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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PxKGcrQ6QcS5hk6vdXxLqfS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mulheres de Meia-Idade &#8212; Um Grupo de Alto Risco para Mortalidade P&#243;s-Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1473-9223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Albanez A. de Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7952-7547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor N. Albanez A. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250701</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) continuam sendo a principal causa de morte no mundo, com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) respondendo por significativa morbidade e mortalidade. Apesar das importantes redu&#231;&#245;es na mortalidade cardiovascular em geral, persistem disparidades de g&#234;nero, que afetam particularmente as mulheres em diferentes contextos demogr&#225;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No presente mini editorial, destacamos evid&#234;ncias recentes provenientes do estudo original realizado no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de em Curitiba, Brasil, que acompanhou 4.896 pacientes hospitalizados por IAM entre 2008 e 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse estudo pioneiro demonstrou que mulheres de meia-idade (45 a 54,9 anos) apresentam risco significativamente maior de mortalidade p&#243;s-infarto em compara&#231;&#227;o a homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, independentemente de fatores cl&#237;nicos ajustados. Esses dados refletem um importante alerta para a necessidade de abordagens cl&#237;nicas diferenciadas e espec&#237;ficas para esse grupo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise da coorte p&#250;blica brasileira fortalece as evid&#234;ncias internacionais sobre o paradoxo de g&#234;nero nas DCV e refor&#231;a o papel cr&#237;tico das altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e dos determinantes psicossociais no agravamento do progn&#243;stico feminino p&#243;s-IAM. Isso contradiz a suposi&#231;&#227;o comum de que mulheres nessa faixa et&#225;ria mant&#234;m uma prote&#231;&#227;o natural cardiovascular, levantando quest&#245;es cr&#237;ticas sobre a aten&#231;&#227;o dada &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular nessa fase importante da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Fatores de risco e mecanismos associados ao aumento da mortalidade p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em mulheres de meia-idade (45-54,9 anos). A figura ilustra a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o entre fatores hormonais e biol&#243;gicos (decl&#237;nio do estrog&#234;nio, dislipidemia, altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e aumento da reatividade vascular), estressores psicossociais cr&#244;nicos (alta preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o e adversidades psicossociais) e suas consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas durante a transi&#231;&#227;o da perimenopausa. O "Paradoxo de G&#234;nero" &#233; evidenciado pela mortalidade p&#243;s-IAM aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes maior em mulheres comparadas a homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250701-50701-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>O chamado "paradoxo de g&#234;nero" nas DCV &#233; bem estabelecido, especialmente entre mulheres mais jovens. Estudos mostram que mulheres com menos de 50 anos t&#234;m quase tr&#234;s vezes maior mortalidade ap&#243;s IAM do que homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, independentemente do hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio, gravidade da doen&#231;a ou tipo de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse paradoxo &#233; not&#225;vel, dado que mulheres de meia-idade frequentemente apresentam menos fatores tradicionais de risco cardiovascular e tendem a ter melhores resultados ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os achados do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> est&#227;o alinhados com dados globais e nacionais que apontam que as mulheres desenvolvem IAM aproximadamente 5 anos depois dos homens (idade m&#233;dia 65,1 vs. 60,3 anos), mas o efeito protetor do sexo feminino diminui e se inverte na faixa et&#225;ria de 45 a 54,9 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esse per&#237;odo coincide com a perimenopausa e o in&#237;cio da menopausa, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais no aumento da suscetibilidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma complexa intera&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos biol&#243;gicos explica o aumento do risco cardiovascular entre mulheres perimenop&#225;usicas. A transi&#231;&#227;o para a menopausa resulta em decl&#237;nio gradual na produ&#231;&#227;o ovariana de estrog&#234;nio. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos estrogenos leva &#224; dislipidemia, caracterizada por aumento do colesterol LDL (lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade) e redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol HDL (lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade), promove disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, prejudicando a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por &#243;xido n&#237;trico e aumentando a reatividade vascular e a inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, ocorrem dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos como hiperinsulinemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, adiposidade central e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, impulsionando o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As mudan&#231;as biol&#243;gicas e hormonais influenciam a diversidade das apresenta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas em mulheres na meia-idade. Enquanto a DAC &#233; mais prevalente entre mulheres pr&#233;-menop&#225;usicas de alto risco com diabetes, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o, mulheres perimenop&#225;usicas apresentam com mais frequ&#234;ncia infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA), representando aproximadamente 1&#8211;15% dos casos de IAM ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda &#8212; e as mulheres s&#227;o cinco vezes mais propensas que os homens a desenvolver MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mulheres perimenop&#225;usicas frequentemente apresentam menos fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com DAC obstrutiva. Elas predominam em s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e t&#234;m menor probabilidade de serem submetidas &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou receber terapia m&#233;dica orientada pelas diretrizes ap&#243;s o IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O MINOCA n&#227;o &#233; benigno, e pacientes afetadas podem ter complica&#231;&#245;es graves, incluindo parada card&#237;aca, redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Embora a mortalidade em pacientes com MINOCA seja menor que a relacionada ao IAM com DAC obstrutiva, ainda &#233; substancialmente maior do que em coortes saud&#225;veis pareadas. As diretrizes atuais enfatizam tratamento individualizado baseado na etiologia para reduzir morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O aumento do risco cardiovascular em mulheres de meia-idade n&#227;o pode ser explicado apenas por fatores biol&#243;gicos. Depress&#227;o e adversidades psicossociais s&#227;o especialmente prevalentes nesse grupo, incluindo dificuldades socioecon&#244;micas, estresse de cuidadora e viol&#234;ncia por parceiro &#237;ntimo, um estressor cr&#244;nico significativo que afeta os desfechos de sa&#250;de das mulheres. Essa sensibilidade aumentada ao estresse &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224;s diferen&#231;as sexuais na reatividade vasomotora e nas respostas inflamat&#243;rias A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse mental agudo ocorre com maior frequ&#234;ncia em mulheres, especialmente de meia-idade, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As diretrizes cl&#237;nicas devem ser refinadas para integrar perfis de risco espec&#237;ficos por sexo e idade, contemplando as fases pr&#233;-menopausa, perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa. Pesquisas futuras devem desenvolver e avaliar interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas como programas de redu&#231;&#227;o de estresse, suporte social ampliado e terapias personalizadas que abordem as vulnerabilidades biol&#243;gicas e psicossociais singulares dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Mulheres de Meia-Idade e Mortalidade P&#243;s-Infarto: Um Grupo Vulner&#225;vel? Evid&#234;ncias de Mundo Real em uma Coorte do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250701i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Middle-Aged Women &#8212; A High-Risk Group for Post-Myocardial Infarction Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1473-9223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Albanez A. de Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7952-7547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor N. Albanez A. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, with acute myocardial infarction (MI) accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Despite substantial reductions in overall cardiovascular mortality, gender disparities persist, particularly affecting women in different demographic contexts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this mini-editorial, we highlight recent evidence from an original study conducted in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in Curitiba, Brazil, which followed 4,896 patients hospitalized for acute MI between 2008 and 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This pioneering study demonstrated that middle-aged women (45 to 54.9 years) have a significantly higher risk of post-infarction mortality compared to men of the same age group, regardless of adjusted clinical factors. These data provide a critical warning about the need for differentiated, specific clinical approaches for this group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). The analysis of the Brazilian public cohort strengthens international evidence on the gender paradox in CVD. It reinforces the critical role of hormonal changes and psychosocial determinants in worsening the prognosis for women after MI. This contradicts the common assumption that women in this age group maintain natural cardiovascular protection, raising critical questions about the attention given to cardiovascular health at this vital stage of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk factors and mechanisms associated with increased post-acute myocardial infarction mortality in middle-aged women (45-54.9 years). The figure illustrates the complex interaction between hormonal and biological factors (estrogen decline, dyslipidemia, metabolic changes, and increased vascular reactivity), chronic psychosocial stressors (high prevalence of depression and psychosocial adversities), and their clinical consequences during the perimenopausal transition. The "Gender Paradox" is evidenced by approximately three times higher post-MI mortality in women compared to men of the same age group.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250701-50701-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The so-called "gender paradox" in CVD is well established, especially among younger women. Studies show that women under 50 have almost three times higher mortality after MI than men of the same age group, regardless of previous medical history, disease severity, or type of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This paradox is remarkable, given that middle-aged women often have fewer traditional cardiovascular risk factors and tend to have better outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> findings are aligned with global and national data that indicate that women develop MI approximately 5 years later than men (mean age 65.1 vs. 60.3 years). Still, the protective effect of the female sex diminishes and reverses in the 45-54.9 age range.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This period coincides with perimenopause and the onset of menopause, highlighting the importance of hormonal changes in increasing cardiovascular susceptibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A complex interaction of biological mechanisms explains the increased cardiovascular risk among perimenopausal women&#8212;the transition to menopause results in a gradual decline in ovarian estrogen production. Reduced estrogen levels lead to dyslipidemia, characterized by increased LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and reduced HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, which promotes endothelial dysfunction, impairs nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, and increases vascular reactivity and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Additionally, metabolic disorders such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, central adiposity, and elevated blood pressure occur, driving the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Biological and hormonal changes influence the diversity of ischemic presentations in middle-aged women. While CAD is more prevalent among high-risk premenopausal women with diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, perimenopausal women more frequently present with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), representing approximately 1&#8211;15% of cases of acute MI or acute coronary syndrome, and women are five times more likely than men to develop MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Perimenopausal women often have fewer conventional cardiovascular risk factors compared to patients with obstructive CAD. They predominate in acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation and are less likely to undergo revascularization or receive guideline-directed medical therapy after MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>MINOCA is not benign, and affected patients may experience serious complications, including cardiac arrest, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and heart failure. Although mortality in patients with MINOCA is lower than that related to acute MI with obstructive CAD, it is still substantially higher than in matched healthy cohorts. Current guidelines emphasize individualized treatment based on etiology to reduce morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The increased cardiovascular risk in middle-aged women cannot be explained solely by biological factors. Depression and psychosocial adversities are especially prevalent in this group, including socioeconomic difficulties, caregiver stress, and intimate partner violence, a significant chronic stressor that affects women's health outcomes. This sensitivity, increased age-related stress, is attributed to sex differences in vasomotor reactivity and inflammatory responses. Myocardial ischemia induced by acute mental stress occurs more frequently in women, especially middle-aged women, compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Clinical guidelines should be refined to integrate sex- and age-specific risk profiles, encompassing the pre-menopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal phases. Future research should develop and evaluate targeted interventions such as stress reduction programs, expanded social support, and personalized therapies that address the unique biological and psychosocial vulnerabilities of this population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Middle-Aged Women and Post-Myocardial Infarction Mortality: A Vulnerable Group? Real-World Evidence from a Brazilian Public Health System Cohort</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
