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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Db7CBbCY8JrNk6brVPrsgND</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Acur&#225;cia do Escore ADHERE em uma Coorte Brasileira Internada por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0273-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wajsbrot</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Reznik</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-2773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luis Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Setta</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Xavier de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8692-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rego</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Offrede</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed-Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Am&#233;ricas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospitais Vit&#243;ria e Samaritano Barra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Am&#233;ricas &#8211; Hospitais Vit&#243;ria e Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Bruno Reznik Wajsbrot Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Rua Blvd 28 Setembro, 77 2&#186; andar. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>bwajsbrot@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250031</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam alta taxa de mortalidade, tornando a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para &#243;bito de extrema import&#226;ncia. Os escores de risco podem ajudar a identificar pacientes com maior risco, mas &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia valid&#225;-los na popula&#231;&#227;o que ser&#225; utilizado, uma vez que as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas podem ser bastante heterog&#234;neas entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, prejudicando sua acur&#225;cia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do escore ADHERE <italic>(Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry)</italic> em um hospital universit&#225;rio no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo tipo coorte retrospectivo envolvendo 304 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e idade &#8805; 18 anos, realizado entre setembro de 2019 e julho de 2022. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore ADHERE por meio da an&#225;lise do &#237;ndice discriminat&#243;rio e classifica&#231;&#227;o. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros fatores progn&#243;sticos para mortalidade hospitalar. O valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O escore ADHERE apresentou &#237;ndice discriminat&#243;rio de 0,69. A capacidade de classifica&#231;&#227;o do escore ADHERE foi sub&#243;tima, pois o escore n&#227;o estratificou o risco de mortalidade em cinco estratos, como fora proposto. Al&#233;m disso, o escore subestimou o risco na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A ureia s&#233;rica na admiss&#227;o foi o &#250;nico fator progn&#243;stico isolado para o desfecho (OR 1,043; IC 95% 1,024-1,062; p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O escore de risco ADHERE n&#227;o p&#244;de ser completamente validado em nossa coorte, uma vez que a classifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada. A ureia s&#233;rica na admiss&#227;o foi o &#250;nico fator de risco independente associado &#224; mortalidade hospitalar. Nosso estudo enfatiza a import&#226;ncia da completa valida&#231;&#227;o externa de um escore progn&#243;stico, especialmente quando as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas das coortes n&#227;o s&#227;o compar&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Acur&#225;cia do Escore ADHERE em uma Coorte Brasileira Internada por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: o autor.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte prematura no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), um dos principais representantes desse grupo, pode ser considerada uma doen&#231;a epid&#234;mica n&#227;o infecciosa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> afetando cerca de 26 milh&#245;es de pessoas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos dez anos no Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram a segunda causa mais prevalente de morte, sendo a IC uma das principais causas espec&#237;ficas dentro deste grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (ICD) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave da s&#237;ndrome e &#233; definida pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia como &#8220;in&#237;cio r&#225;pido ou gradual de sintomas e/ou sinais de IC, suficientemente graves para que o paciente procure atendimento m&#233;dico urgente&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A mortalidade hospitalar (MH) pode chegar a 20%, dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e da gravidade do quadro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A m&#233;dia da MH na Europa e nos EUA &#233; de 4,9%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e 4,0%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> respectivamente, enquanto a maior coorte de ICD no Brasil, o estudo BREATHE (I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca), mostrou um valor de 12,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Para prever o risco de &#243;bito hospitalar em pacientes hospitalizados por ICD, a Diretriz da Sociedade Americana de Cardiologia (<italic>American Heart Association)</italic> de 2022 para o Manejo da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> sugere o uso do escore ADHERE <italic>(Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry).</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existe, no entanto, grande variabilidade nas caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e os fatores progn&#243;sticos podem variar entre os grupos. Por exemplo, a hipertens&#227;o isolada n&#227;o associada a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; IC na &#193;frica Subsaariana e na Am&#233;rica Latina, mas n&#227;o em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, onde a etiologia isqu&#234;mica prevalece.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No estudo BREATHE, a preval&#234;ncia de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica no Brasil variou de 16,5% a 33,6%, dependendo da regi&#227;o estudada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Os escores de risco de mortalidade devem ser capazes de discriminar a gravidade da doen&#231;a, permitindo a correta aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos durante o tratamento. Para alcan&#231;ar esse objetivo, a valida&#231;&#227;o externa dos escores &#233; fundamental<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Embora as sociedades de cardiologia incentivem o uso do escore ADHERE em pacientes com ICD, uma valida&#231;&#227;o completa usando todos os crit&#233;rios estat&#237;sticos raramente &#233; realizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do escore ADHERE em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de um hospital quatern&#225;rio universit&#225;rio. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram a avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros fatores progn&#243;sticos, dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a MH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo longitudinal unic&#234;ntrico. Os dados foram coletados de registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos entre setembro de 2019 e julho de 2022. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de ICD, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de 2021 da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram idade inferior a 18 anos, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de malignidade em cuidados paliativos ou pacientes em terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal antes da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Foram coletados dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos al&#233;m de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial de admiss&#227;o. Os dados laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram avalia&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio s&#233;ricos na admiss&#227;o, hemoglobina s&#233;rica, ureia e creatinina s&#233;ricas de admiss&#227;o, glicose aleat&#243;ria s&#233;rica e hemoglobina glicada. A insufici&#234;ncia renal foi considerada quando a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) estava abaixo de 60 ml/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus foi considerada se autorrelatada ou se o paciente apresentasse glicose aleat&#243;ria &#8805; 200 mg/dL ou hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram extra&#237;dos do primeiro exame realizado ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o ou de um exame anterior, caso n&#227;o houvesse informa&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma realizado no hospital. Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, descri&#231;&#227;o qualitativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e direita, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, presen&#231;a e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e mitral.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Foi realizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para as an&#225;lises descritivas, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dias (desvio padr&#227;o) para dados de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou medianas (intervalo interquartil) para dados assimetricamente distribu&#237;dos, ou n&#250;meros absolutos (propor&#231;&#245;es) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As diferen&#231;as entre dois grupos foram examinadas pelo teste t para amostras independentes ou teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis normais ou de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica, respectivamente. O teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as entre os grupos no caso de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foi realizada para investigar as vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas ao &#243;bito hospitalar. A valida&#231;&#227;o do escore foi feita pela an&#225;lise do &#237;ndice discriminat&#243;rio (ID) e calibra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O escore ADHERE log&#237;stico, utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o publicada previamente, foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sobre a curva (ASC) da curva ROC, que &#233;, por defini&#231;&#227;o, o ID. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi feita comparando os eventos esperados e observados na coorte brasileira. Todos os testes foram bicaudais e o valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software SPSS vers&#227;o 21.0 (Chicago, EUA).</p>
      <p>O estudo foi revisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, n&#250;mero 3.706.949.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>458 interna&#231;&#245;es descritas como miocardiopatia (CID 25.5), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o especificada (CID 50.9) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (CID 50.0) foram inclu&#237;das. Dessas, 154 foram exclu&#237;das por se tratar de interna&#231;&#245;es repetidas do mesmo paciente, resultando em 304 interna&#231;&#245;es analisadas.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais podem ser vistas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 63,04 anos (DP&#177;14,3). 56,6% eram do sexo masculino, 65,8% tinham hipertens&#227;o arterial, 33,3% diabetes mellitus, 30,6% apresentavam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, e 30,9% apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, associada ou n&#227;o &#224; causa da IC; 75,5% foram classificados como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica descompensada e 24,5% como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de in&#237;cio agudo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi medida em 274 pacientes (90,1%). Desses, 188 (68,6%) foram classificados como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), 37 (13,5%) como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida (ICFElr) e 49 (17,9%) como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). Do total avaliado, 156 (52,0%) apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. A MH foi de 15,1% (46/304) para toda a coorte e 18,4%, 16,2% e 13,3% para os subgrupos de ICFEp, ICFElr e ICFEr, respectivamente (p=0,64).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais da coorte e subgrupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Alta</th>
                <th>&#211;bito</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n=304</th>
                <th>n=258 (84,9%)</th>
                <th>n=46 (15,1%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">63,04 (&#177;14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">62,22 (&#177;14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">67,59 (&#177;15,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (56,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (58,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (43,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (30,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (65,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (65,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (68,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (33,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (31,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (43,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (24,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA ou Flutter atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (30,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (28,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (19,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (20,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (14,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,811</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC conhecida, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (75,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (74,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (82,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13 (11,4-14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (11,5-14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 (10,5-14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,0-2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (1,03-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (1,2-2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG-e (ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (23-75)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (24-76)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (16-71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">136 (134-140)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (134-140)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (131-138)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (3,8-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (3,8-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 (3,8-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">81 (70-98)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (70-98)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (74-94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,807</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">118,5 (103-135)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (107-140)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (100-130)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">71 (62-85)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (63-85)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">51 (34,9-83,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49,0 (34-76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (39,8-145,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">33 (24-45)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (24-45)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (25-48,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">59 (&#177;11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 (&#177;11,14)</td>
                <td align="center">57,6 (&#177;15,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">49 (39-58)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (40-58)</td>
                <td align="center">48,5 (32,2-58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">53 (32,2-64)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (42-62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (53,5-73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM grave, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (19,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (18,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (21,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,755</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (52,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (50,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (60,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DM: diabetes mellitus; FA: flutter atrial; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; TFG-e: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>O escore ADHERE p&#244;de ser calculado em 87,5% (266/304) dos pacientes. O ID do escore apresentou ASC de 0,69 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A classifica&#231;&#227;o do escore ADHERE foi inadequada para prever a MH nos cinco grupos de risco propostos. Apenas a primeira divis&#227;o, representada pela ureia s&#233;rica na admiss&#227;o, conseguiu criar dois grupos com diferentes mortalidades hospitalares (OR 4,45; IC 95% 2,29-8,65; p&lt;0,001). O segundo preditor do escore ADHERE, representado pela press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), n&#227;o classificou subgrupos conforme originalmente proposto. A an&#225;lise de classifica&#231;&#227;o pode ser encontrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#205;ndice discriminat&#243;rio do Escore ADHERE. Fonte: O autor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250031-50031-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da classifica&#231;&#227;o do Escore ADHERE. PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Fonte: O autor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250031-50031-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; MH na an&#225;lise univariada foram idade mais avan&#231;ada (p=0,02), PAS reduzida (p=0,037), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica reduzida (p=0,017), maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de ureia s&#233;rica na admiss&#227;o (p=0,001), maior creatinina na admiss&#227;o (p=0,003), menor s&#243;dio s&#233;rico de admiss&#227;o (p=0,005) e maior volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (p=0,008). O modelo explorat&#243;rio com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, incluindo idade, PAS, ureia, TFGe e s&#243;dio s&#233;rico, mostrou que apenas a ureia foi independentemente relacionada &#224; MH (OR 1,043; IC 95% 1,024-1,062; p&lt;0,001). O ID da ureia foi de 0,65. A primeira divis&#227;o do escore ADHERE, representada por valores de ureia acima ou abaixo de 92 mg/dL, estratificou a popula&#231;&#227;o em subgrupos com MH de 33,3% e 10,1%, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o escore ADHERE em popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de um centro universit&#225;rio quatern&#225;rio. O principal achado foi a incapacidade de validar completamente o escore proposto para prever a MH nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. A principal mensagem &#233; que a valida&#231;&#227;o de escores de risco antes de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; imperativa. Embora sugeridos por diretrizes, os escores muitas vezes s&#227;o imprecisos quando usados em popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes das que os originaram.</p>
      <p>Nossa coorte pertence a um centro de ensino e cuidados quatern&#225;rios do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro, especializado no tratamento de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada. Por outro lado, o ADHERE &#233; derivado de um registro de mais de 65 mil pacientes admitidos em 263 hospitais dos EUA, entre 2001 e 2003. Nossa coorte representa provavelmente uma amostra de maior gravidade se comparada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estadunidense que gerou o escore ADHERE e mesmo se comparada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em geral, tratada em centros n&#227;o especializados. A MH encontrada no estudo BREATHE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> foi menor do que em nossa coorte, mesmo em se tratando de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tratados em centros n&#227;o especializados, mostrando provavelmente maior gravidade e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas distintas da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. A generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira internada por ICD, portanto, n&#227;o pode ser realizada.</p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre nossa coorte e o registro ADHERE pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Foi encontrada m&#233;dia de idade quase dez anos mais jovem, com menores valores de press&#227;o arterial na admiss&#227;o, menor ureia e creatinina s&#233;ricas do que a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ADHERE. Al&#233;m disso, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o eram menos conhecidos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#243;tipos de IC tamb&#233;m foi diferente entre as coortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Tivemos mais de 70% de ICFEr em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor de 50%, encontrado na popula&#231;&#227;o estadunidense.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a coorte estudada e o registro ADHERE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>COORTE</th>
                <th>ADHERE</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mortalidade Intrahospitalar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15,1%</td>
                <td align="center">4,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">63,04 (&#177;14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (&#177;13,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56,6%</td>
                <td align="center">48%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC isqu&#234;mica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,9%</td>
                <td align="center">59%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,7%</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA / Flutter atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,6%</td>
                <td align="center">31%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC conhecida (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75,7%</td>
                <td align="center">77%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,0-2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (&#177;1,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">136 (134-140)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (&#177;5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">81 (70-98)</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">118 (103-135)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (&#177;32,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">71 (62-85)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (&#177;20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">51 (34,9-83,5)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (&#177;46,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (24-45)</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFER (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68,6%</td>
                <td align="center">56%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ICFER: IC de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O ID &#233; a capacidade de um escore de detectar o grupo de pacientes que apresentar&#225; um determinado desfecho, evidenciado pela ASC da curva ROC. O escore testado demonstrou um ID modesto a bom para prever a MH em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em nossa coorte, o ADHERE apresentou ID de 0,69, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 0,76 e 0,75 nos estudos originais, respectivamente. Esses valores est&#227;o de acordo com a maioria dos estudos com o mesmo prop&#243;sito, que encontraram valores entre 0,60 e 0,89, sendo a maioria realizada em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em uma coorte israelense com mais de tr&#234;s mil pacientes, a precis&#227;o do escore ADHERE foi baixa, com ASC de 0,59. No mesmo estudo, o escore <italic>Get With the Guidelines &#8211; GWTG,</italic> tamb&#233;m proposto pela Sociedade Americana de Cardiologia, teve um bom desempenho, com ASC de 0,75.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; interessante notar que, embora v&#225;rios estudos tenham avaliado a valida&#231;&#227;o externa de escores progn&#243;sticos, o impacto dessa estimativa de risco nos desfechos dos pacientes hospitalizados por ICD n&#227;o foi rotineiramente realizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A maioria deles n&#227;o avaliou a classifica&#231;&#227;o, definida como a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o risco esperado e o encontrado, o que &#233; necess&#225;rio para a valida&#231;&#227;o completa de um escore.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Este &#233; um passo importante quando se compara o resultado de uma institui&#231;&#227;o com o original. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao nosso resultado, embora a ureia p&#244;de identificar pacientes de alto risco, como descrito no primeiro n&#243; do escore ADHERE, nossa mortalidade foi significativamente maior do que a proposta pelo escore. Portanto, a classifica&#231;&#227;o foi imprecisa. A subestima&#231;&#227;o do risco de mortalidade pelo escore, como observada em nossa coorte, poderia alocar pacientes em &#225;reas de menor risco ou simplificar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento, resultando em subtratamento e pior impacto nas taxas de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, embora as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o sejam as mesmas entre as coortes, os fatores de risco para MH em pacientes cardiol&#243;gicos podem ser semelhantes, como visto em um estudo que testou a precis&#227;o dos escores <italic>ADHERE</italic> e <italic>GWTG-HF</italic> em uma unidade de terapia intensiva, independentemente da patologia de admiss&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; crucial testar escores de risco bem conhecidos e validar seu uso em subpopula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas antes de desenvolver um novo escore. Varia&#231;&#245;es dos escores de risco tamb&#233;m podem ser feitas, adaptando-se &#224;s realidades ou objetivos locais. Uma coorte americana de ICD avaliou fatores que, al&#233;m do escore ADHERE, poderiam identificar pacientes que necessitavam de vasopressores ou cuidados intensivos, uma condi&#231;&#227;o descrita como IC piorada. Ap&#243;s a valida&#231;&#227;o, eles encontraram um ID de 0,72.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Estudo brasileiro que estudou coorte entre 2013 e 2020 encontrou dados semelhantes, com um ID de 0,66.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, o estudo foi conduzido durante a pandemia de Covid-19, o que pode ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante devido ao vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o, uma vez que a mortalidade provavelmente foi mais alta nesse per&#237;odo. Pacientes com Covid-19 n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Foi um estudo retrospectivo e, por isso, houve dados ausentes. Mais de 10% dos nossos pacientes n&#227;o puderam completar o escore. A avalia&#231;&#227;o unic&#234;ntrica pode ser considerada um vi&#233;s, sobretudo quando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados &#233; pretendida. Para utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados encontrados em popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, seria necess&#225;ria avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra mais representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O escore de risco ADHERE n&#227;o p&#244;de ser validado para prever a mortalidade hospitalar em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. A ureia s&#233;rica foi o &#250;nico fator isolado que se correlacionou com o desfecho. O uso de escores de risco n&#227;o testados em popula&#231;&#245;es locais pode levar &#224; subestima&#231;&#227;o ou superestima&#231;&#227;o do risco, o que tem implica&#231;&#245;es no manejo e aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos. A valida&#231;&#227;o externa e a adapta&#231;&#227;o de escores &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o local s&#227;o essenciais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    </fn-group>
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        <article-title>Assessment of the Accuracy of the ADHERE Score in a Brazilian Acute Heart Failure Cohort</article-title>
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          <name>
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            <given-names>Bruno Reznik</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-2773</contrib-id>
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            <given-names>Ana Luiza Ferreira</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8692-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
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            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Am&#233;ricas &#8211; Hospitais Vit&#243;ria e Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Bruno Reznik Wajsbrot Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Rua Blvd 28 Setembro, 77 2&#186; andar. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: bwajsbrot@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nat&#225;lia Olivett</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Patients hospitalized for acute heart failure present a high mortality rate, so risk stratification for in-hospital death is of utmost importance. Risk scores can help physicians to identify patients at higher risk, but it is important to validate those scores in different populations, since sociodemographic characteristics may be very heterogeneous.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry) risk score in a Brazilian quaternary teaching care center.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a retrospective cohort study involving 304 patients with acute heart failure aged &#8805; 18 years old, conducted between September 2019 and July 2022. The primary endpoint was the evaluation of the ADHERE score by analysis of the discriminatory index and classification. The secondary endpoint was the evaluation of other prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> ADHERE score presented a discriminatory index of 0.69. ADHERE classification index was suboptimal, since the score did not stratify mortality risk on five strata as proposed originally. Furthermore, the score underestimates risk in the studied population. Admission serum urea was the only isolated prognostic factor for the endpoint (OR 1.043; CI 95% 1.024-1.062; p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The ADHERE risk score cannot be entirely validated in our cohort, since classification was not achieved despite an ideal discriminatory index. Admission serum Urea was the only independent risk factor associated with in-hospital mortality. Our study emphasizes the importance of correct external validation of a prognostic score, especially if the demographic and clinical characteristics of cohorts are not comparable.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Assessment of the Accuracy of the ADHERE Score in a Brazilian Acute Heart Failure Cohort</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: The author.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250031-50031-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of premature death in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Heart failure (HF), one of the main representatives of the group, can be considered a noninfectious epidemic disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> as it affects about 26 million people worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Over the last ten years in Brazil, cardiovascular diseases were the second most prevalent cause of death, and HF is one of the main specific causes present in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acute heart failure (AHF) is a severe complication of the syndrome and is defined by the European Society of Cardiology as &#8220;rapid or gradual onset of symptoms and/or signs of HF, severe enough for the patient to seek urgent medical attention&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In-hospital mortality (IHM) can be as high as 20%, depending on the patient&#8217;s characteristics and the severity of the sharpening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The median IHM in Europe and the U.S. is 4.9%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and 4.0%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> respectively, while the biggest cohort of AHF in Brazil (BREATHE study) showed an IHM of 12.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In order to predict IHM for patients hospitalized for AHF, the 2022 American Heart Association Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> suggests the use of the ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry) score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nonetheless, there is great variability in sociodemographic characteristics between different populations, and prognostic factors might vary between groups. For example, isolated hypertension not associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) is highly associated with HF in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, but not in developed countries, where ischemic etiology prevails.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> On the BREATHE study (I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure), the prevalence of ischemic cardiomyopathy in Brazil ranges from 16.5% to 33.6%, depending on the region studied<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Mortality risk scores should be able to discriminate the severity of an illness, allowing the correct allocation of resources during treatment. Nevertheless, for the best achievement of such an objective, external validation is imperative<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Although cardiology societies encourage the use of the ADHERE score on AHF patients, complete validation using all statistical criteria is rarely done.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the ADHERE risk score on a Brazilian population from a public quaternary teaching care center. Secondary objectives were the evaluation of demographic and clinical data and their relationship to IHM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a single-center retrospective longitudinal study. Data was collected from electronic medical records between September 2019 and July 2022. Patients admitted with a diagnosis of AHF according to the 2021 definition of the European Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> were included. Only the first patient admission was analyzed. Exclusion criteria were age under 18 years, previous diagnoses of malignancy in palliative care, or patients on renal replacement therapy.</p>
        <p>All participants underwent demographic and clinical assessment at admission, in addition to heart rate and arterial blood pressure. Laboratory data, including serum sodium, serum potassium, serum hemoglobin, serum urea, serum creatinine, serum random glucose, and serum glycated hemoglobin, were included. Renal failure was considered when estimated glomerular filtrated rate (e-GRF) was under 60ml/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The presence of diabetes mellitus was considered if self-reported or if the patient had a random glucose &#8805;200mg/dL or glycated hemoglobin &#8805;6,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Echocardiographic parameters were extracted from the first exam performed after admission or a previous one, if there was no information from an in-hospital echocardiogram. Parameters evaluated were ejection fraction, qualitative description of left and right ventricular function, end diastolic and end systolic left ventricular diameter, left atrium volume, and presence and quantification of aortic and mitral regurgitation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to assess the normality of the distribution of continuous variables. For descriptive analyses, continuous variables were expressed as means (standard deviation) for normally distributed data, medians (interquartile range) for asymmetrically distributed data, or absolute numbers (proportions) for categorical data. Differences between the two groups were examined by the unpaired T-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney test for normal variables and non-parametric variables, respectively, and by Chi-Squared test or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests for categorical variables. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate variables independently associated with in-hospital death. A Kaplan-Meier curve with a log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Score validation was done by analysis of the discriminatory index (DI) and calibration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Logistic ADHERE score using the equation published on the original data was used for analysis of the AUC of the ROC curve, which is the DI. Calibration was done by comparing expected and observed events in the Brazilian cohort. All tests were bicaudal, and p&lt;0,05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed with SPSS software 21.0 (Chicago, USA).</p>
          <p>The study was reviewed and approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, number 3.706.949.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 458 admissions described as myocardiopathy (ICD 25.5), non-specified HF (ICD 50.9), and congestive HF (ICD 50.0) were enrolled. Of those, 154 were excluded because they were repeated admissions of the same patient, resulting in 304 admissions analyzed.</p>
        <p>Demographic, clinical variables, echocardiographic, and laboratory data can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The mean age was 63.04 years (SD&#177;14.3). 56.6% were male, 65.8% had arterial hypertension, 33.3% diabetes mellitus, 30.6% had a previous diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter, and 30.9% had IHD; 75.7% were classified as worsening HF and 24.5% as acute onset HF. The ejection fraction was measured in 274 patients (90.1%). Of them, 188 (68.6%) were classified as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 37 (13.5%) as HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and 49 (17.9%) as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 156 (52.0%) had associated right ventricular dysfunction. IHM was 15.1% (46/304) for the entire cohort and 18.4%, 16.2% and 13.3% for the subgroups of HFpEF, HFmrEF, and HFrEF, respectively (p=0.64).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical variables, echocardiographic, and laboratory data of the cohort and subgroups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Discharge</th>
                  <th>Death</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n=304</th>
                  <th>n=258 (84.9%)</th>
                  <th>n=46 (15.1%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, Years</td>
                  <td align="center">63.04 (&#177;14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.22 (&#177;14.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">67.59 (&#177;15.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (56.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (58.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (43.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic HF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (30.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (31.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (65.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (65.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (68.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.734</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (33.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (31.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (43.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal Failure, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (21.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (21.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (24.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AFib or Flutter, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (30.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (28.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (6.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.327</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (19.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (20.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (14.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (14.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.811</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous HF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (75.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (74.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (82.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.394</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (11.4-14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (11.5-14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1 (10.5-14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.429</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38 (1.03-1.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (1.2-2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR (ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (23-75)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (24-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (16-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (134-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (134-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (131-138)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 (3.8-4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 (3.8-4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2 (3.8-4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (70-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (70-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (74-94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.807</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">118.5 (103-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (107-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (100-130)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (62-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (63-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (34.9-83.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.0 (34-76.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (39.8-145.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (24-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (24-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (25-48.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.585</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV EDD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (&#177;11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.3 (&#177;11.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.6 (&#177;15.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.503</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ESD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (39-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (40-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.5 (32.2-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.574</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">53 (32.2-64)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (42-62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (53.5-73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe MR, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (19.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (18.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (21.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV dysfunction, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (52.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (50.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (60.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.203</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>IQR: interquartile range; HF: heart failure; DM: diabetes mellitus; AFib: atrial fibrillation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; e-GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LV: left ventricle; LV EDD: left ventricle end diastolic diameter; LV ESD: Left ventricle end systolic diameter; LA: left atrium; MR: mitral regurgitation; RV: right ventricle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary endpoint</title>
          <p>ADHERE could be calculated in 87.5% (266/304) of the patients. The DI of the score showed an AUC of 0.69 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). ADHERE classification was inadequate to predict IHM in the five risk groups proposed. Only the first split, represented by admission serum urea, could create two nodes of different IHM (OR 4.45; CI 95% 2.29-8.65; p&lt;0.001). The second ADHERE predictor, represented by systolic blood pressure, did not classify subgroups that were proposed originally. Classification analysis can be found in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Discriminatory index of ADHERE score. Source: the author.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250031-50031-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification analysis of ADHERE score. SBP: systolic blood pressure. Source: the author.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-11-e20250031-50031-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Secondary endpoints</title>
          <p>Variables associated with IHM on univariate analysis were older age (p=0.02), lower systolic blood pressure (p=0.037), lower diastolic blood pressure (p=0.017), higher BUN (p=0.001), higher creatinine (p=0.003), lower serum sodium (p=0.005), and higher left atrium volume (p=0.008). An exploratory model with binary logistic regression with age, SBP, BUN, e-GFR, and serum sodium showed that only BUN was independently related to IHM (OR 1.043; CI 95% 1.024-1.062; p&lt;0.001). The DI of admission urea was 0.65. The first split of the ADHERE score, represented by urea values above or below 92mg/dL, could stratify the population into subgroups that had IHM of 33.3% and 10.1%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study aimed to evaluate the performance of the ADHERE risk score in a specific Brazilian quaternary teaching hospital. This study has one main finding. The proposed score was inaccurate and could not be entirely validated to predict IHM in this specific population. So, the main message is that validation of risk scores before application to clinical practice is imperative. Although suggested by guidelines, they often are inaccurate when used on different populations.</p>
        <p>Our cohort is drawn from a quaternary teaching hospital within the Brazilian public health care system, specialized in the treatment of patients with advanced HF. In contrast, the ADHERE registry includes data from over 65,000 patients admitted to 263 U.S. hospitals between 2001 and 2003. Our cohort likely represents a population with more severe disease compared to both American and other Brazilian centers. Notably, the IHM observed in the BREATHE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> study was lower than in our cohort, despite including non-specialized centers, suggesting that our sample comprised patients with more advanced disease and distinct clinical characteristics. Therefore, generalizing our findings to the broader Brazilian population is not feasible.</p>
        <p>Comparison between our cohort and the ADHERE registry can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Our cohort is almost ten years younger, had lower admission blood pressure values, and lower serum urea and creatinine than the population from the ADHERE study. Diabetes and hypertension were also less well-known. Distribution of HF phenotypes might also be different between cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> We had more than 70% of HFrEF in comparison to half of the population from American&#180;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison between our Brazilian cohort and the ADHERE registry</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>COHORT</th>
                  <th>ADHERE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>In-hospital mortality</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">63.04 (&#177;14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (&#177;13.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">48%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">59%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal failure (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">29%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Flutter / AFib. (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">31%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Known HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">77%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (&#177;1.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (134-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (&#177;5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (70-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (103-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (&#177;32.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (62-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (&#177;20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (34.9-83.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (&#177;46.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (24-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFREF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">56%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>HF: heart failure; AFib: atrial fibrillation; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>DI is the ability of a score to detect the group of patients that will present a certain outcome, evidenced by the AUC of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The tested score demonstrated a modest to good DI to predict IHM in our population. In our cohort, ADHERE had a DI of 0.69 compared to 0.76 and 0.75 on the original studies, respectively. Those values are in accordance with most studies that had the same purpose, which found values between 0.60 and 0.89, most of them performed on developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In a single-center study with more than six thousand admissions in the USA, ADHERE had a DI of 0.66 and GWTG a DI of 0.74 to predict IHM. In an Israeli cohort with more than three thousand patients, the accuracy of the ADHERE score was low, with an AUC of 0.59. In the same study, GWTG performed well, with an AUC of 0.75.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is interesting to notice that although several studies evaluated external validation of prognostic scores, the impact of this risk estimation on the outcomes of patients hospitalized for AHF was not routinely performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Most of them did not evaluate classification, defined as comparison between expected and found risk, which is necessary for the complete validation of a score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This is an important step when a specific institution&#8217;s result is compared to the original one. Although urea could detect high-risk patients in our cohort, as described on the first node of ADHERE, our mortality was significantly higher than proposed by the score, invalidating the use in clinical practice, as it will underestimate mortality risk. Therefore, the classification was inaccurate. Underestimation of a mortality risk, as observed in our cohort, could allocate patients to open yards or simplify monitoring and therapy, generating undertreatment with a worse impact on survival rates.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, although demographic and clinical characteristics are not the same between cohorts, risk factors for IHM in cardiologic patients might be similar, as we can see in a study that tested the accuracy of ADHERE and GWTG-HF scores on an intensive care unit, independently of admission pathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> So, it is crucial to test well-known risk scores and validate their use in specific subpopulations before developing a new one. Variations of risk scores could also be done, adapting to local realities or objectives. An American cohort of AHF evaluated factors that, in addition to the ADHERE score, could identify patients who need vasopressors or intensive care unit, a condition they described as worsening HF. After validation, they found a DI of 0.72.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A Brazilian study that studied a cohort between 2013 and 2020 found similar data, with an ID of 0.66.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. First, the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and this could be an important limitation because of confusion bias, as mortality was probably higher during that period. COVID-19 patients were not excluded from the analysis.</p>
        <p>It was a retrospective study, and because of that, we had some missing data. More than ten percent of our patients could not complete the score. The single-center design of the study may be considered a limitation, particularly in the context of attempts to generalize the findings. To support broader applicability, a more representative sample of the Brazilian population should be investigated in future studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The ADHERE risk score could not be validated to predict in-hospital mortality in our population of patients with acute heart failure. Serum urea was the only single factor that correlated with the outcome. The use of untested risk scores in local populations can lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk, which has implications for resource management and allocation. External validation and adaptation of scores to the local population are essential.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruno Reznik Wajsbrot, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto under the protocol number 3.706.949. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
