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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">k6qTR6mwSxVRggfwtS5355B</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o Combinada ao Treinamento Intervalado de Intensidade Moderada ou Alta no Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio e na Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1920-2780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Busin</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6327-1428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Tolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9759-0657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turella</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tairova</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Sergueevna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Ramiro Barcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Cl&#237;nico</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Caxias do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Caxias do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca &#8211; Centro Cl&#237;nico da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Leandro Tolfo Franzoni &#8226; UFRGS &#8211; Rua Itabora&#237;, 683. CEP 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>franzoni.esef@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250086</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O treinamento aer&#243;bico (TA), seja de intensidade moderada ou alta, &#233; amplamente utilizado na reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. A terapia por fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o (TFBM) tem demonstrado potencial para melhorar o desempenho f&#237;sico em atletas; no entanto, seus efeitos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ainda s&#227;o incertos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar se a adi&#231;&#227;o da TFBM ao TA de intensidade moderada ou alta melhora o desempenho cardiorrespirat&#243;rio ao exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o randomizado com 49 pacientes com IC (idade m&#233;dia de 62,7 anos; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%), alocados em 5 grupos: i) treinamento moderado isolado, ii) treinamento moderado + TFBM, iii) treinamento de alta intensidade isolado, iv) treinamento de alta intensidade + TFBM, e v) grupo controle. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma interven&#231;&#227;o de 10 semanas. O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiorrespirat&#243;rio foi utilizado para avaliar o VO<sub>2</sub>pico, a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria e a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio de Equa&#231;&#245;es de Estima&#231;&#227;o Generalizadas, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram observadas melhorias significativas na velocidade e na inclina&#231;&#227;o durante o teste de esfor&#231;o nos grupos submetidos ao treinamento, especialmente no grupo de alta intensidade. Este grupo apresentou maior aumento no consumo de oxig&#234;nio (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 1,80 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> &#177; 0,59 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>; p = 0,002) e melhor desempenho no tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o (velocidade: p = 0,05; inclina&#231;&#227;o: p &lt; 0,01). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos revelaram que a TFBM n&#227;o proporcionou efeitos adicionais relevantes quando combinada ao treinamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O TA, sobretudo em alta intensidade, melhora o desempenho ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC. A adi&#231;&#227;o da TFBM n&#227;o conferiu benef&#237;cios adicionais significativos neste estudo. Novos ensaios utilizando protocolos otimizados de TFBM s&#227;o recomendados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o Combinada ao Treinamento Intervalado de Intensidade Moderada ou Alta no Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio e na Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/k6qTR6mwSxVRggfwtS5355B/a0021542794b1a2fe4dc6c0a1b5d76ac8f84786c.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Treino Aer&#243;bico</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; considerada uma pandemia global, afetando aproximadamente 64,3 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com IC frequentemente apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, geralmente avaliada por meio do VO<sub>2</sub>pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (TECR) &#233; reconhecido como o padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>pico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> al&#233;m de fornecer m&#233;tricas importantes sobre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, como tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As limita&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio na IC s&#227;o frequentemente atribu&#237;das a mecanismos perif&#233;ricos, em especial &#224; capacidade comprometida de extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pelo m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse d&#233;ficit decorre de disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, contribuindo para a fadiga precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bico (TA) &#8212; seja sob a forma de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (TCIM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ou treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#8212; tem se mostrado eficaz na melhora do metabolismo mitocondrial. Al&#233;m disso, estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas direcionadas ao m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, como a terapia por fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o (TFBM), podem atuar como adjuvantes ao TCIM ou TIAI, ao potencializar a extra&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio e, consequentemente, melhorar a capacidade funcional. A TFBM tem sido proposta como um recurso para aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP e melhorar a cin&#233;tica do VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis indicam que a TFBM modula a cin&#233;tica do VO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre a aplica&#231;&#227;o da TFBM antes ou ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, sendo relatadas melhorias no VO<sub>2</sub>pico e no tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o ap&#243;s 12 semanas de uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise tamb&#233;m demonstrou efeitos positivos da TFBM sobre o desempenho muscular e a fadiga; no entanto, a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi, em geral, baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No contexto das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a TFBM n&#227;o demonstrou efic&#225;cia em melhorar agudamente a capacidade funcional de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> De modo semelhante, em indiv&#237;duos com IC, a TFBM n&#227;o apresentou efeitos significativos na melhora da capacidade funcional, embora possa influenciar positivamente a percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, os efeitos cr&#244;nicos da TFBM em pacientes com IC t&#234;m sido explorados principalmente em modelos animais, particularmente em associa&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento resistido, e n&#227;o ao TA. Esses estudos apresentaram resultados promissores, com melhorias no VO<sub>2</sub> e na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Contudo, os efeitos da TFBM combinada ao TA em pacientes com IC permanecem pouco investigados, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis obtidas por meio do TECR.</p>
      <p>Diante dessa lacuna na literatura, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar se a TFBM, combinada ao TCIM ou ao TIAI, oferece benef&#237;cios adicionais na eleva&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>pico em pacientes com IC, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TCIM ou TIAI isoladamente. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio, buscou-se analisar os efeitos da TFBM sobre outras vari&#225;veis derivadas do TECR e sobre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Nossa hip&#243;tese foi de que a combina&#231;&#227;o da TFBM ao TCIM ou TIAI proporcionaria resultados superiores em compara&#231;&#227;o aos treinamentos realizados isoladamente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o randomizado, com recrutamento por conveni&#234;ncia e inclus&#227;o mediante assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os participantes foram alocados em 5 grupos: grupo de TCIM, grupo de TIAI, grupo de TCIM associado &#224; TFBM (TCIM-TFBM), grupo de TIAI associado &#224; TFBM (TIAI-TFBM) e grupo controle (GC).</p>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido na Unidade de Medicina do Esporte do Centro Cl&#237;nico (CECLIN) da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, entre mar&#231;o de 2017 e abril de 2018. Foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 6.273.174). As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por um &#250;nico examinador, cego quanto &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o dos participantes. O estudo seguiu os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos estabelecidos nas diretrizes do <italic>International Journal of Sports Medicine</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados por meio do Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca do CECLIN. Todos os participantes foram encaminhados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No momento da triagem para o programa, os pacientes foram convidados a participar do estudo. Aqueles que recusaram a participa&#231;&#227;o no programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o ainda assim foram convidados a compor o GC.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade inclu&#237;ram: 1) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 49%; 2) idade &#8805; 18 anos; 3) classe funcional II ou III da New York Heart Association; 4) estabilidade cl&#237;nica por pelo menos 3 meses com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado; 5) aus&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses; 6) aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico ou outras condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas que afetassem a marcha; 7) n&#227;o participa&#231;&#227;o em programas estruturados de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Programa de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes encaminhados ao programa foram submetidos a uma entrevista cl&#237;nica e a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica. A aloca&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o foi feita de forma sequencial (1:1:1:1), ou seja, cada novo participante era alocado a um grupo diferente do anterior, exceto no caso do GC. A interven&#231;&#227;o teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 10 semanas, com sess&#245;es realizadas 3 vezes por semana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolos de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O protocolo de TCIM consistiu em sess&#245;es de 47 minutos, realizadas entre 70% e 75% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva (FCR). O protocolo de TIAI envolveu quatro intervalos de 4 minutos entre 90% e 95% da FCR, cada um seguido de 3 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa (caminhada leve), precedidos por aquecimento de 10 minutos a 50%-60% da FCR.</p>
        <p>A FCR foi calculada como a diferen&#231;a entre a FC m&#225;xima (obtida durante o TECR) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (mensurada antes de cada sess&#227;o).</p>
        <p>Os grupos com TFBM seguiram os mesmos protocolos de TCIM ou TIAI, com a adi&#231;&#227;o da TFBM aplicada antes de cada sess&#227;o. O regime de exerc&#237;cios foi baseado no protocolo descrito por Wisl&#248;ff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A FC foi monitorada continuamente durante as sess&#245;es com ox&#237;metro de pulso digital (NoninOnix 9500, Reino Unido), e a intensidade foi ajustada em tempo real para manter a frequ&#234;ncia dentro da zona alvo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de TFBM</title>
        <p>A TFBM foi administrada com um dispositivo laser de GaAlAs (ISO:13485, modelo 2779, Chattanooga Group &#8211; Intelect&#174; Mobile Laser, Austin, TX, EUA). A terapia com laser de baixa pot&#234;ncia (<italic>low-level laser therapy</italic>, LLLT), com comprimento de onda de 810 nm, foi aplicada bilateralmente, com contato direto e leve press&#227;o sobre a pele.</p>
        <p>Cada membro inferior recebeu irradia&#231;&#227;o em 6 pontos anat&#244;micos: vasto medial, vasto lateral, b&#237;ceps femoral, semitend&#237;neo, gastrocn&#234;mio lateral e gastrocn&#234;mio medial. Os par&#226;metros t&#233;cnicos seguiram recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e cient&#237;ficas consolidadas para melhora do desempenho e da recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, conforme descrito por Leal-Junior et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da TFBM, os participantes iniciavam a sess&#227;o de TCIM ou TIAI conforme sua aloca&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e an&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis do TECR</title>
          <p>O TECR foi realizado ap&#243;s aquecimento de 10 minutos, utilizando analisador de gases VO2000 (Medical Graphics Diagnostics Corporation, EUA) integrado &#224; esteira Super ATL 300 (Inbramed, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil). Foi utilizado um protocolo em rampa, com velocidade inicial de 3 km.h<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. A cada minuto, a velocidade aumentava 0.3 km.h<sup>-1</sup> e a inclina&#231;&#227;o 1,6%, at&#233; exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Os gases expirados foram coletados a cada 20 segundos para c&#225;lculo dos par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios. Durante o teste, foram monitoradas continuamente vari&#225;veis como press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto (VE), VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, quociente respirat&#243;rio (RER) e equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>). Esses dados foram utilizados para determinar o VO<sub>2</sub>pico, os limiares ventilat&#243;rios (LV1 e LV2) e outros marcadores metab&#243;licos e ventilat&#243;rios relevantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m foram registradas medidas de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, como tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, velocidade m&#225;xima e inclina&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima atingida.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%), enquanto os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As compara&#231;&#245;es basais foram realizadas por meio de ANOVA de uma via, com teste post-hoc de Tukey para compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas. A normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise principal, aplicaram-se Equa&#231;&#245;es de Estima&#231;&#227;o Generalizadas (GEE) para avaliar os efeitos de grupo, tempo e intera&#231;&#227;o grupo*tempo. Quando os efeitos de intera&#231;&#227;o se aproximaram da signific&#226;ncia (p &#8804; 0,10), testes post-hoc de Bonferroni foram realizados. Todos os resultados foram reportados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o (EP), e as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DM) foram acompanhadas de intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%).</p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi &#945; = 5% (p &lt; 0,05). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., EUA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Apenas 1 participante n&#227;o completou o protocolo de interven&#231;&#227;o por motivos pessoais (TIAI-TFBM, n = 9). A amostra final foi composta por 49 participantes, dos quais 67% eram do sexo masculino (n = 33; p = 0,32). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra. Observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa na m&#233;dia de idade entre os grupos TIAI-TFBM e TCIM (p = 0,04). A m&#233;dia geral de idade da amostra foi de 62,73 &#177; 10,05 anos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra para os 5 grupos do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>TCIM (n = 10)</th>
                <th>TIAI (n = 10)</th>
                <th>TCIM-TFBM (n = 10)</th>
                <th>TIAI-TFBM (n = 9)</th>
                <th>GC (n = 10)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (M/F), n</td>
                <td align="center">8/2</td>
                <td align="center">7/3</td>
                <td align="center">4/6</td>
                <td align="center">7/2</td>
                <td align="center">7/3</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">68,70 &#177; 9,97*</td>
                <td align="center">63,10 &#177; 8,22</td>
                <td align="center">62,10 &#177; 11,42</td>
                <td align="center">54,55 &#177; 7,92*</td>
                <td align="center">64,50 &#177; 8,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37,70 &#177; 7,35</td>
                <td align="center">38,70 &#177; 4,78#</td>
                <td align="center">33,90 &#177; 7,01</td>
                <td align="center">31,11 &#177; 5,60#</td>
                <td align="center">34,40 &#177; 5,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">73,49 &#177; 15,56</td>
                <td align="center">77,28 &#177; 9,49</td>
                <td align="center">67,13 &#177; 20,16</td>
                <td align="center">84,44 &#177; 12,25</td>
                <td align="center">74,66 &#177; 16,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,27 &#177; 3,94</td>
                <td align="center">28,94 &#177; 5,53</td>
                <td align="center">25,53 &#177; 6,38</td>
                <td align="center">32,03 &#177; 6,80</td>
                <td align="center">27,77 &#177; 5,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasodilatador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antiarr&#237;tmico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipolipemiante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipoglicemiante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvopatia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardiopatia dilatada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CDI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aneurisma de aorta, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marca-passo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; GC: grupo controle; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; TCIM: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada; TCIM-TFBM: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada com fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o; TIAI: grupo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade; TIAI-TFBM: grupo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade com fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis do TECR e de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio para todos os grupos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>. Os valores de p referentes ao teste de efeitos do modelo GEE est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela Suplementar 2</xref>. Os principais resultados com diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas est&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> (velocidade) e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> (inclina&#231;&#227;o). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> tamb&#233;m resume os achados principais e descreve a estrutura geral do protocolo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Velocidade nos per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o para os 5 grupos. GC: grupo controle; TCIM: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada; TCIM-TFBM: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada com fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o; TIAI: grupo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade; TIAI-TFBM: grupo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade com fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o. *indica diferen&#231;as significativas entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o dentro do mesmo grupo. # indica diferen&#231;as significativas entre grupos no mesmo ponto temporal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250086-50086-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Inclina&#231;&#227;o nos per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o para os 5 grupos. GC: grupo controle; TCIM: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada; TCIM-TFBM: grupo de TCIM associado &#224; terapia por fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o; TIAI: grupo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade; TIAI-TFBM: grupo de TIAI associado &#224; terapia por fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o. *indica diferen&#231;as significativas entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o dentro do mesmo grupo. # indica diferen&#231;as significativas entre grupos no mesmo ponto temporal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250086-50086-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Embora tenham sido observadas melhorias num&#233;ricas em vari&#225;veis como VO<sub>2</sub>pico, declive VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e declive da efici&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos para essas vari&#225;veis. Esses achados sugerem que a interven&#231;&#227;o, com ou sem a adi&#231;&#227;o da fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o produziu altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes nesses par&#226;metros do TECR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar a efetividade da TFBM quando combinada ao TCIM ou ao TIAI, bem como a avaliar se sua associa&#231;&#227;o oferece benef&#237;cios adicionais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TCIM ou TIAI isoladamente na melhora do VO<sub>2</sub>pico, de outras vari&#225;veis derivadas do TECR e da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com IC. Os principais achados est&#227;o resumidos a seguir.</p>
      <p>O principal resultado foi que todos os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram melhorias significativas na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, evidenciadas pelo aumento da velocidade e da inclina&#231;&#227;o durante o TECR. No entanto, ao comparar os grupos que receberam TFBM com aqueles que n&#227;o a receberam, n&#227;o foram observados benef&#237;cios adicionais da TFBM em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis analisadas. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o foi corroborada pela an&#225;lise post-hoc, que n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com e sem TFBM.</p>
      <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese inicial era de que a TFBM, combinada ao TCIM ou ao TIAI, proporcionaria resultados superiores em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso isolado dessas modalidades. Essa suposi&#231;&#227;o baseava-se no racional mecan&#237;stico de que a TFBM melhora a atividade mitocondrial ao promover a absor&#231;&#227;o de energia luminosa por crom&#243;foros espec&#237;ficos, estimulando vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular e aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP. Esperava-se que esses mecanismos amplificassem as adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas induzidas pelo TA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, nossos resultados n&#227;o sustentaram essa hip&#243;tese, visto que as melhorias nos desfechos relacionados &#224; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio foram semelhantes entre todos os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do uso da TFBM. Ainda assim, os benef&#237;cios observados ressaltam o valor cl&#237;nico do TA &#8212; especialmente do TIAI &#8212; no manejo da IC.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis demonstraram que a TFBM combinada ao TCIM pode levar a maiores melhorias no VO<sub>2</sub>pico e no tempo at&#233; a exaust&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TCIM isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esses achados contrastam com os nossos e podem ser explicados por diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas e populacionais. Por exemplo, Miranda et al. utilizaram uma combina&#231;&#227;o de laser, LED infravermelho e LED vermelho, com dose total de energia substancialmente maior (2040 J) e 17 pontos de irradia&#231;&#227;o, enquanto nosso estudo empregou apenas laser, com dose inferior (360 J) e 6 pontos de irradia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, enquanto Miranda et al. estudaram indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis submetidos apenas ao TCIM, nosso estudo incluiu pacientes com IC e protocolos tanto de TCIM quanto de TIAI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis, a TFBM tem demonstrado efeitos positivos sobre desempenho e fadiga, especialmente quando empregada com comprimentos de onda de 655/950 nm (60/300 J) e pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 200 mW por diodo, aplicada antes do exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora alguns desses par&#226;metros sejam semelhantes aos utilizados em nosso estudo, a literatura permanece heterog&#234;nea e a qualidade geral das evid&#234;ncias &#233; baixa, conforme demonstrado em metan&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Alguns estudos sugerem que doses mais altas de LLLT podem ser mais eficazes, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de novos ensaios &#8212; especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como pacientes com IC, onde a evid&#234;ncia ainda &#233; limitada.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos demonstraram efeitos favor&#225;veis do LLLT em modelos animais de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o LLLT tem sido associado a melhorias na capacidade funcional e em indicadores de desempenho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No entanto, em popula&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo IC, os estudos n&#227;o evidenciaram melhorias agudas na capacidade funcional quando o LLLT foi aplicado antes das avalia&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a TFBM foi aplicada antes de cada sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio ao longo de 10 semanas, mas n&#227;o foram observados efeitos adicionais, sugerindo que o volume acumulado de aplica&#231;&#245;es, por si s&#243;, pode n&#227;o ser um fator determinante nos desfechos.</p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros obtidos pelo TECR fornecem valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC, al&#233;m de oferecerem informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais sobre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, nossos resultados indicam que o TA &#8212; particularmente o TIAI sem TFBM &#8212; foi mais eficaz na melhora de par&#226;metros de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, como velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o na esteira, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TCIM associado &#224; TFBM. Esses achados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios que relataram benef&#237;cios significativos do TIAI isolado sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos observado diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas no VO<sub>2</sub>pico entre os grupos, os aumentos absolutos observados em todos os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o clinicamente relevantes. As melhorias no VO<sub>2</sub>pico relatadas neste estudo foram menores do que os 6 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> descritos por Wisl&#248;ff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, o grupo TIAI-TFBM apresentou melhora de 13,5%, superior aos 11,2% relatados para o TIAI isolado no estudo de Ulbrich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Ademais, os aumentos de VO<sub>2</sub>pico nos grupos TIAI e TIAI-TFBM superaram o limiar de 1 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, considerado clinicamente significativo para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da autonomia e da capacidade funcional nas atividades di&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas no VO<sub>2</sub>pico entre os grupos, os ganhos observados em m&#233;tricas de desempenho, como velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o, sugerem poss&#237;veis adapta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; economia de movimento. Ou seja, os participantes podem ter se tornado mais eficientes em seus movimentos, realizando tarefas de maior intensidade com igual ou menor custo metab&#243;lico. Esse tipo de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente relevante em pacientes com IC, por refletir uma melhora funcional sem sobrecarga fisiol&#243;gica adicional.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>For&#231;as e limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta diversas fortalezas. Seu delineamento &#233; aplic&#225;vel &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e gerou resultados confi&#225;veis sobre a capacidade funcional com base em m&#233;tricas derivadas do TECR &#8212; considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a examinar os efeitos da TFBM combinada a duas modalidades distintas de TA &#8212; o TCIM e o TIAI &#8212; em pacientes com IC. Ademais, trata-se, aparentemente, do primeiro estudo a empregar TFBM de forma prolongada como parte de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados in&#233;ditos contribuem para o crescente corpo de evid&#234;ncias que apoiam a TFBM como uma poss&#237;vel terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica adjuvante no manejo da IC, demonstrando que seu uso &#233; t&#227;o seguro e vi&#225;vel quanto o TA convencional isolado.</p>
        <p>No entanto, este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. Primeiramente, n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do um grupo tratado exclusivamente com TFBM, o que teria permitido isolar seus efeitos. Em segundo lugar, o tamanho amostral pode ter sido insuficiente para detectar diferen&#231;as significativas em algumas compara&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o. A aus&#234;ncia de um grupo placebo submetido aos mesmos protocolos de TA, mas sem a irradia&#231;&#227;o ativa da TFBM, constitui outra limita&#231;&#227;o, assim como o delineamento n&#227;o randomizado do estudo. Adicionalmente, este ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o foi registrado em base p&#250;blica, o que limita sua transpar&#234;ncia e reprodutibilidade. Por fim, os participantes do GC foram aqueles que recusaram participar do programa de interven&#231;&#227;o, o que introduz um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o que deve ser reconhecido.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em s&#237;ntese, nossos achados indicam que a TFBM, quando combinada ao TCIM ou ao TIAI, n&#227;o demonstrou efic&#225;cia superior na melhora dos desfechos avaliados em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TCIM ou TIAI isoladamente. Embora a TFBM tenha demonstrado benef&#237;cios potenciais em outros contextos, seu valor adicional na melhora da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, do VO<sub>2</sub>pico e de outras vari&#225;veis derivadas do TECR em pacientes com IC n&#227;o foi confirmado neste estudo.</p>
      <p>Com base no racional mecan&#237;stico da TFBM &#8212; relacionado ao est&#237;mulo do metabolismo celular e ao aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP &#8212;, recomendamos que estudos futuros explorem par&#226;metros terap&#234;uticos alternativos, como doses energ&#233;ticas mais elevadas, maior n&#250;mero de pontos de irradia&#231;&#227;o ou diferentes comprimentos de onda, a fim de avaliar de forma mais aprofundada o potencial da TFBM como interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica na IC. Pesquisas futuras poder&#227;o oferecer contribui&#231;&#245;es valiosas para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de terapias adjuvantes nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>Material suplementar 1</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 1, por favor, clique aqui.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_1.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_1.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/k6qTR6mwSxVRggfwtS5355B/a3dc5444f9e8932e76b6958a2316442feb54e3b0.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl02">
        <label>Material suplementar 2</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 2, por favor, clique aqui.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_2.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_2.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/k6qTR6mwSxVRggfwtS5355B/c67cec6f668b2b43e33394bdf0322cb133dd1aec.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Diego Busin pela Universidade Federal das Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre &#8211; P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal das Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6.273.174. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente, Leandro Tolfo Franzoni, mediante justificativa razo&#225;vel.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fnFontesdefinanciamento">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250086i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Photobiomodulation Combined with Moderate or High-Intensity Interval Training on Oxygen Consumption and Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1920-2780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Busin</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6327-1428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Tolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9759-0657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turella</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tairova</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Sergueevna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Ramiro Barcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca &#8211; Centro Cl&#237;nico da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label> Leandro Tolfo Franzoni UFRGS &#8211; Rua Itabora&#237;, 683. Postal Code 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: franzoni.esef@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <elocation-id>e20250086i</elocation-id>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Aerobic training (AT), whether moderate or high intensity, is widely employed in cardiovascular rehabilitation. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has shown potential to enhance exercise performance in athletes; however, its effects in patients with heart failure (HF) remain uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To investigate whether the addition of PBMT to moderate- or high-intensity AT improves cardiopulmonary exercise performance in individuals with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This nonrandomized clinical trial included 49 patients with HF (mean age 62.7 years; ejection fraction &lt; 40%), allocated into 5 groups: i) moderate training alone, ii) moderate training + PBMT, iii) high-intensity training alone, iv) high-intensity training + PBMT, and iv) control group. All participants underwent a 10-week intervention. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was used to assess VO<sub>2</sub>peak, ventilatory efficiency, and exercise tolerance. Statistical analysis was performed using Generalized Estimating Equations, with alpha set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Significant improvements in speed and grade during the exercise test were observed in the training groups, particularly in the high-intensity training group. This group demonstrated a greater increase in oxygen consumption (mean difference: 1.80 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> &#177; 0.59 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>; p = 0.002) and superior performance in time to exhaustion (speed: p = 0.05; grade: p &lt; 0.01). Comparisons across groups revealed that PBMT did not provide any relevant additional effects when combined with training.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> AT, especially at high intensity, enhances exercise performance in patients with HF. The addition of PBMT did not confer significant additional benefits in this study. Further trials using optimized PBMT protocols are warranted.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Photobiomodulation Combined with Moderate or High-Intensity Interval Training on Oxygen Consumption and Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Heart Failure</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250086-50086-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endurance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Low-Level Light Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is considered a global pandemic, affecting an estimated 64.3 million individuals worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with HF often experience a decline in functional capacity, typically assessed through VO<sub>2</sub>peak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is recognized as the gold standard for evaluating VO<sub>2</sub>peak,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> while also providing key metrics on exercise tolerance, including time to exhaustion, speed, and grade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Exercise limitations in HF are frequently attributed to peripheral mechanisms, particularly the impaired ability to extract oxygen from skeletal muscle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This deficit results from mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributes to early fatigue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Aerobic training (AT) &#8212; either as continuous moderate training (CMT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> or high-intensity interval training (HIIT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#8212; has proven effective in enhancing mitochondrial metabolism. In addition, therapeutic strategies targeting skeletal muscle, such as photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), may serve as adjuncts to CMT or HIIT by further improving peripheral oxygen extraction and potentially enhancing functional capacity. PBMT has been proposed to increase the production of ATP and improve VO<sub>2</sub> kinetics efficiency.</p>
        <p>Evidence in healthy individuals suggests that PBMT modulates VO<sub>2</sub> kinetics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, no significant differences have been observed between PBMT application before or after exercise sessions, with improvements reported in VO<sub>2</sub>peak and time to exhaustion following 12 weeks of use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A meta-analysis has also shown favorable effects of PBMT on muscle performance and fatigue; however, the methodological quality of the included studies was generally low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the context of cardiovascular diseases, PBMT has not demonstrated efficacy in acutely improving functional capacity in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Similarly, in individuals with HF, PBMT has not shown improvements in functional capacity, although it may positively influence perceived exertion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> To date, chronic PBMT effects in HF have primarily been explored in animal models, particularly in combination with resistance training rather than AT. These studies have shown encouraging results, including improvements in VO<sub>2</sub> and exercise tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the effects of PBMT combined with AT in patients with HF remain underexplored, particularly regarding CPET-derived parameters.</p>
        <p>Because of this gap in the literature, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether PBMT combined with CMT or HIIT offers additional benefits in increasing VO<sub>2</sub>peak in patients with HF, compared to CMT or HIIT alone. A secondary aim was to assess the effects of PBMT on other CPET-derived variables and exercise tolerance. We hypothesized that combining PBMT with CMT or HIIT would lead to superior outcomes across the assessed parameters compared to CMT or HIIT alone.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a nonrandomized clinical trial in which participants were recruited by convenience sampling and enrolled upon signing an informed consent form. Participants were allocated into 5 groups: CMT group (CMTG), HIIT group (HIITG), CMT combined with PBMT group (CMT-PBMTG), HIIT combined with PBMT group (HIIT-PBMTG), and a control group (CG).</p>
          <p>The study was conducted at the Sports Medicine Unit of the Clinical Center (CECLIN) of the Universidade de Caxias do Sul between March 2017 and April 2018. It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (approval number: 6.273.174). Assessments were performed by a single evaluator who was blinded to the group assignments. The study followed the ethical principles outlined in the <italic>International Journal of Sports Medicine</italic> guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Patients were recruited through the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program at CECLIN. All participants were referred via the Brazilian Unified Health System with a clinical diagnosis of HF. Upon referral to the program, patients were invited to participate in the study. Individuals who declined participation in the rehabilitation program were still invited to join the CG.</p>
          <p>Eligibility criteria included: 1) ejection fraction &lt; 49%; 2) age &#8805; 18 years; 3) New York Heart Association functional class II or III; 4) clinical stability for at least 3 months with optimized medical therapy; 5) no hospitalizations within the past 6 months; 6) no history of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or other neurological conditions affecting gait; 7) no participation in structured exercise programs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention program</title>
          <p>All participants referred to the program underwent a clinical interview followed by a physical assessment. They were allocated to one of the intervention groups using a sequential 1:1:1:1 allocation strategy &#8212; each new participant was assigned to a different group than the previous, with the exception of the CG. The intervention lasted for 10 weeks and was performed 3 times per week.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention protocols</title>
          <p>The CMT protocol consisted of 47-minute sessions at 70%-75% of heart rate reserve (HRR). The HIIT protocol involved four 4-minute intervals at 90%-95% of HRR, each followed by a 3-minute active rest period (light walking), preceded by a 10-minute warm-up at 50%-60% of HRR.</p>
          <p>HRR was calculated as the difference between the maximum HR (obtained during the CPET) and the resting HR (measured before each session).</p>
          <p>The PBMT groups followed the same CMT or HIIT training protocols, with the addition of PBMT applied prior to each session. The exercise regimen was based on the protocol described by Wisloff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> HR was monitored continuously during sessions using a finger pulse oximeter (NoninOnix 9500, UK), and intensity was adjusted in real time to maintain the target HR range.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PBMT protocol</title>
          <p>PBMT was administered using a GaAlAs laser device (ISO:13485, model 2779, Chattanooga Group &#8211; Intelect<sup>&#174;</sup> Mobile Laser, Austin, TX, USA). Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at a wavelength of 810 nm was applied bilaterally with direct contact and light pressure to the skin.</p>
          <p>Each lower limb received irradiation at 6 anatomical sites: vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, lateral gastrocnemius, and medial gastrocnemius. The technical parameters followed established clinical and scientific recommendations for enhancing performance and post-exercise recovery, as described by Leal-Junior et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> After PBMT application, participants proceeded with their assigned CMT or HIIT session.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and analysis</title>
          <sec>
            <title>CPET variables</title>
            <p>CPET was performed after a 10-minute warm-up using a VO2000 gas analyzer (Medical Graphics Diagnostics Corporation, USA) integrated with a Super ATL 300 treadmill (Inbramed, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil). A ramp protocol was employed, starting at 3 km.h<sup>-1</sup> without grade. Speed increased by 0.3 km.h<sup>-1</sup> and grade by 1.6% every minute, continuing until voluntary exhaustion.</p>
            <p>Expired gases were collected every 20 seconds to calculate ventilatory parameters. During the test, variables such as blood pressure, HR, minute ventilation (VE), VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and ventilatory equivalents (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) were continuously monitored. These data were used to determine VO<sub>2</sub>peak, ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), and other relevant metabolic and ventilatory markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Exercise tolerance measures, including time to exhaustion, maximum speed, and maximum grade achieved, were also recorded.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, while continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Baseline comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey&#8217;s post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality.</p>
        <p>For the main analysis, Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were applied to assess group, time, and group*time interaction effects. When interaction effects approached significance (p &#8804; 0.10), Bonferroni post-hoc tests were performed. All results were reported as mean &#177; standard error (SE), and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs were calculated.</p>
        <p>Significance level was set at &#945; = 5% (p &lt; 0.05). Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Only 1 participant did not complete the intervention protocol due to personal reasons (HIIT-PBMTG, n = 9). The final sample consisted of 49 participants, of whom 67% were men (n = 33; p = 0.32). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the sample. A significant difference in mean age was observed between the HIIT-PBMTG and CMTG groups (p = 0.04). The overall mean age of the sample was 62.73 &#177; 10.05 years.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characterization data for the 5 study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>CMTG (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>HIITG (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>CMT-PBMTG (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>HIIT-PBMTG (n = 9)</th>
                  <th>CG (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Sample characterization</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (M/F), n</td>
                  <td align="center">8/2</td>
                  <td align="center">7/3</td>
                  <td align="center">4/6</td>
                  <td align="center">7/2</td>
                  <td align="center">7/3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.70 &#177; 9.97*</td>
                  <td align="center">63.10 &#177; 8.22</td>
                  <td align="center">62.10 &#177; 11.42</td>
                  <td align="center">54.55 &#177; 7.92*</td>
                  <td align="center">64.50 &#177; 8.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.70 &#177; 7.35</td>
                  <td align="center">38.70 &#177; 4.78#</td>
                  <td align="center">33.90 &#177; 7.01</td>
                  <td align="center">31.11 &#177; 5.60#</td>
                  <td align="center">34.40 &#177; 5.37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.49 &#177; 15.56</td>
                  <td align="center">77.28 &#177; 9.49</td>
                  <td align="center">67.13 &#177; 20.16</td>
                  <td align="center">84.44 &#177; 12.25</td>
                  <td align="center">74.66 &#177; 16.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.27 &#177; 3.94</td>
                  <td align="center">28.94 &#177; 5.53</td>
                  <td align="center">25.53 &#177; 6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">32.03 &#177; 6.80</td>
                  <td align="center">27.77 &#177; 5.58</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of CVD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Drug therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulant, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasodilator, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarrhythmic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypolipidemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypoglycemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Medical conditions</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvular heart disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplasty, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myodilated cardiomyopathy, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic aneurysm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arrhythmia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF: atrial fibrillation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAD: coronary artery disease; CG: control group; CMT-PBMTG: continuous moderate-intensity training + photobiomodulation group; CMTG: continuous moderate-intensity training group; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HIIT-PBMTG: high-intensity interval training + photobiomodulation group; HIITG: high-intensity interval training group; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Mean values for CPET and exercise tolerance variables across all groups are presented in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01-en">Supplementary Table 1</xref>. p-values from the GEE model effects test are available in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02-en">Supplementary Table 2</xref>. The primary results showing statistically significant differences are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> (speed) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> (grade). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> also outlines the main findings and illustrates the overall structure of the intervention protocol.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Speed pre- and post-intervention for the 5 groups. CG: control group; CMTG: continuous moderate-intensity group; CMT-PBMTG: continuous moderate-intensity group plus photobiomodulation; HIITG: high-intensity interval training group; HIIT-PBMTG: high-intensity interval training group plus photobiomodulation. *indicates significant differences between pre- and post-intervention within the same group. # indicates significant differences between groups at the same time point.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250086-50086-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Grade pre- and post-intervention for the 5 groups. CG: control group; CMTG: continuous moderate-intensity group; CMT-PBMTG: continuous moderate-intensity group plus photobiomodulation; HIITG: high-intensity interval training group; HIIT-PBMTG: high-intensity interval training group plus photobiomodulation. *indicates significant differences between pre- and post-intervention within the same group. # indicates significant differences between groups at the same time point.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250086-50086-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p/>
        <p>Although some numerical improvements were observed in VO<sub>2</sub>peak, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for these variables. These findings suggest that the intervention, with or without photobiomodulation, did not produce meaningful changes in these CPET parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effectiveness of PBMT when combined with CMT or HIIT, and whether it provides additional benefits beyond CMT or HIIT alone in improving VO<sub>2</sub>peak, other CPET-derived variables, and exercise tolerance in individuals with HF. The main findings are summarized below.</p>
        <p>The primary result was that all intervention groups demonstrated significant improvements in exercise tolerance, as evidenced by increased speed and grade during the CPET. However, when comparing groups receiving PBMT with those that did not, no additional benefit of PBMT was observed for any of the analyzed variables. This finding was corroborated by post-hoc analysis, which revealed no significant differences between the PBMT and non-PBMT groups.</p>
        <p>Our initial hypothesis posited that PBMT combined with either CMT or HIIT would yield superior outcomes compared to CMT or HIIT alone. This assumption was grounded in the mechanistic rationale that PBMT enhances mitochondrial activity by promoting the absorption of light energy by specific chromophores, thereby stimulating intracellular signaling pathways and increasing the production of ATP. These mechanisms were expected to amplify the physiological adaptations induced by AT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nevertheless, our results did not support this hypothesis, as the improvements in exercise tolerance-related outcomes were similar across all intervention groups, regardless of PBMT use. Despite this, the observed benefits underscore the clinical value of AT &#8212; particularly HIIT &#8212; in the management of HF.</p>
        <p>Previous research in healthy individuals has shown that PBMT combined with CMT can lead to greater improvements in VO<sub>2</sub>peak and time to exhaustion compared to CMT alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> These findings contrast with our own and may be explained by several methodological and population-related differences. For example, Miranda et al. (2018) employed a combination of laser, infrared LED, and red LED with a substantially higher total energy dose (2040 J) and 17 irradiation points, whereas our study used only laser therapy at a much lower dose (360 J) and 6 irradiation points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, while Miranda et al. studied healthy subjects undergoing only CMT, our study focused on patients with HF and included both CMT and HIIT protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In healthy populations, PBMT has shown positive effects on performance and fatigue-related parameters, particularly when using wavelengths of 655/950 nm (60/300 J) and a maximum power of 200 mW per diode, with application prior to exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> While these parameters partially align with those used in our study, the literature remains heterogeneous and the overall quality of evidence is low, as indicated in a meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Some studies suggest that higher doses of LLLT may be more effective, highlighting the need for further investigation &#8212; especially in clinical populations such as patients with HF, where evidence is currently limited.</p>
        <p>Preclinical studies have demonstrated favorable effects of LLLT in rat models of HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and in healthy individuals, LLLT has been associated with improvements in functional capacity and performance indicators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> However, studies in cardiovascular disease populations, including those with HF, have not shown acute improvements in functional capacity when LLLT is applied prior to assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, PBMT was administered before each exercise session over a 10-week period, but no additional effects were observed, which suggests that the cumulative volume of applications alone may not be a determining factor in outcomes.</p>
        <p>CPET parameters not only provide diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with HF, but also offer essential insights into exercise tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In this context, our results indicate that AT &#8212; particularly HIIT not combined with PBMT &#8212; was more effective in improving exercise tolerance parameters, such as treadmill speed and grade, compared to CMT combined with PBMT. These findings are consistent with previous studies that have reported significant benefits of HIIT alone on cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise tolerance in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although we did not observe statistically significant differences in VO<sub>2</sub>peak between groups, the absolute increases observed in all intervention groups are still noteworthy from a clinical perspective. The VO<sub>2</sub>peak improvements reported in our study were smaller than the 6 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> increase reported by Wisl&#248;ff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, the HIIT-PBMT group demonstrated a 13.5% improvement, which exceeds the 11.2% reported for HIIT alone in the study by Ulbrich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Furthermore, the observed VO<sub>2</sub>peak increases in the HIIT and HIIT-PBMT groups surpass the 1 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> threshold considered clinically relevant for maintaining autonomy and daily functional capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While VO<sub>2</sub>peak did not differ significantly across groups, the improvements in performance metrics such as speed and grade suggest possible adaptations related to movement economy. In other words, participants may have become more efficient in their movements, performing higher-intensity tasks with the same or lower metabolic cost. This type of adaptation is particularly meaningful in patients with HF, as it reflects a functional improvement without additional physiological burden.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations of the study</title>
          <p>The present study has several strengths. Its design is applicable to clinical practice and produced reliable results regarding functional capacity using CPET-derived metrics &#8212; the gold standard for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of PBMT combined with 2 distinct AT modalities (CMT and HIIT) in patients with HF. Moreover, it appears to be the first to employ long-term PBMT as part of a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in this population. These novel findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting PBMT as a potential adjunctive, nonpharmacological therapy in the management of HF, demonstrating that it is as safe and feasible as conventional AT alone.</p>
          <p>Nonetheless, this study has important limitations. First, we did not include a group treated exclusively with PBMT, which would have allowed us to isolate its effects. Second, the sample size may have been insufficient to detect significant differences in some of the pre- and post-intervention comparisons. The absence of a placebo group undergoing the same AT protocols without active PBMT irradiation is another limitation, as is the nonrandomized study design. Additionally, this clinical trial was not registered, which limits its transparency and reproducibility. Finally, participants in the CG were those who declined to participate in the intervention program, introducing a potential selection bias that must be acknowledged.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, our findings indicate that PBMT, when combined with either CMT or HIIT, did not demonstrate superior efficacy in improving the evaluated outcomes compared to CMT or HIIT alone. Although PBMT has shown potential benefits in other settings, its additional value in enhancing exercise tolerance, VO<sub>2</sub>peak, and other CPET-derived variables in patients with HF was not substantiated in the present study.</p>
        <p>Based on the mechanistic rationale for PBMT&#8217;s role in enhancing cellular metabolism and production of ATP, we recommend that future studies investigate alternative therapeutic parameters, such as higher energy doses, more irradiation points, or different wavelengths, to further evaluate PBMT&#8217;s potential as a nonpharmacological intervention for HF. Such research could offer valuable insights into optimizing adjunctive therapies for this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en">
          <label>Supplementary material 1</label>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 1, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_1.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_1.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/k6qTR6mwSxVRggfwtS5355B/c67cec6f668b2b43e33394bdf0322cb133dd1aec.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl02-en">
          <label>Supplementary material 2</label>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 2, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_2.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12211/2025-0086_AO_Supplementary_table_2.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/k6qTR6mwSxVRggfwtS5355B/a3dc5444f9e8932e76b6958a2316442feb54e3b0.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral. submitted by Diego Busin, from Universidade Federal das Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre &#8211; P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal das Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 6.273.174. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author, Leandro Tolfo Franzoni.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding :</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
