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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bXLn4rhvV5gWqFBLMvJzjSv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250542</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Consumo de &#193;lcool e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com o Estilo de Vida em Indiv&#237;duos com e sem Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0057-7363</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Paulo Henrique Godoy &#8226;</bold> Rua Silva Ramos, 32. CEP <postal-code>20270-330</postal-code>, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>paulo.godoy@unirio.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250542</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Consumo de Bebidas Alco&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e o estilo de vida &#233; multifacetada. A quantidade e o padr&#227;o de consumo de &#225;lcool influenciam e s&#227;o influenciados por outros fatores do estilo de vida, como h&#225;bitos alimentares, atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo, sono, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e status socioecon&#244;mico, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>N&#237;veis mais elevados de consumo de &#225;lcool est&#227;o geralmente associados a comportamentos de vida menos saud&#225;veis. O consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool &#233; frequentemente acompanhado por aumento do consumo cal&#243;rico, pior qualidade da dieta e maior preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool &#233; mais frequentemente observado entre indiv&#237;duos com estilos de vida mais saud&#225;veis, incluindo melhores padr&#245;es alimentares, menor &#237;ndice de massa corporal, maior ades&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica e menores taxas de tabagismo em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com alto consumo de &#225;lcool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esses comportamentos mais saud&#225;veis entre bebedores moderados podem confundir as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas entre o consumo moderado de &#225;lcool e a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de certas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como diabetes tipo 2 e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Quando as an&#225;lises s&#227;o ajustadas para esses fatores de estilo de vida, as aparentes associa&#231;&#245;es protetoras do consumo moderado de &#225;lcool podem ser atenuadas ou consideradas n&#227;o significativas. Isso sugere que os benef&#237;cios observados podem ser atribu&#237;dos a comportamentos de estilo de vida (CEV) mais saud&#225;veis, mais comuns entre bebedores moderados, e n&#227;o ao &#225;lcool em si.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, &#233; importante reconhecer que a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e os CEV &#233; complexa, e poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o relacionados ao estilo de vida devem ser cuidadosamente considerados ao interpretar associa&#231;&#245;es entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e os resultados de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e as DCV tamb&#233;m &#233; complexa e permanece controversa. O uso nocivo de &#225;lcool por indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (DC) est&#225; associado a um aumento do risco cardiovascular, morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, se tem levantado a hip&#243;tese de que o consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool pode conferir efeitos cardioprotetores, reduzindo o risco de v&#225;rias formas de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora tal consumo possa parecer cardioprotetor em compara&#231;&#227;o com a abstin&#234;ncia, esse benef&#237;cio provavelmente &#233; confundido por fatores de estilo de vida e pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para recomendar o consumo de &#225;lcool para prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#8211; especialmente entre pacientes com DCV estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e os CEV influencia a progress&#227;o das DCV, particularmente em popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco do consumo de &#225;lcool entre indiv&#237;duos com DCV pode variar significativamente com base em seus perfis de estilo de vida e fatores gen&#233;ticos, incluindo padr&#245;es de consumo e estado geral de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Conforme observado anteriormente, mesmo entre bebedores leves a moderados, o benef&#237;cio potencial pode variar e ser influenciado por fatores individuais de estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo de Martinelli-Filho et al., intitulado " Consumo Abusivo de &#193;lcool em Cardiopatas: An&#225;lise de Risco pelo Comportamento de Estilo de Vida &#8211; Projeto PROSA (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)",<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre CEV e consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool (CNA) em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DC. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectivo ao longo de tr&#234;s anos, incluindo duas coortes distintas: uma composta por pacientes ambulatoriais clinicamente est&#225;veis com DC e a outra por volunt&#225;rios recrutados entre familiares ou cuidadores de pacientes da coorte de DC, bem como funcion&#225;rios do hospital.</p>
    <p>O consumo de &#225;lcool foi avaliado usando o Teste de Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Dist&#250;rbios por Uso de &#193;lcool (AUDIT), e as vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estilo de vida inclu&#237;ram tabagismo, sobrepeso/obesidade, ansiedade, depress&#227;o, inatividade f&#237;sica, n&#237;vel educacional e renda. Al&#233;m disso, um modelo preditivo para CNA foi desenvolvido com base nas vari&#225;veis CEV. Entre uma amostra total de 4.080 indiv&#237;duos, 1.999 foram inclu&#237;dos na coorte de DC e 2.081 na coorte de volunt&#225;rios. Os autores relataram a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos preditores independentes de CNA em ambas as coortes - sexo masculino, idade, comportamento de estilo de vida regular e comportamento de estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;vel. O modelo mostrou que a melhora no CEV em dire&#231;&#227;o a um estado mais saud&#225;vel foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do CNA ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento. Uma tend&#234;ncia semelhante foi observada quando o CEV piorou, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CNA.</p>
    <p>Apesar de suas limita&#231;&#245;es, o presente estudo fornece insights valiosos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o CNA e fatores de estilo de vida em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DC. O uso nocivo de &#225;lcool, quando associado a fatores adversos de estilo de vida, pode influenciar o risco cardiovascular e outras doen&#231;as em ambos os grupos. Indiv&#237;duos com transtorno por uso de &#225;lcool apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de DCV em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem o transtorno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A compreens&#227;o desses fatores &#233; crucial para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias eficazes de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento.</p>
    <p>Dado o n&#237;vel atual de evid&#234;ncias, ainda h&#225; conhecimento insuficiente para sustentar o consumo de &#225;lcool como parte de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel. Em particular, para indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas atuais n&#227;o recomendam o incentivo ao consumo de &#225;lcool para prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e reconhecem o potencial de intera&#231;&#245;es entre &#225;lcool e medicamentos. Em vez disso, se devem enfatizar CEV saud&#225;vel bem estabelecidos, como atividade f&#237;sica regular, ades&#227;o a uma dieta nutritiva, manuten&#231;&#227;o de um peso corporal saud&#225;vel e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Consumo Abusivo de &#193;lcool em Cardiopatas: An&#225;lise de Risco pelo Comportamento de Estilo de Vida &#8211; Projeto PROSA (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250542i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alcohol Consumption and Its Association with Lifestyle in Individuals with and without Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0057-7363</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Paulo Henrique Godoy &#8226;</bold> Rua Silva Ramos, 32. Postal Code <postal-code>20270-330</postal-code>, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>paulo.godoy@unirio.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Alcohol drinking</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The association between alcohol consumption and lifestyle is multifaceted. The amount and pattern of alcohol intake both influence and are influenced by other lifestyle factors, such as dietary habits, physical activity, smoking, sleep, body composition, and socioeconomic status, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Higher levels of alcohol consumption are generally associated with less healthy lifestyle behaviors (LSB). Excessive alcohol intake is frequently accompanied by increased caloric consumption, poorer dietary quality, and a higher prevalence of smoking and physical inactivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conversely, light to moderate alcohol consumption is more often observed among individuals with healthier lifestyles, including better dietary patterns, lower body mass index, greater adherence to physical activity, and lower smoking rates compared to those with high alcohol intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These healthier behaviors among moderate drinkers may confound the observed associations between moderate alcohol intake and reduced risk of certain chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). When analyses are adjusted for these lifestyle factors, the apparent protective associations of moderate alcohol consumption may be attenuated or rendered non-significant. This suggests that the observed benefits may be attributable to healthier LSB more common among moderate drinkers rather than to the alcohol itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, it is important to recognize that the interaction between alcohol intake and LSB is complex, and potential confounding by lifestyle-related factors must be carefully considered when interpreting associations between alcohol consumption and health outcomes.</p>
      <p>The relationship between alcohol consumption and CVD is also complex and remains controversial. Harmful alcohol use in individuals with heart disease is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, morbidity, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Otherwise, it has been hypothesized that light to moderate alcohol intake may confer cardioprotective effects, reducing the risk of various forms of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although such consumption might appear cardioprotective compared to abstinence, this benefit is likely confounded by lifestyle factors and may not be sufficient to recommend alcohol consumption for cardiovascular protection - especially among patients with established CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The interaction between alcohol consumption and LSB influences the progression of CVD, particularly in vulnerable populations.&#185;&#185; The risk assessment of alcohol intake among individuals with CVD may vary significantly based on their lifestyle profiles and genetic factors, including patterns of consumption and overall health status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As noted earlier, even among light to moderate drinkers, the potential benefit may vary and be influenced by individual lifestyle factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this context, the study by Martinelli-Filho et al., titled "Harmful Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease: A Risk Analysis by Lifestyle Behavior &#8211; The Brazilian PROSA Project (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool),"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> published in this issue, analyzed the association between LSB and harmful alcohol consumption (HAC) in individuals with and without heart disease. A prospective cohort study was conducted over three years, including two distinct cohorts: one comprising clinically stable outpatients with heart diseases (HD), and the other consisting of volunteers recruited among family members or caregivers of patients in the HD cohort, as well as hospital staff.</p>
      <p>Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and lifestyle-related variables included smoking, overweight/obesity, anxiety, depression, physical inactivity, educational level, and income. Additionally, a predictive model for HAC was developed based on LSB variables. Among a total sample of 4,080 individuals, 1,999 were included in the heart disease cohort and 2,081 in the volunteer cohort. The authors reported identifying the same independent predictors of HAC across both cohorts - male sex, age, regular lifestyle behavior, and unhealthy lifestyle behavior. The model showed that improvement in LSB toward a healthier status was associated with reduced HAC after three years of follow-up. A similar trend was observed when LSB worsened, in relation to HAC.</p>
      <p>Despite its limitations, the present study provides valuable insights into the association between HAC and lifestyle factors in individuals with and without heart disease. Harmful alcohol use, when associated with adverse lifestyle factors, may influence cardiovascular and other disease risk in both groups. Individuals with alcohol use disorder show a higher incidence of CVD compared to those without the disorder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies.</p>
      <p>Given the current level of evidence, there is still insufficient knowledge to support alcohol consumption as part of a healthy lifestyle. In particular, for individuals with heart disease, current clinical guidelines do not recommend encouraging alcohol intake for cardiovascular protection and acknowledge the potential for alcohol-medication interactions. Instead, emphasis should be placed on well-established healthy LSB, such as regular physical activity, adhering to a nutritious diet, maintaining a healthy body weight, and smoking cessation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Harmful Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease: A Risk Analysis by Lifestyle Behavior &#8211; The Brazilian PROSA Project (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
