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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">g8gpRY8RpzfYcT8pSrZYkNf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250377</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implementa&#231;&#227;o da Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca no Brasil: Constru&#231;&#227;o de um Quadro Baseado em Evid&#234;ncias para Desfechos Cir&#250;rgicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0972-194X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mazzoli-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Steinmetz</surname>
            <given-names>Carolin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3629-252X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sadlonova</surname>
            <given-names>Monika</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borghi-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4977-8414</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">German Sport University Cologne</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cologne</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne &#8211; Alemanha </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Geriatrics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Medical Center Goettingen</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goettingen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen &#8211; Alemanha </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Medical Center Goettingen</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goettingen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen &#8211; Alemanha </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Medical Center Goettingen</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goettingen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen &#8211; Alemanha </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">German Center for Cardiovascular Research</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goettingen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha </country>
        <institution content-type="original">German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Goettingen &#8211; Alemanha </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sch&#252;chtermann-Klinik Bad Rothenfelde</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bad Rothenfelde</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sch&#252;chtermann-Klinik Bad Rothenfelde, Bad Rothenfelde &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Flavia Mazzoli-Rocha Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>flamazzoli@gmail.com</email>, <email>flavia.mazzoli@ini.fiocruz.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250377</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca frequentemente enfrentam m&#250;ltiplos desafios, incluindo comorbidades, fragilidade e fatores psicossociais, que complicam o processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Os programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal t&#234;m surgido como uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para abordar esses problemas, visando reduzir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, mitigar as complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e melhorar a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional.</p>
        <p>Este Artigo de Revis&#227;o examina os componentes e os benef&#237;cios de um programa abrangente de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, com foco na pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cios. Adicionalmente, ressalta a import&#226;ncia da integra&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas brasileiras como uma oportunidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria valiosa.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias emergentes, embora de baixa a moderada qualidade, sugerem que a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio, como uma abordagem unimodal ou integrando um programa multimodal, pode melhorar significativamente a capacidade funcional e os resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva. As diretrizes internacionais t&#234;m apoiado a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como uma abordagem valiosa neste contexto. Globalmente, os ensaios de interven&#231;&#227;o multic&#234;ntricos em andamento buscam refinar essa evid&#234;ncia, identificando a popula&#231;&#227;o ideal de pacientes e o programa de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais eficaz. Dada a crescente carga das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil, h&#225; uma necessidade n&#227;o satisfeita de pesquisa local para avaliar os benef&#237;cios da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implementa&#231;&#227;o da Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca no Brasil: Constru&#231;&#227;o de um Quadro Baseado em Evid&#234;ncias para Desfechos Cir&#250;rgicos</title>
              <p>A necessidade do reconhecimento das diretrizes nacionais. O reconhecimento da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o no manejo de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias card&#237;acas eletivas nas diretrizes nacionais de cirurgia cardiovascular e reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca poderia ser o primeiro passo. * A pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o pode ser realizada em diferentes cen&#225;rios, incluindo interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, ambulat&#243;rio ou at&#233; mesmo por telepr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o. Prehab: pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o; CCE: cirurgias card&#237;acas eletivas; RC 1: fase 1 da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; RC 2: fase 2 da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; RC 3: fase 3 da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; RC 4: fase 4 da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
            </caption>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Capes-Humboldt</funding-source>
          <award-id>23038.004870/2021-69</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: Este estudo foi apoiado pelo Programa de Bolsas para Pesquisa Capes-Humboldt para pesquisadores experientes (Edital N&#186; 14/2022, Chamada 21, Processo N&#186; 23038.004870/2021-69).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="66"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas e as doen&#231;as valvares card&#237;acas correspondem, respectivamente, &#224; primeira e quinta principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade no mundo entre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Para tratar essas condi&#231;&#245;es, uma m&#233;dia global anual de 36,7 enxertos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e 30,8 cirurgias valvares ocorrem por 100.000 habitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cirurgias envolvendo uma cavidade corporal maior, como a cirurgia card&#237;aca aberta, desencadeiam uma resposta neuroend&#243;crina e inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, contribuindo para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e aumento da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes indicados para cirurgia card&#237;aca geralmente apresentam idade avan&#231;ada, alta carga de comorbidades, fatores de risco diet&#233;ticos e riscos significativos de morbidade e mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria, muitas vezes agravados pela fragilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A fragilidade afeta at&#233; 50% dos idosos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, estando fortemente ligada a desfechos adversos, como complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, altas taxas de mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a convalescen&#231;a pode ser complicada por del&#237;rio, ansiedade e transtornos depressivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para mitigar esses riscos, a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o surgiu como uma estrat&#233;gia-chave para aumentar a resili&#234;ncia f&#237;sica e otimizar pacientes fr&#225;geis para o estresse cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e melhorar a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em pacientes eleitos para cirurgia card&#237;aca, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas. Este Artigo de Revis&#227;o examina os componentes e os benef&#237;cios da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca abrangente, com foco em programas baseados em exerc&#237;cios. Adicionalmente, ressalta a import&#226;ncia da integra&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas brasileiras como uma oportunidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria valiosa.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O Conceito de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O conceito de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o &#8212; tamb&#233;m referido como reabilita&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#8212; decorre do reconhecimento de que a cirurgia bem-sucedida depende n&#227;o s&#243; do procedimento em si, mas tamb&#233;m da r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e psicol&#243;gica do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Um estudo inovador de 1981 com 29 pacientes card&#237;acos submetidos a cirurgia abdominal eletiva foi pioneiro em demonstrar que a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio (EBPrehab) poderia ajudar a avaliar e mitigar o risco card&#237;aco antes da cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esta descoberta inicial estabeleceu as bases para a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o evoluir para um elemento cr&#237;tico dos cuidados cir&#250;rgicos.</p>
        <p>Em 2005, houve um avan&#231;o significativo nos cuidados perioperat&#243;rios com o desenvolvimento do protocolo <italic>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic> (ERAS) para pacientes colorretais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esse marco catalisou o crescente reconhecimento na literatura cient&#237;fica dos benef&#237;cios da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rias especialidades cir&#250;rgicas. Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises subsequentes demonstraram a efic&#225;cia da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes, incluindo ortop&#233;dica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> abdominal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> bari&#225;trica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e oncol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Curiosamente, o desenvolvimento de programas de recupera&#231;&#227;o aprimorada para cirurgia card&#237;aca progrediu mais lentamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os procedimentos n&#227;o card&#237;acos. Esse atraso pode ser atribu&#237;do a v&#225;rios desafios, incluindo a natureza de alto risco dos pacientes card&#237;acos e a consider&#225;vel diversidade nas interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas card&#237;acas. Aproximadamente 15 anos ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do protocolo ERAS, os princ&#237;pios de recupera&#231;&#227;o aprimorada foram formalmente estabelecidos na cirurgia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> culminando na <italic>Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery</italic> (ERACS), uma das primeiras diretrizes abrangentes para o cuidado perioperat&#243;rio nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ao longo destes anos, a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o evoluiu de uma abordagem unimodal (focada em uma &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o como exerc&#237;cio ou apoio psicol&#243;gico) para uma estrat&#233;gia multimodal. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, este modelo abrangente agora integra otimiza&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, planejamento cir&#250;rgico, suporte nutricional e psicol&#243;gico, treinamento de exerc&#237;cios e modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Enquanto a evid&#234;ncia atual permanece limitada, as diretrizes do ERACS recomendam implementar tais programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal para pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Como interven&#231;&#227;o fundamental de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o, o programa baseado em exerc&#237;cios representa uma estrat&#233;gia-chave para otimizar os resultados da cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Programa de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o que poderia ser inclu&#237;da como interven&#231;&#227;o antes das diferentes cirurgias, devendo ser apropriadamente individualizado.2,12,15 TMI: treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio; TA: treinamento aer&#243;bico; TR: treinamento de resist&#234;ncia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio: uma estrat&#233;gia-chave para melhorar os desfechos da cirurgia card&#237;aca?</title>
        <p>A EBPrehab, interven&#231;&#227;o fundamental da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que envolve a aplica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do exerc&#237;cio, tem sido cada vez mais incorporada nos cuidados cir&#250;rgicos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta uma vis&#227;o geral dos componentes principais da EBPrehab com base em 16 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> que examinaram seus efeitos na cirurgia card&#237;aca, seja ela implementada como parte de programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal ou unimodal. As interven&#231;&#245;es EBPrehab diferiram em design, variando de abordagens de modalidade &#250;nica a regimes combinados que incorporem pelo menos duas modalidades de treino, exerc&#237;cios de expans&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, ou exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade, conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Notavelmente, em 10 desses ECRs, a EBPrehab foi realizada por profissionais de fisioterapia ou implementada atrav&#233;s de sess&#245;es estruturadas de fisioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Principais componentes da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio. * Principais grupos musculares dos membros superiores e inferiores. ** Sess&#245;es convencionais de fisioterapia. TA: treinamento aer&#243;bico; TR: treinamento de resist&#234;ncia; 1RM: uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima; 8RM: oito repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas; rep: repeti&#231;&#245;es; MET: equivalente metab&#243;lico da tarefa; TMI: treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio; PImax: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima. Baseado em 16 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados publicados anteriormente.21-36</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> Artigo, Ano </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Pa&#237;s, Cen&#225;rio </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Popula&#231;&#227;o, Tamanho da amostra <sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Modalidade Prehab: componentes </th>
                  <th>Detalhes da EBPrehab</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weiner, 1998<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Israel, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, N=42</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TMI</underline>: 2-4 semanas, 6 vezes por semana, 30 minutos a 15% PImax com aumento progressivo at&#233; 60% PImax</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arthur, 2000<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Canad&#225;, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=123</td>
                  <td align="center">Multimodal: Educa&#231;&#227;o | EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center">8 semanas, duas vezes por semana <underline>Flexibilidade</underline>: 20 minutos, alongamento <underline>TA</underline>: 30 minutos (ciclo estacion&#225;rio, esteira, erg&#244;metro do bra&#231;o, escalador da escada) a 40-70% da capacidade funcional</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hulzebos, 2006<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Pa&#237;ses Baixos, Ambulatorial e domiciliar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=14</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TMI</underline>: pelo menos 2 semanas, 7 vezes por semana (1 na cl&#237;nica e 6 em casa), 20 minutos a 30% PImax, supervisionado por um fisioterapeuta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hulzebos, 2006<sup>24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Pa&#237;ses Baixos, Ambulatorial e domiciliar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=140</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TMI</underline>: pelo menos 2 semanas, 7 vezes por semana (1 na cl&#237;nica e 6 em casa), 20 minutos a 30% PImax, supervisionado por um fisioterapeuta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Herdy, 2008<sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Brasil, Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, N=29</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center">Pelo menos 5 dias, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas <underline>TR perif&#233;rico</underline>: 2-4 METs com base na fase I da RC <underline>Respira&#231;&#227;o profunda</underline>: treinamento de espir&#244;metro e RPPI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferreira, 2009<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Brasil, Domiciliar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM | CTV, N=15</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TMI</underline>: pelo menos 5 dias, 2 vezes ao dia, 5 s&#233;ries, 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es a 40% PImax (avaliada por fisioterapeutas)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rosenfeldt, 2011<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Austr&#225;lia, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=60</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TA</underline>: 2 semanas, duas vezes por semana, 40 minutos de cicloergometria, caminhada em esteira, ergometria de bra&#231;o a 60% FCmax, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Savci, 2011<sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Turquia, Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, N=22</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TMI</underline>: 5 dias, duas vezes ao dia, 30 minutos a 15% PImax com aumento progressivo at&#233; 45% PImax, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sawatzky, 2014<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Canad&#225;, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=8</td>
                  <td align="center">Multimodal: Educa&#231;&#227;o | EBPrehab | Estilo de vida saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TA</underline>: 4 semanas, duas vezes por semana, 60 minutos de caminhada a 85% VO<sub>2</sub>pico (alongamento e exerc&#237;cio leve com peso corporal e faixas foram realizados por apenas 2 participantes)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrinho, 2014<sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Brasil, Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, N=10</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center">Todos os dias at&#233; a cirurgia <sup>&amp;</sup>, uma sess&#227;o por dia, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas <underline>TMI</underline>: 3 s&#233;ries, 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es a 40% PImax <underline>Respira&#231;&#227;o profunda</underline>: inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda e sustentada, respira&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica associado &#224; mobiliza&#231;&#227;o dos membros superiores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chen, 2019<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">China, Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM | CTV, N=98</td>
                  <td align="center">Multimodal: Educa&#231;&#227;o | EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TMI</underline>: 5 dias, duas vezes por dia, 20 minutos (5 respira&#231;&#245;es diafragm&#225;ticas seguidas de 5-10 segundos de descanso) a 30% PImax, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Steinmetz, 2020<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Alemanha, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=81</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center">2 semanas, 3 vezes por semana <underline>TA</underline>: 2 sets, 10-25 minutos de cicloergometria a 70% VO<sub>2</sub>pico <underline>Respira&#231;&#227;o profunda</underline>: t&#233;cnicas respirat&#243;rias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Argunova, 2022<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">R&#250;ssia, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=43</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TA</underline>: 5-10 dias, 30 minutos a 80% VO<sub>2</sub>pico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Akowuah, 2023<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Reino Unido, Ambulatorial e domiciliary</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=91</td>
                  <td align="center">Multimodal: Educa&#231;&#227;o | EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center">4 semanas, 7 vezes por semana (1 na cl&#237;nica e 6 em casa), 45-60 minutos <underline>TR perif&#233;rico</underline>: programa de exerc&#237;cios <underline>TMI</underline>: duas vezes por dia, em alta intensidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>L&#243;pez-Hern&#225;ndez, 2024<sup>35</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Espanha, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CTV, N=34</td>
                  <td align="center">Multimodal: EBPrehab | Estilo de vida saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">4-6 semanas, duas vezes por semana, 60 minutos por sess&#227;o, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas <underline>TA</underline>: 5 per&#237;odos de 2 minutos de cicloergometria, 70% a 90-100% PWR <underline>TR perif&#233;rico</underline>: 2-3 s&#233;ries, 8-12 repeti&#231;&#245;es, 8RM (peitoral, grande dorsal e quadr&#237;ceps) <underline>Respira&#231;&#227;o profunda</underline>: duas vezes por dia, 1-2 s&#233;ries, 10-15 respira&#231;&#245;es (expans&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, respira&#231;&#245;es diafragm&#225;ticas e inspira&#231;&#245;es profundas)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sahar, 2024<sup>36</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Paquist&#227;o, Ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM <sup>#</sup>, N=37</td>
                  <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                  <td align="center"><underline>TR perif&#233;rico</underline>: 1-3 vezes ao dia, 10-15 repeti&#231;&#245;es por grupos musculares principais (superior e inferior), com caneleiras/halteres a 40-50% 1RM, supervisionado por fisioterapeutas</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; CTV: cirurgia de troca valvar; EBPrehab: exercise-based prehabilitation; FCmax: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; PImax: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; Prehab: pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o; PWR: carga de trabalho m&#225;xima; RC: reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; RPPI: respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva intermitente; TA: treinamento aer&#243;bico;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>TMI: treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio; TR: treinamento de resist&#234;ncia; VO<sub>2</sub>pico: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; 1RM: uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima; 8RM: oito repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas. *Participantes inclu&#237;dos no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o. <sup>#</sup>Especificado como CRM eletiva. &amp; Dura&#231;&#227;o da EBPrehab n&#227;o especificada no artigo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias atuais mostram uma variabilidade consider&#225;vel na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios para pacientes cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos, sem um consenso estabelecido sobre a modalidade ideal ou par&#226;metros de dosagem. Os programas existentes demonstram grandes varia&#231;&#245;es na dura&#231;&#227;o (de 5 dias a 16 semanas), frequ&#234;ncia (2 a 7 sess&#245;es por semana), dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o (20 a 90 minutos) e intensidade (baixa-moderada a alta).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Apesar da alta heterogeneidade nos protocolos de interven&#231;&#227;o, diferentes revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises consistentemente apoiam a EBPrehab para melhorar a capacidade funcional p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> e diminuir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. As evid&#234;ncias sugerem que esses benef&#237;cios s&#227;o reprodut&#237;veis em diferentes programas, ressaltando a robustez da EBPrehab nos cuidados cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos eletivos.</p>
        <p>Uma recente declara&#231;&#227;o de consenso europeu prop&#245;e que a prescri&#231;&#227;o da EBPrehab deve incorporar treino f&#237;sico e treino dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios, individualizado de acordo com as necessidades espec&#237;ficas do paciente e fatores de risco &#8212; particularmente para popula&#231;&#245;es fr&#225;geis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Notavelmente, o treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio ganhou reconhecimento como uma interven&#231;&#227;o eficaz, econ&#244;mica e bem tolerada. Esta modalidade funciona aplicando resist&#234;ncia durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o para aumentar for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia muscular inspirat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Quando implementado como uma interven&#231;&#227;o independente, o treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio tem demonstrado impacto significativo na redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias (incluindo atelectasia e pneumonia) e tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias existentes, embora de qualidade baixa a moderada, indicam que a EBPrehab melhora a capacidade funcional e facilita a recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Uma abordagem combinada de exerc&#237;cios que incorpora exerc&#237;cios de expans&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio, treinamento de resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica e condicionamento f&#237;sico geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> parece particularmente ben&#233;fica, ressaltando o valor da implementa&#231;&#227;o precoce e abrangente da EBPrehab.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Impacto do desfecho da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio na cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o</xref> sobre o impacto do desfecho antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca, na presen&#231;a (linha dupla) ou aus&#234;ncia (linha pontilhada) da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio. Baseado em 15.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias suficientes para recomendar um protocolo de interven&#231;&#227;o padronizado ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima dos componentes da EBPrehab. Uma abordagem individualizada para EBPrehab &#233;, portanto, justificada e muitas vezes necess&#225;ria. Por exemplo, pode nem sempre ser vi&#225;vel ou clinicamente necess&#225;rio incorporar todos os componentes da EBPrehab em uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o, especialmente para pacientes fr&#225;geis com grande descondicionamento muscular, pois podem n&#227;o ter a capacidade de tolerar tais volumes de treinamento extensos.</p>
        <p>Apesar da necessidade de pesquisas adicionais de alta qualidade, as atuais diretrizes internacionais endossam a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o como uma estrat&#233;gia valiosa para otimiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Visando os fatores de risco prevalentes nesta popula&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> &#8212; particularmente fragilidade nos idosos &#8212; a EBPrehab representa uma interven&#231;&#227;o clinicamente significativa para melhorar os resultados cir&#250;rgicos. Alcan&#231;ar esses resultados requer colabora&#231;&#227;o multiprofissional entre todos os profissionais de sa&#250;de, com cada disciplina contribuindo com sua experi&#234;ncia especializada. Os m&#233;dicos devem assumir a responsabilidade pela avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e estabelecer as restri&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas necess&#225;rias. Para interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas como aconselhamento nutricional ou cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, o envolvimento de outros especialistas &#8212; incluindo nutricionistas e psic&#243;logos &#8212; &#233; essencial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica no Brasil</title>
        <p>A EBPrehab &#8212; tamb&#233;m conhecida como fisioterapia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> &#8212; est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais comum no Brasil. O Conselho Federal de Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (COFFITO) reconhece quinze especialidades em fisioterapia, duas das quais voltadas para os cuidados card&#237;acos: fisioterapia cardiovascular e fisioterapia intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Os fisioterapeutas cardiovasculares e de terapia intensiva podem contribuir para o componente de EBPrehab nos programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em tr&#234;s cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos distintos.</p>
        <p>Primeiro, os pacientes de alto risco que necessitam de prepara&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria intensiva recebem cuidados multimodais nas unidades de terapia intensiva. Segundo, os centros convencionais de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca servem como locais estabelecidos para a entrega do programa multimodal. Nestes dois cen&#225;rios, a abordagem centralizada multimodal &#233; realizada por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, fisioterap&#234;uticas, nutricionais e psicol&#243;gicas coordenadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Terceiro, pacientes est&#225;veis aguardando cirurgia eletiva podem ser submetidos a EBPrehab em cl&#237;nicas de fisioterapia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e refer&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Neste caso, o programa multimodal pode ser entregue atrav&#233;s de uma abordagem descentralizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Em todos estes cen&#225;rios, os fisioterapeutas, de forma aut&#244;noma, avaliam capacidade funcional e funcionalidade, estabelecem perfis diagn&#243;sticos e projetam programas individualizados de EBPrehab com base nos fatores de risco de cada paciente e no tempo restante antes da cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No entanto, essas interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; agora s&#227;o geralmente baseadas em prescri&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas individualizadas, em vez de protocolos padronizados, sublinhando uma desconex&#227;o entre a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e a pesquisa baseada em evid&#234;ncias. Poucos estudos brasileiros investigaram os benef&#237;cios da EBPrehab em programas de fisioterapia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Um estudo realizado em Santa Catarina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> demonstrou que a EBPrehab (consistindo de pelo menos cinco dias de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia ao peso corporal e exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios) combinado com a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca Fase I reduziu significativamente as perman&#234;ncias hospitalares, tempo para extuba&#231;&#227;o e a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias &#8212; incluindo pneumonia, derrame pleural e atelectasia &#8212; em compara&#231;&#227;o com a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca Fase I sozinha. Adicionalmente, dois estudos de S&#227;o Paulo revelaram que um programa de EBPrehab com treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio pode reduzir o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar desses resultados promissores, a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (ou &#8220;pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#8221;) permanece subutilizada no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no Brasil: Uma necessidade emergente</title>
        <p>Apesar de mais de quatro d&#233;cadas de pesquisa apoiando os benef&#237;cios da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#8212; incluindo sua recomenda&#231;&#227;o em diretrizes internacionais para pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#8212; a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi reconhecida como uma oportunidade valiosa de interven&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes brasileiras.</p>
        <p>A Diretriz Sul-Americana para Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (2014)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> recomenda reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria para procedimentos como revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e transplante card&#237;aco, mas n&#227;o faz men&#231;&#227;o a interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias como pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o. Da mesma forma, o mais recente documento abrangente do Brasil sobre o tema, a Diretriz Brasileira para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (2020),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> omite a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o como pr&#225;tica recomendada.</p>
        <p>Esta situa&#231;&#227;o se estende a outras diretrizes importantes:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A 3&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Card&#237;aco (2018)51 se concentra exclusivamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria sem referenciar programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A Diretriz atualizada para Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Perioperat&#243;ria (2024) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia52 enfatiza a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco, mas n&#227;o inclui refer&#234;ncias de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o &#8212; mesmo para pacientes de alto risco. Notavelmente, sua &#250;nica men&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica se aplica exclusivamente a pacientes fr&#225;geis submetidos a procedimentos n&#227;o card&#237;acos.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Esta exclus&#227;o persistente nas orienta&#231;&#245;es nacionais representa uma oportunidade perdida. Dada a crescente evid&#234;ncia que demonstra a efic&#225;cia da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o na melhoria dos resultados cir&#250;rgicos, o Brasil pode se beneficiar significativamente ao alinhar sua pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica com os padr&#245;es internacionais atrav&#233;s da incorpora&#231;&#227;o formal de protocolos de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desafios antecipados e solu&#231;&#245;es propostas para implementa&#231;&#227;o na rotina cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Inevitavelmente, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no Brasil enfrentar&#225; desafios. Embora ainda sejam desconhecidas as barreiras espec&#237;ficas &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o na pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a literatura existente destaca desafios sist&#234;micos na presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Os servi&#231;os de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda s&#227;o insuficientes para enfrentar a crescente carga das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, com baixa utiliza&#231;&#227;o mesmo quando dispon&#237;veis. Embora existam barreiras em todos os cen&#225;rios, os pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia enfrentam maiores desafios devido &#224; escassez de recursos, sistemas de sa&#250;de fracos e quest&#245;es de acessibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> As principais barreiras de implementa&#231;&#227;o incluem baixa motiva&#231;&#227;o do paciente, desafios ambientais e diet&#233;ticos, lacunas de infraestrutura e disparidades na alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de. A cobertura limitada do seguro restringe ainda mais o acesso e o potencial de reabilita&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Para pacientes idosos com fragilidade, as barreiras da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o incluem limita&#231;&#245;es de transporte, falta de apoio social e sobrecarga de informa&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dada a infraestrutura limitada de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no Brasil para programas centralizados de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal, estrat&#233;gias adaptativas de implementa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o essenciais. Os desafios associados aos programas baseados em centros poderiam ser mitigados atrav&#233;s de modelos descentralizados e/ou teleprehabilita&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o apenas abordem essas barreiras, mas que tamb&#233;m podem melhorar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> Pesquisas futuras devem explorar modelos adaptados localmente que alavanquem a colabora&#231;&#227;o interprofissional. Por quest&#245;es de seguran&#231;a, pacientes de risco moderado a alto devem ser encaminhados para programas baseados em hospitais ou centros, enquanto os pacientes de baixo risco que aguardam uma cirurgia eletiva podem receber cuidados multidisciplinares coordenados e descentralizados em ambientes comunit&#225;rios ou atrav&#233;s da tele-reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Tais programas devem integrar componentes dos dom&#237;nios m&#233;dico, fisioterap&#234;utico, nutricional e psicol&#243;gico, dependendo das necessidades individuais, para garantir um apoio abrangente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas de futuro: Avan&#231;o da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no Brasil</title>
        <p>Enquanto as lacunas de evid&#234;ncia persistem e n&#227;o existe consenso sobre os programas ideais de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o, as sociedades m&#233;dicas internacionais reconhecem cada vez mais a necessidade urgente de estudos de alta qualidade neste campo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos temos visto in&#250;meras iniciativas multinacionais investigando estrat&#233;gias eficazes de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o para pacientes card&#237;acos. Programas not&#225;veis incluem abordagens multimodais (ERAS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> PREHAB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> PREQUEL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> PRECOVERY,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> PrEPS TRIAL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> Heart-ROCQ<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup>) e pesquisa em telepr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> que mostram a promessa em melhorar resultados para pacientes cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos, incluindo aqueles submetidos ao transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para estabelecer uma estrutura de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em evid&#234;ncias, adaptada &#224;s realidades da popula&#231;&#227;o e da sa&#250;de no Brasil, as seguintes prioridades devem ser consideradas:</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o Brasil</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <bold>Integra&#231;&#227;o de Diretrizes</bold>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Reconhecimento formal da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal nas diretrizes nacionais de cirurgia cardiovascular e reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como uma oportunidade valiosa de interven&#231;&#227;o para a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <bold>Pesquisa Espec&#237;fica da Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Investiga&#231;&#227;o dos fatores epidemiol&#243;gicos e culturais &#250;nicos do Brasil para garantir que os programas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o lidem com as disparidades locais em sa&#250;de e restri&#231;&#245;es de recursos.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <bold>Implementa&#231;&#227;o Multidisciplinar</bold>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p> Estabelecimento de equipes especializadas em pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o (cardiologistas, fisioterapeutas, nutricionistas, psic&#243;logos) para projetar programas adaptados ao contexto e alinhados &#224; infraestrutura de sa&#250;de do Brasil. </p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <bold>Programas-piloto em Centros Acad&#234;micos</bold>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p> Implanta&#231;&#227;o de iniciativas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o em hospitais universit&#225;rios e centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para sinergizar o cuidado cl&#237;nico com a pesquisa enquanto se testa a viabilidade. </p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <bold>Expans&#227;o para Procedimentos Card&#237;acos Fechados</bold>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p> Avalia&#231;&#227;o rigorosa do papel da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o em interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas, implanta&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter e outros procedimentos card&#237;acos minimamente invasivos. </p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <bold>Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Modalidade do Exerc&#237;cio</bold>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p> Estudos comparativos para determinar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de v&#225;rios componentes de treinamento (aer&#243;bio, resist&#234;ncia e/ou inspirat&#243;rio) dentro de estruturas de pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o multimodal. </p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o: Um chamado &#224; a&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no Brasil</title>
      <p>Apesar da evid&#234;ncia crescente de apoio &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia card&#237;aca, o sistema de sa&#250;de do Brasil n&#227;o implementou totalmente essa abordagem. Enquanto as diretrizes internacionais reconhecem cada vez mais a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o como um componente valioso da prepara&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> sua aus&#234;ncia nas orienta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares brasileiras<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> representa uma lacuna cr&#237;tica nos padr&#245;es de atendimento ao paciente. A comunidade m&#233;dica brasileira, junto com os demais profissionais de sa&#250;de, se encontra em um momento crucial:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Incorpora&#231;&#227;o formal</bold> da pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes nacionais de cuidados card&#237;acos.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Desenvolvimento de protocolos baseados em evid&#234;ncias</bold> adaptados &#224;s necessidades da popula&#231;&#227;o local e &#224; infraestrutura de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Estabelecimento de programas multidisciplinares</bold> em centros acad&#234;micos de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Ao abra&#231;ar esses avan&#231;os, o Brasil tem potencial para melhorar significativamente os resultados da cirurgia card&#237;aca. O sucesso dos programas multimodais internacionais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> e modelos emergentes de telepr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup> fornece um roteiro e uma justificativa para esta evolu&#231;&#227;o. A investiga&#231;&#227;o futura deve centrar-se particularmente em:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>padronizar as medidas de desfecho para as popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras,</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade nos sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos e privados e</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>explorar as aplica&#231;&#245;es em procedimentos card&#237;acos minimamente invasivos,</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>para melhorar o conhecimento existente e otimizar a situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi apoiado pelo Programa de Bolsas para Pesquisa Capes-Humboldt para pesquisadores experientes (Edital N&#186; 14/2022, Chamada 21, Processo N&#186; 23038.004870/2021-69).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250377i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implementing Cardiac Prehabilitation in Brazil: Building an Evidence-based Framework for Surgical Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0972-194X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mazzoli-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role>Carolin Steinmetz</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3629-252X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sadlonova</surname>
            <given-names>Monika</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borghi-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4977-8414</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Goettingen &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sch&#252;chtermann-Klinik Bad Rothenfelde, Bad Rothenfelde &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Flavia Mazzoli-Rocha Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. Postal Code 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: flamazzoli@gmail.com, flavia.mazzoli@ini.fiocruz.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Patients undergoing cardiac surgery often face multiple challenges, including comorbidities, frailty, and psychosocial factors, which complicate recovery. Multimodal prehabilitation programs have emerged as a promising strategy to address these issues, aiming to reduce the length of hospital stay, mitigate pulmonary complications, and enhance functional recovery.</p>
        <p>This Review Article examines the components and benefits of a comprehensive cardiac prehabilitation program, with a focus on exercise-based prehabilitation. Additionally, it underscores the importance of integrating prehabilitation into Brazilian clinical guidelines as a valuable preoperative opportunity.</p>
        <p>Emerging evidence, albeit of low to moderate quality, suggests that exercise-based prehabilitation, as a unimodal approach or integrating a multimodal program, can significantly improve functional capacity and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. International guidelines have already supported cardiac prehabilitation as a valuable approach in this context. Globally, ongoing multicenter intervention trials seek to refine this evidence, pinpointing the ideal patient population and the most effective cardiac prehabilitation program. Given the growing burden of cardiovascular disease in Brazil, there is an unmet need for local research to assess the benefits of prehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implementing Cardiac Prehabilitation in Brazil: Building an Evidence-based Framework for Surgical Outcomess</title>
              <p>Implementing Cardiac Prehabilitation in Brazil: Building an Evidence-Based Framework for Surgical Outcomes. The need for a national guideline recognition. The recognition of prehabilitation in the management of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgeries in the national guidelines of cardiovascular surgery and cardiac rehabilitation could be the first step. * Prehabilitation could be done in different scenarios, including in-hospital, outpatient clinic, or even through teleprehabilitation. Prehab: prehabilitation; ECS: elective cardiac surgeries; CR 1: phase 1 of cardiac rehabilitation; CR 2: phase 2 of cardiac rehabilitation; CR 3: phase 3 of cardiac rehabilitation; CR 4: phase 4 of cardiac rehabilitation.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Preoperative Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ischemic heart diseases and heart valve diseases are the first and fifth leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, respectively, among cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> To treat these conditions, an annual global average of 36.7 coronary artery bypass grafts and 30.8 valvular surgeries is performed per 100,000 population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Surgeries involving a major body cavity, as open-heart surgery, trigger a systemic neuroendocrine and inflammatory response, contributing to postoperative complications and increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac surgery patients generally present with advanced age, high burden of comorbidities, dietary risk factors, and significant perioperative morbidity and mortality risks, often compounded by frailty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Frailty affects up to 50% of older adults undergoing cardiac surgery and is strongly linked to adverse outcomes, including postoperative complications, high mortality rates, and prolonged hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, convalescence may be complicated by delirium, anxiety, and depressive disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> To mitigate these risks, prehabilitation has emerged as a key strategy to enhance physical resilience and optimize frail patients for surgical stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To reduce postoperative complications and enhance functional recovery in cardiac surgery patients, further research is needed. This Review Article examines the components and benefits of comprehensive cardiac prehabilitation, with a focus on exercise-based programs. Additionally, it underscores the importance of integrating prehabilitation into Brazilian clinical guidelines as a valuable preoperative opportunity.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>The prehabilitation concept</title>
          <p>The concept of prehabilitation &#8212; also mentioned as preoperative rehabilitation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#8212; stems from the recognition that successful surgery depends not only on the procedure itself but also on the patient&#8217;s rapid physical and psychological recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A groundbreaking 1981 study of 29 cardiac patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery was among the first to demonstrate that exercise-based prehabilitation (EBPrehab) could help assess and mitigate cardiac risk before surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This early finding laid the groundwork for prehabilitation to evolve into a critical element of surgical care.</p>
          <p>In 2005, a significant advancement in perioperative care occurred with the development of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol for colorectal patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This milestone catalyzed growing recognition in the scientific literature of prehabilitation&#8217;s benefits across multiple surgical specialties. Subsequent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of multimodal prehabilitation in diverse patient populations, including orthopedic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> abdominal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> cardiac,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> bariatric,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Interestingly, the development of enhanced recovery programs for cardiac surgery progressed more slowly compared to non-cardiac procedures. This delay can be attributed to several challenges, including the high-risk nature of cardiac patients and the considerable diversity in cardiac surgical interventions. Nearly 15 years after the introduction of the ERAS protocol, enhanced recovery principles were formally established in cardiac surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> culminating in the Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) Society&#8217;s first comprehensive guidelines for perioperative care in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Through these years, prehabilitation evolved from a unimodal approach (focused on a single intervention like exercise or psychological support) to a multimodal strategy. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, this comprehensive model now integrates medical optimization, surgical planning, nutritional and psychological support, exercise training, and lifestyle modification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> While current evidence remains limited, the ERACS guidelines recommend implementing such multimodal prehabilitation programs for elective cardiac surgery patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As a fundamental intervention of prehabilitation, the exercise-based program represents a key strategy for optimizing outcomes in cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multimodal prehabilitation program. A multidisciplinary prehabilitation approach that could be included as an intervention before different surgeries, and should be individualized accordingly.2,12,15 IMT: inspiratory muscle training; AT: aerobic training; RT: resistance training.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise-based prehabilitation: a key strategy for improving cardiac surgical outcomes?</title>
          <p>EBPrehab, a fundamental intervention of cardiac prehabilitation involving the therapeutic application of exercise, has been increasingly incorporated into preoperative surgical care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> provides an overview of EBPrehab core components based on 16 randomized controlled trials<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> examining its effects in cardiac surgery, whether implemented as part of multimodal or unimodal prehabilitation programs. The EBPrehab interventions varied in design, ranging from single-component approaches to combined regimens incorporating at least two training modalities, breathing expansion exercises, or flexibility exercises, as detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Notably, in 10 of these RCTs, EBPrehab was either conducted by physiotherapy professionals or implemented through structured physiotherapy sessions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Core components of exercise-based prehabilitation. * Major muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs. ** Conventional sessions of physiotherapy. AT: aerobic training; RT: resistance training; 1RM: one-repetition maximum; 8RM: eight-repetition maximum; rep: repetitions; MET: metabolic equivalent of task; IMT: inspiratory muscle training; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure. Based on 16 previously published randomized controlled trials. 21-36</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Exercise-based prehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study, Year</th>
                    <th>Country, Setting</th>
                    <th>Population, Sample size<sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                    <th>Prehab modality: components</th>
                    <th>Details of EBPrehab</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weiner, 1998<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Israel, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, N=42</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>IMT</underline>: 2-4 weeks, 6 times weekly, 30 minutes at 15% MIP with progressive increase up to 60% MIP</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arthur, 2000<sup>22</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Canada, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=123</td>
                    <td align="center">Multimodal: Education | EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center">8 weeks, twice weekly <underline>Flexibility</underline>: 20 minutes, stretching <underline>AT</underline>: 30 minutes (stationary cycle, treadmill, arm ergometer, stair climber) at 40-70% of functional capacity</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hulzebos, 2006<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">The Netherlands, Outpatient clinic and Home</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=14</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>IMT</underline>: at least 2 weeks, 7 times weekly (1 at clinic and 6 at home), 20 minutes at 30% MIP, supervised by a physiotherapist</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hulzebos, 2006<sup>24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">The Netherlands, Outpatient clinic and Home</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=140</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>IMT</underline>: at least 2 weeks, 7 times weekly (1 at clinic and 6 at home), 20 minutes at 30% MIP, supervised by physiotherapists</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Herdy, 2008<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Brazil, Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, N=29</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center">At least 5 days, supervised by physiotherapists <underline>Peripheral RT</underline>: 2-4 METs based on CR phase I <underline>Breathing expansion</underline>: spirometer training and IPPB</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferreira, 2009<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Brazil, Home</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG | VRS, N=15</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>IMT</underline>: at least 5 days, 2 times daily, 5 sets, 10 repetitions at 40% MIP (assessed by physiotherapists)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rosenfeldt, 2011<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Australia, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=60</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>AT</underline>: 2 weeks, twice weekly, 40 minutes of cycle ergometry, treadmill walking, arm ergometry at 60% HRmax, supervised by physiotherapists</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Savci, 2011<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Turkey, Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, N=22</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>IMT</underline>: 5 days, twice daily, 30 minutes at 15% MIP with progressive increase up to 45% MIP, supervised by physiotherapists</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sawatzky, 2014<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Canada, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=8</td>
                    <td align="center">Multimodal: Education | EBPrehab | Healthy lifestyle</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>AT</underline>: 4 weeks, twice weekly, 60 minutes walking at 85% VO<sub>2</sub>peak (stretching and light exercise with body weight and bands were performed by only 2 participants)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sobrinho, 2014<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Brasil, Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, N=10</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center">Daily until surgery &amp;, once a day, supervised by physiotherapists <underline>IMT</underline>: 3 sets, 10 repetitions at 40% MIP <underline>Breathing expansion</underline>: deep and sustained inspiration, diaphragmatic breathing together with upper limbs mobilization</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chen, 2019<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">China, Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG | VRS, N=98</td>
                    <td align="center">Multimodal: Education | EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>IMT</underline>: 5 days, twice daily, 20 minutes (5 diaphragmatic breaths followed by 5-10 seconds rest) at 30% MIP, supervised by physiotherapists</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Steinmetz, 2020<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Germany, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=81</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center">2 weeks, 3 times weekly AT: 2 sets, 10-25 minutes cycle ergometer at 70% VO<sub>2</sub>peak <underline>Breathing expansion</underline>: breathing techniques</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Argunova, 2022<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Russia, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=43</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>AT</underline>: 5-10 days, 30 minutes at 80% VO<sub>2</sub>peak</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akowuah, 2023<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">United Kingdom, Outpatient clinic and home</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=91</td>
                    <td align="center">Multimodal: Education | EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center">4 weeks, 7 times weekly (1 at clinic and 6 at home), 45-60 minutes <underline>Peripheral RT</underline>: exercise programme <underline>IMT</underline>: twice daily, at high intensity</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>L&#243;pez-Hern&#225;ndez, 2024<sup>35</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Spain, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">VRS, N=34</td>
                    <td align="center">Multimodal: EBPrehab | Healthy lifestyle</td>
                    <td align="center">4-6 weeks, twice weekly, 60 minutes per session, supervised by physiotherapists <underline>AT</underline>: 5 bouts of 2 minutes, stationary bike at 70% to 90-100% PWR Peripheral RT: 2-3 sets, 8-12 repetitions, at 8RM (pectorals, latissimus dorsi, and quadriceps) <underline>Breathing expansion</underline>: twice daily, 1-2 sets, 10-15 breaths (chest expansions, diaphragmatic breaths, and deep inspirations)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sahar, 2024<sup>36</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Pakistan, Outpatient clinic</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG<sup>#</sup>, N=37</td>
                    <td align="center">Unimodal: EBPrehab</td>
                    <td align="center"><underline>Peripheral RT</underline>: 1-3 times daily, 10-15 repetitions per major muscle groups (upper and lower), with cuff weights/dumbbells at 40-50% 1RM, supervised by physiotherapists</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>AT: aerobic training; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CR: cardiac rehabilitation; EBPrehab: exercise-based prehabilitation; IMT: inspiratory muscle training; IPPB: intermittent positive pressure breathing; HRmax: maximum heart rate; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure; Prehab: prehabilitation; PWR: peak workload; RT: resistance training; VO<sub>2</sub>peak: peak oxygen consumption; VRS: valve replacement surgery; 1RM: one-repetition maximum; 8RM: eight-repetition maximum. *Participants included in the Prehabilitation intervention group. # Specified as elective CABG. &amp; EBPrehab duration not specified in the study.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Current evidence shows considerable variability in exercise prescription for cardiac surgery patients, with no established consensus on optimal modality or dosage parameters. Existing programs demonstrate wide variations in duration (from 5 days to 16 weeks), frequency (2 to 7 sessions per week), session length (20 to 90 minutes), and intensity (low-moderate to high).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Despite the high heterogeneity in intervention protocols, different systematic reviews and meta-analyses consistently support EBPrehab for enhancing postoperative functional capacity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> reducing postoperative complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> and decreasing length of hospital stay<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The evidence suggests these benefits are reproducible across different program designs, underscoring the robustness of EBPrehab in elective cardiac surgical care.</p>
          <p>A recent European consensus statement proposes that the prescription of EBPrehab should incorporate physical exercise training and respiratory muscles training, individualized according to patient-specific needs and risk factors &#8212; particularly for frail populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Notably, inspiratory muscle training has gained recognition as an effective, cost-efficient, and well-tolerated intervention. This modality works by applying resistance during inspiration to enhance inspiratory muscle strength and endurance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> When implemented as a standalone intervention, inspiratory muscle training has demonstrated a significant impact in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications (including atelectasis and pneumonia) and recovery time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Existing evidence, albeit of low to moderate quality, indicates that EBPrehab improves functional capacity and facilitates postoperative recovery in elective cardiac surgery patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> A combined exercise approach incorporating breathing expansion exercises, inspiratory muscle training, peripheral resistance training, and general physical conditioning,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> appears particularly beneficial, underscoring the value of early and comprehensive EBPrehab implementation.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Outcome impact of an exercise-based prehabilitation in elective cardiac surgery. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Illustration</xref> about the outcome impact before and after cardiac surgery, in the presence (double line) or absence (dotted line) of an exercise-based prehabilitation. Based on 15.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250377-50377-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Currently, there is insufficient evidence to recommend a standardized intervention protocol or optimal combination of EBPrehab components. An individualized approach to EBPrehab is therefore warranted and often needed. For instance, it may not always be feasible or clinically necessary to incorporate all EBPrehab components within a single session, particularly for frail patients with marked muscular deconditioning, as they may lack the capacity to tolerate such extensive training volumes.</p>
          <p>Although additional high-quality research is warranted, current international guidelines endorse prehabilitation as a valuable strategy for preoperative optimization in elective cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> By targeting prevalent risk factors in this population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> &#8212; particularly frailty in the elderly &#8212; EBPrehab represents a clinically significant intervention for enhancing surgical outcomes. Achieving these outcomes requires multiprofessional collaboration among all healthcare providers, with each discipline contributing to their specialized expertise. Physicians should assume responsibility for risk assessment and establish necessary clinical restrictions. For specific interventions such as nutritional counseling or smoking cessation, the involvement of other specialists &#8212; including nutritionists and psychologists &#8212; is essential.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise-based cardiac prehabilitation in clinical practice in Brazil</title>
          <p>EBPrehab &#8212; also known as preoperative physiotherapy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> &#8212; is becoming increasingly common in Brazil. The Brazilian Federal Council of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy (COFFITO) recognizes fifteen specialties in physiotherapy, two of which focus on cardiac care: cardiovascular physiotherapy and intensive care physiotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Cardiovascular and intensive care physiotherapists can contribute to the EBPrehab component of cardiac prehabilitation programs across three distinct clinical scenarios.</p>
          <p>First, high-risk patients necessitating intensive preoperative preparation receive multimodal care in intensive care units. Second, conventional cardiac rehabilitation centers serve as established sites for multimodal program delivery. In these two scenarios, the multimodal centralized approach is delivered through coordinated medical, physiotherapeutic, nutritional, and psychological interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Third, stable patients awaiting elective surgery may undergo EBPrehab in cardiac physiotherapy clinics following physician risk assessment and referral. In this case, the multimodal program can be delivered through a decentralized approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> In all scenarios, physiotherapists autonomously assess functional capacity and functionality, establish diagnostic profiles, and design individualized EBPrehab programs based on each patient&#8217;s risk factors and the time remaining before surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, these exercise interventions are so far usually based on individualized clinical prescriptions rather than standardized protocols, underscoring a disconnect between clinical practice and evidence-based research. Few Brazilian studies have investigated the benefits of EBPrehab within preoperative physiotherapy programs for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. A study conducted in Santa Catarina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> demonstrated that EBPrehab (consisting of at least five days of bodyweight resistance exercises and breathing exercises) combined with Phase I cardiac rehabilitation significantly reduced hospital stays, time to extubation, and the incidence of postoperative complications &#8212; including pneumonia, pleural effusion, and atelectasis &#8212;compared to Phase I cardiac rehabilitation alone. Additionally, two studies from S&#227;o Paulo revealed that an EBPrehab program incorporating inspiratory muscle training can shorten postoperative recovery time<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and improve lung function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Despite these promising findings, the preoperative cardiac rehabilitation (or &#8220;cardiac prehabilitation&#8221;) remains underutilized in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac prehabilitation in Brazil: An emerging need</title>
          <p>Despite over four decades of research supporting the benefits of prehabilitation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#8212; including its recommendation in international guidelines for patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#8212; prehabilitation has yet to be recognized as a valuable intervention opportunity in Brazilian guidelines.</p>
          <p>The <italic>South American Guideline for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (2014)</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> recommends postoperative cardiac rehabilitation for procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting and cardiac transplantation, yet makes no mention of preoperative interventions like prehabilitation. Similarly, Brazil&#8217;s most current comprehensive document on the subject, the <italic>Brazilian Guideline for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (2020)</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> omits prehabilitation as a recommended practice.</p>
          <p>This oversight extends to other key guidelines:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The <italic>3rd Brazilian Guideline of Cardiac Transplantation (2018)</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> focuses solely on medical preoperative evaluation without referencing prehabilitation programs.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The updated <italic>Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation (2024) by the Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> emphasizes risk assessment but fails to include prehabilitation referrals &#8212; even for high-risk patients. Notably, its sole mention of physical rehabilitation applies exclusively to frail patients undergoing non-cardiac procedures.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>This persistent exclusion in national guidelines represents a critical missed opportunity. Given the growing evidence demonstrating prehabilitation&#8217;s efficacy in improving surgical outcomes, Brazil stands to benefit significantly by aligning its clinical practice with international standards through the formal incorporation of prehabilitation protocols.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anticipated challenges and proposed solutions for implementation in clinical routine</title>
          <p>The implementation of cardiac prehabilitation programs in Brazil will inevitably face challenges. Although specific barriers to cardiac prehabilitation participation are still unknown, the existing literature highlights systemic challenges in the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation services.</p>
          <p>Cardiac rehabilitation services in low- and middle-income countries are insufficient to meet the growing cardiovascular disease burden, with low utilization even where available. While barriers exist across all settings, low- and middle-income countries face greater challenges due to resource constraints, weak health systems, and affordability issues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Key implementation barriers include low patient motivation, environmental and dietary challenges, infrastructure gaps, and health literacy disparities. Limited insurance coverage further restricts access and long-term rehabilitation potential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> For elderly frail patients, prehabilitation barriers include transportation limitations, lack of social support, and information overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Given Brazil&#8217;s limited cardiac rehabilitation infrastructure for centralized multimodal prehabilitation programs, adaptive implementation strategies are essential. Challenges associated with center-based programs could be mitigated through decentralized models and/or teleprehabilitation, which not only address these barriers but may also enhance cost-effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> Future research should explore locally adapted models leveraging interprofessional collaboration. For safety considerations, moderate-to-high-risk patients should be referred to a hospital or center-based programs, whereas low-risk patients awaiting elective surgery could receive coordinated, decentralized multidisciplinary care in community settings or via telerehabilitation. Such programs should integrate components from the medical, physiotherapeutic, nutritional, and psychological domains, depending on individual needs, to ensure comprehensive support.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future perspectives: Advancing cardiac prehabilitation in Brazil</title>
          <p>While gaps in evidence persist and no consensus exists on optimal prehabilitation programs, international medical societies increasingly recognize the urgent need for high-quality studies in this field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recent years have seen numerous multinational initiatives investigating effective prehabilitation strategies for cardiac patients. Notable programs include multimodal approaches (ERAS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> PREHAB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> PREQUEL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> PRECOVERY,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> PrEPS TRIAL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> Heart-ROCQ<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup>) and research in teleprehabilitation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> which show promise in improving outcomes for cardiac surgical patients, including those undergoing heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To establish an evidence-based prehabilitation framework tailored to Brazil&#8217;s population and healthcare realities, the following priorities should be advanced:</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Key Rrecommendations for Brazil</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Guideline Integration</bold>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Formal recognition of multimodal prehabilitation in national cardiovascular surgery and cardiac rehabilitation guidelines as a valuable intervention opportunity for elective cardiac surgery.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Population-Specific Research</bold>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Investigation of Brazil&#8217;s unique epidemiological and cultural factors to ensure prehabilitation programs address local health disparities and resource constraints.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Multidisciplinary Implementation</bold>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Establishment of specialized prehabilitation teams (cardiologists, physiotherapists, nutritionists, psychologists) to design contextually adapted programs aligned with Brazil&#8217;s healthcare infrastructure.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Pilot Programs in Academic Centers</bold>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Deployment of prehabilitation initiatives in university hospitals and cardiac rehabilitation centers to synergize clinical care with research while testing feasibility.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Expansion to Non-Open-Heart Procedures</bold>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Rigorous evaluation of prehabilitation&#8217;s role in percutaneous coronary interventions, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and other minimally invasive cardiac procedures.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Exercise Modality Optimization</bold>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Comparative studies to determine the safety and efficacy of various training components (aerobic, resistance, and/or inspiratory) within multimodal prehabilitation frameworks.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion: A call to action for cardiac prehabilitation in Brazil</title>
        <p>Despite growing evidence supporting preoperative rehabilitation for cardiac surgery, Brazil&#8217;s healthcare system has not fully implemented this approach. While international guidelines increasingly recognize prehabilitation as a valuable component of surgical preparation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> its absence in Brazilian cardiovascular guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> represents a critical gap in patient care standards. The Brazilian medical community, together with the other health care professionals, stands at a pivotal moment, by:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Formally incorporating</bold> prehabilitation into national cardiac care guidelines.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Development of evidence-based protocols</bold> tailored to local population needs and healthcare infrastructure.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Establishing multidisciplinary programs</bold> in academic health centers.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>By embracing these advances, Brazil has the potential to significantly improve cardiac surgical outcomes. The success of international multimodal programs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> and emerging teleprehabilitation models<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup> provides both a roadmap and justification for this evolution. Future research should particularly focus on:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>standardizing outcome measures for Brazilian populations,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>evaluating cost-effectiveness in both public and private healthcare systems and</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>exploring applications in minimally invasive cardiac procedures, in order to improve the existing knowledge and optimize the healthcare situation.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Capes-Humboldt Research Fellowship for experienced researchers (EDICT N&#186; 14/2022, CALL 21, PROCESS N&#186; 23038.004870/2021-69).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
