appears to contribute to the development of these common HF complications. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this observation appear multifactorial. The severity of PR is responsible for impressive overload in terms of volume and pressure transmitted to RV, with resulting progressive dilation and impairment in contractility, with subsequent elevation of pulmonary artery pressures that create a vicious cycle of increasing regurgitation and RV dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Moreover, chronic RV dysfunction can also play a role in left ventricular filling utilizing ventricular interdependence, thereby making the hemodynamic burden greater. The systemic effects of PR would also imply much biventricular dysfunction, in that a higher workload on the right side of the heart would cause changes in left-sided cardiac performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The linear correlation analyses provided further quantitative support for these relationships (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>). Moderate, statistically significant correlations were found between PR severity and log-transformed pro-BNP levels, 6MWT distance, estimated PASP, and RV end-diastolic volume index. These correlations reinforce the links between the severity of the valvular lesion and adverse biochemical, functional, hemodynamic, and structural parameters in patients with HF.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation Coefficients (Spearman&#8217;s &#961;)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>PR Severity</th>
                  <th>Pro-BNP (log)</th>
                  <th>6MWT Distance</th>
                  <th>PASP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR Severity</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62*</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.58*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pro-BNP (log)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.51*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6MWT Distance</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.58*</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.51*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.45*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48*</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.45*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>*p &lt; 0.001 for all coefficients (two-tailed); pro-BNP values were log-transformed to normalize distribution; PR: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation; PASP: Pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Clinically, our findings underscore the importance of routinely assessing PR severity in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The demonstrated independent association between PR severity and both pro-BNP levels and functional capacity suggests its potential utility in risk stratification and guiding management decisions. Identifying patients with moderate to severe PR might highlight a subgroup that could potentially benefit from targeted interventions, although further research is needed. Therefore, integrating PR assessment into the comprehensive evaluation of HF patients seems warranted, as it provides valuable prognostic information that could influence therapeutic strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Given the known association between elevated pro-BNP and increased mortality in other studies, our findings highlight their potential usefulness in enabling risk stratification and decision-making in management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> For example, treatment of patients with moderate to severe PR in HF patients may help mitigate mortality and morbidity. This study, therefore, provides useful clinical implications. The assessment of PR severity should be incorporated into the routine evaluation of HF patients since it provides valuable prognostic information that could influence our treatment approach. Further research into the potential effectiveness of PR-lowering interventions like pulmonary valve replacement or transcatheter interventions in improving outcomes in HF is therefore warranted.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, its retrospective design inherently carries risks of selection bias and relies on data collected for clinical purposes, which may not be uniformly detailed across all patients. Secondly, the retrospective assessment of PR severity is a key limitation. Although our grading used a comprehensive approach aligned with guidelines, not all Doppler parameters could be reliably extracted from clinical records. We validated our classification by showing it was supported by available data, especially vena contracta width, which increased with worsening PR severity. Nonetheless, the missing complete quantitative data means future prospective studies with standardized imaging are needed to confirm these findings. Thirdly, the study was conducted at two centers, which might limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or healthcare settings. Moreover, the relatively small number of patients in the moderate and severe PR groups may have limited statistical power for subgroup analyses.</p>
          <p>Although our multivariate analysis identified PR severity as an independent predictor of pro-BNP and 6MWT distance after adjusting for several key confounders, causality cannot be definitively established from this observational study design. While we adjusted for key confounders like age, LVEF, PASP, and hemoglobin, our retrospective design prevented the consistent collection of data on patient weight and body mass index. This limitation means unmeasured factors could have influenced the observed differences in 6MWT distance across PR severity groups. There may be residual confounding from unmeasured variables or complexities in the interplay between PR, RV dysfunction, and overall HF progression that were not fully captured. Although we included major predictors like LVEF and PASP, the retrospective data limited our ability to include other potentially important factors uniformly across the cohort. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted as demonstrating strong independent associations rather than direct causation. Prospective studies with comprehensive data collection and potentially advanced methodologies are needed to confirm these findings and further elucidate the causal pathways.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study demonstrates that increasing severity of PR is independently associated with elevated pro-BNP levels, reduced functional capacity measured by the 6MWT, and a higher frequency of complications such as orthopnea and pleural effusion in patients with HF. These findings highlight the clinical importance of evaluating PR severity in comprehensive assessment, risk stratification, and potential management of patients with HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Eskisehir City Hospital under the protocol number ESH/BAEK 2025/105. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
