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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PZHYMHy58jxpYnL9dqGtrSd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Placas Vulner&#225;veis Detectadas por TC Card&#237;aca e Risco de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio Futuro: Valor Preditivo dos Escores CAC e do &#205;ndice de Carga Inflamat&#243;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6209-1732</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;m&#252;r</surname>
            <given-names>Sefa Erdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9823-1613</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koyun</surname>
            <given-names>Emin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1120-4216</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabri</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;khan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tokat</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a University, Tokat &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Clinic</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sivas State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sivas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Clinic, Sivas State Hospital, Sivas &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label> Sefa Erdi &#214;m&#252;r Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a University, Tokat, 60250 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>sefaerdi61@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250052</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) &#233; amplamente utilizada como modalidade b&#225;sica n&#227;o invasiva para avaliar a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. O &#237;ndice de carga inflamat&#243;ria (IBI <italic>Inflammatory burden index</italic>) &#233; um indicador de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica que reflete o estado inflamat&#243;rio. Ainda &#233; dif&#237;cil determinar o alto risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) futuro em pacientes com placa detectada pela angiotomografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a efic&#225;cia dos escores de C&#225;lcio da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria (CAC) e IBI na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de IAM entre pacientes submetidos &#224; ATC para dor tor&#225;cica. Buscamos avaliar o valor preditivo individual e combinado desses &#237;ndices, determinar seus valores de corte ideais e comparar o risco de IAM entre grupos de pacientes com diferentes escores CAC e IBI. Tamb&#233;m objetivamos avaliar o papel potencial desses marcadores na identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;pacientes vulner&#225;veis&#8221; com alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu 1.235 pacientes submetidos &#224; ATC devido &#224; dor tor&#225;cica e acompanhados por 3 anos (2,8-3,4). Os pacientes foram categorizados em tr&#234;s modelos com base em seus escores CAC e IBI. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Pacientes que apresentaram IAM apresentaram escores de IBI e CAC significativamente mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem ISM. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou o escore de CAC e o IBI como preditores independentes de ISM. A an&#225;lise ROC determinou os valores de corte ideais para IBI (128) e CAC (102) na predi&#231;&#227;o de IDM. A an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier revelou um gradiente significativo no risco de IAM entre os tr&#234;s modelos, com o maior risco observado em pacientes com altos escores de IBI e CAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A combina&#231;&#227;o dos escores IBI e CAC proporciona melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para a previs&#227;o de IAM futuro (placa vulner&#225;vel) em pacientes com placa detectada por angiotomografia. Essa abordagem pode facilitar estrat&#233;gias de tratamento mais espec&#237;ficas para pacientes de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Placas Vulner&#225;veis Detectadas por TC Card&#237;aca e Risco de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio Futuro: Valor Preditivo dos Escores CAC e do &#205;ndice de Carga Inflamat&#243;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fluxograma do estudo.</attrib>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PZHYMHy58jxpYnL9dqGtrSd/920fb971369ec6dcbaaedece5262c6c467b25889.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) continua sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo. Apesar dos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas e interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a previs&#227;o precoces do IAM, particularmente em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, continuam a representar desafios significativos para os m&#233;dicos. A angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) emergiu como uma ferramenta crucial na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de placas, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o da aterosclerose coronariana, bem como a identifica&#231;&#227;o de placas vulner&#225;veis e propensas &#224; ruptura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel fundamental na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose e na desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa, levando ao IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, assistimos a uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma na medicina cardiovascular, passando de um foco exclusivo em placas vulner&#225;veis para um conceito mais abrangente de paciente vulner&#225;vel. O paciente vulner&#225;vel abrange n&#227;o apenas as caracter&#237;sticas locais da placa, mas tamb&#233;m fatores como inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e carga ateroscler&#243;tica generalizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nosso estudo explora como a combina&#231;&#227;o de marcadores sist&#234;micos, como o Escore de C&#225;lcio da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria (CAC) e o &#205;ndice de Carga Inflamat&#243;ria (IBI), pode ajudar a identificar n&#227;o apenas placas vulner&#225;veis, mas tamb&#233;m pacientes vulner&#225;veis e suscet&#237;veis a futuros eventos cardiovasculares. Biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, como a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR), foram reconhecidos como valiosos preditores de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos recentes examinaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a carga inflamat&#243;ria e o potencial para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Pesquisadores combinaram PCR e NLR para criar a medida IBI, que agora &#233; amplamente utilizada em estudos de progn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Um estudo recente encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de IBI e a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Comparado &#224; PCR e &#224; NLR, o IBI, um marcador abrangente de inflama&#231;&#227;o, pode fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais consistente da inflama&#231;&#227;o, refletir com mais precis&#227;o o estado inflamat&#243;rio do corpo, avaliar melhor a efic&#225;cia do tratamento e prever o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O Sistema de Notifica&#231;&#227;o e Dados de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria (CAD-RADS <italic>Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System</italic>) tem demonstrado que prev&#234; com precis&#227;o os principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos, definidos como angina inst&#225;vel, IAM ou morte, em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica est&#225;vel, com desempenho superior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco tradicionais, outros escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, o CAC e o sistema anterior de escore de estenose coron&#225;ria por tomografia computadorizada cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o escore CAC, uma medida bem estabelecida da carga da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, tem sido amplamente utilizado para estratificar o risco em pacientes com DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa dos escores CAC e IBI na predi&#231;&#227;o da eros&#227;o da placa, que &#233; um precursor do IM, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecida. Compreender a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses &#237;ndices e sua capacidade de prever a instabilidade da placa pode impactar significativamente na tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e o manejo do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a efic&#225;cia dos escores CAC e IBI na predi&#231;&#227;o de eros&#227;o de placa e subsequente IAM em pacientes que apresentam dor tor&#225;cica e s&#227;o submetidos &#224; angiotomografia. Ao examinar retrospectivamente esses fatores em uma grande coorte, este estudo busca fornecer insights sobre sua utilidade para aprimorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e orientar interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas no ambiente cardiol&#243;gico ambulatorial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o de coorte prospectiva foi conduzida na cl&#237;nica de cardiologia de um hospital universit&#225;rio local. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em pacientes que apresentaram angina de peito est&#225;vel ou dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e foram submetidos a ATC diagn&#243;stica entre junho de 2019 e junho de 2021. O estudo incluiu pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam angina inst&#225;vel no in&#237;cio do estudo. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, alguns pacientes desenvolveram IAM enquanto outros permaneceram livres de eventos. Todos os pacientes foram monitorados para eventos de IAM durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo. Dos 1235 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final, 283 pacientes apresentaram IAM durante o acompanhamento, enquanto 952 pacientes permaneceram livres de eventos de IAM. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo apresentaram valores iniciais de troponina dentro da faixa normal e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica em seus eletrocardiogramas sugestivos de infarto por IAM. Os tratamentos m&#233;dicos (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, terapia anti-hiperlipid&#234;mica, etc.) dos pacientes foram otimizados ap&#243;s a ATC. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram acompanhados prospectivamente para eventos de IAM at&#233; junho de 2024, resultando em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 3 (2,8-3,4) anos.</p>
        <p>As imagens ATC foram analisadas para identificar placas, com foco espec&#237;fico em les&#245;es que demonstravam estenose inferior a 50%. Entre os pacientes que apresentaram IAM durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, suas ATC basais foram avaliadas retrospectivamente para caracterizar as placas culpadas. As caracter&#237;sticas vulner&#225;veis das placas foram avaliadas sistematicamente usando crit&#233;rios estabelecidos de imagem por tomografia computadorizada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o incluiu a medi&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da atenua&#231;&#227;o da placa, com placas de baixa atenua&#231;&#227;o definidas como aquelas com &lt; 30 unidades Hounsfield. A remodela&#231;&#227;o positiva foi identificada por um &#237;ndice de remodela&#231;&#227;o superior a 1,1, calculado como a raz&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do vaso no local da placa e o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do segmento proximal normal. Outras caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco da placa que foram avaliadas inclu&#237;ram padr&#245;es de calcifica&#231;&#227;o irregulares e a presen&#231;a do sinal do anel de guardanapo (NRS). Esses marcadores de imagem por ATC validados foram analisados em conjunto com os escores CAC e IBI para fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da vulnerabilidade da placa. Todas as imagens de TC foram avaliadas independentemente por dois radiologistas cardiovasculares experientes, cegos aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, com quaisquer discrep&#226;ncias resolvidas por consenso.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, 1.436 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o; no entanto, 201 foram exclu&#237;dos devido a dados incompletos ou recusa de participa&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>), resultando em uma coorte final de estudo de 1.235 pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, m&#233;dicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes e os resultados de acompanhamento de 3 anos foram obtidos usando dados de pacientes hospitalares e banco de dados hospitalares. O estudo est&#225; em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do hospital universit&#225;rio local. A totalidade deste manuscrito foi escrita sem o uso de quaisquer tecnologias assistidas por intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA), incluindo grandes modelos de linguagem, <italic>chatbots</italic> ou criadores de imagens. Todo o conte&#250;do foi produzido exclusivamente pelos autores usando m&#233;todos tradicionais de escrita e pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos dos pacientes foram monitorados sistematicamente por meio de um protocolo abrangente de acompanhamento multimodal. Todos os pacientes inscritos foram agendados para consultas cl&#237;nicas regulares em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, onde avalia&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares detalhadas foram realizadas e documentadas. Para os pacientes que faltaram &#224;s consultas agendadas, entrevistas telef&#244;nicas estruturadas foram conduzidas com os pacientes ou seus parentes pr&#243;ximos designados, utilizando informa&#231;&#245;es de contato do banco de dados do nosso hospital. Nos casos em que os pacientes relataram eventos de IAM em outras unidades de sa&#250;de, nossa equipe de pesquisa estabeleceu comunica&#231;&#227;o direta com os cardiologistas respons&#225;veis pelo tratamento nessas institui&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, todos os eventos dos pacientes foram verificados por meio do sistema nacional de registros eletr&#244;nicos de sa&#250;de (e-Nabiz), que forneceu acesso a imagens angiogr&#225;ficas e dados cl&#237;nicos abrangentes de qualquer unidade de sa&#250;de da rede nacional. Essa abordagem multifacetada para o monitoramento do paciente, combinando acompanhamento cl&#237;nico direto, telecomunica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, consulta m&#233;dica interinstitucional e revis&#227;o centralizada de registros eletr&#244;nicos de sa&#250;de, permitiu a documenta&#231;&#227;o e a verifica&#231;&#227;o completas dos eventos de IAM, independentemente do local de ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios da Diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia foram usados para diagnosticar IAM em 13 pacientes. Pacientes que apresentaram IAM no ponto de placa indicado de acordo com o resultado da angiografia por TC (n: 283) e aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram (n: 952) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, e os pacientes foram avaliados em termos de escores IBI e CAC. Tr&#234;s sistemas de modelagem foram criados para avaliar o sucesso dos escores IBI e CAC na predi&#231;&#227;o da eros&#227;o da placa em pacientes. De acordo com esse sistema de modelagem, pacientes com altos escores CAC e IBI foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de pacientes no modelo 1. Pacientes com altos escores CAC e baixos valores IBI foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo do modelo 2. Pacientes com baixos escores IBI e CAC foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo do modelo 3. Os valores de CAC e IBI foram adicionados aos modelos como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, de acordo com o valor de corte obtido na an&#225;lise ROC. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por uma m&#233;dia de 3 (2,8-3,4) anos, de acordo com os tr&#234;s modelos, e as taxas de IM foram registradas. O escore CAD-RADS, que foi desenvolvido para padronizar os relat&#243;rios de imagens de TC coron&#225;rias, melhorar a comunica&#231;&#227;o e orientar o tratamento, foi avaliado e registrado para os pacientes. O IBI &#233; definido como o produto da PCR multiplicada pela NLR. Pacientes com qualquer doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e reumatol&#243;gica, doen&#231;a de dep&#243;sito, anemia, malignidade, idade inferior a 18 anos, acidente vascular cerebral agudo ou cr&#244;nico, qualquer doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia renal e/ou hep&#225;tica avan&#231;ada, pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infec&#231;&#227;o aguda ou cr&#244;nica, pacientes com hist&#243;rico de transfus&#227;o de sangue nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses, pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar grave e pacientes submetidos a cirurgia valvar foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Ao mesmo tempo, pacientes com estenose superior a 50% na angiotomografia n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, pois foram encaminhados diretamente para angiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame laboratorial e demogr&#225;fico</title>
        <p>Todas as amostras de sangue foram obtidas de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico imediatamente antes da angiotomografia. NT-proBNP, PCR, painel lip&#237;dico, glicemia de jejum, creatinina, troponina-I e outros par&#226;metros de rotina foram obtidos das amostras de sangue. O hemograma completo (HC) foi avaliado com um contador autom&#225;tico de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas (Coulter LH 780 Hematology Analyzer, Beckman Coulter Corp, Hialeah, Fl&#243;rida, EUA). Pacientes com n&#237;vel de glicemia de jejum &gt; 125 mg/dL, n&#237;vel de HgA1c &gt; 6,5% ou usando medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos (orais/insulina) foram considerados pacientes com DM. Pacientes com n&#237;veis de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) acima de 100 mg/dL ou usando medicamentos anti-lipid&#234;micos foram considerados pacientes hiperlipid&#234;micos (LH). O uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos ou press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica acima de 140/90 mmHg foi considerado como hipertens&#227;o (HT). DAC foi definida como estenose significativa das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, estreitamento do di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do l&#250;men superior a 50% ou evid&#234;ncia de infarto mioc&#225;rdico pr&#233;vio. Em nossa avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM, consideramos n&#227;o apenas as caracter&#237;sticas individuais da placa, mas tamb&#233;m fatores sist&#234;micos que podem contribuir para o conceito geral de &#8220;paciente vulner&#225;vel&#8221;, indiv&#237;duos com risco elevado de eventos cardiovasculares devido a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de vulnerabilidade da placa, estado inflamat&#243;rio e outros fatores sist&#234;micos. Pacientes que fumaram nos &#250;ltimos seis meses foram considerados fumantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria, avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) com aparelho de ecocardiografia Vivid E7 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound) e sonda de ultrassom MS5 (1,5-4,5 MHz) em dec&#250;bito esquerdo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi medida por dois cardiologistas experientes, utilizando o m&#233;todo de Simpson. Todos os procedimentos de CAG e ICP foram realizados com o dispositivo de angiografia Xper Allura FD-10 Modelo C Arm Detector System (Philips Medical Systems International BV, Best, Holanda). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o femoral ou radial com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins e um cateter de 6 Fr. Dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes realizaram procedimentos de ICP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o software SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens (n, %), enquanto vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) ou mediana com intervalo interquartil (mediana, IIQ) de acordo com seu padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o. Para dados param&#233;tricos que atendem &#224;s premissas necess&#225;rias (medidas de escala de intervalo/raz&#227;o com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), um teste-t de amostras independentes foi usado para comparar dois grupos independentes, enquanto ANOVA unidirecional foi empregada para comparar mais de dois grupos independentes. Ao usar ANOVA para compara&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;ltiplos grupos, a an&#225;lise post-hoc foi conduzida usando o teste de Tukey para vari&#226;ncias homog&#234;neas e o teste de Games-Howell para vari&#226;ncias n&#227;o homog&#234;neas para determinar quais grupos diferiram significativamente dos outros. Quando as premissas param&#233;tricas n&#227;o foram atendidas, o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar dois grupos independentes. O teste chi-quadrado foi utilizado para analisar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise da curva (ROC) foi usada para calcular os melhores valores de corte de CAC e IBI. O melhor valor de corte obtido da curva ROC de CAC e IBI foi tomado como o valor de corte na categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos valores de escore de IBI e CAC como altos e baixos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi realizada para determinar os preditores de IAM em todos os pacientes. As vari&#225;veis que foram significativas na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada (p &lt; 0,05) foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica s&#227;o apresentados como odds ratios (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC). A curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foi usada para examinar a diferen&#231;a nas taxas de incid&#234;ncia de IM entre os grupos, e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi determinada usando o teste Log-rank. Um P bilateral &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 1.235 pacientes submetidos &#224; ATC foi inclu&#237;do em nosso estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais b&#225;sicas, os resultados angiogr&#225;ficos e as medica&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, diabetes e hiperlipidemia foram encontradas em n&#237;veis mais elevados no grupo com IAM. Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas, colesterol LDL, triglicer&#237;deos, PCR e valores de NT-proBNP foram significativamente maiores no grupo IM do que no grupo sem IM. Os n&#237;veis de troponina foram maiores no grupo IAM como esperado. A contagem de linf&#243;citos foi maior no grupo sem IAM. Quando o valor do IBI foi examinado, foi encontrado significativamente maior no grupo com IAM do que no grupo sem IAM. CAC, uso de estatina e e/e&#8217; foram maiores no grupo IAM em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem IAM.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados demogr&#225;ficos, laboratoriais e medicamentos dos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (n: 397)</th>
                <th>Sem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (n: 952)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65,41&#177;3,24</td>
                <td align="center">64,45&#177;4,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (43,82)</td>
                <td align="center">423 (44,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,43&#177;3,22</td>
                <td align="center">26,91&#177;3,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,221</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (34,76)</td>
                <td align="center">298 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (32,99)</td>
                <td align="center">321 (33,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (34,00)</td>
                <td align="center">301 (31,61)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,017</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (35,26)</td>
                <td align="center">326 (34,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (11,83)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (11,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (31,98)</td>
                <td align="center">298 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,040</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (5,79)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (5,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD-RADS</td>
                <td align="center">2,2&#177;0,53</td>
                <td align="center">1,6&#177;0,21</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis hematol&#243;gicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">118,62&#177;12,79</td>
                <td align="center">116,63&#177;11,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01&#177;0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,99&#177;0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">138,55&#177;3,76</td>
                <td align="center">139,66&#177;2,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,50&#177;0,32</td>
                <td align="center">4,51&#177;0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">25,39&#177;2,81</td>
                <td align="center">24,59&#177;2,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">24,37&#177;3,16</td>
                <td align="center">24,51&#177;4,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH (&#181;UI/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1,44&#177;0,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,41&#177;0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">10,61&#177;3,41</td>
                <td align="center">10,53&#177;3,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,573</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">10,11&#177;3,11</td>
                <td align="center">9,28&#177;4,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,449</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> /&#956;L)</td>
                <td align="center">8,14&#177;2,44</td>
                <td align="center">3,89&#177;2,31</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> /&#956;L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11&#177;0,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,29&#177;1,94</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">1,85&#177;1,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,84&#177;1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">349,21&#177;61,23</td>
                <td align="center">328,91&#177;66,73</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">136,44 &#177; 30,8</td>
                <td align="center">125,6 &#177; 41,12</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">37,69&#177;12,41</td>
                <td align="center">42,26&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,048</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">231,81&#177;32,21</td>
                <td align="center">218,51 &#177; 27,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,039</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">52,41&#177;12,32</td>
                <td align="center">44,2&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,028</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">99,53&#177;29,36</td>
                <td align="center">57,24&#177;25,68</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">45,24&#177;9,56</td>
                <td align="center">21,42&#177;8,41</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IBI</td>
                <td align="center">326,88&#177;32,57</td>
                <td align="center">64,49&#177;15,21</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52,41&#177;2,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,51&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">35,51&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">34,42&#177;5,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,557</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMVE (g/m)</td>
                <td align="center">112,32&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">111,2&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o da DAE n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (41,81)</td>
                <td align="center">398 (41,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,783</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o CX n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (34,76)</td>
                <td align="center">342 (35,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,663</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o ACD n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (30,22)</td>
                <td align="center">296 (31,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (5,03)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (5,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,570</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CAC</td>
                <td align="center">342&#177;25,31</td>
                <td align="center">88&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">178 (44,83)</td>
                <td align="center">425 (44,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,601</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, BRA</td>
                <td align="center">123 (30,98)</td>
                <td align="center">288 (30,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">91 (22,92)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (23.10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,806</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">111 (27,95)</td>
                <td align="center">218 (22,89)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,011</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">16 (4,03)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (4,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">39 (9,82)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (10,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,779</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Valores em negrito indicam valores de p estatisticamente significativos (p&lt;0,05). IECA: Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CAC: c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; CAD-RADS: sistema de notifica&#231;&#227;o e dados de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; CX, art&#233;ria circunflexa; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IBI: &#237;ndice de carga inflamat&#243;ria; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; NT-proBNP: pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quinhentos trinta e dois pacientes (36,66%) foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de pacientes no modelo 1, 461 pacientes (31,77%) foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de pacientes no modelo 2 e 458 pacientes (31,56%) foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de pacientes no modelo 3. A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os escores IBI e CAC &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabetes e hiperlipidemia foram encontradas como sendo maiores no grupo do Modelo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos. Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas, PCR, colesterol LDL, triglicer&#237;deos, NT-proBNP e troponina foram maiores no grupo Modelo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica, as taxas de les&#227;o da DA, LCX e ACD foram semelhantes nos grupos Modelo 1 e Modelo 2, enquanto foram significativamente maiores nesses dois grupos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Modelo 3. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a rela&#231;&#227;o e/e&#8217; foi maior no grupo Modelo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de dados demogr&#225;ficos, laboratoriais e medicamentos dos modelos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>MODELO 1 (n: 532)</th>
                <th>MODELO 2 (n: 461)</th>
                <th>MODELO 3 (n: 458)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65,21&#177;1,14</td>
                <td align="center">65,25&#177;3,03</td>
                <td align="center">64,79&#177;8,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,263</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">248 (46,61)</td>
                <td align="center">210 (45,55)</td>
                <td align="center">209 (45,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,23&#177;4,22</td>
                <td align="center">28,01&#177;3,84</td>
                <td align="center">28,03&#177;4,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,367</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (32,33)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">140 (30.36)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">136 (29,69)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (30,26)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (28,63)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (29,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (31,39)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">129(27.33)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">114(24,89)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">128(24,06)</td>
                <td align="center">109(23,64)</td>
                <td align="center">107(23,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (12.21)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (12,58)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (12,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (28,95)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">132 (28,63)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">100 (21,83)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,032</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (6,57)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (6,07)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (5,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taxas de IM n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">202 (37,9)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">157 (34,05)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">38 (8,29)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD-RADS</td>
                <td align="center">2,3&#177;0,41<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,2&#177;0,39<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,12<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis hematol&#243;gicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">119,46&#177;11,83</td>
                <td align="center">117,77&#177;12,68</td>
                <td align="center">118,43&#177;14,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98&#177;0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,99&#177;0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,08&#177;0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">139,56&#177;2,86</td>
                <td align="center">137,62&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">138,18&#177;4,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,891</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,51&#177;0,34</td>
                <td align="center">4,50&#177;0,44</td>
                <td align="center">4,43&#177;0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">22,28&#177;2,95</td>
                <td align="center">21,23&#177;3,96</td>
                <td align="center">19,14&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">23,44&#177;3,16</td>
                <td align="center">22,76&#177;6,92</td>
                <td align="center">22,31&#177;5,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH(&#181;UI/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1,59&#177;0,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,55&#177;0,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,52&#177;0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">10,61&#177;2,31</td>
                <td align="center">10,69&#177;2,19</td>
                <td align="center">11,18&#177;2,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">9,81&#177;5,00</td>
                <td align="center">9,88&#177;5,47</td>
                <td align="center">9,68&#177;4,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L)</td>
                <td align="center">7,04&#177;2,45<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,20&#177;2,11<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,13&#177;2,14<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,21&#177;0,64<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,39&#177;0,94<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,42&#177;0,87<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon&#243;citos (X10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">1,57&#177;1,44</td>
                <td align="center">1,53&#177;1,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,56&#177;0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">339,27&#177;81,13<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">330,81&#177;77,63<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">329,64&#177;81,9<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">134,41 &#177; 37,8</td>
                <td align="center">123,6 &#177; 40,0</td>
                <td align="center">121,8&#177;42,74</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">38,79&#177;11,7</td>
                <td align="center">41,21&#177;10,4</td>
                <td align="center">41,17&#177;9,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">221,8&#177;31,31</td>
                <td align="center">187,5 &#177; 23,6</td>
                <td align="center">185,4 &#177; 22,4</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">47,45&#177;11,23<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">45,2&#177;9,7<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">43,8&#177;9,3<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">98,43&#177;27,46<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">56,24&#177;24,78<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">55,37&#177;23,48<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">44,21&#177;8,96<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">22,41&#177;7,41<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21,37&#177;6,99<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51,44&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">52,34&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">53,01&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMVE (g/m)</td>
                <td align="center">112,13&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">112,01&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">111,12&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">34,41&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">33,52&#177;4,01</td>
                <td align="center">33,25&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o DAE n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (41,35)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">189 (40,99)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">110 (24.01)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o CX n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (37,59)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">172(37,31)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">90 (19,65)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o ACD n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (29.13)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">142 (30,80)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">52 (11,35)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (5,63)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">22 (4,77)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,31)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">240 (45.11)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">205 (44,46)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">102 (22.27)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, BRA</td>
                <td align="center">162 (30,45)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (30,80)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (30,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">146 (27,44)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (27,76)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (26,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,739</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">152 (28,57)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">123 (26,68)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">102 (22.27)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">33 (6,20)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (5,85)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">61 (11,46)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (11,27)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (10,91)</td>
                <td align="center">0,786</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p><sup>abc</sup>Nas explica&#231;&#245;es sobrescritas, as mesmas letras mostram que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre elas, e letras diferentes mostram que h&#225; uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Valores em negrito indicam valores de p estatisticamente significativos (p&lt;0,05). IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; ALT: alanina Aminotransferase; BRA: bloqueador do Receptor da Angiotensina; AST: aspartato Aminotransferase; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; CAD-RADS: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria - sistema de notifica&#231;&#227;o e dados; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; CX: art&#233;ria Circunflexa; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico procerebral n-terminal; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise ROC determinou os valores de corte ideais para os escores IBI e CAC na predi&#231;&#227;o de IAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os par&#226;metros demonstrou os maiores n&#237;veis de sensibilidade e especificidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de IM em pacientes com escores CAC e IBI elevados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC dos escores IBI e CAC para previs&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da curva ROC dos valores de escore de c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC) e &#237;ndice de carga inflamat&#243;ria (IBI), e a combina&#231;&#227;o de CAC e IBI para prever infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemia, DAC, contagem de neutr&#243;filos, colesterol LDL, PCR, escore CAC e IBI foram determinados como preditores potenciais independentes de IAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada para identificar preditores independentes em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,234 (0,998-1,379)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,017</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,198 (0,745-1,543)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,047</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,997 (0,982-2,134)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,887 (0,996-2,245)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,032</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC</td>
                <td align="center">1,392 (1,048-1,592)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,040</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,212 (0,896-1,531)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,046</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">1,028 (0,883-1,126)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,011</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,952 (0,791-1,113)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">1,124 (0,950-1,328)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,852 (0,657-1,145)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">1,234 (0,997-1,438)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,763 (0,443-0,934)</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">1,107 (0,761-1,278)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,972 (0,752-1,129)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,192 (0,837-1,349)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,292 (0,823-1,338)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,043</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,237 (0,973-1,425)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,048</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,937 (0,738-1,173)</td>
                <td align="center">0,434</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,058 (0,871-1,135)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,039</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,932 (0,759-1,089)</td>
                <td align="center">0,537</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,473 (1,102-1,810)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,984 (0,749-1,227)</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1,342 (0,988-1,550)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,028</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,892 (0,634-0,913)</td>
                <td align="center">0,376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,627 (1,204-1,971)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,273 (1,104-1,426)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,027</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CAC</td>
                <td align="center">2,014 (1,283-2,316)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.930 (1.254-2.364)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD-RADS</td>
                <td align="center">1,539 (1,011-1,679)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.430 (1.112-1.619)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,035</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IBI</td>
                <td align="center">2.234 (1.376-2.891)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.129 (1.637-2.461)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Valores em negrito indicam valores de p estatisticamente significativos (p&lt;0,05). CAC: c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; CAD-RADS: Sistema de notifica&#231;&#227;o e dados sobre doen&#231;as arteriais coron&#225;rias; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IBI: &#237;ndice de carga inflamat&#243;ria; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em seguida, avaliamos se os escores IBI e CAC estavam incrementalmente associados ao risco de IAM em nossa coorte de acompanhamento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana de longo prazo. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram usadas para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre modelos com diferentes quest&#245;es de IBI e CAC na predi&#231;&#227;o de MACEs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Pacientes com escores IBI e CAC mais altos eram mais propensos a ter IM do que aqueles com escores IBI e CAC mais baixos (log-rank p &lt; 0,001). De acordo com nosso sistema de modelagem, uma taxa de IM significativamente maior foi encontrada no grupo Modelo 1 do que no grupo Modelo 2 e no grupo Modelo 2 do que no grupo Modelo 3 nesta coorte de acompanhamento de longo prazo. Ap&#243;s ajuste de risco, 397 (32,14%) pacientes desenvolveram IAM durante o acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Pacientes com CAC alto (&gt; 102) e IBI (&gt; 128) estavam em maior risco de IAM (P &lt; 0,001 para todos). Ap&#243;s o ajuste de risco, 202 pacientes (37,9%) apresentaram um IAM em 3 anos no grupo de pacientes do Modelo 1 (raz&#227;o de chances [OR] 1,484 [1,287-1,750]), 157 pacientes (34,05%) apresentaram um IAM em 3 anos no grupo de pacientes do Modelo 2 ([OR] 1,184 [0,867-1,340]) e 38 pacientes (8,29%) apresentaram um IAM em 3 anos no grupo de pacientes do Modelo 3 ([OR] 0,384 [0,237-0,431]).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Taxa de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de acordo com modelos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo, investigamos o valor preditivo dos escores IBI e CAC na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior risco de IM (placa vulner&#225;vel) em pacientes com placa submetidos &#224; angiotomografia por dor tor&#225;cica. Nossos achados sugerem que tanto o IBI quanto o CAC s&#227;o preditores significativos de IAM para placa vulner&#225;vel, com escores mais altos associados a risco aumentado. Esses resultados refor&#231;am a potencial utilidade desses &#237;ndices na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes de alto risco e podem auxiliar no refinamento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis elevados de neutr&#243;filos, PCR, colesterol LDL, triglicer&#237;deos, NT-proBNP e troponina observados no grupo com IAM, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem IAM, s&#227;o consistentes com o papel bem estabelecido da inflama&#231;&#227;o e do metabolismo lip&#237;dico na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose e subsequente ruptura da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os valores significativamente mais elevados de IBI no grupo com IAM refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica contribui para o desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esse achado est&#225; alinhado com pesquisas anteriores que demonstram que biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios s&#227;o poderosos preditores de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, os escores CAC mais altos no grupo IAM em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem IAM confirmam o papel da calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria como um marcador da carga da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre escores CAC mais altos e um risco aumentado de IAM foi amplamente documentada na literatura, onde &#233; frequentemente usada para estratificar pacientes em diferentes categorias de risco para eventos cardiovasculares futuros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A observa&#231;&#227;o de que os pacientes no Modelo 1 (escores IBI e CAC altos) apresentaram as maiores taxas de IAM, seguidos por aqueles no Modelo 2 e, em seguida, no Modelo 3, refor&#231;a ainda mais o uso combinado desses &#237;ndices para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aterosclerose coron&#225;ria se manifesta com o aparecimento de estrias de gordura nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e outros leitos arteriais nos est&#225;gios iniciais da vida. De fato, se sabe hoje que a aterosclerose come&#231;a durante o desenvolvimento fetal, especialmente em fetos de m&#227;es com hipercolesterolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, primeiro ocorre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, depois ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios e macr&#243;fagos leucocit&#225;rios na camada &#237;ntima, depois inflama&#231;&#227;o e, finalmente, prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas da camada m&#233;dia, resultando na forma&#231;&#227;o de uma capa fibrosa na les&#227;o gordurosa. Essa les&#227;o &#233; agora uma les&#227;o complexa irrevers&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Desde a publica&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o CAD-RADS original, v&#225;rios estudos prospectivos forneceram evid&#234;ncias que apoiam a utilidade cl&#237;nica da angiotomografia coron&#225;ria e a import&#226;ncia dos achados tomogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel. Estes incluem os estudos PROMISE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e SCOT-HEART,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> que demonstraram que a ATC &#233; clinicamente &#250;til como alternativa aos testes funcionais ou como adjuvante ao tratamento padr&#227;o. Com base nesses estudos e em m&#250;ltiplos registros, o valor progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o CAD-RADS foi validado, com escores CAD-RADS mais altos sendo associados a riscos aumentados de IM fatal e n&#227;o fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Nosso estudo corrobora esses estudos e constatou que pacientes submetidos &#224; CAD-RADS apresentaram escores mais altos.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise ROC forneceu evid&#234;ncias adicionais que corroboram a utilidade dos escores IBI e CAC como preditores de IAM. Os valores de corte identificados para IBI (128) e CAC (102) demonstraram boa sensibilidade e especificidade, sugerindo que esses &#237;ndices podem servir como marcadores confi&#225;veis para avaliar o risco de IM em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou diabetes, hiperlipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), contagem de neutr&#243;filos, colesterol LDL, PCR, escore CAC e IBI como preditores independentes de IAM, destacando a natureza multifatorial dessa condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um dos achados mais significativos do nosso estudo &#233; o valor incremental da combina&#231;&#227;o dos escores IBI e CAC na previs&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACEs) a longo prazo. A an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier mostrou um gradiente claro no risco de IAM entre os tr&#234;s modelos, com o maior risco em pacientes com altos escores IBI e CAC. Isso sugere que a integra&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios e de calcifica&#231;&#227;o pode fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente do risco cardiovascular do paciente, potencialmente orientando interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas mais personalizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de marcadores sist&#234;micos como CAC e IBI nos permite identificar n&#227;o apenas placas vulner&#225;veis individuais, mas tamb&#233;m &#8220;pacientes vulner&#225;veis&#8221; que podem estar em maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares futuros. O conceito de paciente vulner&#225;vel representa uma abordagem mais hol&#237;stica que abrange a carga ateroscler&#243;tica sist&#234;mica, o estado inflamat&#243;rio e a vulnerabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, em vez de focar em uma &#250;nica caracter&#237;stica da placa. Em um paciente com altos escores de CAC e IBI que possui m&#250;ltiplas placas n&#227;o obstrutivas, o fato de uma placa levar a IAM e outra n&#227;o &#233; provavelmente o resultado de intera&#231;&#245;es complexas entre fatores locais (fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, morfologia da placa) e fatores sist&#234;micos (inflama&#231;&#227;o, tend&#234;ncia &#224; coagula&#231;&#227;o). Portanto, o uso de CAC e IBI ajuda a definir o paciente vulner&#225;vel, em vez de apenas placas vulner&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Primeiro, o desenho retrospectivo pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, e a exclus&#227;o de pacientes com dados incompletos pode ter influenciado nossos achados. Segundo, embora a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo tenha sido relativamente grande, ela foi proveniente de um &#250;nico centro, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Estudos futuros devem ter como objetivo validar esses achados em coortes maiores e multic&#234;ntricas e explorar os potenciais benef&#237;cios de terapias direcionadas com base nos escores IBI e CAC.</p>
      <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso delineamento retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico, esses achados sugerem que a integra&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios e de calcifica&#231;&#227;o oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente do risco cardiovascular. Mais pesquisas prospectivas multic&#234;ntricas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar esses achados e explorar como esses &#237;ndices podem ser integrados &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina para melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo corrobora o uso dos escores IBI e CAC como ferramentas valiosas para a predi&#231;&#227;o de IAM em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiotomografia. Identificamos valores de corte &#243;timos de 128 para IBI e 102 para o escore CAC, o que demonstrou boa sensibilidade e especificidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos futuros de IAM. A combina&#231;&#227;o desses &#237;ndices parece melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, com pacientes com IBI e CAC elevados apresentando risco significativamente maior de IAM durante nosso per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 3 anos.</p>
      <p>Nosso sistema de tr&#234;s modelos fornece aos m&#233;dicos uma estrutura pr&#225;tica para identificar pacientes de alto risco que podem se beneficiar de monitoramento mais intensivo e interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas. Essa abordagem nos permite identificar n&#227;o apenas placas vulner&#225;veis, mas tamb&#233;m &#8220;pacientes vulner&#225;veis&#8221;, que s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis a eventos cardiovasculares na presen&#231;a de aterosclerose sist&#234;mica e inflama&#231;&#227;o, proporcionando assim uma perspectiva mais hol&#237;stica na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. Essa abordagem pode potencialmente permitir estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais personalizadas em pacientes de alto risco, particularmente aqueles com evid&#234;ncias de calcifica&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Destaques</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o dos escores IBI e CAC proporciona melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para a previs&#227;o de futuro IM (placa vulner&#225;vel) em pacientes com placa detectada por angiografia por TC.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a usar o escore CAC e o IBI juntos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O conceito de &#8220;paciente vulner&#225;vel&#8221;, incorporando as escores CAC e IBI, fornece uma abordagem mais abrangente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular do que focar apenas nas caracter&#237;sticas individuais da placa.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a &#220;niversitesi M&#252;dahale Olmayan Bilimsel Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar Etik Kurulu sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 24-MOBAEK-041. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente Sefa Erdi &#214;m&#252;r.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250052i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac CT-Detected Vulnerable Plaques and Risk of Future Acute Myocardial Infarction: Predictive Value of CAC Scores and Inflammatory Burden Index</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6209-1732</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;m&#252;r</surname>
            <given-names>Sefa Erdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9823-1613</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koyun</surname>
            <given-names>Emin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1120-4216</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabri</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;khan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a University, Tokat &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Clinic, Sivas State Hospital, Sivas &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label> Sefa Erdi &#214;m&#252;r Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a University, Tokat, 60250 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: sefaerdi61@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <elocation-id>e20250052i</elocation-id>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Computed Tomography (CT) angiography is widely used as a basic non-invasive modality to evaluate coronary artery disease. Inflammatory burden index (IBI) is a systemic inflammation indicator reflecting the inflammatory status. It is still difficult to determine the high risk of future acute myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with plaque detected by CT angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CAC scores and IBI in predicting MI risk among patients undergoing CT angiography for chest pain. We sought to assess the individual and combined predictive value of these indices, determine their optimal cut-off values, and compare MI risk across patient groups with varying CAC and IBI scores. We also aimed to evaluate the potential role of these markers in identifying &#8216;vulnerable patients&#8217; at high risk for future cardiovascular events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective study included 1235 patients who underwent CT angiography due to chest pain and were followed for 3 years (2.8-3.4). Patients were categorized into three models based on their CAC and IBI scores. The primary outcome was the occurrence of MI during the follow-up period. Statistical significance was established at p &lt; 0.05 for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Patients who experienced MI had significantly higher IBI and CAC scores compared to those without MI. Logistic regression analysis identified CAC score and IBI as independent predictors of MI. ROC analysis determined optimal cut-off values for IBI (128) and CAC (102) in predicting MI. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant gradient in MI risk across the three models, with the highest risk observed in patients with both high IBI and CAC scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The combination of IBI and CAC scores provides improved risk stratification for the prediction of future MI (vulnerable plaque) in patients with plaque detected by CT angiography. This approach may facilitate more specific treatment strategies for high-risk patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac CT-Detected Vulnerable Plaques and Risk of Future Acute Myocardial Infarction: Predictive Value of CAC Scores and Inflammatory Burden Index</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Flowchart of the study.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions, the early identification and prediction of MI, particularly in patients presenting with chest pain, continue to pose significant challenges for clinicians. Computed tomography (CT) angiography has emerged as a crucial tool in the non-invasive evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) and plaque characterization, providing valuable insights into the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis, as well as the identification of vulnerable plaques prone to rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization, leading to MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift in cardiovascular medicine from focusing solely on vulnerable plaques toward a more comprehensive vulnerable patient concept. The vulnerable patient encompasses not only local plaque characteristics but also factors such as systemic inflammation and widespread atherosclerotic burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Our study explores how the combination of systemic markers like Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CAC) and Inflammatory Burden Index (IBI) may help identify not just vulnerable plaques but also vulnerable patients susceptible to future cardiovascular events. Biomarkers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), have been recognized as valuable predictors of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recent studies have examined the relationship between inflammation burden and potential cardiovascular disease. Researchers combined CRP and NLR to create the IBI measure, which is now widely used in cancer and cerebrovascular disease prognosis studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A recent study found an association between IBI levels and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Compared with CRP and NLR, IBI, a comprehensive marker of inflammation, can provide a more consistent assessment of inflammation, more accurately reflect the inflammatory status of the body, better assess the effectiveness of treatment, and predict the prognosis of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) has been shown to accurately predict major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as unstable angina, myocardial infarction (MI), or death, in patients with stable chest pain, with superior performance compared with traditional risk factors, other risk stratification scores, the CAC, and the previous society of cardiovascular computed tomography coronary stenosis scoring system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Moreover, the CAC score, a well-established measure of atherosclerotic plaque burden, has been extensively used to stratify risk in patients with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, the relative contribution of CAC and IBI scores in predicting plaque erosion, which is a precursor to MI, remains to be fully elucidated. Understanding the relationship between these indices and their ability to predict plaque instability could significantly impact clinical decision-making and patient management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CAC and IBI scores in predicting plaque erosion and subsequent MI in patients who present with chest pain and undergo CT angiography. By examining these factors retrospectively in a large cohort, this study seeks to provide insights into their utility in improving risk stratification and guiding therapeutic interventions in the outpatient cardiology setting.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and data collection</title>
          <p>This prospective cohort investigation was conducted at the cardiology clinic of a local university hospital. The study population consisted of patients who presented with stable angina pectoris or atypical chest pain and underwent diagnostic CT angiography between June 2019 and June 2021. The study included patients who did not have unstable angina at baseline. During the follow-up period, some patients developed MI while others remained event-free. All patients were monitored for MI events throughout the study period. Of the 1235 patients included in the final analysis, 283 patients experienced MI during follow-up, while 952 patients remained free of MI events. The patients included in the study had initial troponin values within the normal range and no typical changes on their electrocardiograms suggestive of MI infarction. Medical treatments (acetylsalicylic acid, antihyperlipidemic therapy, etc.) of the patients were optimized after CT angiography. All patients included in the study were then prospectively followed for MI events until June 2024, resulting in a mean follow-up of 3 (2.8-3.4) years.</p>
          <p>CT angiographic images were analyzed to identify plaques, with specific focus on lesions demonstrating less than 50% stenosis. Among patients who experienced MI during the follow-up period, their baseline CT angiograms were retrospectively evaluated to characterize the culprit plaques. Vulnerable plaque characteristics were systematically evaluated using established computed tomography imaging criteria. The assessment included quantitative measurement of plaque attenuation, with low-attenuation plaques defined as those with &lt;30 Hounsfield units. Positive remodeling was identified by a remodeling index exceeding 1.1, calculated as the ratio of the vessel diameter at the plaque site to the reference diameter of the normal proximal segment. Additional high-risk plaque features that were evaluated included spotty calcification patterns and the presence of napkin-ring sign (NRS). These validated CT imaging markers were analyzed in conjunction with CAC scores and IBI to provide a comprehensive assessment of plaque vulnerability. All CT images were independently evaluated by two experienced cardiovascular radiologists who were blinded to the clinical outcomes, with any discrepancies resolved by consensus.</p>
          <p>Initially, 1436 patients met the inclusion criteria; however, 201 were excluded due to incomplete data or declined participation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>), resulting in a final study cohort of 1235 patients. Demographic, clinical, medical, and angiographic characteristics of the patients and 3-year follow-up results were obtained using hospital patient data and hospital database. The study complies with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local university hospital ethics committee. The entirety of this manuscript was written without the use of any artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies, including large language models, chatbots, or image creators. All content was produced solely by the authors using traditional writing and research methods.</p>
          <p/>
          <p>Patient outcomes were systematically monitored through a comprehensive, multi-modal follow-up protocol. All enrolled patients were scheduled for regular clinical visits at our institution, where detailed cardiovascular assessments were performed and documented. For patients who missed scheduled appointments, structured telephone interviews were conducted with either the patients or their designated next of kin using contact information from our hospital database. In cases where patients reported MI events at other healthcare facilities, our research team established direct communication with the treating cardiologists at those institutions. Additionally, all patient events were verified through the national electronic health records system (e-Nabiz), which provided access to angiographic images and comprehensive clinical data from any healthcare facility within the national network. This multi-faceted approach to patient monitoring, combining direct clinical follow-up, systematic telecommunication, inter-institution physician consultation, and centralized electronic health record review, enabled complete documentation and verification of MI events regardless of their occurrence location.</p>
          <p>The European Society of Cardiology Guideline criteria were used to diagnose MI in patients <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. Patients who had MI at the indicated plaque point according to the CT angiography result (n: 283) and those who did not (n: 952) were included in the study, and the patients were evaluated in terms of IBI and CAC scores. Three modeling systems were created to evaluate the success of IBI and CAC scores in predicting plaque erosion in patients. According to this modeling system, patients with high CAC and IBI scores were included in the patient group in model 1. Patients with high CAC scores and low IBI values were included in the model 2 group. Patients with low IBI and CAC scores were included in the model 3 group. CAC and IBI values were added to the models as continuous variables according to the cut-off value obtained from the ROC analysis. Patients were followed for an average of 3 (2.8-3.4) years according to three models, and MI rates were recorded. The CAD-RADS (Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System) score, which was developed to standardize coronary CT imaging reporting, improve communication, and guide treatment, was evaluated and recorded for patients. The inflammation burden index is defined as the product of CRP multiplied by NLR. Patients with any systemic inflammatory and rheumatological disease, storage disease, anemia, malignancy, age under 18, acute or chronic stroke, any hematological disease including advanced renal and/or hepatic failure, patients with a history of acute or chronic infection, patients with a history of blood transfusion within the last 3 months, patients with severe valve disease and patients who had valve surgery were excluded from the study. At the same time, patients with stenosis of more than 50% on CT angiography were not included in the study because they were sent directly for angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory and demographic examination</title>
          <p>All blood samples were obtained from peripheral venous blood immediately before CT angiography. NT-proBNP, CRP, lipid panel, fasting plasma glucose, creatinine, troponin-I, and other routine parameters were obtained from the blood samples. Complete blood count (CBC) was evaluated with an automatic blood cell counter (Coulter LH 780 Hematology Analyzer, Beckman Coulter Corp, Hialeah, Florida, USA). Patients with fasting plasma glucose level &gt; 125 mg/dL, HgA1c level &gt; 6.5% or using antidiabetic drugs (oral/insulin) were considered as DM patients. Patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels above 100 mg/dL or using antilipidemic drugs were considered hyperlipidemic (HL) patients. Use of anti-hypertensive drugs or systolic and diastolic blood pressures above 140&#8211;90 mmHg was considered as hypertension (HT). CAD was defined as significant stenosis of the coronary arteries, a narrowing of the mean lumen diameter of more than 50%, or evidence of previous myocardial incarnation. In our assessment of MI patients, we considered not only individual plaque characteristics but also systemic factors that might contribute to the overall concept of the &#8216;vulnerable patient&#8217;, individuals at elevated risk for cardiovascular events due to a combination of plaque vulnerability, inflammatory status, and other systemic factors. Patients who had smoked for the last six months were considered smokers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography, echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Before coronary angiography, all patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with Vivid E7 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound) echocardiography device and MS5 (1.5-4.5 MHz) ultrasound probe in the left decubitus position. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by two experienced cardiologists using the Simpson method. All CAG and PCI procedures were performed with Xper Allura FD-10 Model C Arm Detector System Angiography Device (Philips Medical Systems International B.V., Best, Netherlands). All patients underwent femoral or radial intervention with the standard Judkins technique and a 6 Fr catheter. Two experienced interventional cardiologists performed PCI procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The normality of data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages (n, %), while continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (mean &#177; SD) or median with interquartile range (median, IQR) according to their distribution pattern. For parametric data meeting required assumptions (interval/ratio scale measurements with normal distribution), an independent samples t-test was used for comparing two independent groups, while one-way ANOVA was employed for comparing more than two independent groups. When using ANOVA for multiple group comparisons, post-hoc analysis was conducted using Tukey&#8217;s test for homogeneous variances and Games-Howell test for non-homogeneous variances to determine which groups differed significantly from others. When parametric assumptions were not met, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparing two independent groups. Chi-square test was utilized for analyzing categorical variables. (ROC) Curve analysis was used to calculate the best cut-off values of CAC and IBI. The best cut-off value obtained from the ROC curve of CAC and IBI was taken as the cut-off value in categorizing IBI and CAC score values as high and low. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of MI infarction in all patients. Variables that were significant in univariate logistic regression analysis (p&lt;0.05) were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results of logistic regression analysis are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to examine the difference in MI incidence rates between groups, and statistical significance was determined using the Log-rank test. A two-sided p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 1235 patients who underwent CT angiography was included in our study. The basic demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics, angiographic results, and medications of the patients included in the study are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Coronary artery disease, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were found to be higher in the group with MI. Neutrophil count, platelet, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, and NT-proBNP values were significantly higher in the MI group than in the non-MI group. Troponin levels were higher in the MI group as expected. The lymphocyte count was higher in the group without MI. When the IBI value was examined, it was found to be significantly higher in the group with MI than in the group without MI. CAC, statin use, and e/e&#8217; were higher in the MI group compared to the non-MI group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of demographics, laboratory, and drug medications of the groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Myocardial infarction (n: 397)</th>
                  <th>No myocardial infarction (n: 952)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.41&#177;3.24</td>
                  <td align="center">64.45&#177;4.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (43.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">423 (44.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.43&#177;3.22</td>
                  <td align="center">26.91&#177;3.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (34.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (32.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">321 (33.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (34.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">301 (31.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.017</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (35.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">326 (34.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (11.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (11.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (31.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.040</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (5.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (5.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD-RADS</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2&#177;0.53</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6&#177;0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hematological variables</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting Glucose(mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">118.62&#177;12.79</td>
                  <td align="center">116.63&#177;11.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.829</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01&#177;0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99&#177;0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">138.55&#177;3.76</td>
                  <td align="center">139.66&#177;2.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.873</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.50&#177;0.32</td>
                  <td align="center">4.51&#177;0.34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.499</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.39&#177;2.81</td>
                  <td align="center">24.59&#177;2.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.553</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.37&#177;3.16</td>
                  <td align="center">24.51&#177;4.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.359</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH(&#181;IU/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.44&#177;0.32</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41&#177;0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.61&#177;3.41</td>
                  <td align="center">10.53&#177;3.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.573</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC count (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.11&#177;3.11</td>
                  <td align="center">9.28&#177;4.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.449</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> /&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.14&#177;2.44</td>
                  <td align="center">3.89&#177;2.31</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymp. count (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> /&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11&#177;0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29&#177;1.94</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte (X10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85&#177;1.51</td>
                  <td align="center">1.84&#177;1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">349.21&#177;61.23</td>
                  <td align="center">328.91&#177;66.73</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">136.44 &#177; 30.8</td>
                  <td align="center">125.6 &#177; 41.12</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol(mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.69&#177;12.41</td>
                  <td align="center">42.26&#177;10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.048</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">231.81&#177;32.21</td>
                  <td align="center">218.51 &#177; 27.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.039</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.41&#177;12.32</td>
                  <td align="center">44.2&#177;10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.028</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.53&#177;29.36</td>
                  <td align="center">57.24&#177;25.68</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.24&#177;9.56</td>
                  <td align="center">21.42&#177;8.41</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IBI</td>
                  <td align="center">326.88&#177;32.57</td>
                  <td align="center">64.49&#177;15.21</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic Findings</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.41&#177;2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">52.51&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA size (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.51&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">34.42&#177;5.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVMI (g/m)</td>
                  <td align="center">112.32&#177;2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">111.2&#177;3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Angiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD lesion n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (41.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">398 (41.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.783</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CX lesion n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (34.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">342 (35.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.663</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA lesion n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (30.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (31.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.239</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three vessel disease n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (5.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (5.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAC score</td>
                  <td align="center">342&#177;25.31</td>
                  <td align="center">88&#177;12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (44.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">425 (44.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE I, ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (30.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">288 (30.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (22.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (23.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.806</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (27.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (22.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.011</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (4.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (4.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.347</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (9.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (10.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.779</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Bold values indicate statistically significant p values (p&lt;0.05). ACE I: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; AST: aspartate Aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CAC: coronary artery calcium; CAD: coronary artery disease; CAD-RADS: coronary artery disease-reporting and data system; CRP: C-Reactive protein; CX: circumflex artery; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IBI: inflammatory burden index; LA:,lLeft atrium; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PAD: peripheral artery disease; RCA: right coronary artery; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; WBC: white blood cell.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Five hundred and thirty-two patients (36.66%) were included in the patient group in model 1, 461 patients (31.77%) were included in the patient group in model 2, and 458 patients (31.56%) were included in the patient group in model 3. Classification of patients according to IBI and CAC scores is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Coronary artery disease, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were found to be higher in the Model 1 group compared to the other two groups. Neutrophil count, platelet, CRP, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NT-proBNP, and troponin were found to be higher in the Model 1 group compared to the other two groups. In the angiographic evaluation, LAD, LCX, and RCA lesion rates were similar in the Model 1 and Model 2 groups, while they were found to be significantly higher in these two groups compared to the Model 3 group. In the echocardiographic evaluation, e/e&#8217; was found to be higher in the Model 1 group compared to the other two groups. The use of acetylsalicylic acid and statins in drug medication was found to be lower in the Model 3 group compared to the other two groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of demographics, laboratory, and drug medications of the models</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>MODEL 1 (n: 532)</th>
                  <th>MODEL 2 (n: 461)</th>
                  <th>MODEL 3 (n: 458)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.21&#177;1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">65.25&#177;3.03</td>
                  <td align="center">64.79&#177;8.68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.263</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">248 (46.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (45.55)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (45.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.429</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.23&#177;4.22</td>
                  <td align="center">28.01&#177;3.84</td>
                  <td align="center">28.03&#177;4.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.367</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (32.33)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">140 (30.36)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">136 (29.69)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (30.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (28.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (29.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (31.39)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">129(27.33)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">114(24.89)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128(24.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">109(23.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">107(23.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (12.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (12.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (12.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.243</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (28.95)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">132 (28.63)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">100 (21.83)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (6.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (6.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (5.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI rates n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (37.9)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">157 (34.05)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">38 (8.29)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD-RADS</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3&#177;0.41<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.2&#177;0.39<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.12<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hematological variables</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting Glucose(mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">119.46&#177;11.83</td>
                  <td align="center">117.77&#177;12.68</td>
                  <td align="center">118.43&#177;14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98&#177;0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99&#177;0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08&#177;0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">139.56&#177;2.86</td>
                  <td align="center">137.62&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">138.18&#177;4.58</td>
                  <td align="center">0.891</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.51&#177;0.34</td>
                  <td align="center">4.50&#177;0.44</td>
                  <td align="center">4.43&#177;0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.493</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.28&#177;2.95</td>
                  <td align="center">21.23&#177;3.96</td>
                  <td align="center">19.14&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.44&#177;3.16</td>
                  <td align="center">22.76&#177;6.92</td>
                  <td align="center">22.31&#177;5.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH(&#181;IU/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59&#177;0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">1.55&#177;0.34</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52&#177;0.44</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.61&#177;2.31</td>
                  <td align="center">10.69&#177;2.19</td>
                  <td align="center">11.18&#177;2.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC count (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.81&#177;5.00</td>
                  <td align="center">9.88&#177;5.47</td>
                  <td align="center">9.68&#177;4.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> /&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.04&#177;2.45<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.20&#177;2.11<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.13&#177;2.14<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte count (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> /&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21&#177;0.64<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.39&#177;0.94<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.42&#177;0.87<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte (X10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57&#177;1.44</td>
                  <td align="center">1.53&#177;1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">1.56&#177;0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">339.27&#177;81.13<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">330.81&#177;77.63<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">329.64&#177;81.9<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">134.41 &#177; 37.8</td>
                  <td align="center">123.6 &#177; 40.0</td>
                  <td align="center">121.8&#177;42.74</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol(mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.79&#177;11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">41.21&#177;10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">41.17&#177;9.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">221.8&#177;31.31</td>
                  <td align="center">187.5 &#177; 23.6</td>
                  <td align="center">185.4 &#177; 22.4</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.45&#177;11.23<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">45.2&#177;9.7<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">43.8&#177;9.3<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.43&#177;27.46<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">56.24&#177;24.78<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">55.37&#177;23.48<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.21&#177;8.96<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">22.41&#177;7.41<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">21.37&#177;6.99<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic Findings</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.44&#177;2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">52.34&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">53.01&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.428</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVMI (g/m)</td>
                  <td align="center">112.13&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">112.01&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">111.12&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.559</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA size (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.41&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">33.52&#177;4.01</td>
                  <td align="center">33.25&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Angiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD lesion n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (41.35)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">189 (40.99)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">110 (24.01)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CX lesion n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (37.59)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">172(37.31)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">90 (19.65)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA lesion n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (29.13)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">142 (30.80)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11.35)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three vessel disease n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (5.63)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">22 (4.77)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.31)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">240 (45.11)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">205 (44.46)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">102 (22.27)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI, ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (30.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (30.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (30.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (27.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (27.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (26.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.739</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (28.57)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">123 (26.68)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">102 (22.27)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (6.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (5.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (11.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (10.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.786</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p><sup>a,b,c</sup> In Superscript explanations, the same letters show that there is no statistically significant difference between them, and different letters show that there is a statistically significant difference. Bold values indicate statistically significant p values (p&lt;0.05). ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine Aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin Receptor Blocker; AST: aspartate Aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CAD-RADS: coronary artery disease-reporting and data system; CRP: C-Reactive protein; CX: circumflex artery; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LA: left atrium; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; MI: myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PAD: peripheral artery disease; RCA: right coronary artery; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; WBC: white blood cell.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ROC analysis determined the optimal cut-off values for IBI and CAC scores in predicting MI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The combination of both parameters demonstrated the highest levels of sensitivity and specificity in predicting MI in patients with elevated CAC and IBI scores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curves of IBI and CAC scores for predicting myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve analysis of Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score and Inflammatory burden index (IBI) values, and the combination of CAC and IBI to predict myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In multivariate logistic regression analysis, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, CAD, neutrophil count, LDL cholesterol, CRP, CAC score, and IBI were determined to be independent potential predictors of MI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate regression analysis to identify independent predictors in myocardial infarction patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Odds Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-Value</th>
                  <th>Odds Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.234 (0.998-1.379)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.017</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.198 (0.745-1.543)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.047</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.997 (0.982-2.134)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.887 (0.996-2.245)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.392 (1.048-1.592)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.040</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.212 (0.896-1.531)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.046</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin use</td>
                  <td align="center">1.028 (0.883-1.126)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.011</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.952 (0.791-1.113)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.124 (0.950-1.328)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.852 (0.657-1.145)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymp. Count (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.234 (0.997-1.438)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.763 (0.443-0.934)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (x1<sup>03</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.107 (0.761-1.278)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.972 (0.752-1.129)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.192 (0.837-1.349)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.292 (0.823-1.338)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.043</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.237 (0.973-1.425)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.048</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.937 (0.738-1.173)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.434</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.058 (0.871-1.135)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.039</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.932 (0.759-1.089)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.537</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.473 (1.102-1.810)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.984 (0.749-1.227)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.342 (0.988-1.550)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.028</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.892 (0.634-0.913)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.376</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.627 (1.204-1.971)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.273 (1.104-1.426)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.027</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAC score</td>
                  <td align="center">2.014 (1.283-2.316)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.930 (1.254-2.364)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.018</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD-RADS</td>
                  <td align="center">1.539 (1.011-1.679)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.430 (1.112-1.619)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.035</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IBI</td>
                  <td align="center">2.234 (1.376-2.891)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.129 (1.637-2.461)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Bold values indicate statistically significant p values (p&lt;0.05). CAC: coronary artery calcium; CAD: coronary artery disease; CAD-RADS: coronary artery disease-reporting and data system; CRP: C-Reactive protein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; IBI: The inflammatory burden index; LDL: low density lipoprotein; Lymp: lymphocytes; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Next, we assessed whether IBI and CAC scores were incrementally associated with the risk of MI in our long-term coronary artery disease follow-up cohort. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze the differences between models with different IBI and CAC questions in predicting MACEs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Patients with higher IBI and CAC scores were more likely to have MI than those with lower IBI and CAC scores (log-rank p &lt; 0.001). According to our modeling system, a significantly higher MI rate was found in the Model 1 group than in the Model 2 group and in the Model 2 group than in the Model 3 group in this long-term follow-up cohort. After risk adjustment, 397 (32.14%) patients developed MI during follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Patients with high CAC (&gt;102) and IBI (&gt;128) were at higher risk of MI (p&lt;0.001 for all). After risk adjustment, 202 patients (37.9%) experienced an MI within 3 years in the Model 1 patient group (odds ratio [OR] 1.484 [1.287-1.750]), 157 patients (34.05%) experienced an MI within 3 years in the Model 2 patient group ([OR] 1.184 [0.867-1.340]), and 38 patients (8.29%) experienced an MI within 3 years in the Model 3 patient group ([OR] 0.384 [0.237-0.431]).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Myocardial infarction rate according to models.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250052-50052-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this retrospective study, we investigated the predictive value of IBI and CAC scores in identifying patients with a higher risk of MI (vulnerable plaque) in patients with plaque who underwent CT angiography due to chest pain. Our findings suggest that both IBI and CAC scores are significant predictors of MI for vulnerable plaque, with higher scores being associated with increased risk. These results underscore the potential utility of these indices in clinical practice for the early identification of high-risk patients and could aid in the refinement of therapeutic strategies.</p>
        <p>The elevated levels of neutrophils, CRP, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, NT-proBNP, and troponin observed in the MI group compared to the non-MI group are consistent with the well-established role of inflammation and lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The significantly higher IBI values in the MI group reinforce the hypothesis that systemic inflammation contributes to the development of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This finding aligns with previous research demonstrating that inflammatory biomarkers are powerful predictors of cardiovascular event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Similarly, the higher CAC scores in the MI group compared to the non-MI group confirm the role of coronary artery calcification as a marker of atherosclerotic plaque burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The association between higher CAC scores and an increased risk of MI has been extensively documented in the literature, where it is often used to stratify patients into different risk categories for future cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The observation that patients in Model 1 (high IBI and CAC scores) had the highest rates of MI, followed by those in Model 2 and then Model 3, further supports the combined use of these indices for risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary atherosclerosis manifests itself with the appearance of fatty streaks in the coronary arteries and other arterial beds in the very early stages of life. In fact, it is known today that atherosclerosis begins during fetal development, especially in fetuses of mothers with hypercholesterolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In the development of atherosclerosis, first endothelial dysfunction, then leukocyte lipid and macrophage accumulation in the intima layer, then inflammation, and finally smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration from the medial layer, resulting in the formation of a fibrous cap on the fatty lesion. This lesion is now an irreversible complex lesion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Since the publication of the original CAD-RADS classification, several prospective studies have provided evidence supporting the clinical utility of CCTA and the importance of CT findings in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease. These include the PROMISE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>and SCOT-HEART<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>studies, which demonstrated that CCTA is clinically useful as an alternative to functional testing or as an adjunct to standard of care. Based on these studies and multiple registries, the prognostic value of the CAD-RADS classification has been validated, with higher CAD-RADS scores being associated with increased risks of fatal and nonfatal MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Our study supports these studies and found that patients who underwent CAD-RADS had higher scores.</p>
        <p>The ROC analysis provided additional evidence supporting the utility of IBI and CAC scores as predictors of MI. The cut-off values identified for IBI (128) and CAC (102) demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity, suggesting that these indices could serve as reliable markers for assessing the risk of MI in patients presenting with chest pain. Moreover, the multivariate logistic regression analysis identified diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), neutrophil count, LDL cholesterol, CRP, CAC score, and IBI as independent predictors of MI, highlighting the multifactorial nature of this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the most significant findings of our study is the incremental value of combining IBI and CAC scores in predicting MACEs over the long term. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a clear gradient in MI risk across the three models, with the highest risk in patients with both high IBI and CAC scores. This suggests that integrating inflammatory and calcification indices could provide a more comprehensive assessment of a patient&#8217;s cardiovascular risk, potentially guiding more personalized therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The combination of systemic markers like CAC and IBI allows us to identify not just individual vulnerable plaques but &#8216;vulnerable patients&#8217; who may be at higher risk for future cardiovascular events. The concept of the vulnerable patient represents a more holistic approach that encompasses systemic atherosclerosis burden, inflammatory status, and myocardial vulnerability, rather than focusing on a single plaque characteristic. In a patient with high CAC and IBI scores who has multiple non-obstructive plaques, the fact that one plaque leads to MI and another does not is likely the result of complex interactions between local factors (endothelial function, plaque morphology) and systemic factors (inflammation, coagulation tendency). Therefore, the use of CAC and IBI helps define the vulnerable patient rather than just specific vulnerable plaques.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. First, the retrospective design may introduce selection bias, and the exclusion of patients with incomplete data could have influenced our findings. Second, while our study population was relatively large, it was drawn from a single center, which may limit the generalizability of the results. Future studies should aim to validate these findings in larger, multi-center cohorts and explore the potential benefits of targeted therapies based on IBI and CAC scores.</p>
        <p>Despite the limitations of our single-center retrospective design, these findings suggest that integrating inflammatory and calcification indices offers a more comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular risk. Further multi-center prospective research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore how these indices can be integrated into routine clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our study supports the use of IBI and CAC scores as valuable tools for predicting MI in patients undergoing CT angiography. We identified optimal cut-off values of 128 for IBI and 102 for CAC score, which demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in predicting future MI events. The combination of these indices appears to enhance risk stratification, with patients having both high IBI and high CAC scores showing significantly greater risk of MI during our 3-year follow-up period.</p>
        <p>Our three-model system provides clinicians with a practical framework for identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from more intensive monitoring and preventive interventions. This approach enables us to identify not just vulnerable plaques but also &#8216;vulnerable patients&#8217; who are more susceptible to cardiovascular events in the presence of systemic atherosclerosis and inflammation, thus providing a more holistic perspective in risk assessment. This approach could potentially allow for more tailored therapeutic strategies in high-risk patients, particularly those with evidence of both calcification and systemic inflammation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Highlights</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>The combination of IBI and CAC scores provides improved risk stratification for the prediction of future MI (vulnerable plaque) in patients with plaque detected by CT angiography.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Our study is the first to use the CAC score and IBI together.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The concept of the &#8216;vulnerable patient&#8217;, incorporating both CAC and IBI scores, provides a more comprehensive approach to cardiovascular risk assessment than focusing solely on individual plaque characteristics.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tokat Gaziosmanpa&#351;a &#220;niversitesi M&#252;dahale Olmayan Bilimsel Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar Etik Kurulu under the protocol number 24-MOBAEK-041. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author Sefa Erdi &#214;m&#252;r.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
