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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HWybWd6dFPkQfGqwKrcVCdR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250692</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>LncRNA ZEB1-AS1: Um Novo Ator no Controle Epigen&#233;tico da Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9268-286X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Dallas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">TX</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fernando R. Giugni</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Bloco 2, 10&#176; andar CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fernando.giugni@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250692</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA Longo n&#227;o Codificante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca representa uma resposta adaptativa fundamental do mioc&#225;rdio ao estresse hemodin&#226;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora inicialmente compensat&#243;ria, a hipertrofia persistente predisp&#245;e &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o maladaptativa, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, por fim, &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Apesar do progresso substancial no bloqueio neuro-hormonal e no controle da press&#227;o arterial, as terapias que visam diretamente os mecanismos moleculares que sustentam a hipertrofia patol&#243;gica permanecem limitadas. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a aten&#231;&#227;o crescente tem se voltado para os RNAs n&#227;o codificantes &#8212; particularmente os RNAs n&#227;o codificantes longos (lncRNAs) &#8212; como reguladores do crescimento, da contratilidade e da sobreviv&#234;ncia dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Compreender como essas mol&#233;culas orquestram a express&#227;o g&#234;nica e a remodela&#231;&#227;o da cromatina oferece novas oportunidades para modular o processo hipertr&#243;fico em seu n&#250;cleo regulador.</p>
    <p>Embora v&#225;rios lncRNAs, como TUG1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> NEAT1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e PVT1<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tenham sido associados &#224; resposta hipertr&#243;fica, a diversidade desses transcritos e a especificidade contextual de seus efeitos sugerem que muitos reguladores-chave permanecem desconhecidos. Entre eles, o ZEB1-AS1, originalmente caracterizado na biologia do c&#226;ncer como um modulador da prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o celular, n&#227;o havia sido estudado no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o se sabe se esse lncRNA contribui para a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e por meio de quais intermedi&#225;rios moleculares.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Cao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> abordam essa lacuna de conhecimento fornecendo evid&#234;ncias de que ZEB1-AS1 atua como um regulador pr&#243;-hipertr&#243;fico por meio de um eixo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o ZEB1-AS1/miR-186-5p/HDAC2 anteriormente n&#227;o reconhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os pesquisadores combinaram a an&#225;lise de tecido card&#237;aco humano com estudos mecan&#237;sticos em cardiomi&#243;citos cultivados para elucidar como essa via contribui para o crescimento hipertr&#243;fico. Eles primeiro demonstraram que a express&#227;o de ZEB1-AS1 &#233; aumentada no tecido mioc&#225;rdico de pacientes com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em compara&#231;&#227;o com cora&#231;&#245;es de doadores normais. Para estender essas descobertas em um sistema experimental, eles usaram cardiomi&#243;citos AC16 humanos cultivados tratados com isoproterenol (ISO) para induzir um fen&#243;tipo hipertr&#243;fico. Neste modelo, a estimula&#231;&#227;o ISO recapitulou caracter&#237;sticas cardinais da hipertrofia &#8212; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular aumentada e express&#227;o elevada de ANP, BNP e &#946;-MHC &#8212; e foi acompanhada por um aumento paralelo nos n&#237;veis de ZEB1-AS1.</p>
    <p>O silenciamento de ZEB1-AS1 atenuou significativamente a hipertrofia induzida por ISO, reduzindo tanto o aumento celular quanto a express&#227;o de marcadores hipertr&#243;ficos. Experimentos mecan&#237;sticos revelaram ent&#227;o que ZEB1-AS1 funciona como uma esponja molecular para miR-186-5p, um microRNA previamente implicado na aterosclerose. Ensaios de liga&#231;&#227;o e estudos de rep&#243;rter de luciferase dupla confirmaram a intera&#231;&#227;o direta entre ZEB1-AS1 e miR-186-5p, bem como entre miR-186-5p e histona desacetilase 2 (HDAC2). Por meio desse mecanismo competitivo de RNA end&#243;geno (ceRNA), ZEB1-AS1 alivia a repress&#227;o de HDAC2 mediada por miR-186-5p, levando ao aumento da express&#227;o de HDAC2 e consequente ativa&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica. Experimentos de resgate corroboraram este modelo: a inibi&#231;&#227;o de miR-186-5p reverteu os efeitos protetores da redu&#231;&#227;o de ZEB1-AS1, restaurando a express&#227;o do marcador hipertr&#243;fico.</p>
    <p>Esses dados delineiam uma cascata regulat&#243;ria &#8212; a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva de ZEB1-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca ao suprimir o miR-186-5p, aumentando assim a atividade da HDAC2. Os resultados ampliam observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores que ligavam a HDAC2 &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o da cromatina e ao controle transcricional no cora&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> posicionando agora um lncRNA como um regulador epigen&#233;tico. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que a express&#227;o da HDAC2 pode ser ajustada por meio de um mecanismo baseado em RNA sugere novas possibilidades para direcionar reguladores a montante em vez da enzima em si &#8212; uma estrat&#233;gia potencialmente mais seletiva para interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios aspectos do trabalho merecem destaque. O uso de amostras de mioc&#225;rdio humano e ensaios funcionais in vitro refor&#231;a a plausibilidade biol&#243;gica e a relev&#226;ncia translacional. O estudo tamb&#233;m integra m&#250;ltiplas t&#233;cnicas complementares &#8212; qRT-PCR, <italic>Western blotting</italic>, ensaios de rep&#243;rter de luciferase e imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o de RNA &#8212; para mapear intera&#231;&#245;es moleculares. Juntas, essas abordagens fornecem uma narrativa mecanicista coerente que vincula a desregula&#231;&#227;o transcript&#244;mica &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica.</p>
    <p>No entanto, limita&#231;&#245;es importantes moderam a interpreta&#231;&#227;o. O tamanho da amostra de esp&#233;cimes de tecido humano &#233; modesto, e o estudo carece de valida&#231;&#227;o funcional in vivo em modelos animais de sobrecarga de press&#227;o ou ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal. Ainda n&#227;o se sabe se a express&#227;o de ZEB1-AS1 muda dinamicamente durante a transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, como os lncRNAs frequentemente exercem efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos em m&#250;ltiplos tipos de c&#233;lulas, a especificidade de ZEB1-AS1 para cardiomi&#243;citos deve ser confirmada em estudos futuros. Finalmente, embora os cardiomi&#243;citos tratados com ISO forne&#231;am um modelo conveniente, eles capturam apenas um subconjunto dos complexos est&#237;mulos mec&#226;nicos e metab&#243;licos que impulsionam a hipertrofia in vivo.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas ressalvas, o estudo de Cao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> expande nossa compreens&#227;o de como o genoma n&#227;o codificante contribui para a remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o. Ele posiciona o ZEB1-AS1 como um potencial alvo terap&#234;utico para hipertrofia card&#237;aca. De uma perspectiva translacional, estrat&#233;gias voltadas para a inibi&#231;&#227;o do ZEB1-AS1 &#8212; usando oligonucleot&#237;deos <italic>antisense</italic>, siRNA ou ferramentas baseadas em CRISPR &#8212; poderiam potencialmente atenuar a remodela&#231;&#227;o mediada por HDAC2, poupando fun&#231;&#245;es essenciais da cromatina reguladas por outras isoformas de HDAC. &#192; medida que o campo avan&#231;a em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica direcionada por RNA e &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o de precis&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica, estudos como este ressaltam como a decodifica&#231;&#227;o do transcriptoma n&#227;o codificante pode revelar novos caminhos para combater a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca maladaptativa e a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Knockdown do RNA Longo N&#227;o Codificante ZEB1-AS1 Acelera a Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca pela Via miR-186-5p/HDAC2</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250692i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>LncRNA ZEB1-AS1: A New Player in Epigenetic Control of Cardiac Hypertrophy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9268-286X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Dallas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">TX</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fernando R. Giugni</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Bloco 2, 10&#176; andar Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil Email: <email>fernando.giugni@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>Long Noncoding RNA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiac hypertrophy represents a fundamental adaptive response of the myocardium to hemodynamic stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although initially compensatory, persistent hypertrophy predisposes to maladaptive remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, and ultimately heart failure. Despite substantial progress in neurohormonal blockade and blood pressure control, therapies directly targeting the molecular mechanisms that sustain pathological hypertrophy remain limited. In recent years, growing attention has turned toward noncoding RNAs&#8212;particularly long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)&#8212;as regulators of cardiomyocyte growth, contractility, and survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Understanding how these molecules orchestrate gene expression and chromatin remodeling offers new opportunities to modulate the hypertrophic process at its regulatory core.</p>
      <p>While several lncRNAs such as TUG1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> NEAT1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and PVT1<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> have been linked to the hypertrophic response, the diversity of these transcripts and the context-specificity of their effects suggest that many key regulators remain unidentified. Among these, ZEB1-AS1, originally characterized in cancer biology as a modulator of cell proliferation and migration, had not been studied in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Whether this lncRNA contributes to cardiac remodeling, and through which molecular intermediates, remains unknown.</p>
      <p>In this issue, Cao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> address this knowledge gap by providing evidence that ZEB1-AS1 acts as a pro-hypertrophic regulator through a previously unrecognized ZEB1-AS1/miR-186-5p/HDAC2 signaling axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The investigators combined analysis of human heart tissue with mechanistic studies in cultured cardiomyocytes to elucidate how this pathway contributes to hypertrophic growth. They first demonstrated that ZEB1-AS1 expression is increased in myocardial tissue from patients with left ventricular hypertrophy compared with normal donor hearts. To extend these findings in an experimental system, they used cultured human AC16 cardiomyocytes treated with isoproterenol (ISO) to induce a hypertrophic phenotype. In this model, ISO stimulation recapitulated cardinal features of hypertrophy&#8212;enlarged cell surface area and elevated expression of ANP, BNP, and &#946;-MHC&#8212;and was accompanied by a parallel increase in ZEB1-AS1 levels.</p>
      <p>Silencing ZEB1-AS1 significantly attenuated ISO-induced hypertrophy, reducing both cellular enlargement and expression of hypertrophic markers. Mechanistic experiments then revealed that ZEB1-AS1 functions as a molecular sponge for miR-186-5p, a microRNA previously implicated in atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Binding assays and dual-luciferase reporter studies confirmed the direct interaction between ZEB1-AS1 and miR-186-5p, as well as between miR-186-5p and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Through this competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism, ZEB1-AS1 relieves miR-186-5p-mediated repression of HDAC2, leading to increased HDAC2 expression and consequent activation of hypertrophic signaling. Rescue experiments supported this model: inhibition of miR-186-5p reversed the protective effects of ZEB1-AS1 knockdown, restoring hypertrophic marker expression.</p>
      <p>These data delineate a regulatory cascade&#8212;ZEB1-AS1 upregulation promotes cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing miR-186-5p, thereby enhancing HDAC2 activity. The results extend prior observations linking HDAC2 to chromatin remodeling and transcriptional control in the hypertrophic heart,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> now positioning an lncRNA as an epigenetic regulator. Demonstrating that HDAC2 expression can be tuned through an RNA-based mechanism suggests new possibilities for targeting upstream regulators rather than the enzyme itself&#8212;a potentially more selective strategy for therapeutic intervention.</p>
      <p>Several aspects of the work deserve emphasis. The use of both human myocardial samples and in vitro functional assays strengthens biological plausibility and translational relevance. The study also integrates multiple complementary techniques&#8212;qRT-PCR, Western blotting, luciferase reporter assays, and RNA immunoprecipitation&#8212;to map molecular interactions. Together, these approaches provide a coherent mechanistic narrative linking transcriptomic dysregulation to phenotypic remodeling.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, important limitations temper interpretation. The sample size of human tissue specimens is modest, and the study lacks in vivo functional validation in animal models of pressure overload or neurohormonal activation. Whether ZEB1-AS1 expression changes dynamically during the transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure remains unknown. Furthermore, as lncRNAs often exert pleiotropic effects across multiple cell types, the cardiomyocyte specificity of ZEB1-AS1 should be confirmed in future studies. Finally, while ISO-treated cardiomyocytes provide a convenient model, they capture only a subset of the complex mechanical and metabolic stimuli driving hypertrophy in vivo.</p>
      <p>Despite these caveats, the study by Cao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> expands our understanding of how the noncoding genome contributes to structural remodeling of the heart. It positions ZEB1-AS1 as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy. From a translational perspective, strategies aimed at inhibiting ZEB1-AS1&#8212;using antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, or CRISPR-based tools&#8212;could potentially attenuate HDAC2-mediated remodeling while sparing essential chromatin functions regulated by other HDAC isoforms. As the field moves toward RNA-directed therapeutics and precision modulation of gene expression, studies like this underscore how decoding the noncoding transcriptome may reveal new avenues to counter maladaptive cardiac remodeling and heart failure progression.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Knockdown of the Long Noncoding RNA ZEB1-AS1 Accelerates Cardiac Hypertrophy via the miR-186-5p/HDAC2 Pathway</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
