<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="review-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4GT35wQtdfSJGx3sVnprdTh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250139</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00402</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o do Seio Coron&#225;rio para Tratamento de Angina Refrat&#225;ria: O que Aprendemos 70 Anos ap&#243;s a Cirurgia de Beck?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5740-9564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ziotti</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Del Vecchio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1107-2117</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ranil de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al-Lamee</surname>
            <given-names>Rasha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henry</surname>
            <given-names>Timothy D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">National Heart and Lung Institute</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Imperial College London</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Inglaterra</country>
          <institution content-type="original">National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London &#8211; Inglaterra</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Guy's and St Thomas&#8217; NHS Foundation Trust</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Inglaterra</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas&#8217; NHS Foundation Trust, London &#8211; Inglaterra</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Inglaterra</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London &#8211; Inglaterra</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The Christ Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cincinnati</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Ohio</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Sara Del Vecchio Ziotti</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 1&#186; andar, Bloco 2. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sara.ziotti@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Timothy D. Henry: Investigador Principal Nacional do EXACT 2 com honor&#225;rios de consultoria: Xylocor; Investigador Principal Co-nacional do estudo COISRA-2 com honor&#225;rios de consultoria: Shockwave Medical.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Rasha Al-Lamee: Honor&#225;rios de palestrantes: Menarini Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, Philips, Medtronic, Omniprex, Shockwave Medical, Elixir; Conselho Consultivo: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, Philips, Shockwave Medical, CathWorks, Elixir.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Luis Henrique Gowdak: Honor&#225;rios de palestrante: Servier e Novartis, apoio &#224; pesquisa - Servier.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Ranil de Silva: Honor&#225;rios de palestrantes e supervisores, e apoio institucional &#224; pesquisa: Shockwave Medical e Abbott Vascular.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250139</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Com o aumento da preval&#234;ncia das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas cr&#244;nicas, muitos pacientes com aterosclerose extensa apresentam angina n&#227;o controlada, mesmo recebendo a terapia m&#233;dica otimizada. Isso se aplica especialmente a pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos adequados &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. Diversos tratamentos t&#234;m sido investigados para o manejo da angina pectoris e, nesse contexto, o redutor do seio coron&#225;rio surgiu como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica promissora. Desde a d&#233;cada de 1950, com o in&#237;cio da cirurgia de Beck, o seio venoso coron&#225;rio tem sido um ponto focal de pesquisa em terapias anti-isqu&#234;micas.</p>
        <p>Avan&#231;os cient&#237;ficos significativos foram alcan&#231;ados no estreitamento do seio venoso nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas. Gra&#231;as &#224;s melhorias tecnol&#243;gicas em procedimentos minimamente invasivos e aos m&#233;todos mais precisos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico, uma nova op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica tornou-se dispon&#237;vel para pacientes que sofrem de angina refrat&#225;ria e, possivelmente, de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular.</p>
        <p>Nesta revis&#227;o, nosso objetivo &#233; examinar os principais conceitos relacionados &#224; angina pectoris e &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, destacando o hist&#243;rico, o racional fisiopatol&#243;gico e os aspectos t&#233;cnicos da redu&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio como terapia para angina refrat&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, exploraremos as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, bem como identificaremos lacunas existentes e delinearemos dire&#231;&#245;es futuras de pesquisa sobre esse tratamento emergente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="60"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do redutor do seio coron&#225;rio e seus marcos hist&#243;ricos para o tratamento de angina refrat&#225;ria. RSC: redutor do seio coron&#225;rio; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association.</p>
      <attrib>Fonte: Autor.</attrib>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angina refrat&#225;ria (AR) &#233; caracterizada por dor tor&#225;cica persistente devido &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, apesar da terapia m&#233;dica otimizada (TMO), que inclui pelo menos duas ou tr&#234;s classes de medicamentos antianginosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o geralmente afeta pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos adequados para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. A AR pode se manifestar em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es, incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva, angina com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es obstrutivas (ANOCA), isquemia com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es obstrutivas (INOCA), cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a preval&#234;ncia dessa condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o esteja bem estabelecida no Brasil, uma pesquisa populacional com 60.202 indiv&#237;duos representando a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com 18 anos ou mais encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de angina moderada/grave de 4,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na Europa, estima-se que haja entre 30 000 e 50 000 novos casos por ano, enquanto nos Estados Unidos, a preval&#234;ncia varia de 600 000 a 1,8 milh&#227;o de pacientes com AR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A angina cr&#244;nica &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente incapacitante que reduz significativamente a qualidade de vida e est&#225; associada a taxas elevadas de transtornos mentais, como a depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ela tamb&#233;m leva a taxas mais altas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido aos sintomas isqu&#234;micos, o que imp&#245;e um &#244;nus adicional aos sistemas de sa&#250;de. A taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com AR &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224;quela de indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o refrat&#225;rias, estimada em cerca de 4% ao ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, os objetivos prim&#225;rios das terapias s&#227;o aliviar os sintomas isqu&#234;micos, melhorar a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e aumentar a qualidade de vida geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desde o in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XX, pesquisadores t&#234;m buscado tratamentos eficazes para angina, especialmente desde que as revasculariza&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas experimentais come&#231;aram na d&#233;cada de 1930. Em 1954, Claude Beck<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> publicou um estudo experimental envolvendo c&#227;es, no qual avaliou a extens&#227;o das &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas, taxas de mortalidade e o fluxo coronariano retr&#243;grado ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o aguda de um ramo principal da coron&#225;ria esquerda (art&#233;ria descendente anterior ou art&#233;ria circunflexa).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Isso foi realizado em animais com e sem estreitamento cir&#250;rgico do seio venoso coron&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). O autor encontrou uma taxa de mortalidade p&#243;s-infarto de 70% no grupo controle, comparada a apenas 27% no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, a extens&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada foi reduzida em 60% a 70%, e o fluxo coronariano retr&#243;grado foi duplicado nos animais com o seio venoso estreitado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#192; esquerda, uma ilustra&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o Beck I retirada de seu cap&#237;tulo na Encyclopedia of Thoracic Surgery, Volume II, Parte Especial 1.9A, mostrando a cria&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o parcial do seio coron&#225;rio. &#192; direita, o Professor Claude S. Beck (1894&#8211;1971).</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Adaptado de Theruvath et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Naquela &#233;poca, a t&#233;cnica aberta para reduzir o di&#226;metro do seio coron&#225;rio em 60% a 70%, resultando em um l&#250;men de 3 mm, tamb&#233;m foi testada em humanos com DAC obstrutiva em um estudo observacional prospectivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estudo incluiu 137 pacientes acompanhados por um per&#237;odo que variou de seis meses a cinco anos. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 13% no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, enquanto no grupo controle, que recusou a cirurgia, foi de 30%. Entre os sobreviventes, 90% relataram uma melhora n&#227;o cega nos sintomas de angina, e houve um aumento de duas vezes na disposi&#231;&#227;o para retornar ao trabalho no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo anterior &#224; cirurgia. No entanto, esses benef&#237;cios foram observados antes do advento das t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea e da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que podem aliviar os sintomas isqu&#234;micos e melhorar o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas investigacionais, incluindo novos medicamentos antianginosos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com laser transmioc&#225;rdico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> terapia celular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com ondas de choque externas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> foram testadas com diferentes graus de sucesso em pacientes com AR. No entanto, pacientes com AR frequentemente ficam sem op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento adequadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> o que destaca a necessidade urgente de terapias eficazes e motiva um renovado interesse na t&#233;cnica de estreitamento do seio venoso coron&#225;rio como m&#233;todo potencial para melhorar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e aliviar os sintomas isqu&#234;micos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Redutor do seio coron&#225;rio</title>
        <p>O redutor do seio coron&#225;rio (RSC) possui uma estrutura em malha semelhante a um <italic>stent</italic> arterial, montado sobre um bal&#227;o. Quando inflado, adota uma forma de ampulheta com um estreitamento central, conhecido como "pesco&#231;o". A extremidade mais distante do operador tem um di&#226;metro menor do que a extremidade mais pr&#243;xima do operador. Esse <italic>design</italic> focado na seguran&#231;a garante que o dispositivo se encaixe bem no seio coron&#225;rio e minimize o risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref> mostra o dispositivo e sua posi&#231;&#227;o dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas e posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do redutor do seio venoso coron&#225;rio no seio coron&#225;rio.</title>
            <p>A imagem &#224; esquerda ilustra a posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica no seio venoso coron&#225;rio onde o dispositivo ser&#225; implantado. &#192; direita, h&#225; uma imagem da malha expandida em forma de ampulheta dentro do seio, com seu cateter-bal&#227;o.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Adaptado de Verheye et al.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Racional fisiopatol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Em um cora&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo &#233; normalmente maior no mioc&#225;rdio subendoc&#225;rdico do que no mioc&#225;rdio subepic&#225;rdico. Durante per&#237;odos de alta demanda, o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico estimula a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias subepic&#225;rdicas, o que melhora a perfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea no leito coron&#225;rio subendoc&#225;rdico e aumenta a contratilidade muscular. No entanto, quando h&#225; obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo &#233; redistribu&#237;do do subendoc&#225;rdio &#8212; onde h&#225; maior resist&#234;ncia &#8212; para o subepic&#225;rdio &#8212; que apresenta menor resist&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Como resultado, a perfus&#227;o da regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica &#233; comprometida, levando &#224; isquemia. Isso pode causar sintomas como angina, redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, aumentando subsequentemente a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A PDFVE elevada exerce press&#227;o externa sobre os capilares e arter&#237;olas subendoc&#225;rdicos, aumentando ainda mais sua resist&#234;ncia vascular, o que agrava o d&#233;ficit de perfus&#227;o e intensifica a isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quando o seio venoso coron&#225;rio &#233; estreitado, ocorre um aumento retr&#243;grado da press&#227;o dentro do sistema venoso e capilar. Isso resulta em uma leve vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial, um fator-chave na redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular subendoc&#225;rdica. Consequentemente, h&#225; melhora da isquemia, da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e dos sintomas associados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Estudos recentes indicam que o RSC tamb&#233;m tem impacto direto na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Em pacientes com angina e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem obstru&#231;&#245;es, a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC demonstrou aumentar a reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio e reduzir o &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microvascular ap&#243;s seis meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Diversos mecanismos podem contribuir para as altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e na resist&#234;ncia microvascular ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC. Esses mecanismos incluem o recrutamento da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, o aumento do recrutamento e do di&#226;metro capilar, a melhora no acoplamento coron&#225;rio-card&#237;aco, e neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Pesquisas atuais est&#227;o explorando ativamente esses mecanismos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref> ilustra os mecanismos de perfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica e isquemia antes e depois do estreitamento do seio venoso.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fisiopatologia da isquemia e do d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til antes e depois do estreitamento do seio venoso coron&#225;rio.</title>
            <p>A) Em um cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo no subendoc&#225;rdio &#233; maior do que no subepic&#225;rdio. Durante o exerc&#237;cio, a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o seletiva mediada pelo sistema simp&#225;tico dos vasos subepic&#225;rdicos provoca aumento da perfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica e da contratilidade ventricular. B) Em um cora&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mico devido a uma estenose significativa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica, a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; redistribu&#237;da para as camadas subepic&#225;rdicas, reduzindo a perfus&#227;o do subendoc&#225;rdio durante o estresse. Essa perfus&#227;o reduzida resulta em isquemia, d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til e eleva&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Diast&#243;lica Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (PDFVE). C) O estreitamento do seio venoso coron&#225;rio leva ao aumento da press&#227;o retr&#243;grada no sistema venoso coron&#225;rio, o que dilata as arter&#237;olas, reduz a resist&#234;ncia vascular no subendoc&#225;rdio e melhora o fluxo sangu&#237;neo. RSC: redutor do seio coron&#225;rio; VC: venosa capilar.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Adaptado de Gindi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos t&#233;cnicos</title>
        <p>O procedimento &#233; minimamente invasivo e realizado dentro do sistema venoso. Ele come&#231;a com uma pun&#231;&#227;o venosa guiada por ultrassom e coloca&#231;&#227;o de um introdutor, geralmente pela veia jugular interna direita. Um cateter &#233; ent&#227;o avan&#231;ado sobre um fio-guia at&#233; o seio coron&#225;rio venoso. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito &#233; medida e, se for inferior a 15 mmHg, realiza-se uma venografia do seio coron&#225;rio para confirmar a anatomia adequada antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo.</p>
        <p>O dispositivo atualmente aprovado comercialmente com o selo CE na Uni&#227;o Europeia e no Reino Unido &#233; o Neovasc Reducer (Neovasc Inc.). Este dispositivo cont&#233;m tr&#234;s marcadores anat&#244;micos radiopacos: um proximal e um distal ao bal&#227;o, indicando seus limites, e outro marcador mais proximal, localizado logo fora do bal&#227;o. O marcador distal ajuda o cardiologista intervencionista a avaliar a posi&#231;&#227;o distal do bal&#227;o, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do dispositivo de redu&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio. A figura ilustra o cateter-guia com seu bal&#227;o e a malha expandida em formato de ampulheta, al&#233;m dos marcadores anat&#244;micos radiopacos.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Adaptado de Dimitriadis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O dispositivo &#233; montado sobre um bal&#227;o e est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em um &#250;nico tamanho com capacidade de expans&#227;o vari&#225;vel. Ele &#233; inflado de 10% a 20% acima do di&#226;metro venoso de refer&#234;ncia, exigindo aproximadamente de 4 a 6 ATM de press&#227;o. Essa expans&#227;o faz com que as extremidades do bal&#227;o se fixem firmemente no endot&#233;lio venoso, com as extremidades distal e proximal expandindo-se para di&#226;metros de at&#233; 9 mm e 14 mm, respectivamente. A &#225;rea esten&#243;tica central possui um di&#226;metro de aproximadamente 3 mm, representando cerca de 60% a 70% do seu tamanho original (7 a 13 mm). Notavelmente, o dispositivo deve ser idealmente posicionado de 2 a 4 cm distal ao &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o, inicia-se uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local, levando &#224; endoteliza&#231;&#227;o da malha met&#225;lica em suas extremidades, onde h&#225; contato com o endot&#233;lio. Esse processo geralmente ocorre entre quatro e seis semanas ap&#243;s o procedimento e resulta em um gradiente de press&#227;o, levando &#224; melhora dos sintomas isqu&#234;micos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5</xref>), que apresenta os resultados angiogr&#225;ficos antes e depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem angiogr&#225;fica do seio venoso coron&#225;rio com o dispositivo redutor.</title>
            <p>A imagem &#224; esquerda ilustra o seio venoso coron&#225;rio antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do redutor do seio coron&#225;rio. As demais imagens mostram a apar&#234;ncia final em formato de ampulheta do redutor ap&#243;s sua implanta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Retirado de Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Para minimizar o risco de eventos tromb&#243;ticos, os pacientes s&#227;o tratados com terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (TAPD), utilizando &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (100 mg) e clopidogrel (75 mg) por seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. No entanto, &#233; importante observar que ainda n&#227;o existem estudos que tenham comparado os resultados do RSC com e sem TAPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais do procedimento assemelham-se &#224;quelas associadas ao acesso venoso central, incluindo sangramento, pun&#231;&#227;o arterial, hematoma cervical e pneumot&#243;rax, que podem ser manejados de forma conservadora, com transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea ou drenagem tor&#225;cica, respectivamente. As complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo s&#227;o incomuns, mas podem incluir dissec&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio, perfura&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e oclus&#227;o completa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Esses eventos podem ser prontamente identificados por fluoroscopia ou avaliados mais detalhadamente por angiotomografia computadorizada. A dissec&#231;&#227;o ou perfura&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio geralmente pode ser tratada com medidas conservadoras ou procedimentos minimamente invasivos, como a pericardiocentese. A migra&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo pode ser assintom&#225;tica ou apresentar sintomas como dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia, sendo normalmente manejada de forma conservadora, por meio de retirada percut&#226;nea ou &#8211; caso essas abordagens falhem &#8211; por remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. O risco de migra&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo aumenta quando o di&#226;metro do seio excede 13 mm ou quando a expans&#227;o do bal&#227;o &#233; insuficiente para ancorar o dispositivo ao endot&#233;lio. Embora n&#227;o tenham sido relatados casos de trombose do dispositivo, h&#225; consenso entre especialistas quanto ao uso de TAPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O sistema A-Flux&#8482;, um dispositivo inovador desenvolvido pela VahatiCor, est&#225; atualmente em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ainda n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel comercialmente. O A-Flux incorpora diversos avan&#231;os t&#233;cnicos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sistemas expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o, que podem melhorar tanto a seguran&#231;a quanto a efic&#225;cia. Ele &#233; constru&#237;do com uma malha densa de nitinol e est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em quatro tamanhos diferentes, permitindo a implanta&#231;&#227;o no segmento espec&#237;fico do seio coron&#225;rio onde se espera o maior benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico. A estrutura densa de nitinol foi projetada para promover uma modula&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida do fluxo por meio de uma resposta acelerada de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o sistema de entrega permite uma for&#231;a de implanta&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e externa reduzida, fixando o dispositivo no local sem risco de dissec&#231;&#227;o ou ruptura do seio coron&#225;rio induzida por bal&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, nem o A-Flux&#8482; nem o Neovasc Reducer&#8482; est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no Brasil. O Neovasc Reducer&#8482; est&#225; atualmente passando por um ensaio cl&#237;nico aprovado pela FDA nos Estados Unidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica</title>
        <p>Numerosos estudos demonstraram a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de v&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es na redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade e frequ&#234;ncia da angina, tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo. Essa evid&#234;ncia &#233; derivada de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de estudos n&#227;o randomizados e n&#227;o cegos, bem como de estudos randomizados e cegos.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, Banai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> revisitaram o conceito de Claude Beck e realizaram estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos em porcos com estenose da art&#233;ria circunflexa proximal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Esses estudos avaliaram condi&#231;&#245;es com e sem isquemia utilizando ecocardiografia sob estresse. Os resultados demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na extens&#227;o e na gravidade da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica, conforme avaliado por ecocardiografia com dobutamina. Al&#233;m disso, os estudos confirmaram a viabilidade e a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica realizada nos animais ap&#243;s um a seis meses mostrou uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria local aceit&#225;vel, completa endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e neointima est&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>O mesmo grupo de pesquisa publicou o primeiro estudo cl&#237;nico sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio por cateterismo em humanos, envolvendo 15 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Trata-se de um ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto e n&#227;o randomizado, com o objetivo de avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a viabilidade da implanta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do RSC em pacientes com AR, classificados como classe funcional 2 ou superior pela <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> (CCS). O estudo n&#227;o relatou eventos adversos significativos durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de seis meses. A efic&#225;cia foi medida pela classe CCS, enquanto a isquemia foi avaliada por meio de ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina e tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET) com t&#225;lio. A m&#233;dia da classe de angina diminuiu significativamente de 3,07 para 1,64 (p &lt; 0,001), e foram observadas melhorias tanto na extens&#227;o quanto na gravidade da isquemia (p = 0,004 e 0,042, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo n&#227;o randomizado envolvendo 23 pacientes e demonstraram melhorias na angina, isquemia e contratilidade ventricular esquerda em pacientes com AR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A interven&#231;&#227;o foi tecnicamente bem-sucedida em 21 dos 23 pacientes. O benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico estatisticamente significativo foi documentado por meio da redu&#231;&#227;o na m&#233;dia da pontua&#231;&#227;o CCS de 3,3 na linha de base para 2,0 aos seis meses, aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio de 3:16 para 5:16 minutos, e redu&#231;&#227;o nas pontua&#231;&#245;es somadas de estresse e diferen&#231;a na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com t&#225;lio-201 (21,5&#177;10 vs. 13,2&#177;9 e 11,1&#177;6 vs. 4,7&#177;4, respectivamente), demonstrando a import&#226;ncia da t&#233;cnica como uma nova estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para o tratamento de pacientes com AR.</p>
        <p>O estudo COSIRA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> publicado em 2015, foi o primeiro estudo randomizado, controlado por placebo, que incluiu 104 indiv&#237;duos com AR classificados como classe 3 e 4 da CCS, apresentando isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O estudo constatou que o dispositivo levou &#224; melhora de pelo menos uma classe funcional de angina em 71% dos pacientes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (37 de 52), em compara&#231;&#227;o com 42% no grupo placebo (22 de 52) (p = 0,003). Al&#233;m disso, pelo menos duas classes de angina melhoraram em 35% do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (18 de 52) versus 15% no grupo placebo (8 de 52) (p = 0,02). Embora seja importante observar a taxa significativa de melhora no grupo placebo, a interven&#231;&#227;o mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o 2,4 vezes maior na classe de angina em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle, indicando sua superioridade como tratamento antianginoso. Uma an&#225;lise post-hoc da coorte do estudo COSIRA tamb&#233;m revelou melhorias na qualidade de vida e na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio dentro do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;ando ainda mais a efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em outro estudo observacional unic&#234;ntrico &#250;nico, Giannini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> avaliaram 50 pacientes com AR e isquemia documentada, com foco na angina, toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e qualidade de vida aos quatro e 12 meses de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> O procedimento alcan&#231;ou uma taxa de sucesso t&#233;cnico de 100%, sem relatos de eventos adversos relacionados ao dispositivo. Entre os pacientes, 80% apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos uma classe CCS, e 40% apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos duas classes, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da classe para 1,67 &#177; 0,83 vs. 2,98 &#177; 0,52 (p &lt; 0,001) no acompanhamento de quatro meses em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal. Tamb&#233;m foram observadas melhorias significativas na qualidade de vida e na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, conforme medido pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o na necessidade de medicamentos antianginosos. Importante destacar que essas melhorias foram sustentadas ao longo do tempo, mesmo ap&#243;s o primeiro ano de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>O mesmo grupo investigou mais profundamente os efeitos sintom&#225;ticos do RSC em pacientes com angina devido &#224; ANOCA, por meio de um estudo observacional prospectivo envolvendo oito pacientes classificados como classes 3 e 4 de angina segundo a CCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> O procedimento foi bem-sucedido em todos os casos, sem relatos de eventos adversos. A classe CCS melhorou de uma mediana de 3,0 para 1,5 (P = 0,014). Ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, tr&#234;s dos cinco pacientes avaliados continuaram a apresentar benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico. Al&#233;m disso, foram observadas melhorias no teste de caminhada de seis minutos e nos sintomas de angina, conforme medido pelo Question&#225;rio de Angina de Seattle (SAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em um estudo de registro prospectivo envolvendo 48 pacientes com AR classes 3 e 4 da CCS, Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> avaliaram melhorias na angina utilizando o SAQ, a classe funcional da CCS e avalia&#231;&#245;es objetivas de angina e isquemia. Essas avalia&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram testes de esfor&#231;o em esteira, ecocardiografia com dobutamina e testes de caminhada de seis minutos. Os resultados demonstraram que 85% dos pacientes (33 de 39) apresentaram melhora de pelo menos uma classe funcional da CCS, enquanto 48% (19 de 39) tiveram melhora de pelo menos duas classes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) sob estresse aumentou de 51&#177;10 para 56&#177;10 (p = 0,004), e o &#237;ndice de movimento parietal melhorou de 1,58&#177;0,40 para 1,37&#177;0,30 (p = 0,004), indicando efeitos positivos na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nenhum evento relacionado ao procedimento ou ao dispositivo foi relatado durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 12,5 meses.</p>
        <p>Posteriormente, Tzanis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo focado em sintomas e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em 18 pacientes, encontrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de uma classe na CCS em 84% dos indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s quatro meses de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foram observadas melhorias significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, com aumentos na FEVE e redu&#231;&#245;es nos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Notavelmente, metade dos pacientes apresentava FEVE reduzida na linha de base, mostrando um aumento ainda maior na FEVE em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com FEVE preservada (aumento de 11,3 para FEVE reduzida versus 3,8 para FEVE preservada; p = 0,029).</p>
        <p>Outro estudo sobre a gravidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana foi realizada por Zivelonghi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo envolvendo 205 pacientes, dos quais 103 (50,2%) apresentavam oclus&#227;o total coronariana (OTC) n&#227;o revascularizada. Isso permitiu comparar os efeitos do RSC em pacientes com e sem les&#245;es do tipo OTC. Inicialmente, a classe CCS era 3,0&#177;0,5 no grupo OTC e 3,1&#177;0,6 no grupo n&#227;o-OTC (p = 0,45). No acompanhamento de seis meses, as classes CCS melhoraram para 1,6&#177;0,9 e 2,0&#177;1,1, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,01), com melhora significativamente maior observada no grupo OTC (1,4&#177;0,9 vs. 1,1&#177;1,0; p = 0,01). A melhora da angina foi observada em todos os territ&#243;rios, incluindo 70% para CTO da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (35 pacientes), 85% para OTC da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (17 pacientes) e 82% para OTC da art&#233;ria circunflexa (27 pacientes). Concluiu-se que pacientes com les&#245;es OTC podem responder melhor ao RSC do que pacientes sem OTC, independentemente do territ&#243;rio afetado. Nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento foi relatada, embora tenha ocorrido emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo em dois casos (1%), nos quais o dispositivo foi recuperado com sucesso e o procedimento foi conclu&#237;do com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de um segundo RSC. Eventos adversos semelhantes foram observados em ambos os grupos do estudo, incluindo um total de sete mortes card&#237;acas (3,4%) e 30 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es adicionais (14,6%) devido &#224; angina persistente.</p>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios em longo prazo do RSC tamb&#233;m foram explorados no estudo REDUCER-I, um estudo observacional multic&#234;ntrico com bra&#231;os retrospectivos (do ensaio COSIRA) e prospectivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Esse foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico observacional que incluiu 228 pacientes com AR nas classes CCS 2 a 4 &#8211; 180 no bra&#231;o prospectivo e 48 no bra&#231;o retrospectivo do ensaio COSIRA. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do RSC e seu papel na melhora da gravidade da angina e da qualidade de vida ap&#243;s dois anos de acompanhamento. A taxa de sucesso foi de 99%. A m&#233;dia da classe CCS diminuiu de 2,8&#177;0,6 para 1,8&#177;0,7 ap&#243;s dois anos; pelo menos uma classe CCS melhorou em 82% dos pacientes, e pelo menos duas classes melhoraram em 31% dos pacientes. Tamb&#233;m foram observados aumentos significativos no teste de caminhada de seis minutos e na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. A taxa de n&#227;o respondedores foi de 24% ap&#243;s um ano e 17% ap&#243;s dois anos. Melhoras foram observadas em todos os dom&#237;nios avaliados seis e doze meses ap&#243;s o tratamento. O estudo destacou a melhora sustentada na limita&#231;&#227;o da angina do sexto m&#234;s at&#233; dois anos de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>O estudo RESOURCE representa o maior registro multic&#234;ntrico, avaliando procedimentos de implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC ao longo de 10 anos (de 2010 a 2020).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Ele incluiu dados de 658 pacientes com AR, dos quais 89,4% estavam nas classes 3 ou 4 da CCS. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio desses pacientes foi de 502 dias. O estudo avaliou diversos desfechos, incluindo melhorias na angina, taxa de sucesso dos procedimentos, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento e eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE). A interven&#231;&#227;o foi bem-sucedida em 96,7% dos casos e suspensa em 3% devido &#224; anatomia inadequada ou complica&#231;&#245;es. Ainda assim, n&#227;o houve eventos graves nas primeiras 48 horas. Complica&#231;&#245;es por procedimento ocorreram em 5,7% dos casos (38 de 663 procedimentos). Entre essas complica&#231;&#245;es, as mais comuns foram: emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, hematoma cervical, dissec&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio, desconex&#227;o do dispositivo do cateter-guia antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o e perfura&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio. Importante destacar que nenhuma dessas complica&#231;&#245;es resultou em mortes ou infartos relacionados ao procedimento, nem levaram ao aumento da mortalidade ou dos eventos MACE durante o acompanhamento. O desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia, que era a redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos duas classes da angina segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o da CCS, foi alcan&#231;ado em 39,7% dos pacientes, enquanto uma melhora de pelo menos uma classe foi observada em 76,0%. A taxa de n&#227;o respondedores foi de 24%. A frequ&#234;ncia de MACE foi de 14,6%, e as taxas de mortalidade em 1, 3 e 5 anos foram de 4,0%, 13,7% e 23,4%, respectivamente. Esses n&#250;meros s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s taxas de mortalidade observadas em pacientes com AR na coorte OPTIMIST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente de nove estudos (n=846), incluindo um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado controlado por placebo (COSIRA), Hochstadt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> demonstraram uma efic&#225;cia combinada do RSC de 76% para melhora dos sintomas em pelo menos uma classe da CCS de DAC e 40% para pelo menos duas classes. Al&#233;m disso, a dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos aumentou em 45,5 metros, superando a melhora observada em estudos sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (30,1 metros). Quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a, o procedimento foi bem-sucedido em 98% dos casos. Apenas 3% dos pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es, como perfura&#231;&#227;o/dissec&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio, emboliza&#231;&#227;o ou deslocamento do dispositivo, e infarto periprocedural. Importante destacar que nenhuma dessas complica&#231;&#245;es resultou em tamponamento card&#237;aco ou morte, confirmando ainda mais a alta taxa de sucesso e seguran&#231;a do procedimento.</p>
        <p>Em 2024, os resultados t&#227;o aguardados do estudo ORBITA-COSMIC foram publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Este estudo cl&#237;nico hist&#243;rico, randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo envolveu 51 pacientes e teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto do RSC na isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A an&#225;lise incluiu a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico por meio de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) sob estresse com adenosina, testes de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e o uso de um question&#225;rio de sintomas em tempo real pelo aplicativo ORBITA-app. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram o fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico em segmentos isqu&#234;micos, conforme determinado pela CMR, e o principal desfecho sintom&#225;tico foi o n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de epis&#243;dios de angina. O estudo n&#227;o demonstrou melhora no fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico para os segmentos isqu&#234;micos seis meses ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC. No entanto, houve uma melhora proporcional no fluxo sangu&#237;neo endoc&#225;rdico em compara&#231;&#227;o ao epic&#225;rdico sob estresse no grupo RSC, e essa diferen&#231;a foi observada entre segmentos isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos. Os pacientes do grupo RSC relataram menos epis&#243;dios di&#225;rios de angina no acompanhamento de seis meses, com in&#237;cio por volta de 70 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, o que condiz com o tempo necess&#225;rio para a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e a forma&#231;&#227;o do gradiente de press&#227;o, que come&#231;a cerca de seis semanas ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC. Nos desfechos secund&#225;rios, houve melhora na frequ&#234;ncia da angina com base no SAQ, embora n&#227;o tenham sido encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas na qualidade de vida e na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Neste estudo, a melhora dos sintomas em pacientes com AR n&#227;o foi acompanhada por uma melhora geral na perfus&#227;o dos segmentos isqu&#234;micos. Por outro lado, houve melhora na perfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica dentro dos segmentos isqu&#234;micos, apoiando a teoria de que o dispositivo redistribui o fluxo sangu&#237;neo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao endoc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Esses achados t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para a compreens&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e o papel potencial do RSC em seu tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>A evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica que respalda o RSC indica que ele &#233; adequado para o tratamento da angina pectoris ou equivalentes isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas. Esse tratamento &#233; especificamente indicado para pacientes com AR que n&#227;o responderam &#224; TMO, a qual inclui pelo menos duas ou tr&#234;s classes de medicamentos antianginosos, e que n&#227;o possuem op&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, ou t&#234;m essas op&#231;&#245;es limitadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios observados em diferentes estudos cl&#237;nicos, de 20 a 30% dos pacientes podem n&#227;o responder de maneira positiva a esse tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Diversos fatores podem contribuir para uma resposta cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> incluindo dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa, angina causada por isquemia no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os decorrente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cobertura inadequada da estrutura met&#225;lica do dispositivo, o que pode levar &#224; m&#225; endoteliza&#231;&#227;o dos suportes do dispositivo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, uma drenagem venosa mioc&#225;rdica alternativa bem desenvolvida por meio da rede de Thebesius pode afetar os resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Um marca-passo biventricular para terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode complicar o procedimento do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, j&#225; que seus eletrodos s&#227;o posicionados pr&#243;ximos ao &#243;stio do seio venoso, aumentando o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es agudas e poss&#237;vel falha na inser&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. Ainda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada ou sintom&#225;tica com press&#227;o elevada no &#225;trio direito (superior a 15 mmHg) pode indicar descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, reduzindo ainda mais a efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os fatores positivos e negativos na sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente ideal que pode se beneficiar do tratamento com RSC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios para selecionar os melhores candidatos ao uso do redutor de seio coron&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#69A0B8">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Candidatos adequados</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Candidatos n&#227;o adequados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina est&#225;vel (h&#225; mais de 3 meses), classe CCS &#8805; 2 apesar da terapia m&#233;dica otimizada</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o coronariana (doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca grave, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dor n&#227;o card&#237;aca)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evid&#234;ncia de isquemia revers&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aus&#234;ncia de isquemia induzida por estresse</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica exclusivamente no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 30%</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 30% ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe NYHA &#8805; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito ou press&#227;o venosa central &lt; 15 mmHg</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito ou press&#227;o venosa central &gt; 15 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eletrodos de marcapasso implantados no &#225;trio direito h&#225; mais de 3 meses</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eletrodos de marcapasso implantados no &#225;trio direito h&#225; menos de 3 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eletrodos de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no seio coron&#225;rio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda recente, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica h&#225; menos de 3 meses</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Adaptado de Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> CCS: <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>, NYHA: <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas</title>
        <p>Estudos observacionais anteriores sugerem que o RSC pode oferecer benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos para pacientes com ANOCA e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana. Esses benef&#237;cios incluem al&#237;vio dos sintomas e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e reduzida. Isso abre um leque fascinante de novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas potenciais para pacientes que sofrem de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o obstrutivas e miocardiopatias n&#227;o coronarianas, como a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o atualmente em andamento, cada um desempenhando um papel crucial no avan&#231;o da nossa compreens&#227;o e dos benef&#237;cios do RSC em diferentes grupos de pacientes com AR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudos envolvendo redutor do seio coron&#225;rio em andamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#69A0B8">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Nome do estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pa&#237;s</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tipo de estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Desfechos prim&#225;rios</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">NCT</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LSSRR &#8211; Lower Silesia Sinus Reducer Registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pol&#244;nia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Observacional</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com angina pectoris cr&#244;nica incapacitante e refrat&#225;ria (classes CCS 2&#8211;4), apesar da terapia m&#233;dica antianginosa m&#225;xima tolerada, que foram submetidos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Classe CCS, escore SAQ-7, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, e ecocardiografia 1 anos ap&#243;s o implante do RSC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT06288165</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Impact of Coronary Sinus Flow Reducer on Coronary Microcirculation and Myocardial Ischemia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cro&#225;cia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Intervencionista, grupo &#250;nico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e angina pectoris refrat&#225;ria que n&#227;o s&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coronariano e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria antes e depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT06266065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Use of the Neovasc Coronary Sinus Reducer System for the Treatment of Refractory Angina Pectoris in Patients With Angina Class 3-4 Who Are Not Candidates for Revascularization (Reducer)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Israel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Intervencionista, grupo &#250;nico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana sintom&#225;tica com angina pectoris cr&#244;nica refrat&#225;ria classificada como grau III ou IV pela CCS, apesar da tentativa de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada nos trinta dias anteriores &#224; triagem <break/>N&#227;o candidato &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou por ICP <break/>Isquemia revers&#237;vel da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo demonstrada por ecocardiografia com estresse por dobutamina ou por cintilografia com t&#225;lio (Thallium SPECT)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o de duas ou mais classes da CCS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT01566175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">COSIMA: COronary SInus Reducer for the Treatment of Refractory Microvascular Angina (COSIMA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alemanha</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Randomizado, controlado, grupos paralelos (RSC vs. TMO)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (incluindo pacientes com equivalentes anginosos) com angina refrat&#225;ria classe III-IV pela CCS, apesar da terapia m&#233;dica guiada por diretrizes <break/>Evid&#234;ncia de isquemia revers&#237;vel em testes n&#227;o invasivos <break/>Evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a microvascular diagnosticada de forma invasiva por pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: IMR &gt;25 e/ou RFC &lt;2,0 com FFR &gt;0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com melhora de &#8805; 2 classes de angina pela CCS seis meses ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT04606459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IMR Evaluation in Patients With Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation (INROAD Study)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">It&#225;lia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Intervencionista, grupo &#250;nico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Angina cr&#244;nica refrat&#225;ria a terapias m&#233;dicas e intervencionistas <break/>Pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria aberta (excluindo a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita) onde ser&#225; realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o do IMR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Varia&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 20% no valor do IMR quatro meses ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT05174572</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Efficacy of the COronary SInus Reducer in Patients With Refractory Angina II (COSIRA-II)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estados Unidos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Intervencionista, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por procedimento simulado (sham)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana sintom&#225;tica com angina pectoris refrat&#225;ria persistente, classificada como Grau III ou IV pela CCS, apesar do tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado (OMT) na dose m&#225;xima tolerada <break/>Evid&#234;ncia de isquemia revers&#237;vel induzida por exerc&#237;cio ou farmacologicamente, avaliada por ecocardiograma de estresse, estudo nuclear, PET, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de perfus&#227;o, tomografia de perfus&#227;o, RFF derivada da TC, RFF, iRF ou outros testes n&#227;o hiper&#234;micos na distribui&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Altera&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o total do exerc&#237;cio em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira com protocolo Bruce modificado no grupo de tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle simulado <break/>Taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de um desfecho composto de morte, IM, derrame peric&#225;rdico que requer interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo ou sangramento BARC tipo 3 ou 5 no grupo de tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle simulado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT05102019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation in Patients With Ischaemia and Non-obstructed Coronary Arteries and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (REMEDY-PILOT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reino Unido</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Intervencionista, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por procedimento simulado (sham)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Angina sintom&#225;tica persistente, Classe II-IV da CCS, por &#8805;3 meses, apesar do tratamento de base com pelo menos dois medicamentos antianginosos na dose m&#225;xima tolerada <break/>Art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, com estenoses epic&#225;rdicas &#8804;30% demonstradas na angiografia coron&#225;ria <break/>Hipoperfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica circunferencial induzida por estresse na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (CMR), com RPM global &lt; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Altera&#231;&#227;o aos 6 meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal, na MPR global quantitativa avaliada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT05492110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Myocardial Ischemia After Coronary Sinus Reduction Stent Implantation (MICS-Reduce)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Noruega</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Observacional</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">DAC e angina refrat&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Change in myocardial flow reserve on <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O PET/CT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT06033495</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RSC: redutor do seio coron&#225;rio, CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society, NYHA: New York Heart Association, SAQ-7: Question&#225;rio de Angina de Seattle &#8211; 7 itens; CAD: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TMO: terapia m&#233;dica otimizada; IMR: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microvascular; RFC: reserva de fluxo coronariano; RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; PET: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons; TC: tomografia computadorizada; iRF: &#237;ndice de Reserva de Fluxo; RMC: resist&#234;ncia microvascular coronariana; RPM: reserva de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O RSC &#233; um dispositivo inserido por via percut&#226;nea por meio de um procedimento minimamente invasivo. &#201; seguro e eficaz para controlar sintomas isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com AR que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea e que est&#227;o recebendo a melhor terapia m&#233;dica dispon&#237;vel. O dispositivo, com sua seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia comprovadas, acredita-se que funcione ao aumentar retrogradamente a press&#227;o no sistema venoso coron&#225;rio, o que ajuda a melhorar a perfus&#227;o arteriocapilar no mioc&#225;rdio subendoc&#225;rdico.</p>
      <p>Dados cegos indicam melhora da angina com a implanta&#231;&#227;o do RSC. O dispositivo tamb&#233;m melhora a qualidade de vida de pacientes que n&#227;o t&#234;m outras op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. No entanto, &#233; fundamental observar que de 20 a 30% dos pacientes podem n&#227;o responder ao tratamento. Portanto, o procedimento deve ser cuidadosamente indicado com base em avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e anat&#244;micas detalhadas. Al&#233;m disso, pequenos estudos n&#227;o cegos sugerem que o RSC pode melhorar a perfus&#227;o e os sintomas de angina em pacientes com ANOCA e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana, al&#233;m de potencialmente aumentar a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica em casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, &#233; essencial a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais estudos randomizados e controlados por placebo para avaliar e validar de forma mais robusta a efic&#225;cia do RSC e avan&#231;ar na compreens&#227;o desse tratamento promissor.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, ap&#243;s 70 anos desde a primeira redu&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio realizada pela cirurgia de Beck, os cientistas desenvolveram um procedimento minimamente invasivo que foi testado com sucesso em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados para o tratamento da angina. Esse procedimento foi recentemente inclu&#237;do nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas. A Figura Central representa essa evolu&#231;&#227;o, destacando os principais marcos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram o Canva app, Google Translator e ChatGPT para cria&#231;&#227;o de ilustra&#231;&#245;es e corre&#231;&#245;es gramaticais. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs2014.06.032</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402556</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2022.01.003</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2023.07.008</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1093/eurhearttj/ehx486</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a todos os autores e participantes dos estudos por suas contribui&#231;&#245;es para este artigo.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lantz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quesada</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattingly</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contemporary Management of Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>Interv Cardiol Clin.</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>279</fpage>
          <lpage>292</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.iccl.2022.03.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Lantz R, Quesada O, Mattingly G, Henry TD. Contemporary Management of Refractory Angina. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2022;11(3):279-92. doi: 10.1016/j.iccl.2022.03.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gallone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tzanis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gramegna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Refractory Angina: From Pathophysiology to New Therapeutic Nonpharmacological Technologies</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv.</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2019.08.055</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Gallone G, Baldetti L, Tzanis G, Gramegna M, Latib A, Colombo A, et al. Refractory Angina: From Pathophysiology to New Therapeutic Nonpharmacological Technologies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(1):1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2019.08.055.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Povsic</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Therapeutic Approaches for the No-Option Refractory Angina Patient</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv.</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e009002</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Povsic TJ, Henry TD, Ohman EM. Therapeutic Approaches for the No-Option Refractory Angina Patient. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(2):e009002. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galassi</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yl&#228;-Herttuala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#252;scher</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Refractory Angina: An Update</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J.</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>269</fpage>
          <lpage>283</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa820</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Davies A, Fox K, Galassi AR, Banai S, Yl&#228;-Herttuala S, L&#252;scher TF. Management of Refractory Angina: An Update. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(3):269-83. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa820.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szwarcwald</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stopa</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bensenor</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Angina Pectoris in the Brazilian Population from the Rose Questionnaire: Analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          <lpage>131</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1980-5497201500060011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Lotufo PA, Malta DC, Szwarcwald CL, Stopa SR, Vieira ML, Bensenor IM. Prevalence of Angina Pectoris in the Brazilian Population from the Rose Questionnaire: Analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015;18(Suppl 2):123-31. doi: 10.1590/1980-5497201500060011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sainsbury</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Refractory Angina Pectoris</article-title>
          <source>Eur Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15420/ecr.2016:26:1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Cheng K, Sainsbury P, Fisher M, Silva R. Management of Refractory Angina Pectoris. Eur Cardiol. 2016;11(2):69-76. doi: 10.15420/ecr.2016:26:1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geovanini</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danzi-Soares</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LOC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poppi</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>OSA and Depression are Common and Independently Associated with Refractory Angina in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Chest.</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.13-2885</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Geovanini GR, Gowdak LHW, Pereira AC, Danzi-Soares NJ, Dourado LOC, Poppi NT, et al. OSA and Depression are Common and Independently Associated with Refractory Angina in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Chest. 2014;146(1):73-80. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-2885.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression, Cardiovascular Disease, and Female Gender: An Underestimated Triad</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220858</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220858</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Rivera IR. Depression, Cardiovascular Disease, and Female Gender: An Underestimated Triad. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(7):e20220858. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220858.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satran</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodges</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulose</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Survival in Patients with Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J.</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>34</issue>
          <fpage>2683</fpage>
          <lpage>2688</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht165</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Henry TD, Satran D, Hodges JS, Johnson RK, Poulose AK, Campbell AR, et al. Long-Term Survival in Patients with Refractory Angina. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(34):2683-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht165.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poppi</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adam</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>TN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mioto</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Prospective Study of Patients with Refractory Angina: Outcomes and the Role of High-Sensitivity Troponin T</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.22599</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Poppi NT, Gowdak LH, Dourado LO, Adam EL, Leite TN, Mioto BM, et al. A Prospective Study of Patients with Refractory Angina: Outcomes and the Role of High-Sensitivity Troponin T. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40(1):11-7. doi: 10.1002/clc.22599.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Theruvath</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikonomidis</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Historical Perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Claude S</article-title>
          <source>Beck (1894-1971). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>655</fpage>
          <lpage>660</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.06.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Theruvath TP, Ikonomidis JS. Historical Perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Claude S. Beck (1894-1971). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149(3):655-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.06.032.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leighninger</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Operations for Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Med Assoc.</source>
          <year>1954</year>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1226</fpage>
          <lpage>1233</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.1954.02950130006002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Beck CS, Leighninger DS. Operations for Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1954;156(13):1226-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.1954.02950130006002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wising</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Beck-I Operation for Angina Pectoris: Medical Aspects</article-title>
          <source>Acta Med Scand.</source>
          <year>1963</year>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb07895.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Wising PJ. The Beck-I Operation for Angina Pectoris: Medical Aspects. Acta Med Scand. 1963;174:93-8. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb07895.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LOC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>CPD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobe</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesar</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Concomitant Use of Ranolazine and Trimetazidine in Patients with Refractory Angina: An Initial Experience</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>619</fpage>
          <lpage>621</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210711</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Dourado LOC, Moreno CPD, Grobe SF, Gowdak LHW, Cesar LAM. Concomitant Use of Ranolazine and Trimetazidine in Patients with Refractory Angina: An Initial Experience. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(4):619-21. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210711.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Role of Ivabradine in Managing Symptomatic Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndromes: A Clinically Oriented Approach</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Ther.</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>174</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40119-021-00247-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Gowdak LHW. The Role of Ivabradine in Managing Symptomatic Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndromes: A Clinically Oriented Approach. Cardiol Ther. 2022;11(1):163-74. doi: 10.1007/s40119-021-00247-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schettert</surname>
              <given-names>IT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rienzo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lisboa</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dallan</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization Plus Cell Therapy for Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>297</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.05.048</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Gowdak LH, Schettert IT, Rochitte CE, Rienzo M, Lisboa LA, Dallan LA, et al. Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization Plus Cell Therapy for Refractory Angina. Int J Cardiol. 2008;127(2):295-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.05.048.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dallan</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lisboa</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schettert</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cell Therapy Plus Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization: A Proposed Alternative Procedure for Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc.</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0102-76382008000100009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Dallan LA, Gowdak LH, Lisboa LA, Schettert I, Krieger JE, Cesar LA, et al. Cell Therapy Plus Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization: A Proposed Alternative Procedure for Refractory Angina. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(1):46-52. doi: 10.1590/s0102-76382008000100009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assuncao-Jr</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwong</surname>
              <given-names>RY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jerosch-Herold</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bone Marrow Cells Improve Coronary Flow Reserve in Ischemic Nonrevascularized Myocardium: A MiHeart/IHD Quantitative Perfusion CMR Substudy</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging.</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>812</fpage>
          <lpage>824</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.12.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Assuncao-Jr AN, Rochitte CE, Kwong RY, Gowdak LHW, Krieger JE, Jerosch-Herold M. Bone Marrow Cells Improve Coronary Flow Reserve in Ischemic Nonrevascularized Myocardium: A MiHeart/IHD Quantitative Perfusion CMR Substudy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(5):812-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.12.011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schettert</surname>
              <given-names>IT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lisboa</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dallan</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Increase in Myocardial Perfusion after Stem Cell Therapy in Patients Undergoing Incomplete Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Transl Res.</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>113</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12265-010-9234-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Gowdak LH, Schettert IT, Rochitte CE, Lisboa LA, Dallan LA, C&#233;sar LA, et al. Early Increase in Myocardial Perfusion after Stem Cell Therapy in Patients Undergoing Incomplete Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2011;4(1):106-13. doi: 10.1007/s12265-010-9234-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schettert</surname>
              <given-names>IT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>MLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dallan</surname>
              <given-names>LAO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Additional Improvement in Regional Myocardial Ischemia after Intracardiac Injection of Bone Marrow Cells during CABG Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med.</source>
          <year>2023;</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>1040188</fpage>
          <lpage>1040188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2023.1040188</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Gowdak LHW, Schettert IT, Rochitte CE, Carvalho LP, Vieira MLC, Dallan LAO, et al. Additional Improvement in Regional Myocardial Ischemia after Intracardiac Injection of Bone Marrow Cells during CABG Surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1040188. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1040188.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Losordo</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Traverse</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schatz</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jolicoeur</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaer</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Autologous CD34+ Cell Therapy Improves Exercise Capacity, Angina Frequency and Reduces Mortality in No-Option Refractory Angina: A Patient-Level Pooled Analysis of Randomized Double-Blinded Trials</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2208</fpage>
          <lpage>2216</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx764</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Henry TD, Losordo DW, Traverse JH, Schatz RA, Jolicoeur EM, Schaer GL, et al. Autologous CD34+ Cell Therapy Improves Exercise Capacity, Angina Frequency and Reduces Mortality in No-Option Refractory Angina: A Patient-Level Pooled Analysis of Randomized Double-Blinded Trials. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(23):2208-16. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx764.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duque</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceccon</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majesky</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sbano</surname>
              <given-names>JCN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy Improves Myocardial Perfusion and Preserves Left Ventricular Mechanics in Patients with Refractory Angina: A Study with Speckle Tracking Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1564</fpage>
          <lpage>1570</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/echo.14054</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Duque AS, Ceccon CL, Mathias W Jr, Majesky JD, Gowdak LH, Sbano JCN, et al. Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy Improves Myocardial Perfusion and Preserves Left Ventricular Mechanics in Patients with Refractory Angina: A Study with Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2018;35(10):1564-70. doi: 10.1111/echo.14054.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ceccon</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duque</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiang</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sbano</surname>
              <given-names>JCN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Shock-Wave Therapy Improves Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve in Patients with Refractory Angina: Evaluation by Real-Time Myocardial Perfusion Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr.</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1075</fpage>
          <lpage>1085</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2019.04.420</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Ceccon CL, Duque AS, Gowdak LH, Mathias W Jr, Chiang HP, Sbano JCN, et al. Shock-Wave Therapy Improves Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve in Patients with Refractory Angina: Evaluation by Real-Time Myocardial Perfusion Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(9):1075-85. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.04.420.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LOC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CRA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>LDNJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In the Cardiac Rehabilitation Era, is there a "No-Option" Refractory Angina Patient?: A Case Report</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230007</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Dourado LOC, Jord&#227;o CP, Assump&#231;&#227;o CRA, Matos LDNJ. In the Cardiac Rehabilitation Era, is there a "No-Option" Refractory Angina Patient?: A Case Report. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(9):e20230007. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verheye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jolic&#339;ur</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behan</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pettersson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sainsbury</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of a Device to Narrow the Coronary Sinus in Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>527</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1402556</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Verheye S, Jolic&#339;ur EM, Behan MW, Pettersson T, Sainsbury P, Hill J, et al. Efficacy of a Device to Narrow the Coronary Sinus in Refractory Angina. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(6):519-27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402556.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bezerra</surname>
              <given-names>ALF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daibes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domenico</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Impact of Assessment of Myocardial Flow Reserve in Identifying the Cause of Chest Discomfort</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230700</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230700</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Lima R, Bezerra ALF, Daibes M, Domenico C, Lorenzo A. Clinical Impact of Assessment of Myocardial Flow Reserve in Identifying the Cause of Chest Discomfort. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(6):e20230700. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230700.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crea</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camici</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CNB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: An Update</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J.</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1101</fpage>
          <lpage>1111</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht513</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Crea F, Camici PG, Merz CNB. Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: An Update. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(17):1101-11. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht513.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gindi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorgis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Neill</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koenig</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Use of Coronary Sinus Reducer for Refractory Angina in the U.S.: A Case Series</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Revasc Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>40S</volume>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>271</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carrev.2022.01.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Gindi R, Gorgis S, Raad M, O&#8217;Neill W, Koenig G. The Use of Coronary Sinus Reducer for Refractory Angina in the U.S.: A Case Series. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2022;40S:267-71. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2022.01.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beyar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerci</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsitlik</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weisfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intermittent Coronary Sinus Occlusion after Coronary Arterial Ligation Results in Venous Retroperfusion</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res.</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>695</fpage>
          <lpage>707</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.res.65.3.695</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Beyar R, Guerci AD, Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Weisfeldt ML. Intermittent Coronary Sinus Occlusion after Coronary Arterial Ligation Results in Venous Retroperfusion. Circ Res. 1989;65(3):695-707. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.3.695.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ido</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasebe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuhashi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kikuchi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Occlusion Enhances Coronary Collateral Flow and Reduces Subendocardial Ischemia</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>H1361</fpage>
          <lpage>H1367</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.3.H1361</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Ido A, Hasebe N, Matsuhashi H, Kikuchi K. Coronary Sinus Occlusion Enhances Coronary Collateral Flow and Reduces Subendocardial Ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;280(3):H1361-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.3.H1361.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dimitriadis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iliakis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pyrpyris</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beneki</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsioufis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aznaouridis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Narrowing Therapy: A "Reducer" for Angina and Beyond</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Revasc Med.</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carrev.2023.07.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Dimitriadis K, Iliakis P, Pyrpyris N, Beneki E, Tsioufis P, Aznaouridis K, et al. Coronary Sinus Narrowing Therapy: A "Reducer" for Angina and Beyond. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2023;57:96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2023.07.008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ullrich</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olschewski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;nzel</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escaned</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gori</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Venous Pressure and Microvascular Hemodynamics in Patients with Microvascular Angina: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>979</fpage>
          <lpage>983</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2023.2566</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Ullrich H, Hammer P, Olschewski M, M&#252;nzel T, Escaned J, Gori T. Coronary Venous Pressure and Microvascular Hemodynamics in Patients with Microvascular Angina: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2023;8(10):979-83. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.2566.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer Therapy for Refractory Angina and its Role in Modern Interventional Practice: A Contemporary Review</article-title>
          <source>Interv Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <elocation-id>e11</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15420/icr.2023.45</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Cheng K, Hill JM, Silva R. Coronary Sinus Reducer Therapy for Refractory Angina and its Role in Modern Interventional Practice: A Contemporary Review. Interv Cardiol. 2024;19:e11. doi: 10.15420/icr.2023.45.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ben Muvhar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parikh</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sievert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seth</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer Stent for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina Pectoris: A Prospective, Open-Label, Multicenter, Safety Feasibility First-in-Man Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1783</fpage>
          <lpage>1789</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.061</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Banai S, Ben Muvhar S, Parikh KH, Medina A, Sievert H, Seth A, et al. Coronary Sinus Reducer Stent for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina Pectoris: A Prospective, Open-Label, Multicenter, Safety Feasibility First-in-Man Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1783-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.061.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponticelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khokhar</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leenders</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konigstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zivelonghi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agostoni</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and Efficacy of Coronary Sinus Narrowing in Chronic Refractory Angina: Insights from the RESOURCE Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>337</volume>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.05.034</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35 Ponticelli F, Khokhar AA, Leenders G, Konigstein M, Zivelonghi C, Agostoni P, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Coronary Sinus Narrowing in Chronic Refractory Angina: Insights from the RESOURCE Study. Int J Cardiol. 2021;337:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.05.034.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farjat-Pasos</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altisent</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Portillo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A-Flux: A Novel Self-Expanding Coronary Sinus Reducer for Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention.</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>e948</fpage>
          <lpage>e950</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-24-00090</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36 Farjat-Pasos JI, Puri R, Altisent OA, Giannini F, Albert G, Del Portillo J, et al. A-Flux: A Novel Self-Expanding Coronary Sinus Reducer for Refractory Angina. EuroIntervention. 2024;20(15):e948-e950. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-24-00090.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Konigstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shofti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina Pectoris-Results of the Preclinical Safety and Feasibility Study</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1274</fpage>
          <lpage>1282</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.27709</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>37 Konigstein M, Shofti R, Schwartz M, Banai S. Coronary Sinus Reducer for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina Pectoris-Results of the Preclinical Safety and Feasibility Study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;92(7):1274-82. doi: 10.1002/ccd.27709.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Konigstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyten</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verheye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Treatment for Refractory Angina with the Coronary Sinus Reducer</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention.</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1158</fpage>
          <lpage>1164</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJV9I10A196</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38 Konigstein M, Meyten N, Verheye S, Schwartz M, Banai S. Transcatheter Treatment for Refractory Angina with the Coronary Sinus Reducer. EuroIntervention. 2014;9(10):1158-64. doi: 10.4244/EIJV9I10A196.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jolicoeur</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verheye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doucet</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Novel Method to Interpret Early Phase Trials Shows How the Narrowing of the Coronary Sinus Concordantly Improves Symptoms, Functional Status and Quality of Life in Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>Heart.</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316644</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>39 Jolicoeur EM, Verheye S, Henry TD, Joseph L, Doucet S, White CJ, et al. A Novel Method to Interpret Early Phase Trials Shows How the Narrowing of the Coronary Sinus Concordantly Improves Symptoms, Functional Status and Quality of Life in Refractory Angina. Heart. 2021;107(1):41-6. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316644.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponticelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruparelia</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitomo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina: A Single-Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>792</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2018.01.251</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>40 Giannini F, Baldetti L, Ponticelli F, Ruparelia N, Mitomo S, Latib A, et al. Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina: A Single-Center Experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(8):784-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2018.01.251.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ielasi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruparelia</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponticelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First Experience with the Coronary Sinus Reducer System for the Management of Refractory Angina in Patients without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv.</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1901</fpage>
          <lpage>1903</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2017.06.062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>41 Giannini F, Baldetti L, Ielasi A, Ruparelia N, Ponticelli F, Latib A, et al. First Experience with the Coronary Sinus Reducer System for the Management of Refractory Angina in Patients without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(18):1901-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.06.062.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Konigstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bazan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Revivo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation Improves Symptoms, Ischaemia and Physical Capacity in Patients with Refractory Angina Unsuitable for Myocardial Revascularisation: A Single-Centre Experience</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e452</fpage>
          <lpage>e458</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-18-00102</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>42 Konigstein M, Bazan S, Revivo M, Banai S. Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation Improves Symptoms, Ischaemia and Physical Capacity in Patients with Refractory Angina Unsuitable for Myocardial Revascularisation: A Single-Centre Experience. EuroIntervention. 2018;14(4):e452-e458. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-18-00102.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tzanis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmisano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponticelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esposito</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of the Coronary Sinus Reducer Upon Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Refractory Angina Pectoris</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv.</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1104</fpage>
          <lpage>1108</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.28408</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>43 Tzanis G, Palmisano A, Gallone G, Ponticelli F, Baldetti L, Esposito A, et al. The Impact of the Coronary Sinus Reducer Upon Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Refractory Angina Pectoris. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;95(6):1104-8. doi: 10.1002/ccd.28408.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zivelonghi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verheye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timmers</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Kuijk</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekker</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of Coronary Sinus Reducer in Patients with Non-Revascularized Chronic Total Occlusions</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.03.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>44 Zivelonghi C, Verheye S, Timmers L, van Kuijk JP, Giannini F, Dekker M, et al. Efficacy of Coronary Sinus Reducer in Patients with Non-Revascularized Chronic Total Occlusions. Am J Cardiol. 2020;126:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.03.042.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verheye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agostoni</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindsay</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Narrowing for the Treatment of Refractory Angina: A Multicentre Prospective Open-Label Clinical Study (the REDUCER-I Study)</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention.</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>568</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-20-00873</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>45 Verheye S, Agostoni P, Giannini F, Hill JM, Jensen C, Lindsay S, et al. Coronary Sinus Narrowing for the Treatment of Refractory Angina: A Multicentre Prospective Open-Label Clinical Study (the REDUCER-I Study). EuroIntervention. 2021;17(7):561-8. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-20-00873.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hochstadt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Itach</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merdler</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghantous</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ziv-Baran</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leshno</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness of Coronary Sinus Reducer for Treatment of Refractory Angina: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2021.12.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>46 Hochstadt A, Itach T, Merdler I, Ghantous E, Ziv-Baran T, Leshno M, et al. Effectiveness of Coronary Sinus Reducer for Treatment of Refractory Angina: A Meta-Analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2022;38(3):376-83. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.12.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foley</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajkumar</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed-Jushuf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simader</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chotai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pathimagaraj</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer for the Treatment of Refractory Angina (ORBITA-COSMIC): A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet.</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>403</volume>
          <issue>10436</issue>
          <fpage>1543</fpage>
          <lpage>1553</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00256-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>47 Foley MJ, Rajkumar CA, Ahmed-Jushuf F, Simader FA, Chotai S, Pathimagaraj RH, et al. Coronary Sinus Reducer for the Treatment of Refractory Angina (ORBITA-COSMIC): A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10436):1543-53. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00256-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wechalekar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keramida</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Redistribution of Myocardial Perfusion after Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation Demonstrated by Rubidium-82 Positron Emission Tomography</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2024;</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <fpage>101803</fpage>
          <lpage>101803</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nuclcard.2024.101803</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>48 Cheng K, Tan ST, Wechalekar K, Keramida G, Silva R. Redistribution of Myocardial Perfusion after Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation Demonstrated by Rubidium-82 Positron Emission Tomography. J Nucl Cardiol. 2024;33:101803. doi: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2024.101803.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajabali</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramasamy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almajali</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papageorgiou</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Procedural Factors Influencing Successful Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation for Refractory Angina: A Single-Centre Experience</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Revasc Med</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <comment>S1553-8389(24)00744-9</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carrev.2024.11.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>49 Cheng K, Rajabali H, Tan ST, Ramasamy A, Almajali M, Papageorgiou C, et al. Procedural Factors Influencing Successful Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation for Refractory Angina: A Single-Centre Experience. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2024:S1553-8389(24)00744-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2024.11.014.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponticelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khokhar</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tzanis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guarracini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Insights Into Coronary Sinus Reducer Non-Responders</article-title>
          <source>J Invasive Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>E884</fpage>
          <lpage>E889</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25270/jic/22.00643</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>50 Ponticelli F, Khokhar AA, Albani S, Tzanis G, Gallo F, Guarracini S, et al. Insights Into Coronary Sinus Reducer Non-Responders. J Invasive Cardiol. 2021;33(11):E884-E889. doi: 10.25270/jic/22.00643.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baldetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esposito</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmisano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reducer Non-Responders: Insights and Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1667</fpage>
          <lpage>1669</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-17-00626</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>51 Baldetti L, Colombo A, Banai S, Latib A, Esposito A, Palmisano A, et al. Coronary Sinus Reducer Non-Responders: Insights and Perspectives. EuroIntervention. 2018;13(14):1667-9. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-17-00626.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Konigstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Reducer Device in Patients with Angina Pectoris: Mechanisms, Indications, and Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J.</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>925</fpage>
          <lpage>933</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx486</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>52 Konigstein M, Giannini F, Banai S. The Reducer Device in Patients with Angina Pectoris: Mechanisms, Indications, and Perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(11):925-33. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx486.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Lower Silesia Sinus Reducer Registry [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06288165">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06288165</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>53 Lower Silesia Sinus Reducer Registry [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06288165">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06288165</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Impact of Coronary Sinus Flow Reducer on Coronary Microcirculation and Myocardial Ischemia [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06266065">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06266065</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>54 Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb. Impact of Coronary Sinus Flow Reducer on Coronary Microcirculation and Myocardial Ischemia [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06266065">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06266065</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Use of the Neovasc Coronary Sinus Reducer System for the Treatment of Refractory Angina Pectoris in Patients with Angina Class 3-4 who are not Candidates for Revascularization (Reducer) [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2022</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01566175">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01566175</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>55 Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. Use of the Neovasc Coronary Sinus Reducer System for the Treatment of Refractory Angina Pectoris in Patients with Angina Class 3-4 who are not Candidates for Revascularization (Reducer) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01566175">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01566175</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Coronary sinus reducer for the treatment of refractory microvascular angina (COSIMA) [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04606459">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04606459</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>56 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Coronary sinus reducer for the treatment of refractory microvascular angina (COSIMA) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04606459">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04606459</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>IMR Evaluation in Patients with Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation (INROAD study) (INROAD) [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174572">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174572</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>57 Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca. IMR Evaluation in Patients with Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation (INROAD study) (INROAD) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174572">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174572</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B58">
        <label>58</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Shockwave Medical</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Efficacy of the Coronary Sinus Reducer in Patients with Refractory Angina II [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05102019">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05102019</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>58 Shockwave Medical. Efficacy of the Coronary Sinus Reducer in Patients with Refractory Angina II [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05102019">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05102019</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B59">
        <label>59</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Imperial College London</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation in Patients with Ischaemia and Non-Obstructed Coronary Arteries and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05492110">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05492110</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>59 Imperial College London. Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation in Patients with Ischaemia and Non-Obstructed Coronary Arteries and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05492110">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05492110</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B60">
        <label>60</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Oslo University Hospital</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Myocardial ischemia after coronary sinus reduction stent implantation (MICS-Reduce) [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-name>Bethesda</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>National Library of Medicine</publisher-loc>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 Aug 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06033495">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06033495</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>60 Oslo University Hospital. Myocardial ischemia after coronary sinus reduction stent implantation (MICS-Reduce) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06033495">https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06033495</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250139i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Sinus Reduction for the Treatment of Refractory Angina: What Have We Learned after 70 Years of the Beck Surgery?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5740-9564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ziotti</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Del Vecchio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1107-2117</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ranil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al-Lamee</surname>
            <given-names>Rasha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henry</surname>
            <given-names>Timothy D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas&#8217; NHS Foundation Trust, London &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cincinnati</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Ohio</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Sara Del Vecchio Ziotti</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 1&#186; andar, Bloco 2. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>sara.ziotti@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Timothy D. Henry: Xylocor - National PI of EXACT 2 with consulting fees; Shockwave &#8211; co-national PI of the COISRA-2 trial with consulting fees.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Rasha Al-Lamee: Speakers fees: Menarini pharmaceuticals, Abbott, Philips, Medtronic, Omniprex, Shockwave, Elixir; Advisor board: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, Philips, Shockwave, CathWorks, Elixir</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Luis Henrique Gowdak: Speakerss fees: Servier and Novartis, research support-Servier</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <label>-</label>
                <p>Ranil de Silva: Speaker and proctoring fees, and institutional research support: Shockwave Medical and abbott vascular.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>With the increasing prevalence of chronic coronary syndromes, many patients with extensive atherosclerosis experience uncontrolled angina, even while receiving optimal medical therapy. This is especially true for patients who are not suitable candidates for surgical or percutaneous revascularization. Numerous treatments have been investigated for managing angina pectoris, and in this context, the coronary sinus reducer has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. Since the 1950s, beginning with Beck's surgery, the coronary venous sinus has been a focal point of research in anti-ischemic therapies.</p>
        <p>Significant scientific advances have been made in narrowing the venous sinus in the past two decades. Thanks to technological improvements in minimally invasive procedures and better methods for assessing myocardial blood flow, a new therapeutic option has become available for patients suffering from refractory angina and, possibly, for microvascular dysfunction.</p>
        <p>In this review, we aim to examine key concepts related to angina pectoris and myocardial ischemia, highlighting the historical background, pathophysiological rationale, and technical aspects of coronary sinus reduction as a therapy for refractory angina. Additionally, we will explore the scientific evidence from recent decades, as well as identify existing gaps and outline future research directions concerning this emerging treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f7">
        <p>The evolution of coronary sinus reduction and key milestones in the treatment of refractory angina. CSR: Coronary Sinus Reducer; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association.</p>
        <attrib>Source: Author.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Refractory angina (RA) is characterized by persistent chest pain due to myocardial ischemia despite optimal medical therapy (OMT) that includes at least two or three classes of anti-anginal drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This condition typically affects patients who are not suitable candidates for surgical or percutaneous revascularization. RA can manifest across a range of conditions, including obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA), ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA), as well as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the exact prevalence rates of this condition are not well-established in Brazil, a population survey of 60,202 individuals representing the Brazilian population aged 18 years and older found a prevalence of moderate/severe angina of 4.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Europe, it is estimated that there are between 30,000 and 50,000 new cases per year, while in the United States, the prevalence ranges from 600,000 to 1.8 million patients with RA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chronic angina is a highly disabling condition that significantly reduces quality of life and is associated with increased rates of mental health disorders, such as depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It also leads to higher hospitalization rates due to ischemic symptoms, which places an additional burden on health systems. The mortality rate for patients with RA is comparable to that of individuals with non-refractory chronic coronary syndromes, estimated at around 4% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, the primary goals of therapies are to relieve ischemic symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, and enhance overall quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, researchers have searched for effective treatments for angina, particularly since experimental myocardial revascularizations began in the 1930s. In 1954, Claude Beck<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> published an experimental study involving dogs, where he evaluated the extent of ischemic areas, mortality rates, and retrograde coronary flow following the acute occlusion of a major left coronary branch (anterior descending or circumflex arteries).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This was performed in animals with and without surgical narrowing of the coronary venous sinus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1</xref>). The author found a post-infarction mortality rate of 70% in the control group, compared to only 27% in the intervention group. Additionally, in the intervention group, the extent of the infarcted area was reduced by 60% to 70%, and retrograde coronary flow was doubled in animals with a narrowed venous sinus compared to the control group.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>On the left, an illustration of the Beck I operation from his chapter in the Encyclopedia of Thoracic Surgery, Volume II, Special Part 1.9A showing the creation of partial coronary sinus occlusion. On the right, Professor Claude S. Beck (1894-1971).</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Adapted from Theruvath et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>At that time, the open technique for reducing the coronary sinus diameter by 60% to 70%, resulting in a lumen of 3 mm, was also tested in humans with obstructive CAD in a prospective observational study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The study included 137 patients followed for a period ranging from six months to five years. The mortality rate was 13% in the intervention group, while it was 30% in the control group, which refused surgery. Among the survivors, 90% reported an unblinded improvement in their angina symptoms, and there was a two-fold increase in willingness to return to work in the postoperative period compared to before the surgery. However, these benefits were noted before the advent of surgical and percutaneous revascularization techniques and the utilization of medications that can alleviate ischemic symptoms and improve long-term prognosis.</p>
        <p>More recently, investigational therapeutic strategies, including new antianginal drugs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> transmyocardial laser revascularization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> cell therapy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and external shockwave myocardial revascularization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> have been tested with different degrees of success in patients with RA. However, patients with RA are often left with no suitable treatment options,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> underscoring the urgent need for effective therapies and prompting a renewed interest in the technique of coronary venous sinus narrowing as a potential method to improve myocardial ischemia and alleviate ischemic symptoms.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary sinus reducer</title>
          <p>The coronary sinus reduces (CSR) has a mesh structure akin to an arterial stent, which is mounted on a balloon. When inflated, it adopts an hourglass shape with a central narrowing, known as the neck. The upstream end (further from the operator) has a smaller diameter than the downstream end (closer to the operator). This safety-focused design ensures the device fits the sinus well and minimizes the risk of device embolization. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2</xref> depicts the device and its position within the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics and anatomical position of the coronary venous sinus reducer in the coronary sinus.</title>
              <p>The image on the left illustrates the anatomical position in the coronary venous sinus where the device will be implanted. On the right, there is an image of the expanded mesh in the shape of an hourglass inside the sinus with its balloon catheter.</p>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Adapted from Verheye et al.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pathophysiological rationale</title>
          <p>In a healthy, non-ischemic heart, blood flow is typically greater in the subendocardial myocardium than in the subepicardial myocardium. During periods of high demand, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates vasoconstriction of the subepicardial coronary arteries, which enhances blood perfusion in the subendocardial coronary bed and improves muscle contractility. However, when there are significant obstructions in the epicardial coronary arteries, blood flow is redistributed from the subendocardium, where there is greater resistance, to the subepicardium, which has less resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As a result, the perfusion of the subendocardial region is compromised, leading to ischemia. This can cause symptoms such as angina, reduced contractility, and ventricular dysfunction, subsequently increasing the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Elevated LVEDP exerts external pressure on the subendocardial capillaries and arterioles, further increasing their vascular resistance, which worsens the perfusion deficit and intensifies ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>When the coronary venous sinus is narrowed, it retrogradely increases pressure within the venous and capillary system. This results in slight arterial vasodilation, a key factor in the reduction of subendocardial vascular resistance. This, in turn, improves ischemia, contractile function, and related symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Recent studies indicate that the CSR also has a direct impact on coronary microcirculation. In patients experiencing angina with unobstructed coronary arteries, the implantation of CSR has been demonstrated to enhance coronary flow reserve and decrease the index of microvascular resistance at the six-month mark.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Several mechanisms may contribute to changes in myocardial perfusion and microvascular resistance following CSR implantation. These mechanisms include the recruitment of collateral circulation, increased capillary recruitment and diameter, improved coronary-cardiac coupling, and neovascularization. Current research is actively exploring these mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the mechanisms of subendocardial perfusion and ischemia before and after the narrowing of the venous sinus.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pathophysiology of ischemia and contractile deficit before and after narrowing of the coronary venous sinus.</title>
              <p> A) In a non-ischemic heart, blood flow in the subendocardium is greater than in the subepicardium. During exercise, selective sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction of the subepicardial vessels causes increased subendocardial perfusion and ventricular contractility. B) In an ischemic heart due to a significant stenosis of the epicardial coronary artery, myocardial perfusion is redistributed to the subepicardial layers, reducing perfusion to the subendocardium during stress. This reduced perfusion results in ischemia, contractile deficit, and elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). C) Narrowing the coronary venous sinus leads to increased retrograde pressure in the coronary venous system, which dilates the arterioles, reduces vascular resistance in the subendocardium, and improves blood flow. LV: left ventricle; CSR: coronary sinus reducer; CV: capillary venous.</p>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Adapted from Gindi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Technical aspects</title>
          <p>The procedure is minimally invasive and performed within the venous system. It begins with an ultrasound guided venous puncture and sheath placement, typically via the right internal jugular vein. A catheter is then advanced over a guidewire into the coronary venous sinus. Mean right atrial pressure is measured, and if it is less than 15 mmHg, a coronary sinus venogram is performed to confirm suitable anatomy prior to device implantation.</p>
          <p>The currently commercially approved device by CE Mark in European Union and United Kingdom is the Neovasc Reducer (Neovasc Inc.). This device contains three radiopaque anatomical markers: one proximal and one distal to the balloon, indicating its limits, and another more proximal marker, located just outside the balloon. The distal marker helps the interventional cardiologist assess the balloon's distal position, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the coronary sinus reducer device. The figure illustrates the guide catheter with its balloon and mesh expanded in an hourglass shape and the radiopaque anatomical markers.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Adapted from Dimitriadis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The device is mounted on a balloon and is available in a single size with variable expansion capabilities. It is inflated to 10% to 20% above the reference venous diameter, requiring approximately 4 to 6 ATM of pressure. This expansion causes the balloon's ends to anchor securely in the venous endothelium, with distal and proximal ends expanding to diameters of up to 9 mm and 14 mm, respectively. The central stenotic area has a diameter of approximately 3 mm, representing about 60% to 70% of its original size (7 to 13 mm). Notably, the device should ideally be positioned 2 to 4 cm distal to the coronary sinus ostium.</p>
          <p>After implantation, a local inflammatory reaction begins, leading to endothelialization of the metal mesh at its ends, where it contacts the endothelium. This process typically occurs four to six weeks after the procedure and leads to a pressure gradient, resulting in improved ischemic symptoms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5</xref>), which shows the angiographic results before and after the CSR implantation.</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronary venous sinus angiographic image with the reducing device.</title>
              <p>The left image illustrates the coronary venous sinus before the coronary sinus reducer is implanted. The other images show the reducer's final hourglass appearance after implantation.</p>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Taken from Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250139-50139-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>To minimize the risk of thrombotic events, patients are treated with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) using acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg) and clopidogrel (75 mg) for six months after the procedure. However, it is important to note that no studies have yet compared CSR outcomes with and without DAPT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Potential complications from the procedure resemble those associated with central venous access, including bleeding, arterial puncture, cervical hematoma, and pneumothorax, which may be managed conservatively, with blood transfusion, or with chest drainage, respectively. Device-related complications are uncommon, but may include coronary venous sinus dissection, perforation, device migration, and complete occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> These issues can be promptly identified via fluoroscopy or further evaluated using computed tomography angiography. Coronary sinus dissection or perforation is generally manageable with conservative measures or minimally invasive procedures such as pericardiocentesis. Device migration may be asymptomatic or present with symptoms like chest pain and dyspnea, and is typically managed conservatively, via percutaneous retrieval, or &#8211; if these approaches fail &#8211; through surgical removal. The risk of device migration increases when the sinus diameter exceeds 13 mm or when the balloon expansion is insufficient to anchor the device to the endothelium. Although no cases of device thrombosis have been reported, the consensus among experts supports the use of DAPT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The A-Flux&#8482; system, a novel device developed by VahatiCor, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation and is not yet commercially available. The A-Flux incorporates several technical advancements over balloon-expandable systems that may enhance both safety and efficacy. It is constructed from a dense nitinol mesh and is available in four different sizes, allowing for implantation in the specific segment of the coronary sinus where the greatest therapeutic benefit is anticipated. The dense nitinol structure is designed to promote rapid flow modulation through an accelerated endothelialization response. Additionally, the delivery system enables a low, chronic outward deployment force, securing the device in place without the risk of balloon-induced coronary sinus dissection or rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As of now, neither the A-Flux&#8482; nor the Neovasc Reducer&#8482; is available in Brazil. The Neovasc Reducer&#8482; is currently undergoing an FDA-approved clinical trial in the United States.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Scientific evidence</title>
          <p>Numerous studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of various interventions in reducing the intensity and frequency of angina in the short and long term. This evidence is derived from a combination of unblinded non-randomized and blinded randomized studies.</p>
          <p>Initially, Banai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> revisited Claude Beck's concept and conducted preclinical studies in pigs with stenosis of the proximal circumflex artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> These studies examined conditions with and without ischemia using stress echocardiography. The results demonstrated a reduction in the extent and severity of the ischemic area, as assessed by dobutamine echocardiography. Additionally, the studies confirmed the feasibility and safety of the procedure. Histological analysis conducted on the animals after one to six months showed an acceptable local inflammatory response, complete endothelialization of the device, and stable neointima.</p>
          <p>The same research group published the first clinical study on catheter-based coronary sinus reduction in humans involving 15 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> This was an open-label, non-randomized clinical trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of percutaneous CSR implantation in patients with RA, classified as Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina functional class 2 or higher. The trial reported no significant adverse events during the six-month follow-up period. Efficacy was measured using the CCS class, while ischemia was assessed through dobutamine stress echocardiography and thallium positron emission tomography (PET). The mean angina class decreased significantly from 3.07 to 1.64 (p &lt; 0.001), and improvements in both the extent and severity of ischemia were noted (p = 0.004 and 0.042, respectively).</p>
          <p>Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> conducted a non-randomized study involving 23 patients and demonstrated improvements in angina, ischemia, and left ventricular contractility in patients with RA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Intervention was technically successful in 21 out of 23 patients. Statistically significant clinical benefit was documented by a reduction in the mean CCS score from 3.3 at baseline to 2.0 at six months, an increase in exercise duration from 3:16 to 5:16 min, and a reduction in the <sup>201</sup>Tl-SPECT summed stress score and summed difference (21.5&#177;10 vs.13.2&#177;9, and 11.1&#177;6 vs. 4.7&#177;4, respectively), demonstrating the importance of the technique as novel therapeutic strategy for treating patients with RA.</p>
          <p>The COSIRA trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> published in 2015, was the first randomized, placebo-controlled study that included 104 individuals with RA classified as CCS class 3 and 4, experiencing myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The study found that the device led to an improvement of at least one angina functional class in 71% of patients in the intervention group (37 out of 52) compared to 42% in the placebo group (22 out of 52) (p = 0.003). Additionally, at least two angina classes improved in 35% of the intervention group (18 out of 52) versus 15% in the placebo group (8 out of 52) (p = 0.02). While it is important to note the significant rate of improvement in the placebo group, the intervention showed a 2.4 times greater reduction in angina class compared to the control, indicating its superiority as an antianginal treatment. A post-hoc analysis of the COSIRA trial cohort also revealed improvements in quality of life and exercise tolerance within the intervention group, further supporting the effectiveness of the intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In another single-center observational study, Giannini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> evaluated 50 patients with RA and documented ischemia, focusing on angina, exercise tolerance, and quality of life at fuor4 and 12 months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> The procedure achieved a technical success rate of 100%, with no device-related adverse events reported. Among the patients, 80% experienced a reduction of at least one CCS class, and 40% experienced a reduction of at least two classes, with a mean class reduction to 1.67 &#177; 0.83 vs. 2.98 &#177; 0.52 (p &lt; 0.001) at 4-month follow-up compared to baseline. There were also significant improvements in quality of life and exercise tolerance, as measured by the six-minute walk test, along with decreased need for antianginal medications. Importantly, these improvements were sustained over time, even after the first year of follow-up.</p>
          <p>The same group further explored the symptomatic effects of CSR in patients with angina due to ANOCA in a prospective observational study involving eight patients classified as CCS angina classes 3 and 4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> The procedure was successful in all cases, and no adverse events were reported. The CCS class improved from a median of 3.0 to 1.5 (P = 0.014). After one year of follow-up, three out of five patients examined continued to show benefit. Furthermore, improvements were observed in the 6-minute walk test and the angina symptoms, as measured by the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a prospective registry study involving 48 patients with CCS 3 and 4 RA, Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> evaluated improvements in angina using the SAQ, CCS functional class, and objective assessments of angina and ischemia. These assessments included treadmill stress tests, dobutamine echocardiography, and six-minute walk tests. The findings demonstrated that 85% of patients (33 out of 39) experienced an improvement of at least one CCS functional class, while 48% (19 out of 39) saw an improvement of at least two classes. Regarding ventricular function, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) under stress increased from 51&#177;10 to 56&#177;10 (p = 0.004), and the parietal motion index improved from 1.58&#177;0.40 to 1.37&#177;0.30 (p = 0.004), indicating positive effects on ventricular function. No procedure or device-related events were reported during a mean follow-up period of 12.5 months.</p>
          <p>Subsequently, Tzanis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> conducted a study focusing on symptoms and ventricular function in 18 patients, finding a reduction in one CCS class in 84% of subjects after four months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> There were also significant improvements in left ventricular function, with increases in LVEF and reductions in left ventricular end-systolic and diastolic volumes. Notably, half of the patients had reduced LVEF at baseline, showing an even greater increase in LVEF compared to those with preserved LVEF (an increase of 11.3 for reduced LVEF versus 3.8 for preserved LVEF; p = 0.029).</p>
          <p>Further investigation into the severity of coronary obstruction was carried out by Zivelonghi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> in a retrospective multicenter study involving 205 patients, of whom 103 (50.2%) had non-revascularized coronary total occlusion (CTO). This allowed for comparing the effects of CSR in patients with and without CTO-type lesions. Initially, the CCS class was 3.0&#177;0.5 in the CTO group and 3.1&#177;0.6 in the non-CTO group (p = 0.45). At the six-month follow-up, the CCS classes improved to 1.6&#177;0.9 and 2.0&#177;1.1, respectively (p &lt; 0.01), with significantly greater improvement observed in the CTO group (1.4&#177;0.9 vs. 1.1&#177;1.0; p = 0.01). Angina improvement was observed in all territories including 70% for right coronary artery CTO (35 patients), 85% for left anterior descending artery CTO (17 patients), and 82% for circumflex artery CTO (27 patients). The conclusion was that patients with CTO lesions may respond better to CSR than non-CTO patients, regardless of the affected territory. No procedure-related complications were reported, although device embolization occurred in two cases (1%), where the device was successfully retrieved, and the procedure was completed with the implantation of a second CSR. Overall, similar adverse events were noted in both study groups, including a total of seven cardiac deaths (3.4%) and 30 additional revascularizations (14.6%) due to persistent angina.</p>
          <p>The long-term benefits of CSR were also explored in the REDUCER-I study, a multicenter, observational study with both retrospective (from the COSIRA trial) and prospective arms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> This study included 228 patients with CCS classes 2 to 4 RA of whom 180 were in the prospective arm and 48 in the retrospective arm, and it was aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of CSR and its role in improving angina severity and quality of life at a two-year follow-up. The success rate was found to be 99%. The average CCS class decreased from 2.8&#177;0.6 to 1.8&#177;0.7 after two years; at least one CCS class improved in 82% of patients, and at least two classes improved in 31% of patients. Significant increases were also observed in the six-minute walk test and the exercise duration. The non-responder rate was 24% at one year and 17% at two years. Improvements were seen in all domains measured six and twelve months after treatment. Notably, the study highlighted the sustained improvement in limiting angina from six months to two years of follow-up.</p>
          <p>The RESOURCE study represents the largest multicenter registry, evaluating CSR implantation procedures over 10 years (from 2010 to 2020).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> It included data from 658 patients with RA, of whom 89.4% had a CCS class 3 or 4. The mean follow-up for these patients was 502 days. The study assessed various outcomes, including improvements in angina, the success rate of the procedures, procedural complications, and major cardiovascular events (MACE). The intervention was successful in 96.7% of cases and suspended in 3% of cases due to inadequate anatomy or complications. Still, there were no serious events in the first 48 hours. Per-procedure complications occurred in 5.7% of procedures (38 out of 663). Among these complications, the most common were device embolization, cervical hematoma, coronary sinus dissection, disconnection of the device from the guide catheter before implantation, and coronary sinus perforation. Importantly, none of these complications resulted in per-procedure deaths or myocardial infarctions and did not lead to an increase in mortality or MACE during follow-up. The primary efficacy endpoint, which was reducing at least two CCS angina classes, was achieved in 39.7% of patients, while at least one class improvement was noted in 76.0%. The non-responder rate was 24%. The frequency of MACE was 14.6%, and the mortality rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 4.0%, 13.7%, and 23.4%, respectively. These figures are comparable to mortality rates observed in RA patients in the OPTIMIST cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a recent meta-analysis of nine studies (n=846), including one randomized placebo-controlled trial (COSIRA), Hochstadt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> demonstrated a combined efficacy of the CSR of 76% for improving symptoms in at least one CCS class of CAD and 40% for at least two classes. Additionally, the average distance walked during a six-minute walk test increased by 45.5 meters, exceeding the improvement in heart failure studies (30.1 meters). When it comes to safety, the procedure was successful in an impressive 98% of cases. Only 3% of patients experienced complications, such as sinus perforation/dissection, embolization or displacement of the device, and periprocedural infarction. Importantly, none of these complications resulted in cardiac tamponade or death, further confirming the procedure's high success rate and safety.</p>
          <p>In 2024, the highly anticipated findings of the ORBITA-COSMIC trial were published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> This landmark randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involved 51 patients and aimed to evaluate the impact of CSR on myocardial ischemia. The analysis involved quantifying myocardial blood flow via cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging under adenosine stress, conducting exercise testing, and utilizing a real-time symptom questionnaire through the study smartphone application ORBITA-app. The primary outcomes included myocardial blood flow in ischemic segments, as determined by CMR, and the primary symptom outcome was the daily number of angina episodes. The trial did not demonstrate an improvement in myocardial blood flow to ischemic segments six months after CSR implantation. However, there was a proportional improvement in endocardial compared to epicardial blood flow under stress in the CSR group and there was a difference in this effect between ischemic and non-ischemic segments. Patients in the CSR group reported fewer daily episodes of angina at the six-month follow-up beginning at around 70 days post-procedure, aligning with the timeline for device endothelialization and the formation of a pressure gradient starting six weeks after CSR implantation. For the secondary outcomes, there was an improvement in angina frequency based on the SAQ, although no statistical differences were found in quality of life and exercise tolerance. In this study, the symptoms&#8217; improvement in patients with RA was not accompanied by an overall improvement in perfusion of ischemic segments. On the other hand, there was an improvement in subendocardial perfusion within the ischemic segments, supporting the theory that the device redistributes blood flow towards the endocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> These findings have important implications for the understanding of myocardial ischemia and the potential role of CSR in its treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>The scientific evidence supporting CSR indicates it is suitable for treating angina pectoris or ischemic equivalents in patients with chronic obstructive coronary syndromes. This treatment is specifically indicated for patients with RA who have not responded to optimal medical therapy, which includes at least two or three classes of anti-anginal medications, and who have no or limited surgical or percutaneous revascularization options.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Despite the benefits observed in various clinical studies, 20 to 30% of patients may not respond positively to this treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Various factors can contribute to an unfavourable clinical response,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> including non-anginal chest pain, angina due to ischemia in the right coronary artery territory, dyspnea on exertion resulting from heart failure, and inadequate coverage of the metal structure of the device, which can lead to poor endothelialization of the device struts.</p>
          <p>Additionally, well-developed alternative myocardial venous drainage through a Thebesian network may affect outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> A biventricular pacemaker for cardiac resynchronization therapy may complicate the procedure from a technical standpoint, as its leads are positioned close to the sinus venosus ostium, increasing the risk of acute complications and potential device insertion failure. Moreover, advanced or symptomatic heart failure with elevated right atrial pressure (greater than 15 mmHg) may signal cardiac decompensation, further reducing the intervention's effectiveness. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> outlines the positive and negative factors when selecting the ideal patient who may benefit from CSR treatment.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Criteria for selecting ideal candidates for coronary sinus reducer therapy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#69A0B8">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Suitable Candidates</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Unsuitable Candidates</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Stable angina (&gt; 3 months), CCS class &#8805; 2 despite optimal medical therapy</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Non-coronary chest pain (severe valvular heart disease, heart failure, non-cardiac pain)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Evidence of reversible ischemia</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Absence of stress-induced ischemia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial ischemia at the left coronary artery territory</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial ischemia exclusively at the right coronary artery territory</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left ventricular ejection fraction &gt; 30%</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 30% or heart failure NYHA class &#8805; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean right atrial pressure or central venous pressure &lt; 15 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean right atrial pressure or central venous pressure &gt; 15 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pacemaker leads implanted in the right atrium &gt; 3 months</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pacemaker leads implanted in the right atrium &lt; 3 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac resynchronization therapy leads in the coronary sinus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Recent acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery &lt; 3 months</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Adaptado de Konigstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> CCS: <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>, NYHA: <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perspectives</title>
          <p>Previous observational studies suggest that the CSR may provide clinical benefits for patients with ANOCA and coronary microvascular dysfunction. These benefits include symptom relief and improvement of ventricular function in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced LVEF. This opens a fascinating array of potential new therapeutic options for patients suffering from non-obstructive chronic coronary syndromes and non-coronary cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
          <p>Several clinical trials listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> are currently underway, each playing a crucial role in advancing our understanding and the benefits of the CSR in different groups of patients with RA.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Current studies involving the coronary sinus reducer</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#69A0B8">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Study Name</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Country</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Type of Study</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Population</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Primary Outcomes</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">NCT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">LSSRR &#8211; Lower Silesia Sinus Reducer Registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Poland</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Observational</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with chronic disabling refractory angina pectoris (CCS classes 2-4) despite maximally tolerated anti-angina medical therapy who underwent CSR implantation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">CCS class, SAQ-7 scores, 6-MWT, and echocardiography at 1 year after the implantation of the CSR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT06288165</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Impact of Coronary Sinus Flow Reducer on Coronary Microcirculation and Myocardial Ischemia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Croatia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Interventional, single group</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with coronary artery disease and refractory angina pectoris who are ineligible for coronary revascularization</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Assessment of coronary flow reserve and index of microcirculatory resistance before and after CSR implantation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT06266065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Use of the Neovasc Coronary Sinus Reducer System for the Treatment of Refractory Angina Pectoris in Patients With Angina Class 3-4 Who Are Not Candidates for Revascularization (Reducer)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Israel</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Interventional, single group</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Symptomatic CAD with chronic refractory angina pectoris classified as CCS grade III or IV despite attempted optimal medical therapy for thirty days prior to screening<break/> Non-candidate for surgical or PCI<break/> Reversible ischemia of the center ventricular wall demonstrated by dobutamine stress echocardiography or by Thallium SPECT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">A decrease of two or more CCS grades from baseline to six-month post-procedural</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT01566175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">COSIMA: COronary SInus Reducer for the Treatment of Refractory Microvascular Angina (COSIMA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Germany</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Randomized, controlled, parallel-groups (CSR vs. OMT)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Chronic coronary syndrome (including patients with anginal equivalents) refractory angina CCS class III-IV despite guideline-directed medical therapy<break/> Evidence of reversible ischemia on non-invasive testing<break/> Evidence of microvascular disease as diagnosed invasively by at least one of the following: IMR &gt;25 and/or CFR &lt;2.0 with FFR &gt;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Proportion of patients with improvement of &#8805; 2 classes of angina by CCS six months after RSC implementation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT04606459</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">IMR Evaluation in Patients With Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation (INROAD Study)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Italy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Interventional, single group</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Chronic refractory angina to medical and interventional therapies<break/> At least one open coronary artery (excluded right coronary artery) where to performs IMR evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 20% change in IMR value at 4 months after CSR implantation compared to baseline</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT05174572</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Efficacy of the COronary SInus Reducer in Patients With Refractory Angina II (COSIRA-II)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">United States</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Interventional, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Symptomatic CAD with persistent refractory angina pectoris classified as CCS Grade III or IV despite maximally tolerated OMT<break/> Evidence of either exercise or pharmacologically induced reversible ischemia severity by stress echo, nuclear study, PET, perfusion MRI, CT perfusion, FFRCT, FFR, iFR, or other non-hyperemic tests in the distribution of the center coronary artery</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Change in total exercise duration in a modified Bruce treadmill exercise tolerance testing evaluation in the treatment arm compared to sham-control arm<break/> The rate of occurrence of a composite of death, MI, pericardial effusion requiring surgical or percutaneous intervention, device embolization, or BARC 3 or 5 bleeding evaluation in the treatment arm compared to the sham-control arm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT05102019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation in Patients With Ischaemia and Non-obstructed Coronary Arteries and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (REMEDY-PILOT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reino Unido</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Intervencionista, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por procedimento simulado (sham)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ongoing symptomatic angina, CCS Class II-IV, for &#8805;3 months despite background treatment with at least two anti-anginal drug at the maximal tolerated dose;<break/> Unobstructed coronary arteries with &#8804;30% epicardial stenoses demonstrated on coronary angiography;<break/> Circumferential subendocardial stress-induced hypoperfusion on CMR (global MPR &lt; 2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Change at 6 months post randomisation, compared to baseline, in quantitative global MPR assessed by cardiac MRI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT05492110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Myocardial Ischemia After Coronary Sinus Reduction Stent Implantation (MICS-Reduce)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Norway</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Observational</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">CAD and refractory angina</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Change in myocardial flow reserve on <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O PET/CT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NCT06033495</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>CSR: coronary sinus reducer, CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society, NYHA: New York Heart Association, SAQ-7: Seattle Angina Questionnaire - 7 items, 6-MWT: 6-minute walk distance test, CAD: coronary artery disease, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography, OMT: optimal medical therapy, IMR: index of microvascular resistance, CFR: coronary flow reserve, FFR: fractional flow reserve, echo: echocardiography, PET: positron emission tomography, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, CT: computed tomography, FFRCT: fractional flow reserve derived by computed tomography, iFR: flow reserve index, CMR: coronary microvascular resistance, MPR: myocardial perfusion reserve, MI: myocardial infarction.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Author source.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The CSR is a device inserted percutaneously through a minimally invasive procedure. It is both safe and effective for controlling ischemic symptoms in patients with RA who are not candidates for surgical or percutaneous revascularization and are receiving the best medical therapy. The device, with its proven safety and effectiveness, is thought to work by retrogradely increasing pressure in the coronary venous system, which helps improve arteriocapillary perfusion in the subendocardial myocardium.</p>
        <p>Blinded data indicate angina improvement with CSR implantation. It also enhances the quality of life for patients with no other options. However, it is crucial to note that 20 to 30% of patients may not respond to the treatment. Therefore, the procedure should be carefully indicated based on thorough clinical and anatomical assessments. Furthermore, small unblinded studies suggest that CSR may improve perfusion and angina symptoms in patients with ANOCA and coronary microvascular dysfunction and enhance myocardial contractility in heart failure cases. However, the need for further randomized, placebo-controlled studies is vital to evaluate and validate the efficacy of CSR more thoroughly and to advance our understanding of this promising treatment.</p>
        <p>Finaly, after 70 years since the first coronary sinus reduction performed the Beck&#180;s surgery, scientists have developed a minimally invasive procedure that has been successfully tested in randomized controlled trials for the treatment of angina. This procedure has recently been included in clinical guidelines. The Central Illustration represents this evolution, highlighting key milestones.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Canva app, Google Translator and ChatGPT for illustration creation and grammar corrections. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The content is available at the:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs2014.06.032</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402556</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2022.01.003</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2023.07.008</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>-</label>
            <p>doi:10.1093/eurhearttj/ehx486</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank all the authors and the studies participants for their contributions to this paper.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
