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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4PsQZzWzF4JSvFhnDHJNpmR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250677</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia de Fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o com Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em ICFEr/ICFEm: Promessa, Par&#226;metros e a Primazia do Exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4614-4977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Centro Cl&#237;nico Acad&#233;mico de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ant&#243;nio Valentim Gon&#231;alves</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; Rua de Santa Marta, 50, <postal-code>1169-1024</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>antonio.a.goncalves.14@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250677</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Terapia de Fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) n&#227;o &#233; apenas um problema de bomba central. Mecanismos perif&#233;ricos, como a extra&#231;&#227;o prejudicada de oxig&#234;nio pelo m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e a disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, s&#227;o importantes fatores limitantes e se correlacionam com fadiga precoce e desfechos mais desfavor&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com base nisso, a terapia de fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o com luz/laser de baixa intensidade (PBMT) atraiu interesse como um complemento &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o: ao atingir a citocromo-c oxidase, a PBMT pode aumentar a gera&#231;&#227;o de ATP mitocondrial, modular a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o redox e melhorar a perfus&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, o artigo de Busin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> avalia se a adi&#231;&#227;o de PBMT ao treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (CMT) ou ao treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) aumenta os ganhos no consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub>pico) e outros &#237;ndices de TECP entre pacientes com ICFEr/ICFEm sintom&#225;ticos e clinicamente est&#225;veis. Em um delineamento n&#227;o randomizado de cinco bra&#231;os (CMT, HIIT, CMT+PBMT, HIIT+PBMT e um grupo controle) com 49 participantes, os autores observaram melhorias significativas na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em todos os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o, mas nenhum benef&#237;cio adicional do PBMT no VO<sub>2</sub>pico, efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) ou inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES). As tend&#234;ncias num&#233;ricas favoreceram alguns bra&#231;os do PBMT, mas as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas. Os bra&#231;os do HIIT tiveram um desempenho particularmente bom, mas o PBMT (aplicado apenas antes das sess&#245;es e em uma dose modesta) n&#227;o produziu melhorias adicionais.</p>
    <p>Como os m&#233;dicos devem interpretar um sinal negativo de PBMT em conjunto com melhorias consistentes relacionadas ao treinamento? Primeiro, os efeitos do treinamento s&#227;o a principal hist&#243;ria &#8211; e uma hist&#243;ria tranquilizadora. D&#233;cadas de trabalho mostram que o exerc&#237;cio estruturado na ICFEr melhora o VO<sub>2</sub> pico, a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida e os marcadores progn&#243;sticos (incluindo OUES e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> S&#237;nteses contempor&#226;neas em fen&#243;tipos de IC reafirmam benef&#237;cios clinicamente significativos em desfechos funcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes permanecem claras: o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; recomendado para melhorar o estado funcional e a qualidade de vida, e o encaminhamento para reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cios &#233; apoiado em pacientes com IC eleg&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, o contexto para o HIIT &#233; misto. Dados randomizados e observacionais indicam que, em alguns programas, o HIIT pode gerar maiores melhorias no pico de VO<sub>2</sub> do que o treinamento cont&#237;nuo, enquanto outras experi&#234;ncias mostram diferen&#231;as mais modestas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Uma coorte de 10 anos de um &#250;nico centro relatou associa&#231;&#245;es entre exposi&#231;&#227;o ao HIIT, melhora da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e sobreviv&#234;ncia, mas o desenho n&#227;o randomizado impede conclus&#245;es causais firmes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> S&#237;nteses mais amplas enfatizam que o exerc&#237;cio, em diferentes formatos, continua sendo central no tratamento da IC, e que o HIIT pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o de alto rendimento quando individualizado, supervisionado e alinhado com considera&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a e ades&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Onde a PBMT se encaixa? Dados de atletas e volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis sugerem que a PBMT pode reduzir a fadiga e acelerar as adapta&#231;&#245;es ao treinamento, especialmente quando o tempo, a dose de energia e os pontos de irradia&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o otimizados. Dados randomizados em participantes saud&#225;veis relataram melhorias de resist&#234;ncia substancialmente mais r&#225;pidas quando a PBMT foi aplicada antes e depois das sess&#245;es de treinamento, e meta-an&#225;lises, embora limitadas pela baixa qualidade geral dos estudos, sugerem benef&#237;cios para o desempenho e a fadiga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, a tradu&#231;&#227;o para IC tem sido inconsistente. Em pacientes hospitalizados com ICFEr, a PBMT aguda reduziu o lactato e a percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o, sem melhorar a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis minutos; em pacientes p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, a PBMT n&#227;o aumentou a capacidade funcional; e modelos animais de IC que associaram PBMT ao treinamento de resist&#234;ncia relataram melhores VO<sub>2</sub> e toler&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os resultados atuais ampliam esse panorama misto: com PBMT pr&#233;-sess&#227;o (810 nm GaAlAs) em seis pontos bilaterais dos membros inferiores ao longo de dez semanas, n&#227;o houve efeito aditivo no VO<sub>2</sub>pico, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> ou OUES. Explica&#231;&#245;es plaus&#237;veis incluem subdosagem, tempo sub&#243;timo (como a aus&#234;ncia de irradia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio), locais de irradia&#231;&#227;o insuficientes e poder estat&#237;stico limitado em uma amostra pequena e n&#227;o randomizada. Diferen&#231;as na idade ou no condicionamento f&#237;sico basal (particularmente no bra&#231;o HIIT+PBMT) tamb&#233;m podem confundir os ganhos percentuais aparentes no VO<sub>2</sub>pico, dada a variabilidade na treinabilidade relacionada &#224; idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para pacientes eleg&#237;veis com ICFEr/ICFEm, o treinamento supervisionado &#8212; CMT ou HIIT, dependendo dos objetivos, seguran&#231;a e log&#237;stica &#8212; continua sendo um pilar fundamental que melhora os par&#226;metros do CPET, os sintomas e a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de; os programas devem ser dimensionados e acess&#237;veis de forma equitativa em todos os sistemas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em contraste, a PBMT n&#227;o deve ser incorporada &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de rotina neste momento. O presente estudo n&#227;o encontrou benef&#237;cio incremental com o protocolo testado, em linha com estudos cardiovasculares anteriores negativos ou amb&#237;guos. At&#233; que estudos randomizados multic&#234;ntricos com poder estat&#237;stico adequado definam a dose, o momento (pr&#233;- e/ou p&#243;s-sess&#227;o), o comprimento de onda e o n&#250;mero de locais e estendam os resultados do CPET aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, a PBMT deve permanecer em fase experimental.</p>
    <p>Assim, os pr&#243;ximos estudos devem utilizar um protocolo PBMT padronizado (comprimento de onda fixo, energia por ponto, n&#250;mero de locais e tempo pr&#233;/p&#243;s-sess&#227;o), predefinir desfechos de CPET (pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, OUES) e enriquecer o recrutamento com pacientes com limita&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas perif&#233;ricas claras (baixa extra&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> ou alta inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria). Mais importante ainda, essas hip&#243;teses precisam ser confirmadas em ECRs multic&#234;ntricos maiores e com poder estat&#237;stico adequado, que incluam desfechos cl&#237;nicos e centrados no paciente.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo reconfirma a efic&#225;cia robusta do exerc&#237;cio estruturado na ICFEr/ICFEi, especialmente quando o HIIT &#233; vi&#225;vel, em conson&#226;ncia com as diretrizes internacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, modera o entusiasmo pelo PBMT na reabilita&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica como atualmente oferecida. A justificativa mitocondrial permanece convincente; a receita cl&#237;nica, ainda n&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o Combinada ao Treinamento Intervalado de Intensidade Moderada ou Alta no Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio e na Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250677i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Photobiomodulation Therapy with Cardiac Rehabilitation in HFrEF/HFmrEF: Promise, Parameters, and the Primacy of Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4614-4977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Centro Cl&#237;nico Acad&#233;mico de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ant&#243;nio Valentim Gon&#231;alves</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; Rua de Santa Marta, 50, <postal-code>1169-1024</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>antonio.a.goncalves.14@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Photobiomodulation Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>High-intensity Interval Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Exercise intolerance in heart failure (HF) is not solely a central pump problem. Peripheral mechanisms, such as impaired skeletal-muscle oxygen extraction and mitochondrial dysfunction, are major limiting factors and correlate with early fatigue and poorer outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> On this basis, low-level light/laser photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has attracted interest as an adjunct to rehabilitation: by targeting cytochrome-c oxidase, PBMT may boost mitochondrial ATP generation, modulate redox signaling, and enhance microvascular perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition, the article by Busin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> evaluates whether the addition of PBMT to either continuous moderate-intensity training (CMT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) augments gains in peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>peak) and other CPET indices among symptomatic, clinically stable HFrEF/HFmrEF patients. In a non-randomized, five-arm design (CMT, HIIT, CMT+PBMT, HIIT+PBMT, and a control group) with 49 participants, the authors observed significant improvements in exercise tolerance across all intervention groups, but no additional benefit from PBMT on VO<sub>2</sub>peak, ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), or oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). Numerical trends favored some PBMT arms, yet between-group differences were not statistically significant. The HIIT arms performed particularly well, but PBMT (applied only before sessions and at a modest dose) did not yield additional improvements.</p>
      <p>How should clinicians interpret a negative PBMT signal alongside consistent training-related improvements? First, the training effects are the main story - and a reassuring one. Decades of work show that structured exercise in HFrEF improves VO<sub>2</sub> peak, functional capacity, quality of life, and prognostic markers (including OUES and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contemporary syntheses across HF phenotypes reaffirm clinically meaningful benefits on functional endpoints.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Guideline recommendations remain clear: exercise training is recommended to improve functional status and quality of life, and referral to exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is supported in eligible HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Second, the context for HIIT is mixed. Randomized and observational data indicate that, in some programs, HIIT can yield greater VO<sub>2</sub> peak improvements than continuous training, while other experiences show more modest differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A 10-year single-center cohort reported associations between HIIT exposure, improved left-ventricular remodeling, and survival, but the nonrandomized design precludes firm causal conclusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Broader syntheses emphasize that exercise, across different formats, remains central in HF care, and that HIIT may be a high-yield option when individualized, supervised, and aligned with safety and adherence considerations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Where does PBMT fit? Athletic and healthy volunteer data suggest PBMT can reduce fatigue and accelerate training adaptations, especially when timing, energy dose, and irradiation points are optimized. Randomized data in healthy participants reported substantially faster endurance improvements when PBMT was applied before and after training sessions, and meta-analyses, although limited by overall low study quality, suggest benefits for performance and fatigue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Yet translation to HF has been inconsistent. In hospitalized HFrEF, acute PBMT reduced lactate and perceived exertion without improving six-minute walk distance; in post-CABG patients, PBMT did not increase functional capacity; and animal HF models pairing PBMT with resistance training reported better VO<sub>2</sub> and tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The present results extend that mixed picture: with pre-session PBMT (810 nm GaAlAs) to six bilateral lower-limb points over ten weeks, no additive effect emerged on VO<sub>2</sub>peak, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, or OUES. Plausible explanations include under-dosing, suboptimal timing (such as the absence of post-exercise irradiation), insufficient irradiation sites, and limited statistical power in a small, non-randomized sample. Differences in age or baseline fitness (particularly within the HIIT+PBMT arm) can also confound apparent percentage gains in VO<sub>2</sub>peak, given age-related variability in trainability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For eligible HFrEF/HFmrEF patients, supervised training &#8212; CMT or HIIT, depending on goals, safety, and logistics &#8212; remains a cornerstone that improves CPET parameters, symptoms, and health-related quality of life; programs should be scaled and equitably accessible across health systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> By contrast, PBMT should not be incorporated into routine cardiac rehabilitation at this time. The present study found no incremental benefit with the tested protocol, aligning with prior negative or equivocal cardiovascular trials. Until adequately powered multicenter randomized studies define the dose, timing (pre- and/or post-session), wavelength, and number of sites, and extend outcomes from CPET to clinical endpoints, PBMT should remain investigational.</p>
      <p>Accordingly, next studies should use a standardized PBMT protocol (fixed wavelength, energy per point, number of sites, and pre/post-session timing), predefine CPET endpoints (VO<sub>2</sub>peak, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, OUES), and enrich enrollment with patients who have clear peripheral metabolic limitations (low O<sub>2</sub> extraction or high ventilatory inefficiency). Most importantly, these hypotheses need confirmation in larger, adequately powered multicenter RCTs that include patient-centered and clinical endpoints.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study reconfirms the robust efficacy of structured exercise in HFrEF/HFmrEF, especially when HIIT is feasible, in step with international guidelines. At the same time, it tempers enthusiasm for PBMT in clinical rehabilitation as currently delivered. The mitochondrial rationale remains compelling; the clinical recipe does not - yet.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Photobiomodulation Combined with Moderate or High-Intensity Interval Training on Oxygen Consumption and Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Heart Failure</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
