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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JZ4t4PR8wCXHrTsh84xvkff</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250669</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implica&#231;&#245;es de Custo e Perspectivas de TAVI versus SAVR no Ambiente Hospitalar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0292-4288</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nemoto</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Paladino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-2426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250669</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Custos e An&#225;lise de Custo</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante Transcateter de Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Terap&#234;utica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O artigo " Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter vs. Cirurgia de Valva A&#243;rtica em um Hospital Brasileiro do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS): Resultados e Custos Periprocedimentais"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> aborda um tema relevante, especialmente ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o do implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) no rol de procedimentos dispon&#237;veis no SUS. Pacientes submetidos ao TAVI s&#227;o tipicamente mais velhos, com mais comorbidades e mais fr&#225;geis. Por outro lado, a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica (SAVR) em pacientes idosos pode resultar em aumento da morbidade e do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No estudo, o risco cir&#250;rgico foi baixo em ambos os grupos (STS 3,62&#177;2,28 no grupo TAVI vs. 1,64&#177;0,94 no SAVR, p&lt;0,001), o que pode demonstrar a limita&#231;&#227;o da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico com as ferramentas atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A mortalidade foi menor no grupo TAVI (2,8% vs. 5,0%), mas sem atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A estrat&#233;gia minimamente invasiva (sem anestesia geral, com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica) resultou em menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (2,0 [1,0; 4,0] dias no grupo TAVI vs. 8,0 [7,0; 12,0] dias no grupo SAVR, p&lt;0,001). No entanto, os custos foram maiores que os do SAVR. Os altos pre&#231;os dos materiais (R$ 55.750,90 [52.345,30; 92.286,8] TAVI vs. R$ 22.518,10 [19.130,60; 25.875,10] SAVR, p&lt;0,001) s&#227;o um fator significativo. Complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, como maior taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, incluindo infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, s&#227;o desfavor&#225;veis &#224; cirurgia, devido ao aumento de interna&#231;&#227;o para uso de antimicrobianos, recursos humanos hospitalares, entre outros custos.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes nacionais e internacionais atuais indicam uma prefer&#234;ncia por TAVI em pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico ou com fragilidade significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O estudo PARTNER 2 avaliou TAVI versus SAVR em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, com TAVI n&#227;o sendo inferior no composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e acidente vascular cerebral incapacitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O SURTAVI avaliou o mesmo perfil, com resultados semelhantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em pacientes de baixo risco, o estudo PARTNER 3 mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no composto de mortalidade por todas as causas, acidente vascular cerebral ou rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 1 e 2 anos no grupo TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Na an&#225;lise de 5 anos, o composto n&#227;o foi inferior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O estudo DEDICATE avaliou 1.414 pacientes de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio risco, com TAVI n&#227;o sendo inferior no composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e acidente vascular cerebral em 1 ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os resultados apresentados neste estudo s&#227;o consistentes com a literatura.</p>
    <p>Uma suban&#225;lise de custo-efetividade do PARTNER 3 mostrou que os materiais para TAVI custam quase US$ 19.000,00 a mais do que para SAVR. No entanto, quando os custos totais de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados, essa diferen&#231;a caiu para aproximadamente US$ 600,00 e, ap&#243;s 2 anos, os autores conclu&#237;ram uma economia de US$ 2.000,00 por paciente submetido ao TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A falta de acompanhamento a longo prazo impede uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade, uma limita&#231;&#227;o destacada pelos pr&#243;prios autores. Custos adicionais, como transfus&#227;o de sangue e hemodi&#225;lise, que s&#227;o mais prov&#225;veis de ocorrer ap&#243;s SAVR, n&#227;o foram detalhados neste estudo.</p>
    <p>Procedimentos baseados em cateter t&#234;m se tornado cada vez mais comuns em muitas &#225;reas da cardiologia, particularmente em doen&#231;as valvares, criando uma subespecialidade em doen&#231;as valvares estruturais. Isso come&#231;ou com a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, seguido pelo TAVI, e agora est&#225; consolidando seu uso em outras valvas e pr&#243;teses valvares. Observamos que pacientes cada vez mais jovens est&#227;o sendo submetidos ao TAVI, atingindo at&#233; 54% dos pacientes com menos de 65 anos nos Estados Unidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Isso ainda n&#227;o foi abordado por diretrizes nacionais ou internacionais. Novas pr&#243;teses, estudos demonstrando maior durabilidade e avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de implanta&#231;&#227;o resultaram em procedimentos cada vez mais seguros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, a cirurgia de cora&#231;&#227;o aberto tamb&#233;m evoluiu com t&#233;cnicas menos invasivas, menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e menor mortalidade hist&#243;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o sobre o melhor procedimento deve, portanto, ser considerada com base na idade, comorbidades, risco, viabilidade t&#233;cnica e compartilhada com o paciente e a fam&#237;lia.</p>
    <p>Este estudo, embora com limita&#231;&#245;es, &#233; importante para a an&#225;lise de dados sobre esses dois procedimentos no cen&#225;rio brasileiro, particularmente em um hospital p&#250;blico. Acima de tudo, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade e a necessidade de redu&#231;&#227;o de pre&#231;os de dispositivos e materiais, o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, resultar&#225; na oferta do melhor tratamento para cada caso no menor tempo poss&#237;vel, um ponto cr&#237;tico no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, o TAVI normalmente tem custos iniciais mais altos, mas &#233; compensada por estadias hospitalares mais curtas, levando a custos totais compar&#225;veis ou menores ao longo do tempo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; SAVR, que tem custos iniciais mais baixos, mas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es mais longas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter vs. Cirurgia de Valva A&#243;rtica em um Hospital Brasileiro do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS): Resultados e Custos Periprocedimentais</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250669i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cost Implications and Perspectives of TAVI versus SAVR in the Hospital Setting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0292-4288</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nemoto</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Paladino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-2426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Costs and Cost Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Therapeutics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The article "Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs. Aortic Valve Surgery in a Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) Hospital: Periprocedural Outcomes and Costs"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> addresses a relevant topic, especially after the inclusion of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in the list of procedures available in the SUS. Patients undergoing TAVI are typically older, with more comorbidities, and are more frail. Conversely, surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in elderly patients can result in increased morbidity and length of hospital stay.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the study, surgical risk was low in both groups (STS 3.62&#177;2.28 in the TAVI group vs 1.64&#177;0.94 in SAVR, p&lt;0.001), which may demonstrate the limitation of surgical risk stratification with current tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Mortality was lower in the TAVI group (2.8% vs. 5.0%), but without reaching statistical significance. The minimally invasive strategy (without general anesthesia, with transthoracic echocardiography monitoring) resulted in a shorter hospital length of stay (2.0 [1.0; 4.0] days in the TAVI group vs. 8.0 [7.0; 12.0] days in the SAVR group, p&lt;0.001). However, the costs were higher than those of SAVR. The high prices of materials (R$ 55,750.90 [52,345.30; 92,286.8] TAVI vs. R$ 22,518.10 [19,130.60; 25,875.10] SAVR, p&lt;0.001) is a significant factor. Late complications, such as a higher rate of hospital infection, including surgical wound infection, are unfavorable to surgery, due to increased hospitalization for use of antimicrobials, hospital human resources, among other costs.</p>
      <p>Current national and international guidelines indicate a preference for TAVI in patients at high surgical risk or with significant frailty over SAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The PARTNER 2 trial evaluated TAVI versus SAVR in intermediate-risk patients, with TAVI being non-inferior in the composite of all-cause mortality and disabling stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The SURTAVI evaluated the same profile, with similar results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In low-risk patients, the PARTNER 3 trial showed a reduction in the composite of all-cause mortality, stroke, or rehospitalization at 1 and 2 years in the TAVI group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the 5-year analysis, the composite was non-inferior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The DEDICATE trial evaluated 1.414 low- to intermediate-risk patients, with TAVI being non-inferior in the composite of all-cause mortality and stroke at 1 year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The results presented in this study are consistent with the literature.</p>
      <p>A cost-effectiveness subanalysis of PARTNER 3 showed that materials for TAVI cost nearly $19,000.00 more than SAVR. However, when overall hospitalization costs were assessed, this difference dropped to approximately $600.00, and after 2 years, the authors concluded a savings of $2,000.00 per patient undergoing TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The lack of long-term follow-up precludes a cost-effectiveness assessment, a limitation highlighted by the authors themselves. Additional costs, such as blood transfusion and hemodialysis, which are more likely to occur post-SAVR, were not detailed in this study.</p>
      <p>Catheter-based procedures have become increasingly common in many areas of cardiology, particularly in valve disease, creating a subspecialty in structural valve disease. This began with percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty of the mitral and aortic valves, followed by TAVI, and is now consolidating its use in other valves and valve prostheses. We have observed that increasingly younger patients are undergoing TAVI, reaching up to 54% of patients under 65 years old in the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This has not been addressed by national or international guidelines yet. New prostheses, studies demonstrating greater durability, and advances in implantation techniques have resulted in increasingly safe procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, open-heart surgery has also evolved with less invasive techniques, shorter hospital stay, and lower historical mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The decision regarding the best procedure should therefore be considered based on age, comorbidities, risk, technical feasibility, and shared with the patient and family.</p>
      <p>This study, although with limitations, is important for analyzing data on these two procedures in the Brazilian setting, particularly in a public hospital. Above all, it calls for attention to cost-effectiveness and the need to reduce the prices of devices and materials, which will ultimately result in the provision of the best treatment for each case in the shortest possible time, a critical point in the Brazilian public healthcare system.</p>
      <p>In summary, TAVI typically has higher initial costs but is offset by shorter hospital stays, leading to comparable or lower total costs over time compared to SAVR, which has lower upfront costs but longer hospitalizations.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs. Aortic Valve Surgery in a Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) Hospital: Periprocedural Outcomes and Costs</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
