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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f3xDFzMJTM844RBCxhXT45h</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250198</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apical Sparing e Hiperrefring&#234;ncia Mioc&#225;rdica: Nem Tudo que Reluz &#233; Amiloidose Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0270-4172</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Morais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romero</surname>
            <given-names>Cristhian Espinoza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8042-3841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Santa Marcelina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Santa Marcelina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>Ana Paula Morais Barros Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>a.paulamoraisrodrigues@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250198</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Deforma&#231;&#227;o Longitudinal Global</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com os recentes avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC), tem sido amplamente discutido o papel dos m&#233;todos complementares em imagem card&#237;aca para o reconhecimento precoce dessa doen&#231;a. Nesse contexto, a hiperrefring&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica e a preserva&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<italic>apical sparing</italic>; AS), evidenciadas pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) com an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico (STE), se configuram como achados que frequentemente levantam a suspeita de AC.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, apesar dessa associa&#231;&#227;o, a heterogeneidade desse achado na AC, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, al&#233;m da sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o em outras condi&#231;&#245;es, leva ao questionamento a respeito da real acur&#225;cia do AS para o diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a. Atrav&#233;s do relato de tr&#234;s casos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes portadores de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diversas - cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) e uso de esteroides anabolizantes - em que foram descritos a hiperrefring&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica e o AS &#224; ecocardiografia, &#233; proposta uma breve discuss&#227;o a respeito da fisiopatologia desses achados e de suas limita&#231;&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico de AC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso 1</title>
      <p>Paciente de 28 anos, sexo masculino, portador de CMH forma n&#227;o obstrutiva diagnosticada aos 15 anos de idade. Foi realizado teste gen&#233;tico que evidenciou variante do gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic> em heterozigose, sendo classificada como variante patog&#234;nica com associa&#231;&#227;o definitiva com CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>ETT realizado em 2023 evidenciou dilata&#231;&#227;o importante do &#225;trio esquerdo (volume = 89 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), VE com di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais de 45 mm por 29 mm, respectivamente, espessura do septo interventricular (SIV) de 20 mm e espessura de parede posterior (PP) de 24 mm e aspecto hiperrefringente do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco caracterizado por infiltra&#231;&#227;o granular das paredes ventriculares (<italic>granular sparkling</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica estava preservada, n&#227;o sendo observadas altera&#231;&#245;es da mobilidade segmentar das paredes mioc&#225;rdicas. O gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo em via de sa&#237;da do VE foi estimado em 14 mmHg, em repouso e em 27 mmHg ap&#243;s manobra de Valsalva. A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi compat&#237;vel com padr&#227;o restritivo (disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica importante).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de paciente com CMH sarcom&#233;rica. Aumento importante da espessura mioc&#225;rdica das paredes septal anterior e lateral posterior, com aspecto brilhante e hiperrefringente, al&#233;m de aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo ao corte paraesternal longitudinal (A) e aos cortes apicais (B), al&#233;m de padr&#227;o de apical sparing com deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal preservada em segmentos m&#233;dios e apicais (B). CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O <italic>Strain</italic> Global Longitudinal (SGL) absoluto do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliado pela t&#233;cnica <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> foi estimado em 12%. Foi observada a redu&#231;&#227;o marcada do <italic>strain</italic> nos segmentos basais e relativa preserva&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos apicais (AS), com &#237;ndice de AS relativo de 1.27 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da an&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica de speckle tracking de paciente com CMH sarcom&#233;rica. Observa-se redu&#231;&#227;o do strain segmentar em segmentos basais dos cortes apicais evidenciado pelas cores mais claras (A) e imagem param&#233;trica com padr&#227;o de apical sparing, evidenciado por deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal preservada em segmentos m&#233;dios e apicais (B). CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso 2</title>
      <p>Paciente de 34 anos, sexo masculino, hipertenso e portador de DRC dial&#237;tica h&#225; 6 anos, foi encaminhado ao servi&#231;o de cardiologia por insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada evidenciada em ETT solicitado no contexto de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de transplante renal, sendo descartadas outras cardiopatias. ETT realizado em 2024 evidenciou aumento de &#225;trio esquerdo (volume = 55 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), VE com di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais de 48 mm por 34 mm, respectivamente, espessura do SIV e espessura de PP de 12 mm, espessamento discreto valvar mitral insufici&#234;ncia de grau moderado ao Doppler com <italic>Vena contracta</italic> estimada em 4 mm. An&#225;lise pelo STE demonstrou SGL = 13,1%, com o achado de AS e redu&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal segmentos basais e m&#233;dios, com &#237;ndice de <italic>as</italic> relativo de 1.04 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da an&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica de speckle tracking de paciente portador de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada e DRC. Observa-se aumento da espessura mioc&#225;rdica, com aspecto hiper-refringente. O strain longitudinal global foi calculado em 13,1%, apesar da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (A). Imagem param&#233;trica com padr&#227;o de apical sparing, evidenciado por deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal preservada em segmentos apicais (B). DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso 3</title>
      <p>Paciente de 49 anos, sexo masculino, atleta maratonista h&#225; 20 anos, assintom&#225;tico do ponto de vista cardiovascular e sem comorbidades conhecidas. Relatava uso de esteroides anabolizantes (EA) com a finalidade de aumento de desempenho f&#237;sico em atividades esportivas. Encaminhado para atendimento ambulatorial junto &#224; cardiologia para rastreio de poss&#237;vel cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao uso de EA, tendo sido descartadas outras causas de cardiopatia.</p>
      <p>O ETT evidenciou hipocontratilidade difusa do VE, com comprometimento discreto de sua fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE:0,49). O AE apresentou volume de 33 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e foi observada hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, com SIV de 13 mm e PP de 12 mm. A an&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic>, com AS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da an&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica de speckle tracking de paciente usu&#225;rio de esteroides anabolizantes. Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao corte paraesternal longitudinal (A) e imagem param&#233;trica com padr&#227;o de apical sparing, evidenciado por deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal preservada em segmentos apicais (B). VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico pela t&#233;cnica de STE utiliza algoritmos de processamento de imagem obtidos atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma bidimensional. Esse m&#233;todo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global e segmentar, por meio do rastreamento quadro a quadro de marcadores ac&#250;sticos ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, sendo capaz de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mesmo antes das demonstradas pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O valor normal do SGL do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo varia entre 15,9% e 22,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es precoces da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, esse m&#233;todo tem sido utilizado em diversas &#225;reas da cardiologia, como na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do aumento da espessura mioc&#225;rdica, na cardio-oncologia, estenose a&#243;rtica e cardiopatia hipertensiva. O STE vem ganhando notoriedade atrav&#233;s da identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica no contexto de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, auxiliando no diagn&#243;stico diferencial do aumento de espessura mioc&#225;rdica ventricular.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do valor progn&#243;stico, diferen&#231;as no padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o do SGL, t&#234;m sido utilizadas como m&#233;todo &#250;til no aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico entre as diferentes etiologias de miocardiopatias. Enquanto a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) pode sugerir a suspeita de AC e a cintilografia com pirofosfato pode definir o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose por transtirretina ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de amiloidose por cadeias leves, o ETT permanece como o exame inicialmente realizado e que levanta a suspeita dessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o de <italic>strain</italic> denominado como AS tem sido classicamente relacionado com achado caracter&#237;stico da AC. Nesse padr&#227;o, a raz&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia dos valores de strain (it&#225;lico) longitudinal dos segmentos apicas e a m&#233;dios dos valores de strain (it&#225;lico) longitudinal basais e m&#233;dios acima de 1, foi descrito como capaz de diferenciar a AC de outros fen&#243;tipos de hipertrofia do VE com boa sensibilidade e especificidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma hip&#243;tese proposta para esse fen&#244;meno sugere a exist&#234;ncia de um gradiente na infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide, com menor envolvimento do &#225;pice, que pode ser devido a diferen&#231;as regionais na perfus&#227;o ou composi&#231;&#227;o tecidual do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o do SGL com padr&#227;o de AS ser tipicamente associado &#224; AC, achado semelhante tamb&#233;m pode ser encontrado em diferentes cen&#225;rios, como doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado, estenose a&#243;rtica importante, al&#233;m de outras miocardiopatias, como a pr&#243;pria CMH e na cardiotoxicidade induzida pelo uso de EA.</p>
      <p>Em 2024, foi publicado um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, internacional, realizado com o intuito de avaliar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do AS na AC. Foram avaliados 544 ecocardiogramas de pacientes com AC confirmada, 200 ecocardiogramas de pacientes com elevada suspeita cl&#237;nica e/ou ecocardiogr&#225;fica, por&#233;m com diagn&#243;stico descartado de AC e 174 ecocardiogramas de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Um dos par&#226;metros avaliados foi a rela&#231;&#227;o <italic>apical sparing ratio</italic> (ASR) - raz&#227;o da m&#233;dia do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal dos segmentos apicais pela m&#233;dia do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal dos segmentos basais e m&#233;dios. Utilizando o ponto de corte de 1.67 no ASR, a sensibilidade encontrada foi de apenas 72%, enquanto a especificidade foi de 66%. Utilizando o valor de ASR &#8805;2.0, a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica permaneceu baixa, com o padr&#227;o de AS sendo identificado em 32% dos pacientes do grupo controle e em 6% dos pacientes do grupo controle saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tanto no caso do paciente portador de CMH sarcom&#233;rica quanto no do paciente com DRC, os padr&#245;es de AS identificados apresentaram valores de ASR de 1,27 e 1,04, respectivamente. Essas rela&#231;&#245;es, abaixo do ponto de corte de 1,67 sugerido no estudo mencionado &#8212; o qual visa conferir maior especificidade desse achado ao diagn&#243;stico de AC &#8212; sugerem que talvez seja necess&#225;ria a ado&#231;&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros que auxiliem na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do AS no diagn&#243;stico diferencial das cardiopatias.</p>
      <p>Outro estudo avaliando 547 ecocardiogramas demonstrou que, apesar de o achado de AS aumentar a probabilidade de diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose, apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade modestas. O mesmo estudo avaliou que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o SGL poderia ter uma maior acur&#225;cia do que o AS no diagn&#243;stico da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do AS, o aspecto granular do mioc&#225;rdio (<italic>granular sparkling)</italic> tamb&#233;m &#233; descrito como outro achado caracter&#237;stico da AC na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Essa descri&#231;&#227;o da textura mioc&#225;rdica na amiloidose decorre do aumento da ecogenicidade em virtude da deposi&#231;&#227;o das fibrilas amiloides no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, o <italic>granular sparkling</italic> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o pode ser considerado um achado espec&#237;fico da amiloidose, podendo ser descrito em outras condi&#231;&#245;es, como na miocardite com fibrose importante, em outras doen&#231;as infiltrativas do mioc&#225;rdio, CMH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DRC e cardiotoxicidade induzida pelo uso de EA, o que pode ser ilustrado atrav&#233;s do casos apresentados.</p>
      <p>Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o que analisou a presen&#231;a de dano mioc&#225;rdico em atletas usu&#225;rios de esteroides anabolizantes (EA) na fase <italic>off-cycle</italic>, se observou uma redu&#231;&#227;o desproporcional do SGL nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com atletas n&#227;o usu&#225;rios. Nesse estudo, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos apresentava preserva&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo, caracterizando o padr&#227;o de AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em concord&#226;ncia com esse achado, o paciente descrito no Caso 3 apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> predominantemente nas por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dia e basal do VE, com preserva&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade apical.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Como nos casos relatados acima, o achado do AS foi descrito em pacientes portadores de CMH sarcom&#233;rica confirmada, DRC avan&#231;ada e cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao uso de EA. Diante do exposto, apesar da cl&#225;ssica associa&#231;&#227;o entre granular <italic>sparkling</italic> e AS &#224; AC, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que tais achados talvez apresentem limita&#231;&#245;es significativas. Assim como nos casos descritos, torna-se evidente a necessidade de integrar par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, gen&#233;ticos, familiares e an&#225;lise de outros exames de imagem para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais acurada quanto ao diagn&#243;stico diferencial de determinada miocardiopatia frente a esses achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250198i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apical Sparing and Granular Sparkling: Not Everything that Glitters Is Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0270-4172</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Morais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romero</surname>
            <given-names>Cristhian Espinoza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8042-3841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Santa Marcelina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Ana Paula Morais Barros Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: a.paulamoraisrodrigues@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <elocation-id>e20250198i</elocation-id>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>With recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), the role of complementary cardiac imaging methods for the early recognition of this disease has been widely discussed. In this context, myocardial hyperrefringence and preservation of left ventricular apex contractility (apical sparing; AS), evidenced by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with myocardial strain analysis (STE), are findings that frequently raise suspicion of CA.</p>
        <p>However, despite this association, the heterogeneity of this finding in CA, depending on the population studied, in addition to its presentation in other conditions, leads to questions regarding the real accuracy of AS for the diagnosis of this disease. Through the report of three clinical cases of patients with different clinical conditions - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and use of anabolic steroids - in which myocardial hyperrefringence and AS were described on echocardiography, a brief discussion is proposed regarding the pathophysiology of these findings and their limitations for the diagnosis of CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>A 28-year-old male patient with non-obstructive HCM was diagnosed at the age of 15. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous variant of the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene, which was classified as a pathogenic variant with a definitive association with HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>TTE performed in 2023 showed significant left atrial dilation (volume = 89 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), LV with end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters of 45 mm by 29 mm, respectively, interventricular septal (IVS) thickness of 20 mm and posterior wall (PP) thickness of 24 mm, and hyperrefringent appearance of the cardiac muscle characterized by granular infiltration of the ventricular walls (granular sparkling) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). Systolic function was preserved, with no changes in segmental myocardial wall mobility observed. The maximum systolic gradient in the LV outflow tract was estimated at 14 mmHg at rest and 27 mmHg after the Valsalva maneuver. Diastolic function analysis was consistent with a restrictive pattern (significant diastolic dysfunction).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic images of a patient with sarcomeric HCM. Significant increase in myocardial thickness of the anterior and posterior lateral septal walls, with a shiny and hyperrefringent appearance, in addition to enlargement of the left atrium in the parasternal longitudinal view (A) and apical views (B), in addition to an apical sparing pattern with preserved longitudinal deformation in the middle and apical segments (B). HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The absolute Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) of the left ventricle assessed by the Speckle Tracking technique was estimated at 12%. A marked reduction in strain was observed in the basal segments and relative preservation of the apical segments (AS), with a relative AS index of 1.27 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic images of cardiac mechanics analysis using speckle tracking in a patient with sarcomeric HCM. Reduced segmental strain is observed in the basal segments of the apical sections, evidenced by lighter colors (A), and parametric images with an apical sparing pattern, evidenced by preserved longitudinal deformation in the middle and apical segments (B). HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>A 34-year-old male patient, hypertensive and with CKD on dialysis for 6 years, was referred to the cardiology department due to moderate mitral regurgitation evidenced on TTE requested in the context of preoperative kidney transplantation, with other heart diseases being ruled out. TTE performed in 2024 showed left atrial enlargement (volume = 55 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), LV with end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters of 48 mm by 34 mm, respectively, IVS thickness and PP thickness of 12 mm, discrete mitral valve thickening and moderate mitral valve regurgitation on Doppler with <italic>Vena contracta</italic> estimated at 4 mm. STE analysis demonstrated SGL = 13.1%, with the finding of AS and reduced longitudinal deformation in the mid and basal portions, with a relative apical sparing index of 1.04 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic images of cardiac mechanics analysis using speckle tracking in a patient with moderate mitral regurgitation and CKD. Increased myocardial thickness with a hyperrefringent appearance is observed. Global longitudinal strain was calculated at 13.1%, despite preserved ejection fraction (A). Parametric image with an apical sparing pattern, evidenced by preserved longitudinal deformation in apical segments (B). CKD: chronic kidney disease; VE: left ventricle; VD: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 3</title>
        <p>A 49-year-old male patient, a marathon runner for 20 years, was asymptomatic from a cardiovascular perspective and had no known comorbidities. He reported using anabolic steroids (AS) to increase physical performance in sports activities. He was referred to outpatient cardiology for screening for possible cardiotoxicity related to AS use, and other causes of heart disease were ruled out.</p>
        <p>TTE revealed diffuse LV hypocontractility, with mild impairment of systolic function (LVEF: 0.49). The LA had a volume of 33 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, and concentric hypertrophy was observed, with an IVS of 13 mm and a PP of 12 mm. Cardiac mechanics analysis demonstrated reduced strain, with AS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic images of cardiac mechanics analysis using speckle tracking in a patient using anabolic steroids. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in the longitudinal parasternal view (A) and parametric image with an apical sparing pattern, evidenced by preserved longitudinal deformation in apical segments (B). LV: left ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250198-50198-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Strain is a method that uses image processing algorithms obtained through two-dimensional echocardiography. This method provides information on global and segmental myocardial deformation through frame-by-frame tracking of acoustic markers throughout the cardiac cycle, capable of detecting early changes in ventricular function, even before those demonstrated by conventional two-dimensional echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The normal value for left ventricular GLS ranges from 15.9% to 22.1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to detecting early changes in ventricular function, this method has been used in several areas of cardiology, such as the diagnostic investigation of increased myocardial thickness, cardio-oncology, aortic stenosis, and hypertensive heart disease. STE has been gaining notoriety for identifying systolic dysfunction in the context of preserved ejection fraction, aiding in the differential diagnosis of increased ventricular myocardial thickness.</p>
        <p>In addition to its prognostic value, differences in the distribution pattern of GLS have been used as a useful diagnostic tool for different etiologies of cardiomyopathies. While cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) may suggest CA, and pyrophosphate scintigraphy may confirm the diagnosis of transthyretin amyloidosis after ruling out light chain amyloidosis, TTE remains the initial test that raises suspicion of this condition. The strain pattern known as SA has been classically associated with a characteristic finding of CA. In this pattern, a ratio of mean apical longitudinal systolic strain to basal and mean longitudinal systolic strain greater than 1 has been described as capable of differentiating CA from other LV hypertrophy phenotypes with good sensitivity and specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> One hypothesis proposed for this phenomenon suggests a gradient in amyloid infiltration, with less involvement of the apex, which may be due to regional differences in myocardial perfusion or tissue composition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, although reduced GLS with an AS pattern is typically associated with CA, a similar finding can also be found in different scenarios, such as advanced kidney disease, significant aortic stenosis, and other cardiomyopathies, such as HCM itself, and AS-induced cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>In 2024, a multicenter, international study was published to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of AS in CA. A total of 544 echocardiograms from patients with confirmed CA, 200 echocardiograms from patients with high clinical and/or echocardiographic suspicion but with a ruled-out diagnosis of CA, and 174 echocardiograms from healthy individuals were evaluated. One of the parameters evaluated was the apical sparing ratio (ASR)&#8212;the ratio of the mean longitudinal strain of the apical segments to the mean longitudinal strain of the basal and mid-segments. Using the ASR cutoff of 1.67, sensitivity was only 72%, while specificity was 66%. Using an ASR value &#8805;2.0, diagnostic accuracy remained low, with the AS pattern identified in 32% of patients in the control group and in 6% of patients in the healthy control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In both the patient with sarcomeric HCM and the patient with CKD, the apical sparing patterns identified presented ASR values of 1.27 and 1.04, respectively. These ratios, below the 1.67 cutoff suggested in the aforementioned study&#8212;which aims to provide greater specificity for this finding in the diagnosis of CA&#8212;suggest that it may be necessary to adopt other parameters to aid in the interpretation of AS in the differential diagnosis of heart disease.</p>
        <p>Another study evaluating 547 echocardiograms demonstrated that, although the finding of AS increases the likelihood of diagnosing amyloidosis, it had modest sensitivity and specificity. The same study assessed that using the ratio between ventricular function and GLS could be more accurate than AS in diagnosing CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to AS, the granular appearance of the myocardium (granular sparkling) is also described as another characteristic finding of CA on echocardiographic evaluation. This description of myocardial texture in amyloidosis results from increased echogenicity due to the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the cardiac muscle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, granular sparkling cannot be considered a finding specific to amyloidosis, and can be described in other conditions, such as myocarditis with significant fibrosis, other infiltrative myocardial diseases, HCM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> CKD, and cardiotoxicity induced by the use of AS, which can be illustrated by the cases presented.</p>
        <p>In a publication that analyzed the presence of myocardial damage in athletes using anabolic steroids (AS) in the off-cycle phase, a disproportionate reduction in GLS was observed in this population, compared to athletes who did not use them. In this study, most individuals had preserved strain in the apical region of the ventricle, characterizing the apical sparing pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In agreement with this finding, the patient described in Case 3 presented reduced strain predominantly in the mid and basal portions of the LV, with preserved apical contractility.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>As in the cases reported above, the finding of AS has been described in patients with confirmed sarcomeric HCM, advanced CKD, and cardiotoxicity related to AS use. Given the above, despite the classic association between granular sparkling and AS in CA, it is possible to observe that such findings may have significant limitations. As in the cases described, the need to integrate clinical, genetic, and family parameters and analysis of other imaging exams becomes evident for a more accurate assessment of the differential diagnosis of a given cardiomyopathy in light of these echocardiographic findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
