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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5b9nFwkKVm3Pmk9S6DLxMNt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250162</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Preditivo do &#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico para N&#227;o-Refluxo em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; ICP para Enxerto de Veia Safena na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-1886-4715</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pan&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Cafer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Onur Erdo&#287;an Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turquia E-Mail: <email>onurerdogan86@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250162</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), especialmente em pacientes com doen&#231;a do enxerto de veia safena (EVS). Identificar preditores de n&#227;o-refluxo &#233; crucial para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. O &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico (IAP), calculado como log(triglicer&#237;deos/HDL-C), &#233; um marcador de aterosclerose e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. No entanto, seu papel na predi&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-refluxo durante interven&#231;&#245;es de EVS permanece incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IAP e o fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP para les&#245;es de EVS apresentando infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico incluiu 287 pacientes submetidos a ICP para estenose significativa do EVS. Os pacientes foram categorizados em grupos com refluxo normal e n&#227;o-refluxo, com base nos graus de fluxo TIMI (tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) p&#243;s-ICP. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e angiogr&#225;ficos basais foram extra&#237;dos. O IAP foi calculado utilizando a f&#243;rmula logar&#237;tmica (TG/HDL-C). An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram realizadas para determinar os preditores independentes do n&#227;o-refluxo. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O grupo n&#227;o-refluxo era mais velho e apresentava maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, incluindo diabetes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral. Eles tamb&#233;m apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-C, n&#237;veis mais altos de triglicer&#237;deos e, consequentemente, valores mais altos de IAP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com refluxo normal. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou EVS degenerado (OR: 4,65, p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de trombo (OR: 5,65, p &lt; 0,001), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida (OR: 0,927, p &lt; 0,001) e IAP elevado (OR: 3,141, p = 0,001) como preditores independentes de n&#227;o-refluxo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O IAP elevado &#233; um fator de risco independente para n&#227;o-refluxo em pacientes com IAMSSST submetidos a ICP para EVS, destacando seu papel potencial na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco precoce.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor Preditivo do &#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico para N&#227;o-Refluxo em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; ICP para Enxerto de Veia Safena na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</title>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o Refluxo</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) respons&#225;vel por uma parcela substancial da carga global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; um tratamento fundamental da DAC para alcan&#231;ar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e melhorar a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o procedimento n&#227;o &#233; isento de complica&#231;&#245;es. Entre elas, o fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo representa uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o particularmente desafiadora e prognosticamente significativa tanto para m&#233;dicos quanto para pacientes.</p>
      <p>O n&#227;o-refluxo &#233; definido como a falha em atingir perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica adequada, apesar da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e est&#225; fortemente associado a desfechos hospitalares e de longo prazo desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo infarto de maior tamanho, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida e aumento da mortalidade. A fisiopatologia do n&#227;o-refluxo &#233; multifatorial, envolvendo disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, inflama&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e vasoespasmo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dessa forma, identificar marcadores pr&#233;-procedimentais que possam prever o n&#227;o-refluxo &#233; crucial para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias preventivas.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem crescido o interesse em preditores metab&#243;licos e lip&#237;dicos de eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Entre eles, o &#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico Plasm&#225;tico (IAP) &#8211; definido como o logaritmo da raz&#227;o entre triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol &#8211; surgiu como um marcador substituto de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O IAP tem sido associado a risco cardiovascular aumentado, gravidade da DAC e complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Refaat et al. demonstraram que n&#237;veis elevados de IAP estavam significativamente associados ao fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo e a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, apesar de sua relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, as evid&#234;ncias sobre o papel do IAP na previs&#227;o do n&#227;o-refluxo ainda s&#227;o limitadas, especialmente em subconjuntos de ICP de alto risco, como interven&#231;&#245;es de enxerto de veia safena (EVS).</p>
      <p>Os EVSs s&#227;o comumente utilizados em procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM). Com o tempo, os EVSs tendem a degenerar e apresentar predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, o que aumenta o risco do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo em procedimentos de ICP direcionados a esses enxertos.</p>
      <p>Embora se saiba que o n&#227;o-refluxo ocorre com mais frequ&#234;ncia em interven&#231;&#245;es de EVS em compara&#231;&#227;o com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> estudos explorando preditores confi&#225;veis e acess&#237;veis neste contexto espec&#237;fico est&#227;o ausentes.</p>
      <p>Para abordar essa lacuna, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IAP e o fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) submetidos &#224; ICP para les&#245;es de EVS. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o IAP elevado, como marcador de estado metab&#243;lico pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nico e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, pode servir como um preditor independente de n&#227;o-refluxo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Este estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido em um centro cardiovascular terci&#225;rio de centro &#250;nico. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 287 pacientes submetidos a ICP para doen&#231;a do EVS com IAMSSST.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado um m&#233;todo de amostragem consecutiva, incluindo todos os pacientes eleg&#237;veis que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o entre fevereiro de 2018 e dezembro de 2022.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: pacientes com hist&#243;rico de CRM, pacientes com IAMSSST submetidos a ICP para estenose significativa de EVS e disponibilidade de dados de perfil lip&#237;dico pr&#233;-ICP, incluindo n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, aqueles submetidos apenas &#224; angioplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o, implante pr&#233;vio de <italic>stent</italic> no vaso &#237;ndice, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar grave, reestenose ou trombose de <italic>stent</italic>, ICP para IAMCSST ou ICP para les&#245;es de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nativa em vez de EVS.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de Istambul, Faculdade de Medicina de Istambul (2025.01-06). O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra</italic></bold>: Em um estudo conduzido por Wu et al., que teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IAP e o risco de DAC, bem como determinar se o IAP &#233; um melhor preditor de risco de DAC em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, o IAP foi relatado como 0,20 &#177; 0,27 no grupo DAC e 0,10 &#177; 0,27 no grupo sem DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Com base neste estudo, foi assumido que uma diferen&#231;a semelhante (d de Cohen = ~0,3, representando um tamanho de efeito pequeno a m&#233;dio) tamb&#233;m poderia ser observada entre os grupos n&#227;o-refluxo e n&#227;o-n&#227;o-refluxo em nosso estudo. Sob essas suposi&#231;&#245;es, uma an&#225;lise de poder determinou que um m&#237;nimo de 114 pacientes por grupo, para um total de 228 pacientes, seria necess&#225;rio para atingir 80% de poder com uma margem de erro de 5%.</p>
        <p>Todos os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais iniciais foram obtidos de registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria e procedimento de ICP</title>
        <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria e os procedimentos de ICP foram realizados de acordo com os protocolos institucionais padr&#227;o. Todos os pacientes receberam terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla, incluindo 300 mg de aspirina e um inibidor P2Y12 (clopidogrel 600 mg, ticagrelor 180 mg ou prasugrel 60 mg) e 80 mg de atorvastatina antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. Uma dose em bolus de heparina de 70&#8211;100 UI/kg foi administrada a cada paciente agendado para angioplastia.</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gias de ICP, incluindo sele&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, uso de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o ou p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o distal ou trombectomia, ficaram a crit&#233;rio do operador. Os graus de fluxo TIMI (tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) foram avaliados antes e depois do procedimento para classificar os pacientes em grupos n&#227;o-refluxo ou refluxo normal. O sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o TIMI define grau 0 como a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo anter&#243;grado al&#233;m da oclus&#227;o, enquanto o grau 1 indica fluxo distal m&#237;nimo que n&#227;o consegue opacificar completamente a art&#233;ria. O grau 2 representa opacifica&#231;&#227;o tardia, mas completa, do vaso distal, enquanto o grau 3 reflete perfus&#227;o normal com fluxo irrestrito. O n&#227;o-refluxo foi diagnosticado quando o fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-ICP permaneceu abaixo do grau 3 na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, como dissec&#231;&#227;o, estenose residual ou vasoespasmo.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic>, os pacientes foram inicialmente classificados de acordo com seus graus de fluxo TIMI imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic>. Em casos de n&#227;o-refluxo, terapias farmacol&#243;gicas intracoron&#225;rias, incluindo inibidores de adenosina e glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, epinefrina ou vasodilatadores, foram aplicadas a crit&#233;rio do operador. Os graus de fluxo TIMI final foram reavaliados ap&#243;s essas interven&#231;&#245;es, e os pacientes que atingiram fluxo TIMI 3 foram registrados adequadamente. Em oito pacientes, essas interven&#231;&#245;es restauraram com sucesso o fluxo TIMI 3 final. No entanto, para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e classifica&#231;&#227;o do grupo, o grau de fluxo TIMI avaliado imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic> e antes de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas adicionais foi usado. Portanto, o grupo n&#227;o-refluxo inclui pacientes independentemente de qualquer melhora posterior no fluxo TIMI ap&#243;s o tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum noturno antes da interven&#231;&#227;o e analisadas quanto aos par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos por meio de ensaios enzim&#225;ticos automatizados. O colesterol total, o colesterol HDL, o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e os triglicer&#237;deos (TG) foram dosados em um autoanalisador Abbott Diagnostics C8000i (Abbott, Alemanha) com kits comerciais. O IAP foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: log (TG/HDL-C).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando SPSS software Vers&#227;o 21.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens.</p>
        <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos n&#227;o-refluxo e com refluxo normal foram conduzidas usando os seguintes testes: teste-t para amostras independentes para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, teste chi-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi conduzida para identificar potenciais preditores do fen&#244;meno n&#227;o-refluxo. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel foram inicialmente constru&#237;dos usando vari&#225;veis estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,05) em an&#225;lises univariadas. A multicolinearidade entre os preditores foi avaliada antes da inclus&#227;o do modelo, e vari&#225;veis com colinearidade significativa foram exclu&#237;das. Para reduzir o risco de sobreajuste, uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada usando um modelo parcimonioso compreendendo os principais preditores selecionados com base na relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e na for&#231;a univariada. Os resultados foram relatados como raz&#245;es de chances (ORs) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95%. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 287 pacientes submetidos a ICP para doen&#231;a do EVS foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Esses pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos: refluxo normal (70,7%) e n&#227;o-refluxo (29,3%). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N&#227;o-refluxo (-) (n: 203)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o-refluxo (+) (n: 84)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>% Diferen&#231;a (N&#227;o-refluxo - Refluxo)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">62,6&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,1&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (85,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (79,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (76,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (84,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (39,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">17,17%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (57,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,939</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (9,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (17,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">8,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (19,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (61,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">42,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (23,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (36,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">13,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (20,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (29,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (13,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/AIT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (22,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">17,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (47,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (61,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">14,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (36,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (46,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (45-60)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (35-50)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,5&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">192&#177;54,5</td>
                <td align="center">202&#177;57,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">39,7&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">35,3&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c, (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">115,2&#177;45,7</td>
                <td align="center">116&#177;53,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,961</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (114-241)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (124-408)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAP</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,04-2,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,23-2,50)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;DP e comparadas com o teste-t de Student, e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil, IIQ) e comparadas com o teste U de Mann&#8211;Whitney. IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; HDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base</title>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com refluxo normal, os pacientes do grupo n&#227;o-refluxo eram mais velhos e apresentavam maior carga de comorbidades, incluindo diabetes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e AVC ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) pr&#233;vios. An&#225;lises laboratoriais revelaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-C e n&#237;veis mais altos de triglicer&#237;deos no grupo n&#227;o-refluxo, resultando em um IAP significativamente elevado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e processuais</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e do procedimento est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de EVS degenerado foi significativamente maior no grupo n&#227;o-refluxo. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de <italic>stent</italic>s com di&#226;metros maiores foi mais comum no grupo n&#227;o-refluxo, enquanto o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o diferiu significativamente (p = 0,559).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e processuais coron&#225;rias dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Refluxo normal</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o-refluxo</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>% Diferen&#231;a</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo entre a opera&#231;&#227;o e a angiografia (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.11 (5.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,12 (4,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enxerto de veia safena estreitada para</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,910</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADAE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (6,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagonal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CX, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (42,24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (44%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (40,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (36,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Local da les&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;stio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (17,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Proximal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (27,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (32,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (26,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (26,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau de fluxo TIMI pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 0, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (26,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 1, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 2, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (26,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (35,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 3, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (57,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (28,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau de fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 0, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 1, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (23,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 2, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (58,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI 3, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">203 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enxerto de veia safena degenerada, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (63,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (19,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (65,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">45,8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,19 (0,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,46 (0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,1 (11,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,54 (13,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,559</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (45,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (23,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,191</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de ACO, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,544</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (48,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">31,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o distal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,751</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombectomia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACO: anticoagulante oral; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de n&#227;o-refluxo</title>
        <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram realizadas para identificar preditores de n&#227;o-refluxo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Na an&#225;lise univariada, idade, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/AIT, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), presen&#231;a de EVS degenerado, carga tromb&#243;tica, di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> e rela&#231;&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos/HDL foram significativamente associados ao n&#227;o-refluxo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada dos preditores do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lises univariadas</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lises multivariadas</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,044 (1,014-1,075)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">1,032 (0,986-1,080)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,176</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,683 (0,354-1,320)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,257</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,691 (0,862-3,319)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,127</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">2.050 (1.224-3.433)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">2,127 (0,990-4,568)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,980 (0,586-1,639)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,939</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante atual</td>
                  <td align="center">1,712 (0,971-3,017)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,941 (1,120-3,366)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,692 (0,297-1,613)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,393</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">6.883 (3.895-11.987)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,674 (0,938-2,990)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.674</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,750 (0,338-1,666)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">5.642 (2.495-12.754)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,986 (0,999-8,925)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">2,105 (1,013-4,374)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">2,404 (0,743-7,775)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">1,776 (1,056-2,985)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">1,114 (0,500-2,485)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">1,511 (0,902-2,529)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,916 (0,891-0,942)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,927 (0,892-0,964)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo entre a opera&#231;&#227;o e a angiografia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,040 (0,987-1,096)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EVS degenerado</td>
                  <td align="center">6.320 (3.625-11.017)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4.648 (2.143-10.082)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombo</td>
                  <td align="center">8.150 (4.607-14.418)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">5.648 (2.143-10.082)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">2.387 (1.467-3.885)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.724 (1.168-11.879)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">1,009 (0,998-1,031)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,393</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,577 (0,941-2,642)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,646 (0,334-1,248)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,193</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tipo de <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0,526 (0,307-0,901)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">1,520 (0,424-5,450)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,521</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAP</td>
                  <td align="center">2.332 (1.608-3.382)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.141 (1.636-6.030)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>OR Odds ratios; IC: intervalos de confian&#231;a; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; EVS: enxerto de veia safena; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, EVS degenerado (OR: 4,648, IC 95%: 2,143&#8211;10,082, p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de trombo (OR: 5,648, IC 95%: 2,143&#8211;11,879, p &lt; 0,001), FEVE reduzida (OR: 0,927, IC 95%: 0,892&#8211;0,964, p &lt; 0,001), di&#226;metro de <italic>stent</italic> maior (OR: 3,724, IC 95%: 1,168-11,879, p: 0,026) e IAP elevado (OR: 3,141, IC 95%: 1,636&#8211;6,030, p = 0,001), permaneceram preditores independentes do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo. A figura central resume os principais achados descritos acima. Para abordar ainda mais o risco de sobreajuste, uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi conduzida repetindo a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel com as seis principais vari&#225;veis com base em sua for&#231;a univariada e relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica (EVS degenerado, trombo, FEVE reduzida, IAP e hist&#243;rico de AVC/AIT). Este modelo parcimonioso produziu resultados consi<italic>stent</italic>es, reafirmando a robustez de nossos achados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de Sensibilidade dos Preditores Independentes do Fen&#244;meno de N&#227;o-Refluxo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">An&#225;lises multivariadas</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">3.130 (1.102-8.889)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921 (0,888-0,954)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EVS degenerado</td>
                  <td align="center">4.814 (2.325-9.970)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombo</td>
                  <td align="center">4.978 (2.369-10.460)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do stent</td>
                  <td align="center">2.460 (1.291-4.686)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAP</td>
                  <td align="center">2.531 (1.451-4.414)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EVS: enxerto de veia safena; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, investigamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo que ocorre durante a interven&#231;&#227;o com EVS em pacientes com IAMSSST com hist&#243;rico de CRM e o IAP, calculado como log (raz&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos/HDL). Nossa an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o EVS degenerado, a presen&#231;a de trombo, a FEVE reduzida e o IAP elevado foram preditores independentes de NR. A facilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos/HDL na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina sugere que este par&#226;metro pode servir como um marcador &#250;til para prever a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e o risco de n&#227;o-refluxo.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados s&#227;o consi<italic>stent</italic>es com outros estudos na literatura que destacam a associa&#231;&#227;o do IAP com o risco de DAC, progress&#227;o da placa e o mecanismo de n&#227;o-refluxo impulsionado por les&#227;o microvascular. Estudos conduzidos em pacientes com IAMCSST demonstraram que o IAP prediz o n&#227;o-refluxo de forma independente e oferece poder preditivo superior em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O c&#225;lculo relativamente simples do IAP e de par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos semelhantes em ambientes cl&#237;nicos refor&#231;a ainda mais a import&#226;ncia deste indicador na estimativa do risco de n&#227;o-refluxo.</p>
      <p>O IAP &#233; calculado como o logaritmo da raz&#227;o entre triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e HDL-C, servindo como um importante biomarcador de processos ateroscler&#243;ticos na parede vascular. Surgiu como uma ferramenta promissora para avaliar o risco de DAC, a gravidade da doen&#231;a e o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estudos indicam que o IAP est&#225; fortemente associado a m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos, incluindo lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes elevadas, aumento da esterifica&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, que juntos promovem disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, vulnerabilidade da placa e um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio &#8212; principais contribuintes para o fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O IAP elevado reflete um desequil&#237;brio entre lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglicer&#237;deos aterog&#234;nicas e part&#237;culas protetoras de HDL. Esse desequil&#237;brio promove a forma&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de LDL pequenas e densas, que s&#227;o mais propensas &#224; oxida&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224; les&#227;o endotelial e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos contribuem para uma maior carga de lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes, que se infiltram na &#237;ntima vascular e estimulam respostas inflamat&#243;rias locais. Esses processos n&#227;o apenas aumentam a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, mas tamb&#233;m aumentam o risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal e dano microvascular. Al&#233;m disso, baixos n&#237;veis de HDL reduzem o transporte reverso de colesterol e o mecanismo de reparo endotelial, comprometendo ainda mais a microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Coletivamente, esses mecanismos interrelacionados oferecem uma explica&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica clara de como o IAP elevado pode predispor os pacientes ao n&#227;o-refluxo durante a ICP.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de CRM s&#227;o explicitamente classificados como de risco cardiovascular muito alto, o que recomenda uma meta de LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL (1,4 mmol/L) e uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal. Em casos de um segundo evento vascular em at&#233; dois anos, uma meta mais rigorosa de &lt; 40 mg/dL (1,0 mmol/L) pode ser considerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas, epidemiol&#243;gicas e de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados robustos estabeleceram uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal direta entre LDL-C elevado e doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, incluindo fal&#234;ncia do enxerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Consequentemente, a terapia hipolipemiante intensiva, principalmente com altas doses de estatinas e agentes adjuvantes, como ezetimiba ou inibidores de PCSK9, &#233; essencial para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte de estudo, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de LDL-C permaneceram acima da meta, apesar da CRM pr&#233;via, sugerindo intensidade de tratamento abaixo do ideal ou baixa ades&#227;o. Essa carga aterog&#234;nica persi<italic>stent</italic>e pode ter contribu&#237;do para a perfus&#227;o microvascular prejudicada e o aumento do risco de desfechos adversos. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia crucial de atingir as metas lip&#237;dicas recomendadas pelas diretrizes no contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, particularmente entre pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <p>No contexto de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas cardiometab&#243;licas, o metabolismo lip&#237;dico prejudicado e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina desempenham pap&#233;is importantes na aterog&#234;nese, enfatizando o valor de indicadores baseados em lipoprote&#237;nas, como o IAP, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outra investiga&#231;&#227;o que examinou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre IAP, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e diabetes tipo 2 revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear, sugerindo que o IAP elevado pode ser um marcador de risco importante, especialmente para diabetes e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, altos n&#237;veis de IAP foram relatados como aumentando as lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes e a esterifica&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, acelerando assim as altera&#231;&#245;es aterog&#234;nicas na parede vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Coletivamente, essas descobertas demonstram que o IAP est&#225; fortemente associado &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, &#224; lipoproteinemia remanescente e ao aumento da esterifica&#231;&#227;o do colesterol &#8212; fatores que aceleram a aterosclerose &#8212; e d&#227;o suporte ao seu uso eficaz na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.</p>
      <p>O n&#227;o-refluxo surge de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, explicadas por quatro mecanismos principais: emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o e suscetibilidade individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Especificamente, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o de material de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas no leito vascular distal promove microinfartos e inflama&#231;&#227;o, facilitando o n&#227;o-refluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A isquemia prolongada aumenta a morte celular e o edema, ao mesmo tempo que reduz a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, o que aumenta ainda mais a permeabilidade vascular atrav&#233;s do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o agrava o dano microvascular por meio da infiltra&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos, libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e estresse oxidativo. Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial preexi<italic>stent</italic>e ou predisposi&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas tamb&#233;m podem aumentar a suscetibilidade ao n&#227;o-refluxo.</p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel particularmente cr&#237;tico nesse processo, pois &#233; amplamente reconhecida como um fator-chave tanto para a fisiopatologia da DAC quanto para o desenvolvimento de n&#227;o-refluxo. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que n&#237;veis mais elevados de prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de HDL-C est&#227;o associados ao n&#227;o-refluxo, destacando o impacto proeminente de um estado inflamat&#243;rio nesse fen&#244;meno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas tamb&#233;m indicam que as part&#237;culas remanescentes produzidas durante a lip&#243;lise de lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglicer&#237;deos podem provocar inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular, avan&#231;ando assim a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Portanto, a maior incid&#234;ncia de n&#227;o-refluxo observada em pacientes com IAP elevado pode ser amplamente atribu&#237;da a processos inflamat&#243;rios subjacentes. Como o IAP pode ser facilmente medido na pr&#225;tica de rotina, ele se mostra promissor como um indicador pr&#225;tico para prever o risco de n&#227;o-refluxo associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, al&#233;m do IAP elevado, constatamos que a degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS, a presen&#231;a de trombo, o di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> e a redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE surgiram como preditores independentes do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo. Enxertos degenerados provavelmente refletem altera&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas avan&#231;adas e maior vulnerabilidade da placa, predispondo &#224; emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal e obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular &#8212; um achado que se alinha com relatos anteriores que demonstram o impacto adverso da degenera&#231;&#227;o do enxerto nos desfechos de reperfus&#227;o. Da mesma forma, a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo dentro do enxerto pode levar &#224; emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, microinfartos e subsequente comprometimento da perfus&#227;o microvascular, conforme tamb&#233;m destacado por outros estudos em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos semelhantes. A redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, por outro lado, n&#227;o apenas indica a gravidade do dano mioc&#225;rdico, mas tamb&#233;m sugere uma reserva microcirculat&#243;ria prejudicada, aumentando, assim, o risco de n&#227;o-refluxo. Essas associa&#231;&#245;es refor&#231;am a natureza multifatorial do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo e a import&#226;ncia de integrar par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos e hemodin&#226;micos na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, conforme corroborado pela literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, nossos achados revelaram que um di&#226;metro maior do <italic>stent</italic> foi independentemente associado ao n&#227;o-refluxo. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que <italic>stent</italic>s maiores s&#227;o frequentemente necess&#225;rios para enxertos de veia safena gravemente degenerados ou ect&#225;sicos, que tendem a apresentar maior carga tromb&#243;tica e placas ateroscler&#243;ticas fri&#225;veis. Essas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas aumentam o risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal e obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular, mecanismos-chave que contribuem para o desenvolvimento do n&#227;o-refluxo. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; consi<italic>stent</italic>e com relatos anteriores que indicam que a complexidade da les&#227;o e a carga de placa s&#227;o fatores cr&#237;ticos para o comprometimento da perfus&#227;o microvascular durante ICP em les&#245;es de EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es e Pontos Fortes: Apesar desses insights promissores, nosso estudo apresenta certas limita&#231;&#245;es. O desenho retrospectivo e a natureza unic&#234;ntrica podem restringir a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados, e potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o inerentes &#224; pesquisa observacional n&#227;o puderam ser totalmente descartados. No entanto, os pontos fortes do estudo incluem a avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos rotineiramente dispon&#237;veis, o que aumenta sua aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; o uso relativamente baixo de dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o distal durante interven&#231;&#245;es de EVS, apesar das recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes que su<italic>stent</italic>am seu benef&#237;cio em casos selecionados. Isso pode ter contribu&#237;do para a alta incid&#234;ncia de n&#227;o-refluxo, permitindo emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal mais frequente. O uso limitado desses dispositivos deveu-se, em grande parte, a restri&#231;&#245;es locais de sa&#250;de e barreiras relacionadas a custos em nosso pa&#237;s. Embora as diretrizes da ACC/AHA recomendem dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica (DPEs) para interven&#231;&#245;es de EVS (indica&#231;&#227;o de Classe I), o uso no mundo real permanece baixo. Dados do NCDR Cath Registry (~21% de uso) n&#227;o mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos desfechos adversos e at&#233; mesmo complica&#231;&#245;es processuais mais elevadas, como n&#227;o-refluxo e perfura&#231;&#227;o, no grupo DPE. Esses achados destacam que o uso de DPE deve ser individualizado com base na carga tromb&#243;tica, complexidade da les&#227;o e experi&#234;ncia do operador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em nosso centro, restri&#231;&#245;es de custo e disponibilidade limitada restringiram ainda mais o uso de DPE a casos selecionados de alto risco. Al&#233;m disso, embora todos os pacientes tivessem hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de LDL-C em nossa coorte permaneceram acima da meta recomendada de 50 mg/dL, particularmente para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Esse controle lip&#237;dico sub&#243;timo pode refletir subutiliza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224; terapia intensiva com estatinas e pode ter influenciado a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e o risco de n&#227;o-refluxo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de correspond&#234;ncia por escore de propens&#227;o (PSM) para ajustar as diferen&#231;as basais. Devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de casos de n&#227;o-refluxo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do PSM poderia ter reduzido significativamente o tamanho da amostra e o poder estat&#237;stico. Estudos futuros com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores devem considerar o uso de PSM ou outras t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas de correspond&#234;ncia para validar essas descobertas.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, ao confirmar o valor preditivo independente de marcadores facilmente obtidos, como IAP, enxertos degenerados, presen&#231;a de trombo e FEVE, nosso trabalho contribui com evid&#234;ncias valiosas para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e orientar estrat&#233;gias preventivas para o fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo em popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes de alto risco.</p>
      <p>Estudos futuros devem, idealmente, adotar delineamentos prospectivos e multic&#234;ntricos para validar nossos achados e explorar potenciais interven&#231;&#245;es que possam mitigar esses fatores de risco. Investigar estrat&#233;gias para melhorar a integridade do enxerto e reduzir a carga tromb&#243;tica pode ser particularmente valioso. Al&#233;m disso, avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da IAP em popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas de pacientes e determinar valores de corte ideais para uso cl&#237;nico seria ben&#233;fico para refinar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e adaptar as abordagens de tratamento.</p>
      <p>Dada a sua simplicidade e acessibilidade, o IAP pode servir como um marcador progn&#243;stico &#250;til n&#227;o apenas em interven&#231;&#245;es de EVS, mas tamb&#233;m em popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas, como aquelas com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria nativa ou s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias cr&#244;nicas. Mais estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar seu papel e estabelecer valores de corte clinicamente significativos nesses cen&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, nosso estudo demonstra que IAP elevado, EVSs degenerados, presen&#231;a de trombo, di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> e FEVE reduzida est&#227;o independentemente associados ao fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cuidadosamente selecionada. Esses achados fornecem insights adicionais sobre a natureza multifatorial do n&#227;o-refluxo e sugerem que par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos rotineiramente dispon&#237;veis podem auxiliar em sua identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce. No entanto, dado o desenho retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico do nosso estudo, pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar essas associa&#231;&#245;es e explorar o impacto de interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas na melhoria dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes de alto risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2025.01-06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o para os revisores</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250162i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictive Value of Atherogenic Index for No-Reflow in Patients Undergoing Coronary Intervention for Saphenous Vein Graft with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-1886-4715</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pan&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Cafer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Onur Erdo&#287;an Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkiye E-Mail: onurerdogan86@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The no-reflow phenomenon is a critical complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), especially in patients with saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease. Identifying predictors of no-reflow is crucial to improving risk stratification. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), calculated as log(triglyceride/HDL-C), is a marker of atherosclerosis and microvascular dysfunction. However, its role in predicting no-reflow during SVG interventions remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the association between AIP and the no-reflow phenomenon in patients undergoing PCI for SVG lesions presenting with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This single-center retrospective study included 287 patients who underwent PCI for significant SVG stenosis. Patients were categorized into normal reflow and no-reflow groups based on post-PCI TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) flow grades. Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and angiographic data were extracted. AIP was calculated using formula log (TG/HDL-C). Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of the no-reflow. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The no-reflow group was older and had a higher prevalence of comorbidities, including diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and stroke history. They also exhibited lower HDL-C levels, higher triglyceride levels, and consequently higher AIP values compared to the normal reflow group. Multivariate analysis identified degenerated SVG (OR: 4.65, p&lt;0.001), thrombus presence (OR: 5.65, p&lt;0.001), reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.927, p&lt;0.001), and elevated AIP (OR: 3.141, p=0.001) as independent predictors of the no-reflow.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Elevated AIP is an independent risk factor for no-reflow in NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI for Saphenous Vein Graft, highlighting its potential role in early risk stratification.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predictive Value of Atherogenic Index for No-Reflow in Patients Undergoing Coronary Intervention for Saphenous Vein Graft with Acute Coronary Syndrome</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250162-50162-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>No-Reflow Phenomenon</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with coronary artery disease (CAD) accounting for a substantial portion of the global burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a cornerstone treatment of CAD to achieve revascularization and enhance myocardial perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the procedure is not without complications. Among them, the no-reflow phenomenon represents a particularly challenging and prognostically significant concern for both clinicians and patients.</p>
        <p>No-reflow is defined as the failure to achieve adequate myocardial perfusion despite successful coronary artery revascularization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and is strongly associated with poor in-hospital and long-term outcomes, including larger infarct size, reduced left ventricular function, and increased mortality. The pathophysiology of no-reflow is multifactorial, involving microvascular dysfunction, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, thrombus formation, and vasospasm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As such, identifying preprocedural markers that could predict no-reflow is crucial for risk stratification and the implementation of preventive strategies.</p>
        <p>In recent years, interest has grown in metabolic and lipid-related predictors of adverse cardiovascular events. Among them, the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) -defined as the logarithm of the triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio- has emerged as a surrogate marker of atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. AIP has been linked with increased cardiovascular risk, coronary artery disease severity, and microvascular complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Refaat et al. demonstrated that elevated AIP levels were significantly associated with the no-reflow phenomenon and worse clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary PCI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, despite its clinical relevance, evidence regarding the role of AIP in predicting no-reflow is still limited, especially in high-risk PCI subsets such as saphenous vein graft (SVG) interventions.</p>
        <p>SVGs are commonly used in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures. Over time, SVGs tend to degenerate and exhibit a predisposition to thrombus formation, which increases the risk of the no-reflow phenomenon in PCI procedures targeting these grafts.</p>
        <p>Although no-reflow is known to occur more frequently in SVG interventions compared to native coronary arteries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> studies exploring reliable and accessible predictors in this specific context are lacking.</p>
        <p>To address this gap, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between AIP and the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) who undergo PCI for saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions. We hypothesize that elevated AIP, as a marker of proatherogenic and proinflammatory metabolic status, may serve as an independent predictor of no-reflow in this high-risk population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Material</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Patient Selection</title>
          <p>This retrospective study was conducted at a single-center tertiary cardiovascular facility. The study population consisted of 287 patients who underwent PCI for SVG disease with NSTEMI.</p>
          <p>A consecutive sampling method was used, including all eligible patients who met the inclusion criteria between February 2018 and December 2022.</p>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: Patients with a history of CABG, patients presenting with NSTEMI undergoing PCI for significant SVG stenosis, and availability of pre-PCI lipid profile data, including triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included patients with cardiogenic shock at presentation, those undergoing only percutaneous balloon angioplasty, prior stent implantation in the index vessel, severe valvular heart disease, stent restenosis or thrombosis, PCI for STEMI, or PCI for native coronary artery lesions instead of SVG.</p>
          <p>The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (2025.01-06). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study</p>
          <p>Sample Size Determination: In a study conducted by Ting-Ting Wu et al., which aimed to investigate the relationship between the AIP and the risk of CAD, as well as to determine whether AIP is a better predictor of CAD risk in postmenopausal women, the AIP was reported as 0.20 &#177; 0.27 in the CAD group and 0.10 &#177; 0.27 in the non-CAD group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Based on this study, it was assumed that a similar difference (Cohen&#8217;s d = ~0.3, representing a small-to-medium effect size) could also be observed between the no-reflow and non-no-reflow groups in our study. Under these assumptions, a power analysis determined that a minimum of 114 patients per group, for a total of 228 patients, would be required to achieve 80% power with a 5% margin of error.</p>
          <p>All baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography and PCI procedure</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography and PCI procedures were performed according to standard institutional protocols. All patients received dual antiplatelet therapy, including 300mg aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel 600mg, ticagrelor 180mg, or prasugrel 60mg) and 80 mg of atorvastatin before the intervention. A heparin bolus dose of 70&#8211;100 IU/kg was administered to each patient scheduled for angioplasty.</p>
          <p>PCI strategies, including stent selection, use of predilatation or postdilatation, distal protection devices, or thrombectomy<bold>,</bold> were left to the operator&#8217;s discretion. TIMI (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) flow grades were evaluated before and after the procedure to classify patients into no-reflow or normal reflow groups<bold>.</bold> The TIMI grading system defines grade 0 as the absence of antegrade flow beyond the occlusion, while grade 1 indicates minimal distal flow that fails to fully opacify the artery. Grade 2 represents delayed but complete opacification of the distal vessel, whereas grade 3 reflects normal perfusion with unrestricted flow. No-reflow was diagnosed when post-PCI TIMI flow remained below grade 3 in the absence of mechanical obstruction, such as dissection, residual stenosis, or vasospasm.</p>
          <p>After stent implantation, patients were initially classified according to their immediate post-stenting TIMI flow grades. In cases of no-reflow, intracoronary pharmacologic therapies, including adenosine and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, epinephrine, or vasodilators, were applied according to operator discretion. Final TIMI flow grades were reassessed after these interventions, and patients achieving TIMI 3 flow were recorded accordingly. In eight patients, these interventions successfully restored final TIMI 3 flow. However, for statistical analysis and group classification, the TIMI flow grade assessed immediately after stent implantation and before additional pharmacological interventions was used. Thus, the no-reflow group includes patients regardless of any later improvement in TIMI flow following treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of lipid parameters</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast before intervention and analyzed for lipid parameters using automated enzymatic assays. The total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) were assayed using an Abbott Diagnostics C8000i (Abbott, Germany) auto-analyzer with commercial kits. The AIP was calculated using the formula: log (TG/HDL-C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software Version 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The normality of data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test<bold>.</bold> Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data, and as median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages<bold>.</bold></p>
          <p>Comparisons between the no-reflow and normal reflow groups were conducted using the following tests: Independent-samples t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed continuous variables, Chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables. A univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify potential predictors of the no-reflow phenomenon. Multivariable logistic regression models were initially constructed using statistically significant variables (p &lt; 0.05) in univariate analyses. Multicollinearity among predictors was assessed before model inclusion, and variables with significant collinearity were excluded. To reduce the risk of overfitting, a sensitivity analysis was performed using a parsimonious model comprising top predictors selected based on clinical relevance and univariate strength. Results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)<bold>.</bold> A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 287 patients who underwent PCI for SVG disease were included in the study. These patients were categorized into two groups: normal reflow (70.7%) and no-reflow (29.3%). The baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the study population are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>No-reflow (-) (n: 203)</th>
                  <th>No-reflow (+) (n: 84)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>% Difference (No-reflow - Reflow)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (85.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (79.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.255</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (21.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.061</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (76.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (84.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.124</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (39.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">17.17%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (57.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.939</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (17.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic heart failure, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (19.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (61.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">42.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (23.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (36.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral artery disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (20.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (29.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (13.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.479</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of stroke/TIA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (22.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (47.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (61.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (36.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (46.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.116</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (45-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (35-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">192&#177;54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">202&#177;57.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.7&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">35.3&#177;9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c, (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">115.2&#177;45.7</td>
                  <td align="center">116&#177;53.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.961</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (114-241)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (124-408)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIP</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.04-2.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (1.23-2.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; SD and compared with Student&#8217;s t-test, and Continuous variables without normal distribution are presented as median (interquartile range, IQR) and compared with Mann&#8211;Whitney U test. AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA: transient ischemic attack.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>Compared to the normal reflow group, patients in the no-reflow group were older and had a higher burden of comorbidities, including diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Laboratory analysis revealed lower HDL-C levels and higher triglyceride levels in the no-reflow group, resulting in a significantly elevated AIP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic and procedural characteristics</title>
          <p>The angiographic and procedural characteristics are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref><bold>.</bold> The incidence of degenerated SVG was significantly higher in the no-reflow group. Additionally, the use of stents with larger diameters was more common in the no-reflow group, while stent length did not differ significantly <bold>(</bold>p = 0.559).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The coronary angiographic and procedural characteristics of patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Normal reflow</th>
                    <th>No-reflow</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>% Difference</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Interval from operation to angiogram (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.11 (5.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.12 (4.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Graft to the narrowed saphenous vein</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.910</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (6.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (8.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diagonal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (10.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (10.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CX, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (42.24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (44%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RCA, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (40.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (36.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lesion site</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.074</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Osteal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (10.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (17.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proximal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (27.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (32.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Middle, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (31%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (26.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Distal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (26.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preintervention TIMI flow grade</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 0, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (9.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (26.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 1, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (6.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (9.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 2, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (26.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (35.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 3, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (57.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (28.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postintervention TIMI flow grade</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 0, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (8.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 1, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (23.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 2, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (58.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI 3, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">203 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (9.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Degenerated saphenous vein graft, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (63.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (19.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (65.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">45.8%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.19 (0.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.46 (0.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent length (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.1 (11.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.54 (13.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.559</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Predilatation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (35%)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (45.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.083</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postdilatation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (23.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (16.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.191</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OAC usage, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (9.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.544</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (17.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (48.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">31.6%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Distal protection device use, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (3.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.751</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombectomy, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.063</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>CX: circumflex artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; RCA: right coronary artery; OAC: oral anticoagulant; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of no-reflow</title>
          <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of no-reflow (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). In the univariate analysis, age, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, history of stroke/TIA, atrial fibrillation, low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of degenerated SVG, thrombus burden, stent diameter, and triglyceride/HDL ratio were significantly associated with no-reflow.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of predictors of the no-reflow phenomenon</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate analyses</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate analyses</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.044 (1.014-1.075)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">1.032 (0.986-1.080)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.176</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.683 (0.354-1.320)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.257</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.691 (0.862-3.319)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.127</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">2.050 (1.224-3.433)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">2.127 (0.990-4.568)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.053</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.980 (0.586-1.639)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.939</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">1.712 (0.971-3.017)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.063</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.941 (1.120-3.366)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.692 (0.297-1.613)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.393</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">6.883 (3.895-11.987)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.674 (0.938-2.990)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.674</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COPD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.750 (0.338-1.666)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.480</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">5.642 (2.495-12.754)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.986 (0.999-8.925)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">2.105 (1.013-4.374)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                    <td align="center">2.404 (0.743-7.775)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous MI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.776 (1.056-2.985)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                    <td align="center">1.114 (0.500-2.485)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.792</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.511 (0.902-2.529)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.110</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.916 (0.891-0.942)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.927 (0.892-0.964)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Interval from operation to angiogram</td>
                    <td align="center">1.040 (0.987-1.096)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.140</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Degenerated SVG</td>
                    <td align="center">6.320 (3.625-11.017)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">4.648 (2.143-10.082)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombus</td>
                    <td align="center">8.150 (4.607-14.418)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">5.648 (2.143-10.082)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Stent diameter</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.387 (1.467-3.885)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.724 (1.168-11.879)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Stent length</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.009 (0.998-1.031)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.393</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Predilatation</td>
                    <td align="center">1.577 (0.941-2.642)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.084</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postdilatation</td>
                    <td align="center">0.646 (0.334-1.248)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.193</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Stent type</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.526 (0.307-0.901)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                    <td align="center">1.520 (0.424-5.450)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.521</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIP</td>
                    <td align="center">2.332 (1.608-3.382)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.141 (1.636-6.030)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>OR: Odds ratios; CI: confidence intervals; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SVG: saphenous vein graft; TIA: transient ischemic attack.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In multivariate logistic regression analysis, degenerated SVG (OR: 4.648, 95% CI: 2.143&#8211;10.082, p &lt; 0.001), thrombus presence (OR: 5.648, 95% CI: 2.143&#8211;11.879, p &lt; 0.001), reduced LVEF (OR: 0.927, 95% CI: 0.892&#8211;0.964, p &lt; 0.001), larger stent diameter (OR: 3.724, 95% CI: 1.168-11.879, p: 0.026) and elevated AIP (OR: 3.141, 95% CI: 1.636&#8211;6.030, p = 0.001), remained independent predictors of the no-reflow phenomenon. The central figure summarizes the main findings described above. To further address the risk of overfitting, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by repeating the multivariable logistic regression with the top six variables based on their univariate strength and clinical relevance (degenerated SVG, thrombus, reduced LVEF, AIP, and history of stroke/TIA). This parsimonious model produced consistent results, reaffirming the robustness of our findings (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity Analysis of Independent Predictors of the No-Reflow Phenomenon</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">Multivariate analyses</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">3.130 (1.102-8.889)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.921 (0.888-0.954)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Degenerated SVG</td>
                    <td align="center">4.814 (2.325-9.970)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombus</td>
                    <td align="center">4.978 (2.369-10.460)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent diameter</td>
                    <td align="center">2.460 (1.291-4.686)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIP</td>
                    <td align="center">2.531 (1.451-4.414)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SVG: saphenous vein graft; TIA: Transient ischemic attack.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we investigated the relationship between the no-reflow phenomenon occurring during SVG intervention in NSTEMI patients with a history of CABG and the AIP, calculated as the log (triglyceride/HDL ratio). Our multivariate analysis demonstrated that degenerated SVG, the presence of thrombus, reduced LVEF, and elevated AIP were independent predictors of NR. The ease of obtaining the triglyceride/HDL ratio in routine clinical practice suggests that this parameter may serve as a useful marker for predicting microvascular dysfunction and the risk of no-reflow.</p>
        <p>Our findings are consistent with other studies in the literature highlighting the association of AIP with CAD risk, plaque progression, and the no-reflow mechanism driven by microvascular injury. Studies conducted in STEMI patients have shown that AIP independently predicts no-reflow and offers superior predictive power compared to other lipid parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The relatively straightforward calculation of AIP and similar lipid parameters in clinical settings further underlines the importance of this indicator in estimating no-reflow risk.</p>
        <p>AIP is calculated as the logarithm of the ratio between triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C, serving as an important biomarker of atherosclerotic processes in the vascular wall. It has emerged as a promising tool for evaluating CAD risk, disease severity, and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Studies indicate that AIP is strongly associated with multiple pro-atherogenic mechanisms, including elevated remnant lipoproteins, increased cholesterol esterification, and insulin resistance, which together promote endothelial dysfunction, plaque vulnerability, and a pro-inflammatory state&#8212;key contributors to the no-reflow phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Elevated AIP reflects an imbalance between atherogenic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and protective HDL particles. This imbalance promotes the formation of small, dense LDL particles, which are more prone to oxidation, leading to endothelial injury and inflammation. Additionally, increased triglyceride levels contribute to a greater burden of remnant lipoproteins, which infiltrate the vascular intima and stimulate local inflammatory responses. These processes not only enhance the progression of atherosclerosis but also increase the risk of distal embolization and microvascular damage. Moreover, low HDL levels reduce reverse cholesterol transport and the endothelial repair mechanism, further compromising coronary microcirculation. Collectively, these interrelated mechanisms offer a clear pathophysiological explanation for how elevated AIP may predispose patients to no-reflow during PCI.</p>
        <p>Patients with a history of CABG are explicitly classified as very high cardiovascular risk, which recommends an LDL-C target of &lt;55 mg/dL (1.4 mmol/L) and a &#8805;50% reduction from baseline. In cases of a second vascular event within two years, a more stringent goal of &lt;40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) may be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Robust genetic, epidemiological, and randomized clinical trial evidence has established a direct causal relationship between elevated LDL-C and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including graft failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Accordingly, intensive lipid-lowering therapy, primarily with high-dose statins and adjunctive agents such as ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitors, is essential for secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In our study cohort, the mean LDL-C levels remained above target despite prior CABG, suggesting either suboptimal treatment intensity or poor adherence. This persistent atherogenic burden may have contributed to impaired microvascular perfusion and increased risk of adverse outcomes. These findings highlight the critical importance of achieving guideline-recommended lipid targets in the context of secondary prevention, particularly among patients who have undergone surgical revascularization.</p>
        <p>In the context of cardiometabolic-based chronic disease, impaired lipid metabolism and insulin resistance play major roles in atherogenesis, emphasizing the value of lipoprotein-based indicators like AIP in cardiometabolic risk assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Another investigation examining the relationship between AIP, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes revealed a non-linear association, suggesting that elevated AIP may be an important risk marker, especially for diabetes and insulin resistance that elevated AIP may be an important risk marker, particularly for diabetes and insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Moreover, high AIP levels have been reported to increase remnant lipoproteins and cholesterol esterification, thus accelerating atherogenic changes in the vascular wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AIP is strongly associated with insulin resistance, remnant lipoproteinemia, and increased cholesterol esterification&#8212;factors that accelerate atherosclerosis&#8212;and support its effective use in clinical practice for cardiometabolic risk evaluation.</p>
        <p>No-reflow arises from functional and structural alterations in the coronary microcirculation, explained by four main mechanisms: distal embolization, ischemic injury, reperfusion injury, and individual susceptibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Specifically, the embolization of material from atherosclerotic plaques into the distal vascular bed promotes microinfarcts and inflammation, facilitating no-reflow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Prolonged ischemia increases cell death and edema while reducing nitric oxide production, which further enhances vascular permeability through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Reperfusion injury aggravates microvascular damage through neutrophil infiltration, cytokine release, and oxidative stress. Preexisting endothelial dysfunction or genetic predispositions can also heighten susceptibility to no-reflow.</p>
        <p>Inflammation plays a particularly critical role in this process, as it is widely recognized as a key contributor to both CAD pathophysiology and the development of no-reflow. Various studies have shown that higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and lower HDL-C concentrations are associated with no-reflow, highlighting the prominent impact of an inflammatory state in this phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Systematic reviews also indicate that the remnant particles produced during the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins can provoke vascular inflammation, thereby advancing atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Therefore, the higher incidence of no-reflow observed in patients with elevated AIP may largely be attributed to underlying inflammatory processes. Since AIP can be easily measured in routine practice, it shows promise as a practical indicator for predicting the risk of no-reflow associated with both microvascular dysfunction and inflammation.</p>
        <p>In our study, apart from the elevated AIP, we found that degenerated SVG, the presence of thrombus, stent diameter, and reduced LVEF emerged as independent predictors of the no-reflow phenomenon. Degenerated grafts likely reflect advanced atherosclerotic changes and increased plaque vulnerability, predisposing to distal embolization and microvascular obstruction&#8212;a finding that aligns with previous reports demonstrating the adverse impact of graft degeneration on reperfusion outcomes. Similarly, thrombus formation within the graft can lead to distal embolization, microinfarcts, and subsequent impairment of microvascular perfusion, as also highlighted by other studies in similar clinical settings. Reduced LVEF, on the other hand, not only indicates the severity of myocardial damage but also suggests an impaired microcirculatory reserve, thereby increasing the risk for no-reflow. These associations underline the multifactorial nature of the no-reflow phenomenon and the importance of integrating both lipid-related and hemodynamic parameters in risk stratification, as supported by the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, our findings revealed that a larger stent diameter was independently associated with no-reflow. One possible explanation is that larger stents are often required for severely degenerated or ectatic saphenous vein grafts, which tend to have higher thrombus burden and friable atherosclerotic plaques. These anatomical features increase the risk of distal embolization and microvascular obstruction, key mechanisms contributing to the development of no-reflow. This observation is consistent with previous reports indicating that lesion complexity and plaque burden are critical contributors to microvascular perfusion impairment during PCI in SVG lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Limitations and Strengths: Despite these promising insights, our study has certain limitations. The retrospective design and single-center nature may restrict the generalizability of the findings, and potential confounding factors inherent to observational research could not be entirely ruled out. Nevertheless, the study&#8217;s strengths include the comprehensive evaluation of routinely available clinical and angiographic parameters, which enhances its applicability in everyday practice. Another limitation of our study is the relatively low use of distal protection devices during SVG interventions, despite guideline recommendations supporting their benefit in selected cases. This may have contributed to the high incidence of no-reflow by allowing more frequent distal embolization. The limited use of these devices was largely due to local healthcare constraints and cost-related barriers in our country. Although the ACC/AHA guidelines recommend embolic protection devices (EPDs) for SVG interventions (Class I indication), real-world use remains low. Data from the NCDR Cath Registry (~21% usage) showed no significant reduction in adverse outcomes and even higher procedural complications, such as no-reflow and perforation, in the EPD group. These findings highlight that EPD use should be individualized based on thrombus burden, lesion complexity, and operator experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In our center, cost constraints and limited availability further restricted EPD use to selected high-risk cases. Additionally, although all patients had a history of prior coronary revascularization, the mean LDL-C levels in our cohort remained above the recommended target of 50 mg/dL, particularly for secondary prevention. This suboptimal lipid control may reflect underuse or nonadherence to intensive statin therapy and could have influenced microvascular dysfunction and no-reflow risk. Another limitation is the absence of propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust for baseline differences. Due to the limited number of no-reflow cases, applying PSM could have significantly reduced the sample size and statistical power. Future studies with larger populations should consider using PSM or other advanced matching techniques to validate these findings.</p>
        <p>Moreover, by confirming the independent predictive value of readily obtainable markers such as AIP, degenerated grafts, thrombus presence, and LVEF, our work contributes valuable evidence toward improving risk assessment and guiding preventive strategies for the no-reflow phenomenon in high-risk patient populations.</p>
        <p>Future studies should ideally adopt prospective, multi-center designs to validate our findings and explore potential interventions that might mitigate these risk factors. Investigating strategies to improve graft integrity and reduce thrombus burden could be particularly valuable. Moreover, assessing the prognostic value of AIP in broader patient populations and determining optimal cut-off values for clinical use would be beneficial in refining risk stratification and tailoring treatment approaches.</p>
        <p>Given its simplicity and accessibility, AIP may serve as a useful prognostic marker not only in SVG interventions but also in broader populations, such as those with native coronary artery disease or chronic coronary syndromes. Further prospective studies are needed to validate its role and establish clinically meaningful cut-off values in these settings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, our study demonstrates that elevated AIP, degenerated SVGs, thrombus presence, stent diameter, and reduced LVEF are independently associated with the no-reflow phenomenon in a carefully selected patient population. These findings provide additional insights into the multifactorial nature of no-reflow and suggest that routinely available clinical and angiographic parameters may aid in its early identification. However, given the retrospective, single-center design of our study, further research is needed to confirm these associations and explore the impact of targeted interventions on improving clinical outcomes in high-risk patients.</p>
        <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (2025.01-06). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 2025.01-06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> Data is available upon request for reviewers.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
