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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">555LJtckKRcKqpMBGdzsHTF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250305</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Queda da Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica Durante o Sono tem Maior Poder Preditivo N&#227;o Ajustado em Compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; Queda Sist&#243;lica: Um Estudo de Coorte Retrospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9094-1159</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5271-1838</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniely Santos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2894-1852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Vit&#243;ria Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Banin</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Burgugi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4979-4836</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barretti</surname>
            <given-names>Pasqual</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1435-7994</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cuadrado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Mateus de Carvalho Gon&#231;alves</bold> &#8226; Av. Professor M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mat.carvagon@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250305</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A queda da press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante o sono &#233; reconhecida como um marcador progn&#243;stico. Poucos estudos avaliaram se a queda da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) ou da PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) prediz com maior precis&#227;o os desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar qual tipo de queda da PA possui maior valor preditivo para desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Esta coorte retrospectiva avaliou pacientes submetidos &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA entre 27 de janeiro de 2004 e 16 de fevereiro de 2012. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio (&#243;bito por qualquer causa) ou at&#233; o fim do per&#237;odo de seguimento (1&#186; de fevereiro de 2022). Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Cox foram constru&#237;das para avaliar qual classifica&#231;&#227;o de queda &#8211; PAS ou PAD &#8211; melhor distinguiu a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos. A queda foi definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o noturna da PA entre 10% e 20%. A aus&#234;ncia e a atenua&#231;&#227;o da queda foram definidas como redu&#231;&#245;es de &#8804; 0% e entre 0% e 10%, respectivamente. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de 756 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do, com idade m&#233;dia de 54 &#177; 16,4 anos; 42% eram do sexo masculino. Na predi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio (mortalidade por todas as causas), a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD, ajustada para a PAS m&#233;dia de 24 horas, esteve associada a um <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) de 2,051 [Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%): 1,147&#8211;3,670; p = 0,015). Para o desfecho secund&#225;rio (mortalidade cardiovascular), a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD, tamb&#233;m ajustada para a PAS de 24 horas, apresentou um HR de 3,329 (IC95%: 1,317&#8211;8,412; p = 0,011). Por outro lado, a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAS, quando ajustada para a PAS de 24 horas, n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com nenhum dos desfechos. No modelo totalmente ajustado &#8211; que incluiu idade, diabetes, tabagismo, doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica &#8211; tanto a queda da PAS quanto da PAD perderam a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A queda da PAD demonstra maior poder preditivo para desfechos cl&#237;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; queda da PAS, al&#233;m de contribuir para o valor progn&#243;stico da PAS m&#233;dia de 24 horas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2021/13770-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC-CNPq) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP &#8211; processo 2021/13770-5</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250305-50305-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estima-se que mais de um bilh&#227;o de pessoas no mundo tenham hipertens&#227;o (1,39 bilh&#227;o em 2010).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre esses indiv&#237;duos, uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o desconhece o diagn&#243;stico e n&#227;o toma medidas para controlar essa doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica. Isso aumenta as chances de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, que juntas causam cerca de 17,9 milh&#245;es de mortes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> no mundo a cada ano.</p>
      <p>Esses dados ressaltam a relev&#226;ncia da hipertens&#227;o para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e a necessidade de m&#233;todos confi&#225;veis para identificar essa condi&#231;&#227;o. Como a press&#227;o arterial (PA) varia a cada batimento card&#237;aco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> decis&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o devem ser baseadas em uma &#250;nica medi&#231;&#227;o. O acesso &#224; m&#233;dia di&#225;ria da PA &#233; essencial, pois alguns indiv&#237;duos podem apresentar n&#237;veis hipertensivos durante consultas m&#233;dicas, mas manter n&#237;veis normais em sua rotina di&#225;ria (hipertens&#227;o do avental branco). Ainda, outros podem apresentar n&#237;veis normais durante as consultas, mas n&#237;veis elevados no dia a dia, o que &#233; chamado de hipertens&#227;o mascarada. Essas discrep&#226;ncias s&#243; podem ser detectadas com precis&#227;o fora do ambiente cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>Os m&#233;todos de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA fora do ambiente cl&#237;nico incluem a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA (MAPA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> que &#233; capaz de medir a PA tanto durante a vig&#237;lia quanto durante o sono. Esse exame tamb&#233;m indica se h&#225; ou n&#227;o uma redu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica significativa (chamada de "<italic>dipping</italic>") na PA durante o sono. A presen&#231;a do <italic>dipping</italic> noturno &#233; definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PA entre 10% e 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis diurnos. Essa queda est&#225; associada a melhores desfechos a longo prazo, independentemente da m&#233;dia de PA nas 24 horas.</p>
      <p>Ao analisar os resultados da MAPA, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar se o padr&#227;o de queda ("<italic>dipping</italic>") est&#225; ausente, atenuado, presente ou acentuado (definido como menos de 0%, menos de 10%, entre 10% e 20%, e superior a 20%, respectivamente). Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o pode diferir entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), podendo indicar uma redu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica em ambas, apenas na PAD, apenas na PAS ou aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o em ambas. Assim, a diretriz brasileira de MAPA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> recomenda que as redu&#231;&#245;es na PAS e na PAD sejam descritas separadamente no laudo do exame.</p>
      <p>No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram qual tipo de queda &#8211; PAS ou PAD &#8211; prediz com maior precis&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia futura de desfechos cl&#237;nicos. As diretrizes brasileiras<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> inclusive classificam o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia dessa recomenda&#231;&#227;o como "D", indicando que se baseia em opini&#227;o de especialistas, sem evid&#234;ncias conclusivas.</p>
      <p>Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se a queda da PAS, da PAD ou de ambas apresenta maior poder preditivo para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos fatais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo foi conduzido para determinar se o poder discriminat&#243;rio na predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por hipertens&#227;o arterial difere entre a queda da PAS e a queda da PAD durante o sono. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de rotina, com idade acima de 18 anos, que realizaram apenas uma MAPA de 24 horas entre 27 de janeiro de 2004 e 16 de fevereiro de 2012.</p>
      <p>A MAPA foi realizada utilizando bra&#231;adeiras de tamanho apropriado para cada paciente e seguiu crit&#233;rios de valida&#231;&#227;o: pelo menos 16 medidas durante o dia e 8 medidas durante o per&#237;odo noturno, realizadas em intervalos de 15 minutos durante a vig&#237;lia e de 30 minutos durante o sono. Os per&#237;odos de sono e vig&#237;lia foram definidos pelos pr&#243;prios pacientes, e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em um dia t&#237;pico.</p>
      <p>O acompanhamento teve in&#237;cio a partir da primeira MAPA de 24 horas registrada nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio (&#243;bito por qualquer causa, avaliado por meio de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ou certid&#227;o de &#243;bito) ou at&#233; o final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (01/02/2022). O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a mortalidade cardiovascular (definida como &#243;bito por parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita, doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular ou aneurisma de aorta). Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Alzheimer ou Parkinson, em hemodi&#225;lise, receptores de transplante, gestantes, portadores de neoplasias malignas, dependentes de &#225;lcool ou com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa local (n&#250;mero 29999520.8.0000.5411), e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi dispensado.</p>
      <p>As seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es foram extra&#237;das dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes: data da MAPA, idade, sexo, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e status tab&#225;gico.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis da MAPA registradas pelo dispositivo Spacelabs 90202 inclu&#237;ram: PAS e PAD m&#233;dia nas 24 horas, durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e durante o sono. Com base nesses valores, foi calculada a queda noturna da PAS e diast&#243;lica. A queda noturna foi definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o sono entre 10% e 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis durante a vig&#237;lia. A queda foi classificada como atenuada quando a redu&#231;&#227;o variou entre 0% e 10%, e como ausente quando a PA noturna foi superior &#224; diurna (ou seja, &lt;0%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram submetidas a testes de normalidade e expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, sendo utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas por meio do teste t para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox, considerando o &#243;bito por todas as causas como desfecho prim&#225;rio e o &#243;bito por causas cardiovasculares como desfecho secund&#225;rio. A capacidade da queda noturna da PAS e PAD em prever os desfechos foi comparada. A an&#225;lise de Cox foi ajustada para a PAS nas 24 horas. No modelo totalmente ajustado, foram inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis idade, diabetes, tabagismo, doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Os resultados foram considerados significativos para p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 27 de janeiro de 2004 e 16 de fevereiro de 2012, foram realizados um total de 1308 MAPAs. Desses, 52 foram considerados tecnicamente inadequados, 92 eram de pacientes com menos de 18 anos, 18 de receptores de transplante renal, 149 eram duplicatas, 129 apresentavam informa&#231;&#245;es insuficientes e 112 eram de pacientes em di&#225;lise. Esses exames foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Assim, a coorte final foi composta por 756 pacientes submetidos ao MAPA de 24 horas. Dentre eles, 320 (42%) eram do sexo masculino, 710 (93,9%) eram caucasianos ou asi&#225;ticos, e 46 (6,1%) eram descendentes de africanos. A mediana de idade dos pacientes foi de 56 anos (intervalo interquartil: 42&#8211;68). Al&#233;m disso, 217 pacientes (28,7%) eram diab&#233;ticos e 96 (13%) apresentavam doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>Dos 596 pacientes com dados dispon&#237;veis sobre tabagismo, 194 (25,6%) eram fumantes &#8211; 61 fumantes ativos e os demais ex-fumantes. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular mediana foi de 73 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (intervalo interquartil: 48&#8211;95), e o IMC m&#233;dio foi de 28 &#177; 5,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os resultados da MAPA mostraram que a queda da PAS durante o sono estava presente em 279 pacientes (36,9%), atenuada em 363 (48,0%) e ausente em 114 pacientes (15,1%). A queda da PAD estava presente em 453 pacientes (59,9%), atenuada em 227 (30,0%) e ausente em 76 pacientes (10,1%). A m&#233;dia da PAS em 24 horas foi de 130 &#177; 16,3 mmHg e a m&#233;dia da PAD foi de 78 &#177; 11,4 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do acompanhamento foi de 106 meses, com mediana de 119 meses, variando de 1 a 206 meses. Durante esse per&#237;odo, ocorreram 95 eventos fatais, dos quais 27 foram atribu&#237;dos a causas cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes que apresentaram desfecho fatal (n=95) tiveram valores mais baixos de PAD nas 24 horas, PAD durante a vig&#237;lia e queda da PAD. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAS nas 24 horas, PAS durante a vig&#237;lia ou PAS durante o sono, embora valores numericamente mais elevados tenham sido registrados entre os pacientes que tiveram desfecho fatal. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na PAD durante o sono e na queda da PAS. Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial estratificados pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos fatais por qualquer causa</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Desfecho fatal</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sim (95)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o (661)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS 24h (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130&#177;18,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">129&#177;16,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,629</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD 24h (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">74&#177;11,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78&#177;11,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS durante a vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">133&#177;18,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">132&#177;16,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,818</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS durante o sono (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">126&#177;19,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;18,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,135</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD durante a vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76&#177;11,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">81&#177;11,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD durante o sono (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">69&#177;12,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71&#177;12,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Queda da PAS (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,4 (-8,9-21,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,9 (3,2-11,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,069</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Queda da PAD (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8,4 (2,5-10,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12,3 (6,5-18,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,011</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>mediana (1&#186;quartil-3&#186;quartil).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Entre os 27 pacientes que apresentaram desfecho cardiovascular fatal, foram observadas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas &#8211; maior PAS durante o sono, e redu&#231;&#245;es menores na queda da PAS e da PAD. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na PAS de 24 horas, PAD de 24 horas, PAS durante a vig&#237;lia, PAD durante a vig&#237;lia ou PAD durante o sono em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais pacientes. Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial estratificados pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Desfecho cardiovascular fatal</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sim (27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o (729)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS 24h (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">134&#177;17,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">129,5&#177;16,27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD 24h (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">75&#177;15,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78&#177;11,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,268</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS durante a vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">136&#177;17,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">132&#177;16,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,269</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS durante o sono (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130&#177;20,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;18,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD durante a vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">77&#177;15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">81&#177;12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,083</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD durante o sono (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">72&#177;15,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71&#177;12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,767</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Queda da PAS (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0 (-11,0-19,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,7 (3,0-12,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Queda da PAD (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,8 (-0,4-14,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12,1 (6,3-17,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>mediana (1&#186;quartil-3&#186;quartil).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de Cox univariada, a queda da PAS n&#227;o esteve associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas. No entanto, a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD esteve significativamente associada ao desfecho prim&#225;rio (HR: 2,08; IC95%: 1,18&#8211;3,69), em compara&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de queda fisiol&#243;gica da PAD. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox m&#250;ltipla, ajustada para a PAS de 24 horas, apenas a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD manteve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 2,05; IC95%: 1,15&#8211;3,67). No modelo totalmente ajustado &#8211; que incluiu idade, diabetes, tabagismo, doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica &#8211; tanto a PAS quanto a PAD perderam a associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a queda noturna da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a mortalidade por todas as causas; an&#225;lise de Cox univariada e ajustada para a PAS de 24 horas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="7%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Univariada</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Ajustada para PAS de 24 horas</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Totalmente ajustada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Queda da PAS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Presente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Atenuada</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ausente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,94</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">0,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Queda da PAD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Presente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Atenuada</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,77</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,38</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,99</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,39</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ausente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">0,88</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Ajustado para idade, presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de Cox univariada para mortalidade cardiovascular, a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAS esteve associada a esse desfecho (HR: 3,26; IC95%: 1,13&#8211;9,40). A aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD tamb&#233;m esteve associada ao desfecho secund&#225;rio (HR: 3,80; IC95%: 1,53&#8211;9,44). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox m&#250;ltipla, ajustada para a PAS de 24 horas, apenas a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD esteve associada ao aumento do risco cardiovascular (HR: 3,33; IC95%: 1,32&#8211;8,41), em compara&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de queda fisiol&#243;gica noturna. A aus&#234;ncia e a atenua&#231;&#227;o da queda da PAS n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos quando ajustadas para a PAS de 24 horas.</p>
      <p>No modelo totalmente ajustado, que incluiu idade, diabetes, tabagismo, doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, tanto a PAS quanto a PAD perderam a associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a queda noturna da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares; an&#225;lise de Cox univariada e ajustada para a PAS de 24 horas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="7%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Univariada</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Ajustada para PAS de 24 horas</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Totalmente ajustada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Queda da PAS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Presente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Atenuada</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,25</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,66</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,61</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,26</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ausente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">0,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Queda da PAD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Presente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Atenuada</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,78</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ausente</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,01</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">3,33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,44</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Ajustado para idade, presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref> apresenta um resumo dos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com o objetivo de comparar o desempenho da queda da PAS com a queda da PAD na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, foi analisada uma coorte de 756 pacientes submetidos &#224; MAPA de 24 horas. A an&#225;lise univariada revelou que a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD esteve associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas e a desfechos cardiovasculares fatais, enquanto a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAS esteve associada apenas aos desfechos cardiovasculares. Na an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla, apenas a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD demonstrou poder preditivo para os desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio, alcan&#231;ando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para a PAS de 24 horas. No modelo totalmente ajustado, nem a PAS nem a PAD apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com qualquer um dos desfechos.</p>
      <p>A MAPA n&#227;o apenas fornece registros da PA ao longo de 24 horas, como tamb&#233;m &#233; o &#250;nico m&#233;todo capaz de avaliar a PA durante o sono, permitindo a an&#225;lise dos padr&#245;es de queda noturna. Grandes estudos de coorte<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e metan&#225;lises<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de queda noturna &#8211; tanto da PAD quanto da PAS &#8211; est&#225; associada a um progn&#243;stico mais favor&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o com sua aus&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>No entanto, em nosso conhecimento, poucos estudos avaliaram se o impacto da queda da PAS &#233; maior do que o da PAD, ou vice-versa. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relatou que, em idosos, a queda da PAS prevaleceu em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; queda da PAD, destacando a import&#226;ncia da queda noturna da press&#227;o arterial. Nossos achados corroboram essa import&#226;ncia, uma vez que foi observado um maior risco de desfechos fatais na aus&#234;ncia da queda.</p>
      <p>A explica&#231;&#227;o para esses resultados est&#225; nos mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que ocorrem durante o sono, nos quais o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo desempenha um papel central. O sono &#233; composto por duas principais fases: REM (movimento r&#225;pido dos olhos) e n&#227;o-REM (sem movimento r&#225;pido dos olhos). A fase n&#227;o-REM &#233; particularmente importante para a regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, pois &#233; caracterizada pela predomin&#226;ncia da atividade parassimp&#225;tica. Isso ocorre devido ao aumento do t&#244;nus vagal, que reduz a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Como resultado, a PA diminui naturalmente durante essa fase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o nesse mecanismo pode comprometer o padr&#227;o normal de queda da press&#227;o arterial, levando potencialmente ao aumento da press&#227;o durante o sono. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a um maior risco de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo comumente relacionada a condi&#231;&#245;es como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, doen&#231;as arteriais de diversas etiologias, com destaque para a apneia obstrutiva do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na PAD s&#227;o predominantemente influenciadas por modifica&#231;&#245;es na resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica, enquanto as altera&#231;&#245;es na PAS s&#227;o principalmente decorrentes de varia&#231;&#245;es no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esses mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos podem ajudar a explicar os resultados deste estudo, no qual a queda da PAD apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do que a queda da PAS.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> associaram o aumento da PAD a um risco cardiovascular mais elevado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao aumento da PAS, especialmente em pacientes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Isso ressalta a import&#226;ncia da PAD e de vari&#225;veis relacionadas, como a queda noturna, na predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. &#201; importante destacar que nosso estudo n&#227;o investigou a signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica dos valores m&#233;dios de PAS ou PAD, mas sim a relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica dos padr&#245;es de queda noturna dessas press&#245;es. Outro estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> identificou que a aus&#234;ncia de queda, tanto da PAD quanto da PAS, esteve associada a desfechos fatais. Por outro lado, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte entre eventos cardiovasculares e a queda da PAD, enquanto a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAS esteve mais relacionada a eventos n&#227;o cardiovasculares. Nosso estudo refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de que a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD est&#225; especificamente associada ao risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Por fim, neste estudo, foram controlados outros fatores de confus&#227;o al&#233;m da press&#227;o arterial, como idade, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, doen&#231;as vasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas e doen&#231;as renais cr&#244;nicas. Ap&#243;s o ajuste completo, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das associa&#231;&#245;es entre a queda da PAS e da PAD com os desfechos foi perdida. Esse achado sugere que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a queda da PA durante o sono e os desfechos pode ser mediada por esses fatores. No entanto, isso n&#227;o diminui a import&#226;ncia de nossos achados, uma vez que nosso objetivo principal foi avaliar a signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da aus&#234;ncia de queda, e n&#227;o seu papel patog&#234;nico.</p>
      <p>Este estudo observacional e retrospectivo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, o que limita a validade externa dos achados. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero limitado de desfechos restringiu a possibilidade de realizar an&#225;lises m&#250;ltiplas com uma gama mais ampla de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. A composi&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica da amostra tamb&#233;m difere das distribui&#231;&#245;es populacionais global e brasileira.</p>
      <p>No entanto, o tamanho da amostra foi adequado para atender aos objetivos propostos. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de todos os pacientes terem sido acompanhados pela mesma equipe aumenta a reprodutibilidade dos resultados e fortalece a validade interna do estudo. Por fim, o foco exclusivo em eventos fatais ajuda a minimizar vieses subjetivos e evita a inclus&#227;o de pacientes com diagn&#243;sticos cardiovasculares imprecisos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAD mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para a PAS m&#233;dia de 24 horas. Em contraste, a aus&#234;ncia de queda da PAS esteve significativamente associada apenas aos desfechos cardiovasculares, e somente quando n&#227;o ajustada para a PAS m&#233;dia de 24 horas. Portanto, nossos achados indicam que a queda da PAD durante o sono possui maior poder preditivo para desfechos cl&#237;nicos do que a queda da PAS, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC-CNPq) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP &#8211; processo 2021/13770-5)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 29999520.8.0000.5411. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica, um programa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (PIBIC-CNPq), e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP - 2021/13770-5).</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250305i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diastolic Blood Pressure Dipping During Sleep Shows Superior Unadjusted Predictive Power Compared to Systolic Dipping: A Retrospective Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9094-1159</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5271-1838</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniely Santos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2894-1852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Vit&#243;ria Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Banin</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Burgugi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4979-4836</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barretti</surname>
            <given-names>Pasqual</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1435-7994</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cuadrado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Mateus de Carvalho Gon&#231;alves</bold> &#8226; Av. Professor M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mat.carvagon@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sleep blood pressure (BP) fall is a prognostic marker. Few studies have evaluated whether systolic BP (SBP) or diastolic BP (DBP) dipping more accurately predicts clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine which type of BP dipping has greater predictive value for clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective cohort evaluated patients who underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) between January 27, 2004, and February 16,2012. Patients were followed until the occurrence of the primary outcome (death from any cause), or until the end of follow-up period (February 01, 2022). Cox survival curves were constructed to assess which dipping classification &#8211; SBP or DBP &#8211; better distinguished the occurrence of outcomes. Dipping was defined as a nocturnal BP reduction of 10-20%. Absent and attenuated dipping were defined as reductions of &#8804; 0% and 0-10%, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 756 patients were included, with a mean age of 54&#177;16.4 years; 42% were male. In predicting the primary outcome (all-cause mortality), the absence of DBP dipping, adjusted for 24-hour SBP, was associated with a hazard-ratio (HR) of 2.051 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.147 - 3.670 (p=0.015). For the secondary outcome (cardiovascular mortality), the absence of DBP dipping, also adjusted for 24-hour SBP, showed a HR of 3.329 (95%CI: 1.317-8.412; p=0.011). In contrast, the absence of SBP dipping, when adjusted for 24-hour SBP, was not significantly associated with either outcome. In the fully adjusted model, which included age, diabetes, smoking, atherosclerotic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease, both SBP and DBP dipping lost statistically significant associations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>DBP dipping demonstrates superior predictive power for outcomes compared to SBP dipping, and adds to the prognostic value of mean 24-hour SBP. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2021/13770-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> This study was funded by Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC-CNPq) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP &#8211; processo 2021/13770-5).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>It is estimated that more than one billion people in the world have hypertension (1.39 billion in 2010).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Among these individuals, a large proportion are unaware of their diagnosis and are not taking measures to control this chronic disease. This increases the chances of developing cardiovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney disease, which collectively cause nearly 17.9 million deaths<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> globally each year.</p>
        <p>These data underscore the public health relevance of hypertension and the need for reliable methods of disease identification. Since blood pressure (BP) fluctuates with each heartbeat,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> diagnostic and therapeutic decisions cannot be made based on a single measurement. Access to daily average BP reading is essential, as some individuals may exhibit hypertensive levels during medical appointments, while having normal levels in their daily life (white coat hypertension). Conversely, others may show normal BP during appointments but experience elevated levels in daily life, referred to as masked hypertension. These discrepancies can only be accurately detected outside the clinical setting.</p>
        <p>Out-of-clinic BP measurement methods include ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> which is capable of measuring BP during both wakefulness and sleep. This test also indicates whether or not there is a significant physiological decrease (called dipping) in BP during sleep. The presence of nocturnal dipping is defined as a reduction in BP between 10% and 20% of daytime BP. This decrease is associated with better long-term outcomes regardless of the mean 24-hour BP.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250305-50305-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>When analyzing ABPM results, it is necessary to consider whether dipping is absent, attenuated, present, or accentuated (defined as less than 0%, less than 10%, between 10% and 20%, and greater than 20%, respectively). This classification may differ between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and could show a physiological reduction in both DBP and SBP, a reduction only in DBP, only in SBP, or neither a reduction in DBP nor a reduction in SBP. Thus, the Brazilian ABPM guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> recommends that reductions in SBP and DBP be described separately in the examination report.</p>
        <p>However, few studies have evaluated which type of dipping, SBP or DBP, more accurately predicts the future occurrence of clinical outcomes. The Brazilian guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> even consider the level of evidence for this recommendation as "D", indicating it is based on expert opinion without conclusive evidence.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether - SBP dipping, DBP dipping, or both - has better predictive power for the occurrence of fatal events.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine whether the discriminatory power for predicting mortality in arterial hypertension differs between SBP dipping and DBP dipping during sleep. Hypertensive patients attending routine clinical follow-up, aged older than 18 years, and who underwent a single 24-hour ABPM between January 27, 2004, and February 16, 2012, were included.</p>
        <p>ABPM was performed using appropriately sized cuffs for each patient and adhered to validation criteria: 16 daytime measurements and 8 nighttime measurements, taken at 15-minute intervals while awake and 30-minute intervals during sleep. Sleep and wakefulness periods were defined by the patients themselves, and monitoring was conducted on a typical day.</p>
        <p>Follow-up began at the time of the first 24-hour ABPM recorded in the medical records. Patients were followed until the occurrence of the primary outcome (death from any cause, assessed through medical records or death certificates) or until the end of the follow-up period (02/01/2022). The secondary outcome was cardiovascular mortality (defined as death due to sudden cardiac, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, or aortic aneurysm). Patients with Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, those undergoing hemodialysis, transplant recipients, pregnant women, individuals with malignant neoplasms, alcohol dependance, or atrial fibrillation were excluded.</p>
        <p>This work was approved by the local research ethics committee (number 29999520.8.0000.5411), and informed consent was waived.</p>
        <p>The following information was extracted from patients&#8217; medical records: date of ABPM date, age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status.</p>
        <p>ABPM variables recorded from the Spacelabs 90202 device included: mean SBP, DBP over 24 hours, during wakefulness, and during sleep. Based on these values, nocturnal dipping in systolic and DBP was calculated. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a reduction in BP during sleep of 10% to 20% compared to wakefulness levels. Nocturnal dipping was classified as attenuated when the reduction ranged from 0% to 10%, and absent when the nighttime BP exceeded daytime values (i.e., &lt;0%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were subjected to normality tests and expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the normality. Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared using the t-test for independent samples. Variables with non-normal distributions were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were compared by chi-square or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate. Cox regression analysis was performed, considering death from all causes as the primary outcome and death from cardiovascular causes as the secondary outcome. The ability of nocturnal SBP and DBP dipping to predict the outcomes were compared. Cox analysis was adjusted for 24-hour SBP. In the fully adjusted model, age, diabetes, smoking, atherosclerotic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease were included. Results were considered significant for p &lt; 0.05. The IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software was used for statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between January 27, 2004, and February 16, 2012, a total of 1,308 ABPMs were performed. Of these, 52 were technically inadequate, 92 were from patients under 18 years of age, 18 were from kidney transplant recipients, 149 duplicates, 129 lacked sufficient patient information, and 112 were from patients undergoing dialysis. These were excluded from the analysis. As a result, the final cohort comprised 756 patients who underwent 24-h ABPM. Among them, 320 (42%) were male, 710 (93.9%) were Caucasian or Asian, and 46 (6.1%) were African descent. Patient median age was 56 (42-68) years. Additionally, 217 patients (28.7%) had diabetes, and 96 (13%) presented with atherosclerotic disease.</p>
        <p>Of the 596 patients with available data on smoking, 194 (25.6%) were smokers (61 active smokers and the remainder were former smokers). The median glomerular filtration rate was 73 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 48-95), and the mean BMI was 28 &#177; 5.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>ABPM results showed that SBP dipping was present in 279 patients (16.4%), attenuated in 363 (47.4%), and absent in 124 patients (16.2%). DBP dipping was present in 453 (59.1%), attenuated in 237 (30.9%), and absent in 76 patients (9.9%). The mean 24-h SBP was 130 &#177; 16.3 mmHg and the mean 24-h DBP was 78 &#177; 11.4 mmHg.</p>
        <p>The mean follow-up duration was 106 months, with a median of 119 months, ranging from 1 to 206 months. During this period, 95 fatal events occurred, 27 of which were attributed to cardiovascular causes.</p>
        <p>Patients who experienced a fatal outcome (n=95) had lower values for 24-h DBP, awake DBP, and DBP dipping. No statistically significant differences were observed in 24-h SBP, awake SBP, or sleep SBP, although numerically higher values were noted among patients who had a fatal outcome. There was also no statistical difference in sleep DBP and SBP dipping. These data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data stratified by the occurrence of fatal events from any cause</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Fatal outcome</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Yes (95)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No (661)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">24-hour SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130&#177;18.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">129&#177;16.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.629</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">24-hour DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74&#177;11.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78&#177;11.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Awake SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">133&#177;18.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">132&#177;16.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sleep SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">126&#177;19.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;18.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Awake DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76&#177;11.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">81&#177;11.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sleep DPB (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69&#177;12.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71&#177;12.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SBP dipping (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.4(-8.9-21.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.9(3.2-11.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">DBP dipping (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8.4(2.5-10.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12.3(6.5-18.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.011</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>median (1<sup>st</sup> uartile-3<sup>rd</sup> quartile).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among the 27 patients who experienced a fatal cardiovascular outcome, statistical differences were observed: high sleep SBP, SBP dipping and DBP dipping was smaller. No statistically significant differences were found in 24-hour SBP, 24-hour DBP, awake SBP, awake DBP, or sleep DBP compared to the remaining patients. These data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data stratified by the occurrence of cardiovascular events</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Fatal cardiovascular outcome</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Yes (27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No (729)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">24-hour SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">134&#177;17.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">129.5&#177;16.27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">24-hour DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">75&#177;15.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78&#177;11.30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.268</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Awake SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">136&#177;17.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">132&#177;16.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.269</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sleep SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130&#177;20.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;18.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Awake DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">81&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sleep DPB (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72&#177;15.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.767</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SBP dipping (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0(-11.0-19.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.7(3.0-12.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">DBP dipping (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.8(-0.4-14.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12.1(6.3-17.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>median (1<sup>st</sup> quartile-3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the univariate Cox analysis, SBP dipping was not associated with all-cause mortality. However, the absence of DBP dipping was significantly associated with the primary outcome (HR: 2.08; 95%CI: 1.18-3.69) compared to the presence of physiological DBP dipping. In multiple Cox regression, adjusted for 24-h SBP, only the absence of DBP dipping was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.15-3.67). In the fully adjusted model, which included age, diabetes, smoking status, atherosclerotic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease, both SBP and DBP lost their statistically significant association. These data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) dips and all-cause mortality; univariate and adjusted Cox analysis for 24-hour SBP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Adjusted for 24h SBP</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Fully Adjusted<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SBP dip</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Present</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Attenuated</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Absent</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">0.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>DBP dip</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Present</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Attenuated</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.39</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Absent</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">0.88</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Adjusted for age, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking, atherosclerotic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In univariate Cox analysis for cardiovascular mortality, the absence of SBP dipping was associated with this outcome (HR: 3.26 95%CI: 1.13-9.40). The absence of DBP dipping was also associated with the secondary outcome (HR: 3.80; 95%CI: 1.53-9.44). In the multiple Cox regression, adjusted for 24-hour SBP, only the absence of DBP dipping was associated with increased cardiovascular risk (HR: 3.33; 95%CI: 1.32-8.41) compared to the presence of physiological nocturnal dipping. The absence and attenuation of SBP dipping showed no statistically significant association with the occurrence of outcomes when adjusted for 24-hour SBP.</p>
        <p>In the fully adjusted model, which included age, diabetes, smoking status, atherosclerotic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease), both SBP and DBP lost their statistically significant associations. These data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between nocturnal SBP and DBP dips and cardiovascular mortality. Univariate and adjusted Cox analysis for 24h SBP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Adjusted for 24h SBP</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Fully Adjusted<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#74B0CB">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SBP dip</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Present</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Attenuated</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.25</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.26</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Absent</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">0.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>DBP dip</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Present</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Reference</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Attenuated</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.78</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Absent</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.01</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">3.33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">2.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Adjusted for age, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking, atherosclerotic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref> presents a summary of the results on the cover.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In order to compare the performance of SBP dipping with the DBP dipping in predicting clinical outcomes, a cohort of 756 patients who underwent 24-hour ABPM was analyzed. The univariate analysis revealed that the absence of the DBP dipping was associated with all-cause mortality and fatal cardiovascular outcomes, whereas the absence of the SBP dipping was associated only with cardiovascular outcomes. Upon multiple analysis, only the absence of DBP dipping showed predictive power for both primary and secondary outcomes, achieving statistical significance even when adjusted for 24-hour SBP. In the fully adjusted model, neither SBP, nor DBP showed a statistically significant association with any outcome.</p>
        <p>ABPM not only provides BP readings over a 24-hour period, but it is also the only method capable of assessing BP during sleep, thereby offering insights into nocturnal dipping patterns. Large cohort studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and meta-analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> have demonstrated that the presence of nocturnal dipping &#8211; both in DBP and SBP &#8211; is associated with a more favorable prognosis compared to its absence.</p>
        <p>However, to our knowledge, few studies have assessed whether the impact of SBP dipping is greater than that of DBP dipping or vice versa. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported that, in the elderly, SBP dipping prevailed compared to DBP dipping, and highlighted the importance of nocturnal BP dipping. Our findings corroborate this importance as a greater risk of fatal outcomes was observed when the dip was absent.</p>
        <p>The explanation for these results lies in the physiological mechanisms that occur during sleep, where the autonomic nervous system plays a central role. Sleep consists of two main stages &#8211; REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep. The non-REM stage is particularly important for BP regulation, as it is characterized by a predominance of parasympathetic activity. This is due to an increase in vagal tone, which slows the heart rate and reduces cardiac output. As a result, BP naturally decreases during this stage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Any disruption in this mechanism can impair the normal dipping pattern, potentially leading to elevated BP during sleep. This is associated with a higher risk of target organ damage and cardiovascular disease and is commonly linked to conditions like diabetes, secondary hypertension, arterial diseases of various etiologies, notably obstructive sleep apnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Changes in DBP are predominantly influenced by modifications in peripheral resistance, whereas changes in SBP are primarily driven by alterations in cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> These physiological mechanisms may help explain the results of this study, in which DBP dipping showed a stronger association with clinical outcomes than SBP dipping.</p>
        <p>Previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> have linked elevated DBP to a higher risk of cardiovascular events compared to elevated SBP, particularly in younger patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This highlights the importance of DBP and related variables, including nocturnal dipping, in predicting mortality. It is important to note that our study did not investigate the prognostic significance of mean of SBP or DBP values, but rather focused on the prognostic relevance of their nocturnal dipping patterns. Another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found that the absence of dipping, in both DBP and SBP, was associated with fatal outcomes. Interestingly, a stronger correlation was observed between cardiovascular events and DBP dipping, while the absence of SBP dipping was more closely correlated with non-cardiovascular events. Our study supports the hypothesis that the absence of DBP dipping is specifically associated with cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <p>Finally, in this study, additional confounding factors beyond BP were controlled for, namely age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, atherosclerotic vascular diseases and chronic kidney diseases. After full adjustment, the statistical significance of the associations between both SBP and DBP dipping and outcomes was lost. This finding suggests that the association between sleep dipping and outcomes may be mediated by these factors. However, this does not diminish the importance of our findings, as our primary goal was to assess the prognostic significance of the absence of dipping, rather than its pathogenic role.</p>
        <p>There are some limitations to this observational and retrospective study. This is a single-center study, which limits the external validity of the findings. In addition, the limited number of outcomes restricted the ability to perform multiple analyses with a broader range of confounding variables. The ethnic composition of the sample differs from both global and Brazilian population distributions.</p>
        <p>However, the sample size was adequate to address the proposed objectives. Additionally, the fact that all patients were followed by the same team enhances the reproducibility of the results and strengthens the internal validity of the work. Finally, focusing exclusively on fatal events helps minimize subjective bias and avoids the inclusion of patients with potentially inaccurate cardiovascular diagnoses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The absence of DBP dipping showed a statistically significant association with clinical outcomes, even after adjustment for mean 24-hour SBP. In contrast, the absence of SBP dipping was significantly associated only with cardiovascular outcomes, and only when not adjusted for mean 24-hour SBP. Therefore, our findings indicate that DBP dipping during sleep has greater predictive power for clinical outcomes than SBP dipping, as illustrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">central figure</xref> on the cover.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC-CNPq) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP &#8211; processo 2021/13770-5).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina under the protocol number 29999520.8.0000.5411. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This work was supported by the Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica, a program of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (PIBIC-CNPq), and by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP - 2021/13770-5).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
