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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YnW6FxMV93SZqqyC7bggr8q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250593</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testosterona, N&#237;veis de SHBG e Risco de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: a Correla&#231;&#227;o Implica Causalidade?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1455-4074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rique Jos&#233; Farias Peixoto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos e Farmacovigil&#226;ncia, Instituto Butantan</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos e Farmacovigil&#226;ncia, Instituto Butantan (IB), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>&#201;rique Jos&#233; Farias Peixoto de Miranda &#8226;</bold> Instituto Butantan - Av. da Universidade, 210. CEP <postal-code>05508-210</postal-code>, Butant&#227;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -Brasil E-mail: <email>eriquemiranda@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250593</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterona</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os autores descrevem uma metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> de seis estudos observacionais com baixo risco de vi&#233;s, que sugere uma associa&#231;&#227;o modesta entre baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona, mas n&#227;o de Globulina Ligadora de Horm&#244;nios Sexuais (SHBG), e a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) em homens, mas n&#227;o em mulheres. Em resumo, para cada redu&#231;&#227;o de um desvio padr&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de testosterona, a raz&#227;o de risco de IC aumentou 10% (HR 1,10, IC 95%: 1,03-1,17).</p>
    <p>Os dados coletados mostram que um total de 233.474 participantes de meia-idade foram acompanhados por pelo menos 7,7 anos; a grande maioria deles (90,2%) se registrou em uma &#250;nica coorte,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> 3.991 (1,71%) deles apresentaram eventos. Em outras palavras, observamos um pequeno aumento no risco absoluto em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entre indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805; 45 anos, a incid&#234;ncia de IC &#233; de 6,0 por 1.000 pessoas-ano, aumentando para 21,1 por 1.000 pessoas-ano entre aqueles com 65 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, devemos encorajar a reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona para qualquer homem com mais de 40 anos ou apenas para aqueles com hipogonadismo hipogonadal para prevenir a IC? A metan&#225;lise avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o a causalidade. Apesar das inconsist&#234;ncias, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos identificaram vias entre horm&#244;nios sexuais (SHs) e IC, j&#225; que o decl&#237;nio relacionado &#224; idade nesses horm&#244;nios resulta em mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas que impactam o risco de IC n&#227;o apenas em homens, mas tamb&#233;m em mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> apesar dos resultados da metan&#225;lise. Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e IC em homens, baixos n&#237;veis de SHs em homens de meia-idade podem ser um marcador de sa&#250;de geral prec&#225;ria (por exemplo, m&#225; nutri&#231;&#227;o, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, obesidade ou comorbidades, como hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes), mais fortemente correlacionados com o risco cardiovascular em si, em vez de uma causa direta da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os ciclos de feedback dos SHs s&#227;o interrompidos na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, os pr&#243;prios autores destacam que as evid&#234;ncias s&#227;o fracas (fator de Bayes de 0,99), indicando que a chance de a hip&#243;tese nula (aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o) ser verdadeira &#233; quase a mesma que a hip&#243;tese alternativa. A relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desse achado &#233; discut&#237;vel e certamente n&#227;o justifica uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona em larga escala.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a metan&#225;lise teve uma sele&#231;&#227;o muito rigorosa, possivelmente devido &#224; falta de estudos de alta qualidade que mediram a testosterona basal e monitoraram os resultados da IC. Apesar disso, os autores consideram que a chance de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; significativa. Al&#233;m disso, a heterogeneidade dos estudos (devido a diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, etc.) &#233; outro fator limitante, conforme apontado pelos pr&#243;prios autores, e pode influenciar a precis&#227;o dos resultados. Ebong et al. reconhecem que uma abordagem padronizada para a medi&#231;&#227;o da SH &#233; necess&#225;ria para uma compara&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel entre os estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os achados referentes &#224;s mulheres neste estudo refletem a controv&#233;rsia na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora a menopausa e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio estejam associados a um risco cardiovascular aumentado em mulheres, os estudos sobre terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal (TRH) em mulheres s&#227;o complexos e controversos. O estudo da <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic> de 2002,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> por exemplo, demonstrou que a TRH combinada (estrog&#234;nio e progesterona) aumentou o risco de eventos cardiovasculares, acidente vascular cerebral, tromboembolismo venoso e c&#226;ncer de mama, o que levou a um decl&#237;nio dr&#225;stico nas prescri&#231;&#245;es de TRH. Portanto, a motiva&#231;&#227;o para a TRH em mulheres &#233; principalmente aliviar os sintomas da menopausa e n&#227;o prevenir a IC.</p>
    <p>Os autores reconhecem a necessidade de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de testosterona e a IC. Poucos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, duplo-cegos e controlados por placebo que avaliaram a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona (TRT) em homens de meia-idade n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram a efic&#225;cia da preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) como desfecho prim&#225;rio, mas sim a seguran&#231;a da reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os MACE foram um composto de morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal.</p>
    <p>A TRT para Eventos Vasculares em Avalia&#231;&#227;o Estruturada (TRAVERSE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico de n&#227;o-inferioridade que incluiu quase 5.000 homens com idades entre 45 e 80 anos com hipogonadismo e hist&#243;rico ou alto risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Este estudo avalia a seguran&#231;a cardiovascular da TRT, especificamente sua n&#227;o inferioridade ao placebo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de MACE. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 33,0 &#177; 12,1 meses. O estudo concluiu que a TRT n&#227;o foi inferior ao placebo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de MACE, ou em outras palavras, a TRT n&#227;o aumentou o risco cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco. Apesar dos resultados tranquilizadores obtidos no TRAVERSE, Basaria et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mostraram que entre 209 homens (idade m&#233;dia de 74 anos) com mobilidade limitada, hipogonadismo e doen&#231;a cardiovascular preexistente ou de alto risco. No entanto, este estudo foi interrompido precocemente devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a seguran&#231;a, sugerindo um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Portanto, n&#227;o devemos incentivar a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona para homens com ou sem hipogonadismo para a preven&#231;&#227;o da IC. No entanto, a modesta associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada na metan&#225;lise enfatiza a necessidade de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com pot&#234;ncia para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de testosterona e os MACE.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Impacto dos Baixos N&#237;veis de Testosterona e SHBG sobre o Risco de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>7 Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, Mitchell LM, Basaria S, Boden WE, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(2):107-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Basaria</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coviello</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Travison</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Storer</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farwell</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jette</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adverse Events Associated with Testosterone Administration</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>363</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>122</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1000485</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, Storer TW, Farwell WR, Jette AM, et al. Adverse Events Associated with Testosterone Administration. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(2):109-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1000485.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250593i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testosterone, SHBG Levels, and Heart Failure Risk: Does the Correlation Imply Causation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1455-4074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rique Jos&#233; Farias Peixoto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos e Farmacovigil&#226;ncia, Instituto Butantan (IB), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label> &#201;rique Jos&#233; Farias Peixoto de Miranda &#8226; Instituto Butantan &#8211; Av. da Universidade, 210. Postal Code <postal-code>05508-210</postal-code>, Butant&#227;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>eriquemiranda@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hormone Replacement Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterone</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The authors describe a meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> of six observational studies with low risk of bias, which suggests a modest association between low testosterone levels, but not Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG), and incidence of heart failure (HF) in men, but not in women. In short, for each reduction of one standard deviation of serum testosterone levels, the hazard ratio of HF increased 10% (HR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.17).</p>
      <p>The polled data show that a total of 233,474 middle-aged participants were followed up for at least 7.7 years; the vast majority of them (90.2%) registered in one single cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> 3,991 (1.71%) of them had events. In other words, we could observe a small absolute risk increase in comparison to the overall population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Among individuals aged &#8805;45 years, the incidence of HF is 6.0 per 1,000 person-years, increasing to 21.1 per 1,000 person-years among those aged 65 years or more.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, should we encourage testosterone replacement for any man over 40 or only for those with hypogonadal hypogonadism to prevent HF? The meta-analysis assessed association, but not causation. Despite the inconsistencies, epidemiological studies identified pathways between sex hormones (SHs) and HF, as the age-related decline in those hormones results in physiological changes that impact HF risk not only in men, but also in women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> despite the results of the meta-analysis. Despite the association between low testosterone levels and HF in men, low levels of sexual hormones in middle-aged men may be a marker of poor general health (e.g., poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, or comorbidities, like hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes), more strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk itself, rather than a direct cause of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Besides that, SHs feedback loops become disrupted in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the authors themselves highlight that the evidence is weak (Bayes factor of 0.99), indicating that the chance of the null hypothesis (no association) being true is almost the same as the alternative hypothesis. The clinical relevance of this finding is debatable, and certainly does not justify a recommendation for large-scale testosterone supplementation.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the meta-analysis had a very strict selection, possibly due to the lack of high-quality studies that measured baseline testosterone and monitored HF outcomes. Despite that, the authors consider that the chance of publication bias is not significant. Besides that, the heterogeneity of the studies (due to different populations, hormone measurement methods, etc.) is another limiting factor, as pointed out by the authors themselves, and may influence the accuracy of the results. Ebong et al. recognize that a standardized approach to SH measurement is needed for reliable comparison across studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The findings regarding women in this study mirror the controversy in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although the menopause and declining estrogen levels are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in women, the studies on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women are complex and controversial. The 2002 Women's Health Initiative study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> for example, demonstrated that combined HRT (estrogen and progesterone) increased the risk of cardiovascular events, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and breast cancer, which led to a dramatic decline in HRT prescriptions. Therefore, the motivation for HRT in women is primarily to alleviate menopausal symptoms and not to prevent HF.</p>
      <p>The authors acknowledge the need for randomized clinical trials to explore the relationship between levels of testosterone and HF. Few randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials that evaluated the Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) in middle-aged men did not include efficacy of prevention of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) as the primary outcome, but safety of hormone replacement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> MACE was a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke.</p>
      <p>The Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Vascular Events in Structured Evaluation (TRAVERSE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> was a non-inferiority clinical trial that included nearly 5,000 men aged 45 to 80 with hypogonadism and a history or high risk of cardiovascular disease. This study evaluates the cardiovascular safety of TRT, specifically its non-inferiority to placebo regarding the incidence of MACE. Mean follow-up was 33.0&#177;12.1 months. The study concluded that TRT was non-inferior to placebo regarding the incidence of MACE, or in other words, TRT did not increase cardiovascular risk in this high-risk population. Despite the reassuring results obtained in TRAVERSE, Basaria et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> showed that among 209 men (mean age, 74 years) with limited mobility, hypogonadism, and preexisting or a high risk of cardiovascular disease. However, this study was stopped early due to safety concerns, suggesting an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>Thus, we should not encourage testosterone supplementation for any men with or without hypogonadism for the prevention of HF. However, the modest association found in the meta-analysis emphasizes the need for powered randomized clinical trials to explore the relationship between testosterone levels and MACE.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Impact of Low Testosterone and SHBG Levels on Heart Failure Risk: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
