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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vXkDF6dfyM9NxmKJrGTz3qD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250347</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso da Ivabradina na Terap&#234;utica de Pacientes Portadores da S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica (POTS): Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8788-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Giannella de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-3654</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moretti</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Palandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mamorett@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250347</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica (POTS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome</italic>) &#233; uma disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica definida por sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca at&#233; 10 minutos ap&#243;s assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica ou inclina&#231;&#227;o da cabe&#231;a para cima, na aus&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o. Existem tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos de POTS (neurop&#225;tica, hipovol&#234;mica e hiperadren&#233;rgica) e todos resultam em taquicardia e altera&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o cerebral. A terapia farmacol&#243;gica est&#225; indicada em alguns casos, mas ainda n&#227;o foi aprovado um medicamento espec&#237;fico para essa condi&#231;&#227;o. Alguns estudos mostraram que a ivabradina, pode ser ben&#233;fica, reduzindo a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sem afetar a press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da ivabradina no tratamento da POTS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com descritores &#8220;Ivabradina&#8221; e &#8220;S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica&#8221; nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, LILACS e Google Scholar. Artigos agrupados e avaliados pela estrat&#233;gia PICO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Identificados 52 artigos, sete foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o e separados em prospectivos<sup>3</sup> e retrospectivos.<sup>4</sup> No total, 203 pacientes foram avaliados, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial e melhora dos sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica em todos os estudos e a maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o relatou efeitos adversos, independentemente do fen&#243;tipo de POTS do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A ivabradina mostrou-se eficaz e segura na terap&#234;utica dos pacientes portadores de POTS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Uso da Ivabradina na Terap&#234;utica de Pacientes Portadores da S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica (POTS): Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</attrib>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ivabradina</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica (POTS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome</italic>) &#233; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> por pelo menos seis meses, associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) em 30 ou mais batimentos por minuto (bpm) em adultos e de 40 bpm ou mais em indiv&#237;duos com at&#233; 19 anos, dentro de 10 minutos ap&#243;s assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ativa ou inclina&#231;&#227;o da cabe&#231;a para cima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o se observa hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, ou seja, queda da press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica maior ou igual a 20 mmHg e diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA diast&#243;lica superior ou igual a 10 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da POTS ainda &#233; desconhecida, devido ao subdiagn&#243;stico, muitas vezes confundida com transtorno de ansiedade, depress&#227;o, estresse e s&#237;ncope vasovagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Trata-se de uma s&#237;ndrome comum em mulheres brancas na idade f&#233;rtil e que possui rela&#231;&#227;o com outras comorbidades, como enxaqueca, s&#237;ndrome do intestino irrit&#225;vel e s&#237;ndrome de Ehlers-Danlos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>S&#227;o conhecidos tr&#234;s mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que podem resultar em fen&#243;tipos distintos de POTS: neuropatia auton&#244;mica parcial, hipovolemia persistente e estado hiperadren&#233;rgico central e que podem coexistir nos pacientes portadores de POTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar das diferen&#231;as, todos eles convergem para taquicardia e altera&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o cerebral, originando as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O principal foco no tratamento da POTS &#233; o condicionamento f&#237;sico por meio da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios. Estudos mostram que 53% dos pacientes deixaram de preencher os crit&#233;rios de POTS ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outras interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o importantes, como ingest&#227;o de l&#237;quidos e sal e uso de meias de compress&#227;o e cintas abdominais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Se as abordagens n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas n&#227;o forem eficazes, alguns f&#225;rmacos (direcionado ao fen&#243;tipo de POTS do paciente) podem ser utilizados. Por&#233;m, at&#233; o momento, nenhum medicamento espec&#237;fico foi aprovado pela <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) para o tratamento da POTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entre os f&#225;rmacos que costumam ser utilizados est&#227;o a fludrocortisona, desmopressina, eritropoietina, midodrina, betabloqueadores, inibidores da recapta&#231;&#227;o de serotonina e norepinefrina, antagonistas combinados dos receptores alfa e beta-adren&#233;rgicos e clonidina. Por&#233;m, os efeitos adversos desses medicamentos s&#227;o um desafio para o tratamento da POTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ivabradina &#233; um inibidor seletivo dos canais If (<italic>funny</italic>) de s&#243;dio presentes nas c&#233;lulas do n&#243; sinoatrial e age prolongando a despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica lenta e promovendo a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC sem afetar as demais fun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora seja aprovada apenas para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e angina inst&#225;vel, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado benef&#237;cio do uso da ivabradina no tratamento da s&#237;ndrome de POTS. Desse modo, essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica buscou avaliar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do uso da ivabradina na terap&#234;utica de pacientes portadores da POTS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada seguindo-se o m&#233;todo <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA). Foram buscados os descritores DeCS/MeSH &#8220;Ivabradina&#8221; e &#8220;S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica&#8221; nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, LILACS e <italic>Google Scholar.</italic> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram artigos com t&#237;tulos repetidos, relatos de caso, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, diretrizes e artigos originais que n&#227;o estivessem em l&#237;ngua inglesa, espanhola ou portuguesa ou publicados h&#225; mais de 10 anos. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o foram selecionados os artigos originais compat&#237;veis com o tema proposto, avaliado inicialmente pelo t&#237;tulo, depois pelo resumo e por &#250;ltimo pela integra do artigo. Os artigos resultantes foram agrupados de acordo com o sistema PICO (<italic>Population, Intervention, Comparation, Outcome</italic>) a analisados atrav&#233;s do questionamento sobre a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do uso da ivabradina nos pacientes com POTS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram identificados 52 artigos nas bases de dados, PubMed (50), Scielo (0), LILACS (0) e Google Scholar (2); uma duplicata foi removida, restando 51 artigos. Ap&#243;s aplicados os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o, sete artigos foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#8211; tr&#234;s estudos prospectivos e quatro estudos retrospectivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA. Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2024.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250347-50347-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os estudos prospectivos, havia um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado duplo-cego controlado por placebo e dois observacionais de coorte, totalizando 85 pacientes portadores de POTS. Os retrospectivos, por sua vez, avaliaram 118 pacientes com POTS. Portanto, ao todo, foram analisados 203 pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos aspectos demogr&#225;ficos, 153 pacientes (75,36%) eram do sexo feminino. A idade variou de 22,2 a 45,6 anos, sendo que 49 pacientes (24,1%) eram menores de 18 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estudos prospectivos agrupados conforme a estrat&#233;gia PICO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">T&#237;tulo e autor</th>
                <th align="left">Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Desfecho</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Randomized Trial of Ivabradine in Patients with Hyperadrenergic POTS</italic> Taub et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                <td>22 pacientes com POTS hiperadren&#233;rgico. 95,5% mulheres e 86,4% brancos. M&#233;dia de idade: 33,9 &#177; 11,7 anos</td>
                <td>Estudo randomizado duplo-cego controlado por placebo. 1 m&#234;s de tratamento com 5 mg de placebo ou ivabradina 2 vezes por dia. Dura&#231;&#227;o de 2,5 meses</td>
                <td>Grupo ivabradina x grupo placebo. Par&#226;metros comparados: FC, PA, qualidade de vida e n&#237;veis de NE</td>
                <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o da FC na postura ortost&#225;tica (p &lt; 0,001), aus&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o clinicamente significativa, melhora f&#237;sica (p = 0,008) e social (p = 0,021) e diminui&#231;&#227;o de NE de supino para ortost&#225;tico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base (p = 0,030)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Ivabradine effects on COVID-19- associated POTS: a single center prospective study</italic> Abdelnabi et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                <td>55 pacientes com POTS associada &#224; COVID-19. 58,2% homens. M&#233;dia de idade: 30,5 &#177; 6,9 anos. M&#233;dia de dias ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19: 13,5 &#177; 5,6 dias.</td>
                <td>Estudo observacional de coorte prospectivo. 7 dias de tratamento com 5 mg de ivabradina 2 vezes por dia.</td>
                <td>Par&#226;metros comparados: sintomas e FC. Entre o in&#237;cio e o t&#233;rmino do tratamento.</td>
                <td>Melhora dos sintomas (palpita&#231;&#245;es) em 78% dos pacientes e da FC de 24 horas.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>The Effect of Ivabradine on the Heart Rate and Sympathovagal Balance in POTS</italic> Barzilai and Jacob.<sup>14</sup></td>
                <td>8 pacientes com POTS. Rela&#231;&#227;o 6:2 (mulheres: homens). M&#233;dia de idade: 31 &#177; 3 anos.</td>
                <td>Estudo prospectivo aberto sem controle de placebo. Preenchimento de question&#225;rio sobre os sintomas e aferi&#231;&#227;o de FC e PA antes e ap&#243;s o teste com 7,5 mg de ivabradina em dose &#250;nica.</td>
                <td>Par&#226;metros comparados: sintomas, varia&#231;&#227;o de FC e PA e da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em inclina&#231;&#227;o por 20 minutos. Entre o in&#237;cio e o t&#233;rmino do tratamento com ivabradina.</td>
                <td>Atenua&#231;&#227;o dos principais sintomas ortost&#225;ticos (tontura, vis&#227;o turva e palpita&#231;&#245;es), redu&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s 5 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da PA e do t&#244;nus vagal cardiovascular.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PA: press&#227;o arterial; NE: norepinefrina. Obs.: Todos os estudos, adotaram 5% de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2024.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estudos retrospectivos agrupados conforme a estrat&#233;gia PICO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">T&#237;tulo e autor</th>
                <th align="left">Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Desfecho</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Single centre experience of ivabradine in POTS</italic> McDonald et al.<sup>18</sup></td>
                <td>20 pacientes receberam ivabradina para tratamento de POTS de janeiro de 2008 at&#233; 2010. Rela&#231;&#227;o 5:1 (mulheres:homens). M&#233;dia de idade: | 35 &#177; 9,9 anos.</td>
                <td>Estudo retrospectivo. Pacientes foram avaliados atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio (14) e/ou pela revis&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio (8). Onze permaneciam em uso de ivabradina e 9 haviam descontinuado.</td>
                <td>Par&#226;metros comparados: sintomas e efeitos colaterais. Entre os pacientes que permaneceram usando ivabradina e aqueles que a descontinuaram</td>
                <td>Menos epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#245;es e taquicardia nos pacientes que mantiveram a ivabradina (55% dos casos). N&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. Seis descontinuaram pela n&#227;o melhora dos sintomas. Cinco relataram efeitos colaterais.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Ivabradine in children with POTS: a retrospective study</italic> Towheed et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                <td>27 pacientes menores de 18 anos que receberam ivabradina de janeiro de 2015 a fevereiro de 2019. 92,5% mulheres. M&#233;dia de idade: 17 anos.</td>
                <td>Estudo retrospectivo. Revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios.</td>
                <td>Par&#226;metros comparados: sintomas, FC e PA. Antes e depois de iniciar a ivabradina.</td>
                <td>Em 67% melhora dos sintomas. Redu&#231;&#227;o da FC entre a posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e ortost&#225;tica sem mudan&#231;a na PA. 1 paciente teve bradicardia grave.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Ivabradine in POTS: Preliminary Experience in Children</italic> Donne et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                <td>22 pacientes menores de 18 anos receberam ivabradina de fevereiro de 2008 a junho de 2014. Rela&#231;&#227;o 15:7 (fem.: masc.). M&#233;dia de idade: 14,5 anos.</td>
                <td>Estudo retrospectivo. An&#225;lise de registros de FC e ECG antes do uso da ivabradina e durante o seguimento.</td>
                <td>Par&#226;metros comparados: sintomas, FC e intervalo QTc. Antes de iniciar o tratamento com ivabradina e durante.</td>
                <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o da FC de repouso de 82,5 bpm para 71,3 bpm. Nenhum intervalo QTc anormal. Melhora dos sintomas em 2/3 dos pacientes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Ivabradine in the treatment of POTS, a single center experience</italic> Ruzieh et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                <td>49 pacientes que receberam ivabradina entre janeiro de 2010 e outubro de 2016. 95,9% mulheres. M&#233;dia de idade: 35,1 &#177; 10,35 anos.</td>
                <td>Estudo retrospectivo. Consultas e liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas com pacientes que receberam 5 mg de ivabradina por dia para tratar POTS.</td>
                <td>Par&#226;metros comparados: sintomas e efeitos adversos. Antes e depois do in&#237;cio do tratamento.</td>
                <td>88,4% com melhora das palpita&#231;&#245;es. 76% com melhora dos sintomas. Aus&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos. Redu&#231;&#227;o da FC em ortostase (p &lt; 0,001) e sentado (p = 0,01) sem altera&#231;&#227;o da PA.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PA: press&#227;o arterial; ECG: eletrocardiograma; Obs.: Todos os estudos, adotaram 5% de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2024.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os estudos analisados demonstraram que, com o uso da ivabradina, houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da FC sem altera&#231;&#227;o da PA e melhora dos sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica. A maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o relatou efeitos adversos, embora um indiv&#237;duo tenha apresentado bradicardia grave ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da ivabradina.</p>
      <p>O estudo de Taub et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foi o &#250;nico que mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da FC durante o tratamento com ivabradina em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo em pacientes com POTS hiperadren&#233;rgico. Esse estudo tamb&#233;m avaliou que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de noradrenalina medidos entre as posi&#231;&#245;es supina e ereta foram menores com a administra&#231;&#227;o da ivabradina quando comparados ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, cerca de 78% da coorte apresentaram melhora significativa dos sintomas e n&#227;o tiveram efeitos adversos consider&#225;veis. A fotopsia foi o evento mais relatado, mas nenhum dos participantes descontinuou a medica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os estudos prospectivos avaliaram a resposta cl&#237;nica de pacientes com POTS que foram submetidos ao tratamento com ivabradina, comparando-a com o grupo placebo ou &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o inicial antes de iniciar o seu uso. Os estudos retrospectivos analisaram os indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; utilizavam a ivabradina para POTS ou descontinuaram seu uso por alguma raz&#227;o. Na maioria desses estudos, os pacientes foram avaliados por meio question&#225;rios, prontu&#225;rios, consultas, liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas e registros de FC e eletrocardiografia. Dessa forma, os estudos prospectivos foram mais &#250;teis na an&#225;lise de efic&#225;cia e os retrospectivos na demonstra&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a do uso da ivabradina. O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados, principalmente nos estudos prospectivos, e a maneira como os dados foram estatisticamente avaliados n&#227;o permitiram a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma metan&#225;lise robusta e confi&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise dos estudos isolados, o de Taub et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foi o mais impactante, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da FC com a ivabradina. Por&#233;m, cabe lembrar que eram pacientes com POTS hiperadren&#233;rgico, e que o tratamento dos pacientes deve respeitar o perfil fenot&#237;pico e fisiopatol&#243;gico. Esse resultado pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; capacidade da ivabradina em reduzir a FC sem causar hipotens&#227;o e da poss&#237;vel propriedade de <italic>down-regulation</italic> do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico. Nesse estudo, observaram-se n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos normais de noradrenalina corroborando o resultado observado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim como no estudo de Taub et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> os principais par&#226;metros analisados pelos artigos foram FC, PA, sintomas e efeitos adversos. Foram comparadas as condi&#231;&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da ivabradina, no caso dos estudos de coorte. Quanto aos estudos prospectivos, dois apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica ou inclina&#231;&#227;o, e aus&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>e um relatou diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC de 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Com exce&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Taub et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a maioria dos estudos n&#227;o especificou o principal componente da POTS. Assim, poder&#237;amos inferir que o uso da ivabradina, beneficiaria n&#227;o s&#243; os hiperadren&#233;rgicos, como tamb&#233;m os pacientes com outros fen&#243;tipos ou fisiopatologia.</p>
      <p>Os estudos retrospectivos tamb&#233;m verificaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da FC. Em dois estudos, entre a ortostase e a posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, n&#227;o se observou altera&#231;&#227;o da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Donne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> observaram uma queda da FC de repouso de 82,5 bpm para 71,3 bpm. No geral, os pacientes que utilizaram a ivabradina apresentaram menos taquicardia, o que corrobora o uso do medicamento em seu tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos pacientes relatou melhora dos sintomas, incluindo palpita&#231;&#245;es. Do total, seis descontinuaram a ivabradina devido &#224; n&#227;o melhora dos sintomas e seis relataram efeitos adversos, sendo a bradicardia grave em um deles. Esses fatos sustentam a seguran&#231;a do uso da ivabradina na POTS.</p>
      <p>Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos e de pacientes, os resultados sobre o uso da ivabradina nos pacientes portadores de POTS parecem promissores, indicando efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da medica&#231;&#227;o, com melhora da taquicardia e dos sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, sem comprometimento da PA e sem efeitos adversos significativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O uso da ivabradina na terap&#234;utica dos pacientes portadores de POTS mostrou-se eficaz e seguro. Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC sem comprometimento de outras fun&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e al&#237;vio de sintomas relacionados &#224; intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica. N&#227;o se observaram efeitos adversos significativos na maioria dos casos. Os resultados s&#227;o encorajadores, por&#233;m ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados para garantir a seguran&#231;a do medicamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250347i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Ivabradine in the Treatment of Patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8788-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Giannella de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-3654</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moretti</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Palandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mamorett@uol.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is an autonomic dysfunction characterized by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, associated with an increase in heart rate within 10 minutes of assuming an upright position or head-up tilt, in the absence of hypotension. There are three phenotypes of POTS &#8211; neuropathic, hypovolemic, and hyperadrenergic &#8211; and all result in tachycardia and altered cerebral perfusion. Pharmacological therapy is indicated in certain cases; however, no specific medication has yet been approved for this condition. Some studies have shown that ivabradine may be beneficial, as it reduces heart rate without affecting blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivabradine in the treatment of POTS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> Systematic review using the descriptors &#8220;Ivabradine&#8221; and &#8220;Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome&#8221; in the PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases. Articles were grouped and assessed using the PICO strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 52 articles were identified, of which seven were included in the review &#8211; three prospective and four retrospective studies. In total, 203 patients were evaluated, the majority of whom were female. All studies reported a significant reduction in heart rate and improvement in symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, with most patients not reporting adverse effects, regardless of their POTS phenotype.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Ivabradine proved to be effective and safe in the treatment of patients with POTS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Use of Ivabradine in the Treatment of Patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): A Systematic Review</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>BP: blood pressure; POTS: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250347-50347-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ivabradine</kwd>
        <kwd>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is characterized by the presence of symptoms of orthostatic intolerance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> for at least six months, associated with an increase in heart rate (HR) of 30 beats per minute (bpm) or more in adults, and 40 bpm or more in individuals up to 19 years old, within 10 minutes of assuming an upright position or head-up tilt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, orthostatic hypotension is not observed &#8211; that is, a drop in systolic blood pressure (BP) of 20 mmHg or more and a decrease in diastolic BP of 10 mmHg or more.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of POTS remains unknown due to underdiagnosis, as it is often mistaken for anxiety disorders, depression, stress, or vasovagal syncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is a syndrome commonly seen in white women of childbearing age and is associated with other comorbidities such as migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Three pathophysiological mechanisms are known to result in distinct POTS phenotypes: partial autonomic neuropathy, persistent hypovolemia, and a central hyperadrenergic state, which may coexist in patients with POTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite their differences, all mechanisms converge toward tachycardia and altered cerebral perfusion, leading to the clinical manifestations of the syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The primary focus in the treatment of POTS is physical conditioning through regular exercise. Studies have shown that 53% of patients no longer met the diagnostic criteria for POTS after three months of consistent physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Other non-pharmacological interventions are also important, such as increased fluid and salt intake, and the use of compression stockings and abdominal binders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> If non-pharmacological approaches prove ineffective, certain medications &#8211; tailored to the patient&#8217;s POTS phenotype &#8211; may be considered. However, to date, no specific drug has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of POTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>Commonly used medications include fludrocortisone, desmopressin, erythropoietin, midodrine, beta-blockers, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, combined alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, and clonidine. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of these drugs pose a challenge in the management of POTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If (funny) sodium channels found in sinoatrial node cells. It works by prolonging slow diastolic depolarization and reducing HR without affecting other cardiovascular functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although currently approved only for heart failure and unstable angina, some studies have shown benefits of ivabradine in the treatment of POTS. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivabradine in the management of patients with POTS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The DeCS/MeSH descriptors &#8220;Ivabradine&#8221; and &#8220;Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome&#8221; were searched in the PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases. Exclusion criteria included duplicate titles, case reports, systematic reviews, guidelines, and original articles not published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, or published more than 10 years ago. After applying the exclusion criteria, original articles relevant to the proposed topic were selected, initially based on the title, followed by the abstract, and finally the full text. The resulting articles were grouped according to the PICO system (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) and analyzed to assess the efficacy and safety of Ivabradine in patients with POTS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 52 articles were identified across the databases: PubMed (50), Scielo (0), LILACS (0), and Google Scholar (2). One duplicate was removed, leaving 51 articles. After applying the exclusion and selection criteria, seven articles were included in the systematic review&#8212;three prospective studies and four retrospective studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PRISMA flowchart (prepared by the authors), 2024.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250347-50347-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Among the prospective studies, there was one randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial and two observational cohort studies, totaling 85 patients diagnosed with POTS. The retrospective studies, in turn, evaluated 118 patients with POTS. Therefore, a total of 203 patients were analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>). Regarding demographic aspects, 153 patients (75.36%) were female. Age ranged from 22.2 to 45.6 years, with 49 patients (24.1%) under 18 years old (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prospective studies grouped according to the PICO strategy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">T&#237;tle and author</th>
                  <th align="left">Population</th>
                  <th align="left">Intervention</th>
                  <th align="left">Comparison</th>
                  <th align="left">Outcome</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Randomized Trial of Ivabradine in Patients with Hyperadrenergic POTS</italic> Taub et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td>22 patients with hyperadrenergic POTS. 95.5% were female and 86.4% were White. Mean age: 33.9 &#177; 11.7 years</td>
                  <td>Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. One month of treatment with 5 mg of placebo or ivabradine twice daily. Total duration: 2.5 months</td>
                  <td>Ivabradine group vs. placebo group. Parameters compared: HR, BP, quality of life, and norepinephrine (NE) levels</td>
                  <td>Significant reduction in HR in the upright posture (p &lt; 0.001), no clinically significant hypotension, improvement in physical functioning (p = 0.008) and social functioning (p = 0.021), and a decrease in NE from supine to upright compared to baseline (p = 0.030).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Ivabradine effects on COVID-19- associated POTS: a single center prospective study</italic> Abdelnabi et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td>55 patients with COVID-19&#8211;associated POTS. 58.2% male. Mean age: 30.5 &#177; 6.9 years. Mean number of days after COVID-19 diagnosis: 13.5 &#177; 5.6 days.</td>
                  <td>Prospective observational cohort study. Seven days of treatment with 5 mg of ivabradine twice daily.</td>
                  <td>Parameters compared: symptoms and HR, between the beginning and end of treatment</td>
                  <td>Improvement in symptoms (palpitations) in 78% of patients and reduction in 24-hour HR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>The Effect of Ivabradine on the Heart Rate and Sympathovagal Balance in POTS</italic> Barzilai and Jacob.<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td>8 patients with POTS. Female-to-male ratio: 6:2. Mean age: 31 &#177; 3 years</td>
                  <td>Open-label prospective study without placebo control. Patients completed a symptom questionnaire and had HR and BP measured before and after a single 7.5 mg dose of ivabradine</td>
                  <td>Parameters compared: symptoms, changes in HR and BP, and autonomic function in the supine position and during a 20-minute tilt</td>
                  <td>Attenuation of key orthostatic symptoms (dizziness, blurred vision, and palpitations), significant reduction in HR after 5 minutes of tilt (p &lt; 0.01). No changes in BP or cardiovascular vagal tone were observed</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure; NE: norepinephrine. Note: All studies adopted a 5% level of statistical significance. Source: Prepared by the authors, 2024.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Retrospective studies grouped according to the PICO strategy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">T&#237;tle and author</th>
                  <th align="left">Population</th>
                  <th align="left">Intervention</th>
                  <th align="left">Comparison</th>
                  <th align="left">Outcome</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Single centre experience of ivabradine in POTS</italic> McDonald et al.<sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td>20 patients received ivabradine for the treatment of POTS between January 2008 and 2010. Female-to-male ratio: 5:1. Mean age: 35 &#177; 9.9 years.</td>
                  <td>Retrospective study.Patients were evaluated through questionnaires (14) and/or medical record review (8). Eleven continued using ivabradine, while nine had discontinued.</td>
                  <td>Parameters compared: symptoms and side effects between patients who continued ivabradine and those who discontinued.</td>
                  <td>Fewer episodes of palpitations and tachycardia were reported among patients who remained on ivabradine (55% of cases). No reduction in BP was observed. Six patients discontinued due to lack of symptom improvement. Five reported side effects.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Ivabradine in children with POTS: a retrospective study</italic> Towheed et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td>27 patients under 18 years of age received ivabradine from January 2015 to February 2019. 92.5% were female. Mean age: 17 years.</td>
                  <td>Retrospective study: chart review.</td>
                  <td>Parameters compared: symptoms, HR, and BP before and after starting ivabradine.</td>
                  <td>Symptom improvement in 67% of patients. Reduction in HR between seated and upright positions without changes in BP. One patient experienced severe bradycardia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Ivabradine in POTS: Preliminary Experience in Children</italic> Donne et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td>22 patients under 18 years of age received ivabradine from February 2008 to June 2014. Female-to-male ratio: 15:7. Mean age: 14.5 years.</td>
                  <td>Retrospective study. Analysis of HR and ECG records before starting ivabradine and during follow-up.</td>
                  <td>Parameters compared: symptoms, HR, and QTc interval before and during ivabradine treatment.</td>
                  <td>Resting HR decreased from 82.5 bpm to 71.3 bpm. No abnormal QTc intervals were observed. Symptom improvement was reported in two-thirds of the patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Ivabradine in the treatment of POTS, a single center experience</italic> Ruzieh et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td>49 patients received ivabradine between January 2010 and October 2016. 95.9% were female. Mean age: 35.1 &#177; 10.35 years.</td>
                  <td>Retrospective study. Consultations and phone calls with patients who received 5 mg of ivabradine daily for the treatment of POTS.</td>
                  <td>Parameters compared: symptoms and adverse effects before and after starting treatment.</td>
                  <td>88.4% reported improvement in palpitations, 76% reported overall symptom improvement. No adverse effects were observed. HR was significantly reduced in the upright position (p &lt; 0.001) and while seated (p = 0.01), with no change in BP.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure; ECG: electrocardiogram. Note: All studies adopted a 5% level of statistical significance. Source: Prepared by the authors, 2024.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The analyzed studies demonstrated that treatment with ivabradine resulted in a statistically significant reduction in HR without changes in BP, along with improvement in symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. Most patients did not report adverse effects, although one individual experienced severe bradycardia following ivabradine administration.</p>
        <p>The study by Taub et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> was the only one to show a statistically significant reduction in HR during treatment with ivabradine compared to placebo in patients with hyperadrenergic POTS. This study also evaluated plasma norepinephrine levels measured in supine and upright positions, which were lower with ivabradine administration compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In another study, approximately 78% of the cohort showed significant symptom improvement and did not experience notable adverse effects. Photopsia was the most commonly reported event, but none of the participants discontinued the medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Prospective studies evaluated the clinical response of patients with POTS who underwent treatment with ivabradine, comparing it to a placebo group or to their baseline condition prior to starting the medication. Retrospective studies, on the other hand, analyzed individuals who were already using ivabradine for POTS or had discontinued its use for some reason. In most of these studies, patients were assessed through questionnaires, medical records, consultations, phone calls, and HR and electrocardiography recordings. Thus, prospective studies were more useful for analyzing efficacy, while retrospective studies contributed to demonstrating the safety of ivabradine use. The small number of patients evaluated, especially in prospective studies, and the way the data were statistically analyzed did not allow for a robust and reliable meta-analysis.</p>
        <p>Among the individual studies, the one by Taub et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> was the most impactful, showing a significant reduction in HR with ivabradine. However, it is important to note that these were patients with hyperadrenergic POTS, and treatment should be tailored to the phenotypic and pathophysiological profile of each patient. This result may be attributed to ivabradine&#8217;s ability to reduce HR without causing hypotension, as well as its possible down-regulation effect on the sympathetic nervous system. In that study, normal plasma norepinephrine levels were observed, supporting the findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As in the study by Taub et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the main parameters analyzed across the articles were HR, BP, symptoms, and adverse effects. In the cohort studies, conditions before and after the initiation of ivabradine were compared. Among the prospective studies, two showed a statistically significant reduction in HR in the upright or tilted position, with no orthostatic hypotension observed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and one reported a decrease in 24-hour HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Except for the study by Taub et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> most studies did not specify the predominant POTS phenotype. Therefore, it can be inferred that ivabradine may benefit not only hyperadrenergic patients but also those with other phenotypes or pathophysiological profiles.</p>
        <p>The retrospective studies also demonstrated a reduction in HR. In two studies, no changes in BP were observed between the upright and seated positions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Donne et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported a decrease in resting HR from 82.5 bpm to 71.3 bpm. Overall, patients treated with ivabradine experienced less tachycardia, supporting the use of the drug in POTS management. Additionally, most patients reported symptom improvement, including reduced palpitations. In total, six patients discontinued ivabradine due to lack of symptom improvement, and six reported adverse effects, with one case of severe bradycardia. These findings support the safety of ivabradine in POTS treatment.</p>
        <p>Despite the small number of studies and patients, the results regarding ivabradine use in individuals with POTS appear promising, indicating both efficacy and safety of the medication, with improvements in tachycardia and orthostatic intolerance symptoms, without compromising BP and with no significant adverse effects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The use of ivabradine in the treatment of patients with POTS has proven to be effective and safe. There was a reduction in HR without compromising other hemodynamic functions, along with relief of symptoms related to orthostatic intolerance. No significant adverse effects were observed in most cases. The results are encouraging; however, further randomized clinical trials are still needed to ensure the safety of the medication.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of Ana Paula Giannella de Melo&#8217;s undergraduate thesis at the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
