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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vdw5bDsMGwVYj5HzH34XCbj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240861</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variabilidade Fenot&#237;pica em uma Fam&#237;lia com S&#237;ndrome de Andersen-Tawil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9137-2645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Oliveira Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8088-332X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guabiru</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Adimeia Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalvanti</surname>
            <given-names>Enderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9536-4784</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do NascimentoUniversidade Federal da Bahia - R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. CEP 40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sunchaves@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240861</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Andersen</kwd>
        <kwd>Paralisia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Canalopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica Humana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As canalopatias card&#237;acas s&#227;o dist&#250;rbios gen&#233;ticos causados por variantes patog&#234;nicas em genes que codificam canais i&#244;nicos, resultando em altera&#231;&#245;es na eletrofisiologia card&#237;aca e predisposi&#231;&#227;o a arritmias potencialmente fatais. Dentre essas condi&#231;&#245;es, a S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo (SQTL) se destaca como uma entidade cl&#237;nica heterog&#234;nea, caracterizada pelo prolongamento do intervalo QT e risco aumentado de taquiarritmia ventricular e morte s&#250;bita.</p>
      <p>Algumas formas heredit&#225;rias da SQTL ocorrem no contexto de s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, como a S&#237;ndrome de Andersen-Tawil (SAT), causada por variantes no gene <italic>KCNJ2</italic>, que codifica o canal de pot&#225;ssio Kir2.1. Al&#233;m do QT longo e da predisposi&#231;&#227;o a arritmias ventriculares, a SAT se manifesta com paralisia peri&#243;dica e dismorfias craniofaciais, compondo uma tr&#237;ade diagn&#243;stica. Apesar do diagn&#243;stico poder ser cl&#237;nico, a confirma&#231;&#227;o molecular &#233; essencial para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico e a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de outras condi&#231;&#245;es com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este relato descreve uma fam&#237;lia com SAT associada &#224; variante <italic>KCNJ2:p.Thr75Met</italic>, ressaltando a expressividade vari&#225;vel e um achado fenot&#237;pico incomum na filha do caso &#237;ndice, a presen&#231;a de anomalia de Ebstein, que n&#227;o &#233; associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre achados cl&#237;nicos, moleculares e funcionais enfatiza a relev&#226;ncia deste caso para a compreens&#227;o da SAT e suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O caso &#237;ndice, um homem de 52 anos, foi encaminhado &#224; nossa equipe por quadro de crises de paralisia peri&#243;dica desde os 14 anos, caracterizadas por perda de movimentos volunt&#225;rios nos membros inferiores, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 5 dias. Aos 25 anos, as crises se intensificaram, afetando tamb&#233;m os membros superiores e sendo desencadeadas por repouso p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, ingest&#227;o de carboidratos e corticosteroides. Relatava palpita&#231;&#245;es espor&#225;dicas associadas ao estresse. A irm&#227; faleceu subitamente aos 37 anos, com poss&#237;vel envolvimento card&#237;aco relacionado &#224; SAT, um irm&#227;o apresenta quadro de paralisias peri&#243;dicas desencadeadas por exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico do caso &#237;ndice revelou micrognatia, orelhas de implanta&#231;&#227;o baixa, fenda palpebral obl&#237;qua para baixo, palato ogival, clinodactilia do quinto dedo e sindactilia dos segundo e terceiro podod&#225;ctilos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou intervalo QT prolongado, bradicardia sinusal, desvio do eixo do QRS para a esquerda e bloqueio incompleto de ramo direito. O Holter de 24 horas identificou bigeminismo ventricular; ecocardiograma confirmou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (79%), sem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais significativas. O sequenciamento completo do exoma identificou a variante c.224C&gt;T (dbSNP: rs104894585), resultando em p.Thr75Met no gene <italic>KCNJ2</italic> (NM_000891.3) em heterozigose. A classifica&#231;&#227;o como patog&#234;nica seguiu os crit&#233;rios ACMG:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> predi&#231;&#245;es in s&#237;lico (PP3), estudos de caso-controle (PS4), ensaios funcionais demonstrando perda de fun&#231;&#227;o do canal Kir2.1 (PS3), baixa frequ&#234;ncia populacional (PM2), segrega&#231;&#227;o familiar (PP1) e relatos pr&#233;vios na literatura (PS1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O heredograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) confirmou o padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mico dominante.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Exame f&#237;sico revelou micrognatia, orelhas de implanta&#231;&#227;o baixa, fenda palpebral obl&#237;qua para baixo, palato ogival, clinodactilia do quinto dedo bilateralmente e sindactilia dos segundo e terceiro podod&#225;ctilos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20240861-40861-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Heredograma mostrando padr&#227;o autoss&#244;mico dominante da S&#237;ndrome de Andersen-Tawil (SAT). Pacientes em vermelho possuem diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de SAT. Os pacientes que realizaram teste gen&#233;tico e confirmaram s&#227;o indicados com &#8220;+&#8221;. Os outros familiares ainda aguardam realizar teste gen&#233;tico, apesar de possu&#237;rem diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20240861-40861-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os filhos do paciente foram avaliados com o objetivo de investigar a presen&#231;a da variante identificada no caso &#237;ndice e poss&#237;veis manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas. A filha apresentava dismorfismos semelhantes aos do pai, mas n&#227;o referia epis&#243;dios de paralisia peri&#243;dica. Seu eletrocardiograma revelou prolongamento acentuado do intervalo QT corrigido (QTc = 579 ms). O Holter de 24 horas evidenciou atividade ect&#243;pica ventricular significativa, com epis&#243;dios de bigeminismo, extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares predominantemente polim&#243;rficas e taquicardias ventriculares n&#227;o sustentadas, algumas com morfologia polim&#243;rfica. O teste ergom&#233;trico confirmou a presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares polim&#243;rficas desencadeadas pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou achados compat&#237;veis com anomalia de Ebstein, incluindo deslocamento apical do folheto septal da valva tric&#250;spide (acolamento de 36,3 mm), valva tric&#250;spide displ&#225;sica e dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta do &#225;trio direito, atribu&#237;da &#224; atrializa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Os septos interatrial e interventricular encontravam-se &#237;ntegros, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava preservada. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca n&#227;o revelou outras anormalidades estruturais ou funcionais. Considerando a complexidade fenot&#237;pica, foi realizado sequenciamento completo do exoma na filha, com o intuito de identificar outras variantes potencialmente relevantes. No entanto, o exame confirmou apenas a presen&#231;a da variante p.Thr75Met no gene <italic>KCNJ2</italic>, previamente identificada no caso &#237;ndice. O filho do paciente, por sua vez, n&#227;o apresentava dismorfias nem altera&#231;&#245;es em exames cardiol&#243;gicos realizados. Diante do baixo &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, optou-se por investiga&#231;&#227;o molecular dirigida apenas para a variante identificada, por meio de sequenciamento do gene <italic>KCNJ2</italic> (Sanger), com resultado negativo.</p>
      <p>Foi institu&#237;do tratamento com propranolol para o paciente e sua filha, com melhora observada no prolongamento do intervalo QT em ambos. O paciente tamb&#233;m iniciou uso de espironolactona e suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de pot&#225;ssio (K<sup>+</sup>), com al&#237;vio parcial dos sintomas. Orientou-se a ambos a evitar medicamentos conhecidos por prolongar o intervalo QT, conforme listados na base de dados CredibleMeds. Recomendou-se ainda que o irm&#227;o do paciente, que apresenta epis&#243;dios de paralisia peri&#243;dica, bem como os demais familiares de primeiro grau do caso &#237;ndice, comparecessem ao ambulat&#243;rio para realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste gen&#233;tico espec&#237;fico e subsequente aconselhamento gen&#233;tico.</p>
      <p>Os canais Kir t&#234;m estrutura tetram&#233;rica com 4 subunidades id&#234;nticas ou hom&#243;logas formando o poro central que permite a passagem seletiva de &#237;ons de pot&#225;ssio. Cada subunidade possui 2 h&#233;lices transmembrana (M1 e M2) e um loop H5 que atua como filtro de seletividade, enquanto as extremidades N-terminal e C-terminal regulam a atividade via intera&#231;&#227;o com mol&#233;culas como PIP2. Variantes patog&#234;nicas no gene <italic>KCNJ2</italic> (a subunidade alfa do canal Kir2.1) causam, entre outros quadros, a SAT, uma canalopatia rara autoss&#244;mica dominante com paralisia peri&#243;dica, arritmias ventriculares e dismorfias faciais, decorrente de disfun&#231;&#227;o na repolariza&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A variante p.Thr75Met localiza-se no dom&#237;nio N-terminal citoplasm&#225;tico, uma regi&#227;o crucial para a regula&#231;&#227;o da abertura do canal e seu tr&#225;fego para a membrana plasm&#225;tica. Estudos funcionais demonstram que essa variante compromete o transporte do canal Kir2.1 &#224; membrana plasm&#225;tica e reduz as correntes de pot&#225;ssio, resultando em perda de fun&#231;&#227;o do canal e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas graves, principalmente pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da corrente i&#244;nica IK1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Clinicamente, a variante p.Thr75Met manifesta-se com expressividade vari&#225;vel, incluindo arritmias ventriculares graves, paralisia peri&#243;dica e dismorfismos faciais. As arritmias incluem taquicardia ventricular bidirecional, prolongamento do intervalo QTc e ondas U proeminentes, aumentando o risco de <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A paralisia peri&#243;dica pode ser normocal&#234;mica ou hipocal&#234;mica, sendo precipitada por jejum, repouso p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio ou ingest&#227;o de carboidratos. A penetr&#226;ncia incompleta da variante p.Thr75Met resulta em fen&#243;tipos variados, inclusive dentro da mesma fam&#237;lia, sugerindo a influ&#234;ncia de modificadores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais. O teste gen&#233;tico &#233; essencial para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica individualizada.</p>
      <p>Para o manejo das arritmias card&#237;acas, os betabloqueadores s&#227;o a primeira linha de tratamento, reduzindo a ectopia ventricular e o risco de arritmias graves. O nadolol &#233; frequentemente preferido devido &#224; sua longa meia-vida e menor variabilidade plasm&#225;tica. O propranolol tamb&#233;m &#233; op&#231;&#227;o eficaz, especialmente em pacientes que necessitam de betabloqueador mais acess&#237;vel e amplamente dispon&#237;vel. J&#225; o metoprolol, por ser &#946;1-seletivo, pode ter menor efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em casos de arritmias ventriculares refrat&#225;rias, a fenito&#237;na demonstrou efic&#225;cia na sua supress&#227;o, possivelmente por seu efeito estabilizador da membrana celular e influ&#234;ncia na condu&#231;&#227;o i&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para pacientes de alto risco, o implante de cardiodesfibriladores est&#225; indicado para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A amiodarona &#233; contraindicada na SAT por prolongar o intervalo QT e aumentar o risco de <italic>torsades de pointes.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No controle da paralisia peri&#243;dica associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Andersen-Tawil, a acetazolamida, um inibidor da anidrase carb&#244;nica, &#233; frequentemente utilizada; no entanto, a diclorfenamida tem demonstrado superioridade em alguns casos, reduzindo a frequ&#234;ncia e a gravidade dos epis&#243;dios paralisantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A anomalia de Ebstein &#233; uma malforma&#231;&#227;o rara da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, cuja etiologia gen&#233;tica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada. Variantes no gene <italic>MYH7</italic>, que codifica a cadeia pesada de &#946;-miosina, foram associadas a casos familiares, especialmente quando acompanhadas de n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, microdele&#231;&#245;es nos loci 1p36 e 8p23.1, envolvendo genes como <italic>GATA4</italic> e <italic>NKX2-5</italic>, foram identificadas em pacientes com a condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Outros estudos indicam que variantes de n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias em genes relacionados ao desenvolvimento mioc&#225;rdico, como <italic>NODAL, PDLIM5, SIX1, ASF1A</italic> e <italic>FGF12</italic>, al&#233;m de genes da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o BMP, podem contribuir para sua etiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No presente caso, a fam&#237;lia apresenta diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e molecular de SAT causada por uma variante patog&#234;nica em <italic>KCNJ2</italic> (p.Thr75Met), e a filha do caso &#237;ndice apresenta, de forma in&#233;dita, a coexist&#234;ncia de anomalia de Ebstein com a SAT &#8212; uma associa&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o momento n&#227;o descrita na literatura. Embora n&#227;o se estabele&#231;a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre essas condi&#231;&#245;es, a coexist&#234;ncia dos achados levanta a hip&#243;tese de influ&#234;ncia de fatores gen&#233;ticos modificadores ou de um espectro fenot&#237;pico mais amplo relacionado a <italic>KCNJ2</italic>. Estudos futuros poder&#227;o esclarecer se h&#225; intera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas ou mecanismos compartilhados entre canalopatias e malforma&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, da Universidade Federal da Bahia, sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 42370821.9.3007.0049. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos neste estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do Nascimento pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos (Universidade Federal da Bahia) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 42370821.9.3007.0049. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240861i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Phenotypic Variability in a Family with Andersen-Tawil Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9137-2645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Oliveira Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8088-332X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guabiru</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Adimeia Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalvanti</surname>
            <given-names>Enderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9536-4784</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do Nascimento Universidade Federal da Bahia - R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. Postal Code 40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sunchaves@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Andersen Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Paralysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Channelopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Human Genetics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac channelopathies are genetic disorders caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding ion channels, resulting in alterations in cardiac electrophysiology and a predisposition to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Among these conditions, Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) stands out as a heterogeneous clinical entity, characterized by prolonged QT interval and an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden death.</p>
        <p>Some hereditary forms of LQTS occur in the context of genetic syndromes, such as Andersen-Tawil Syndrome (ATS), which is caused by variants in the KCNJ2 gene, encoding the Kir2.1 potassium channel. In addition to long QT and a predisposition to ventricular arrhythmia, ATS manifests with periodic paralysis and craniofacial dysmorphisms, forming a diagnostic triad. Although the diagnosis may be clinical, molecular confirmation is essential for risk stratification, genetic counseling, and differentiation from other conditions with phenotypic overlap.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This report describes a family with ATS associated with the <italic>KCNJ2:p.Thr75Met</italic> variant, highlighting variable expressivity and an unusual phenotypic finding in the daughter of the index case: Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly, which is not associated with the syndrome. The correlation between clinical, molecular, and functional findings emphasizes the relevance of this case for understanding ATS and its atypical manifestations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>The index case, a 52-year-old man, was referred to our team due to periodic paralysis attacks since age 14, characterized by loss of voluntary movement in the lower limbs, lasting 3 to 5 days. At age 25, the attacks intensified, also affecting the upper limbs, and were triggered by post-exercise rest, carbohydrate intake, and corticosteroids. He reported sporadic palpitations associated with stress. His sister died suddenly at age 37, with possible cardiac involvement related to ATS; a brother has periodic paralysis triggered by exercise.</p>
        <p>Physical examination of the index case revealed micrognathia, low-set ears, down-slanting palpebral fissure, high-arched palate, clinodactyly of the fifth finger, and syndactyly of the second and third toes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed prolonged QT interval, sinus bradycardia, leftward QRS axis deviation, and incomplete right bundle branch block. A 24-hour Holter monitor identified ventricular bigeminy; the echocardiogram confirmed preserved ejection fraction (79%), with no significant structural changes. Whole-exome sequencing identified the c.224C&gt;T variant (dbSNP: rs104894585), resulting in p.Thr75Met in the <italic>KCNJ2</italic> gene (NM_000891.3) in heterozygosity. The classification as pathogenic followed the ACMG criteria:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in silico predictions (PP3), case-control studies (PS4), functional assays demonstrating loss of Kir2.1 channel function (PS3), low population frequency (PM2), familial segregation (PP1), and previous reports in the literature (PS1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The pedigree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>) confirmed the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Physical examination revealed micrognathia, low-set ears, downward-slanting palpebral fissure, high-arched palate, bilateral clinodactyly of the fifth finger, and syndactyly of the second and third toes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20240861-40861-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pedigree showing the autosomal dominant pattern of Andersen-Tawil Syndrome (ATS). Patients in red have a clinical diagnosis of ATS. Patients who underwent genetic testing and received confirmation are indicated with &#8220;+&#8221;. Other family members are still awaiting genetic testing, despite having a clinical diagnosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20240861-40861-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient&#8217;s children were evaluated to investigate the presence of the variant identified in the index case and possible associated clinical manifestations. The daughter presented dysmorphisms similar to her father&#8217;s but did not report episodes of periodic paralysis. Her electrocardiogram revealed marked prolongation of the corrected QT interval (QTc = 579 ms). A 24-hour Holter monitor demonstrated notable ventricular ectopic activity, including episodes of bigeminy, predominantly polymorphic ventricular extrasystoles, as well as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with instances of polymorphic morphology. Exercise stress testing confirmed the presence of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia triggered by physical exertion. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed findings consistent with Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly, including apical displacement of the tricuspid valve septal leaflet (36.3 mm attachment), a dysplastic tricuspid valve, and mild right atrial dilation attributed to right ventricular atrialization. The interatrial and interventricular septa were intact, and the left ventricular ejection fraction was preserved. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed no other structural or functional abnormalities. Given the phenotypic complexity, whole-exome sequencing was performed on the daughter to identify other potentially relevant variants. However, the examination only confirmed the presence of the p.Thr75Met variant in the <italic>KCNJ2</italic> gene, previously identified in the index case. The patient&#8217;s son, in turn, presented no dysmorphic findings or abnormalities on cardiological examinations. Given the low index of clinical suspicion, a molecular investigation was chosen, targeting only the identified variant, through sequencing of the <italic>KCNJ2</italic> gene (Sanger), with a negative result.</p>
        <p>Treatment with propranolol was instituted for the patient and his daughter, with improvement observed in QT interval prolongation in both. The patient also started taking spironolactone and oral potassium supplementation (K&#8314;), with partial relief of symptoms. Both patients were advised to avoid medications known to prolong the QT interval, as listed in the CredibleMeds database. It was also recommended that the patient&#8217;s brother, who experiences episodes of periodic paralysis, as well as other first-degree relatives of the index case, attend the outpatient clinic for specific genetic testing and subsequent genetic counseling.</p>
        <p>Kir channels have a tetrameric structure with four identical or homologous subunits forming the central pore that allows the selective passage of potassium ions. Each subunit has two transmembrane helices (M1 and M2) and an H5 loop that acts as a selectivity filter, while the N-terminal and C-terminal ends regulate activity via interactions with molecules such as PIP2. Pathogenic variants in the <italic>KCNJ2</italic> gene (the alpha subunit of the Kir2.1 channel) cause, among other conditions, ATS, a rare autosomal dominant channelopathy with periodic paralysis, ventricular arrhythmias, and facial dysmorphisms, resulting from impaired cellular repolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The p.Thr75Met variant is located in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a region crucial for regulating channel opening and its trafficking to the plasma membrane. Functional studies show that this variant hinders Kir2.1 channel transport to the plasma membrane, lowers potassium currents, and causes significant electrophysiological changes, primarily due to reduced IK1<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ionic current.</p>
        <p>Clinically, the p.Thr75Met variant manifests with variable severity, including severe ventricular arrhythmias, periodic paralysis, and facial dysmorphisms. Arrhythmias include bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, prolonged QTc interval, and prominent U waves, increasing the risk of <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Periodic paralyses can be normokalemic or hypokalemic, precipitated by fasting, post-exercise rest, or carbohydrate ingestion. The incomplete penetrance of the p.Thr75Met variant results in varied phenotypes, even within families, suggesting the influence of genetic and environmental modifiers. Genetic testing is essential for diagnostic confirmation and individualized therapeutic guidance.</p>
        <p>For the management of cardiac arrhythmias, beta-blockers are the first-line treatment, reducing ventricular ectopy and the risk of serious arrhythmia. Nadolol is often preferred due to its long half-life and lower plasma variability. Propranolol is also an effective option, especially in patients requiring a more affordable and widely available beta-blocker. Metoprolol, being &#946;1-selective, may be less effective in preventing ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In cases of refractory ventricular arrhythmias, phenytoin is effective in suppressing them, possibly due to its stabilizing effect on the cell membrane and its influence on ionic conduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> For high-risk patients, implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators is indicated for the primary prevention of sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Amiodarone is contraindicated in ATS because it prolongs the QT interval and increases the risk of <italic>torsades de pointes.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the control of periodic paralysis associated with ATS, acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is frequently used; however, dichlorphenamide has demonstrated superiority in some cases, reducing the frequency and severity of paralytic episodes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly is a rare tricuspid valve malformation whose genetic etiology is not yet fully understood. Variants in the MYH7 gene, which encodes the &#946;-myosin heavy chain, have been associated with familial cases, especially when accompanied by left ventricular noncompaction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Furthermore, microdeletions at loci 1p36 and 8p23.1, involving genes such as GATA4 and NKX2-5, have been identified in patients with the condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Other studies indicate that copy number variants in genes related to myocardial development, such as NODAL, PDLIM5, SIX1, ASF1A, and FGF12, as well as genes in the BMP signaling pathway, may contribute to its etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In this case, the family presents a clinical and molecular diagnosis of ATS caused by a pathogenic variant in KCNJ2 (p.Thr75Met), and the daughter of the index case presents, for the first time, the coexistence of Ebstein anomaly with ATS, an association not previously described in the literature. Although a causal relationship between these conditions has not been established, the coexistence of these findings raises the hypothesis of the influence of modifying genetic factors or a broader phenotypic spectrum related to KCNJ2. Future studies may clarify whether there are genetic interactions or shared mechanisms between channelopathies and cardiac structural malformations.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, under protocol number CAAE 42370821.9.3007.0049. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do Nascimento, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos (Universidade Federal da Bahia) under the protocol number CAAE 42370821.9.3007.0049. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
