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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RcN9pDfDKbzZfpYxzwrv4Hp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250296</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mulheres de Meia-Idade e Mortalidade P&#243;s-Infarto: Um Grupo Vulner&#225;vel? Evid&#234;ncias de Mundo Real em uma Coorte do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lessa</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Marcos Campos</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Perin Maia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9262-2277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaestner</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Lorena da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Rubini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stroher</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Redivo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriele da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7406-3912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baccin</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0979-3604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4972-5005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1397-0634</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de &#8211; Rua Imac. Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. CEP 80215-901, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250296</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte no Brasil, sendo o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) respons&#225;vel por parcela expressiva desses &#243;bitos. Mulheres tendem a sofrer IAM em idade mais avan&#231;ada e na presen&#231;a de maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades, fatores que podem impactar negativamente o progn&#243;stico. Evid&#234;ncias produzidas no contexto local s&#227;o fundamentais para orientar estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas no &#226;mbito do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da idade e do sexo na mortalidade p&#243;s-IAM em pacientes atendidos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo foi conduzido com pacientes residentes em Curitiba e internados por IAM (c&#243;digo I21 da 10&#170; revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as) de 2008 a 2015. Dados sobre &#243;bitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade. Foram analisadas as mortalidades intra-hospitalar, em 6 e 12 meses e ao final do seguimento. As vari&#225;veis idade (tanto de forma cont&#237;nua quanto categorizada) e sexo, bem como a intera&#231;&#227;o entre ambas, foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixada em 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A amostra incluiu 4.896 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 62 &#177; 12,4 anos; 34,1% mulheres), com seguimento m&#233;dio de 50,9 meses. A mortalidade total foi de 29,5%. As mulheres sofreram IAM, em m&#233;dia, 5 anos mais tarde do que os homens (65,1 vs. 60,3 anos; p &lt; 0,001) e apresentaram maior mortalidade no seguimento (p &lt; 0,001). Contudo, na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas a idade manteve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a mortalidade. A an&#225;lise por faixa et&#225;ria revelou maior risco de morte entre mulheres com 45-54,9 anos (p = 0,004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A idade mais avan&#231;ada contribui para o pior progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-IAM observado entre mulheres, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Entretanto, mulheres no in&#237;cio da meia-idade apresentaram risco aumentado de morte, configurando um poss&#237;vel grupo de vulnerabilidade que requer aten&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mulheres de Meia-Idade e Mortalidade P&#243;s-Infarto: Um Grupo Vulner&#225;vel? Evid&#234;ncias de Mundo Real em uma Coorte do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
            </attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RcN9pDfDKbzZfpYxzwrv4Hp/9014df7f06331d9b93166793cdc8597a7154b3db.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RcN9pDfDKbzZfpYxzwrv4Hp/ce22a3b6e81342b1d92ea641f344728103a9f9ef.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RcN9pDfDKbzZfpYxzwrv4Hp/7a5330dbd91de73d95ce9196a15af0a754b37203.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Pessoa de Meia-Idade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="16"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (CV) permanece h&#225; mais de 50 anos como a principal causa de morte no Brasil, sendo os eventos coronarianos &#8212; em sua maioria, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#8212; respons&#225;veis pela maior parte desses &#243;bitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a mortalidade por eventos coronarianos apresente decl&#237;nio nas regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas, observa-se aumento dessa taxa em outras &#225;reas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, estima-se que ocorram anualmente 300-400 mil casos de IAM, com 1 &#243;bito registrado a cada 5-7 ocorr&#234;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversos fatores est&#227;o associados a pior progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-IAM. Alguns fatores psicossociais, por exemplo, n&#227;o apenas aumentam o risco para o evento agudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mas tamb&#233;m podem agravar sua evolu&#231;&#227;o, como ocorre com baixa renda e menor escolaridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es como depress&#227;o tamb&#233;m se associam a piores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, ainda h&#225; debate sobre a intera&#231;&#227;o de 2 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas elementares no p&#243;s-IAM: idade e sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pesquisas anteriores demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre idade avan&#231;ada e maior mortalidade p&#243;s-IAM. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, por&#233;m, os resultados obtidos em diferentes pa&#237;ses permanecem inconsistentes, com alguns trabalhos apontando maior mortalidade entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tal achado pode estar relacionado a fatores cl&#237;nicos, uma vez que em geral as mulheres sofrem IAM em idade mais avan&#231;ada, bem como apresentam maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades e sintomas at&#237;picos. Al&#233;m disso, fatores ligados &#224; assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m podem contribuir: o diagn&#243;stico nelas tende a ser mais tardio e, mesmo quando realizado em tempo oportuno, h&#225; menor frequ&#234;ncia de indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia de reperfus&#227;o e de tratamento medicamentoso baseado em evid&#234;ncias. Quando se ajusta para essas covari&#225;veis, os estudos mostram resultados conflitantes sobre o real impacto do sexo na mortalidade p&#243;s-IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando que a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-IAM &#233; determinada por m&#250;ltiplos fatores cl&#237;nicos e sociais, o eventual pior progn&#243;stico em mulheres deve ser avaliado em contextos espec&#237;ficos. A elabora&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para modificar esse cen&#225;rio, caso confirmada a desigualdade, depende do conhecimento da realidade local. A maior parte das evid&#234;ncias que apontam pior desfecho em mulheres prov&#233;m de estudos controlados ou de coortes internacionais. No Brasil, especialmente no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, h&#225; escassez de dados de mundo real.</p>
      <p>Diante dessa realidade, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da idade e do sexo na mortalidade de pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de IAM em hospitais da rede p&#250;blica de Curitiba.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo de coorte retrospectiva foi conduzido a partir da base de dados da Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de (SMS) da cidade de Curitiba, estado do Paran&#225;, Brasil. A amostra foi composta por indiv&#237;duos internados em hospitais da rede p&#250;blica de Curitiba, entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2015, com diagn&#243;stico principal de IAM &#8212; diagn&#243;stico codificado como I21 de acordo com a 10&#170; revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as &#8212;, residentes em Curitiba e com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com dados duplicados ou inconsistentes entre as datas de interna&#231;&#227;o e &#243;bito, bem como aqueles residentes em outros munic&#237;pios.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis de interesse foram idade e sexo. A idade foi analisada tanto como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua quanto categorizada em faixas et&#225;rias definidas arbitrariamente: &lt; 45 anos; 45-54,9 anos; 55-64,9 anos; 65-79,9 anos; e &#8805; 80 anos. O sexo foi definido como vari&#225;vel biol&#243;gica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> registrada na guia de interna&#231;&#227;o (informa&#231;&#227;o habitualmente derivada do documento de identifica&#231;&#227;o).</p>
      <p>Os dados referentes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o por IAM e &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes foram obtidos por meio dos registros de autoriza&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, que incluem datas de admiss&#227;o e alta, desfecho, hospital de interna&#231;&#227;o e c&#243;digo correspondente. A an&#225;lise da mortalidade foi realizada a partir do banco de dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade (SIM), de abrang&#234;ncia nacional e centralizado no Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, sendo considerado &#243;bito quando havia registro no SIM ou na base da SMS. Foram identificados &#243;bitos ocorridos at&#233; dezembro de 2015. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade intra-hospitalar, em 6 e 12 meses, e ao final do seguimento.</p>
      <p>O primeiro epis&#243;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi considerado como interna&#231;&#227;o basal. A data de in&#237;cio do seguimento (T<sub>0</sub>) correspondeu &#224; data dessa primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. Para casos censurados (pacientes vivos), o t&#233;rmino do seguimento foi fixado em 30 de junho de 2016, data de atualiza&#231;&#227;o do banco do SIM utilizado no presente estudo.</p>
      <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (protocolo n&#186; 64/2016) e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da SMS (parecer n&#186; 1.647.450).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou por medianas e amplitudes. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais. A sobrevida foi estimada por meio de curvas de Kaplan-Meier e comparada utilizando o teste de log-rank. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, foi ajustado um modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox, seguido do teste de Wald. A medida de associa&#231;&#227;o estimada foi a <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR), com respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> Stata, vers&#227;o 14.1.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inicialmente identificados 7.066 pacientes internados por IAM entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2015. Foram exclu&#237;dos 151 casos devido a dados duplicados ou inconsistentes de interna&#231;&#227;o, 4 casos por idade inferior a 18 anos e 2.015 casos por n&#227;o residirem em Curitiba &#8212; condi&#231;&#227;o que impediria o registro de &#243;bitos no SIM.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s as exclus&#245;es, permaneceram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo 4.896 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A amostra foi composta por 34,1% de mulheres, e a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes no momento do IAM foi de 62 &#177; 12,4 anos. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 50,9 meses, com mortalidade geral de 29,5% nesse per&#237;odo &#8212; a maior taxa de &#243;bitos registrada no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o evento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Houve redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva no n&#250;mero de pacientes em acompanhamento nos per&#237;odos finais do seguimento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida global da amostra.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Cerca de 15% dos casos de IAM ocorreram em indiv&#237;duos jovens (&lt; 45 anos; 7,8%) ou muito idosos (&#8805; 80 anos; 7,6%). A idade m&#233;dia das mulheres no momento do IAM foi aproximadamente 5 anos superior &#224; dos homens (65,1 &#177; 12,7 anos vs. 60,3 &#177; 12,0 anos; p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o por faixa et&#225;ria revelou que uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de mulheres apresentou IAM nas faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio por faixa et&#225;ria e sexo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A idade mostrou-se um determinante de pior progn&#243;stico (p &lt; 0,001), com redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da sobrevida em pacientes das faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sobrevida ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> apresenta as curvas de sobrevida segundo o sexo, evidenciando pior progn&#243;stico para as mulheres ap&#243;s o evento agudo (p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, a an&#225;lise multivariada, ajustada para idade e sexo, n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na taxa de mortalidade entre homens e mulheres. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, observou-se aumento progressivo no risco de morte nas faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de acordo com o sexo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada do efeito da idade e do sexo na sobrevida global. HR: hazard ratio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-IAM por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das curvas de sobrevida de homens e mulheres, estratificados por faixa et&#225;ria, revelou evolu&#231;&#227;o semelhante na maioria dos grupos et&#225;rios, com exce&#231;&#227;o da faixa 45-54,9 anos. Nesse grupo, as mulheres apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (p = 0,004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica segundo o sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este estudo fornece a primeira vis&#227;o de mundo real sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes tratados por IAM em Curitiba, um importante centro urbano brasileiro. Por se tratarem de dados provenientes da rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de &#8212; respons&#225;vel pelo atendimento exclusivo de 71,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#8212;, sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias voltadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do impacto dos eventos coronarianos no pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Embora a maior mortalidade p&#243;s-IAM observada entre as mulheres possa ser atribu&#237;da, em parte, ao fato de estas apresentarem o evento, em m&#233;dia, quase 5 anos mais tarde que os homens, a diferen&#231;a significativa identificada no grupo de pacientes nos anos iniciais da meia-idade (45-54,9 anos) pode indicar a exist&#234;ncia de um subgrupo feminino mais vulner&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, a idade associou-se de forma significativa &#224; mortalidade. Esse achado est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios, que tamb&#233;m demonstram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade avan&#231;ada e incid&#234;ncia de novos eventos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Como mencionado, a idade parece explicar a diferen&#231;a de mortalidade observada entre homens e mulheres, uma vez que a an&#225;lise multivariada indicou que apenas a idade, e n&#227;o o sexo, manteve-se como fator independente associado a maior mortalidade.</p>
      <p>No momento do IAM, as mulheres tendem a ser mais idosas e, consequentemente, apresentam maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades. Al&#233;m disso, parecem ser menos propensas a receber terapias medicamentosas baseadas em evid&#234;ncias ou tratamento de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Entretanto, alguns estudos descrevem o sexo feminino como fator de risco independente para mortalidade em idades inferiores a 65 anos, faixa et&#225;ria na qual se reporta mortalidade 11%-30% maior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nosso achado de maior mortalidade entre mulheres com 45-54,9 anos est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>Esse fen&#244;meno, descrito como &#8220;paradoxo de g&#234;nero&#8221; em mulheres jovens, tem sido objeto de diversas investiga&#231;&#245;es. Tal grupo tende a apresentar menos fatores de risco CV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> menor incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) multiarterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> melhor resposta &#224; reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s angioplastia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e maior incid&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> &#8212; todos fatores que, em tese, estariam associados a melhor progn&#243;stico na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, caracter&#237;sticas hormonais pr&#243;prias do sexo feminino &#8212; como uso de contraceptivos, gravidez e menopausa &#8212;, al&#233;m de fatores como sintomas at&#237;picos, subdiagn&#243;stico, subtratamento e aus&#234;ncia de acompanhamento adequado, t&#234;m sido apontados como relevantes na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco CV em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A menopausa, per&#237;odo de transi&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, tem sido correlacionada a maior risco CV, embora os mecanismos envolvidos ainda n&#227;o estejam totalmente elucidados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A menor incid&#234;ncia de reperfus&#227;o, j&#225; amplamente documentada, costuma ser atribu&#237;da ao maior risco de sangramento em mulheres, presente em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e at&#233; 2 vezes mais elevado em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Nas pacientes jovens, esse cen&#225;rio &#233; agravado pela maior incid&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fatores vasculares tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido apontados como poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para o pior progn&#243;stico. Independentemente da faixa et&#225;ria, as mulheres tendem a apresentar menor extens&#227;o de DAC, vasos de menor calibre, menor circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e, consequentemente, menor pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Associado a isso, o maior tempo para procurar atendimento hospitalar e para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico aumenta a vulnerabilidade &#224; isquemia aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outros autores sugerem que aspectos como maior incid&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o, estresse psicol&#243;gico, decl&#237;nio funcional e redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida possam influenciar a mortalidade, especialmente entre mulheres com menos de 65 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, nas mulheres jovens, o mecanismo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica costuma diferir daquele observado nos homens. Nelas, &#233; mais frequente a eros&#227;o da placa com emboliza&#231;&#227;o microvascular, o que pode resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o e reatividade coronariana anormal. J&#225; nos homens jovens, o padr&#227;o mais comum &#233; a ruptura da placa com trombose aguda &#8212; evento associado a maior risco de &#243;bito pr&#233;-hospitalar e que pode atuar como vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o na an&#225;lise da maior mortalidade feminina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Por ser um estudo de coorte retrospectivo baseado na an&#225;lise de uma base de dados p&#250;blica, este trabalho pesquisa apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; qualidade do preenchimento das informa&#231;&#245;es. A aus&#234;ncia de dados sobre comorbidades, tipos de tratamento institu&#237;dos e achados angiogr&#225;ficos impossibilitou correlacionar a maior mortalidade observada entre mulheres com 45-54,9 anos com os fatores j&#225; identificados em pesquisas anteriores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o atendida pelos servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos de sa&#250;de de Curitiba, as mulheres apresentaram pior progn&#243;stico no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IAM. Essa maior mortalidade parece estar relacionada ao fato de sofrerem o evento, em m&#233;dia, quase 5 anos mais tarde que os homens. Entretanto, em uma faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, a mortalidade feminina foi significativamente superior. Esses achados sugerem que mulheres nos anos iniciais da meia-idade podem representar um grupo particularmente vulner&#225;vel, sendo necess&#225;rios novos estudos para investigar as raz&#245;es subjacentes. A redu&#231;&#227;o dessas disparidades de sexo requer educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, melhor compreens&#227;o das barreiras ao tratamento adequado e interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas aos determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Edson Marcos Campos Lessa Junior pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.647.450. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para corre&#231;&#227;o gramatical. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250296i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Middle-Aged Women and Post-Myocardial Infarction Mortality: A Vulnerable Group? Real-World Evidence from a Brazilian Public Health System Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lessa</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Marcos Campos</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Perin Maia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9262-2277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaestner</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Lorena da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Rubini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stroher</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Redivo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriele da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7406-3912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baccin</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0979-3604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4972-5005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1397-0634</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de &#8211; Rua Imac. Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. Postal Code 80215-901, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jose.faria@pucpr.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil, with acute myocardial infarction (MI) accounting for a significant share of these fatalities. Women tend to experience MI at older ages and in the presence of more comorbidities &#8212; factors that may negatively impact prognosis. Locally generated evidence is essential to guide targeted strategies within the public health care system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To assess the influence of age and sex on post-MI mortality among patients treated within the Brazilian Unified Health System.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective cohort study included patients residing in Curitiba who were hospitalized for MI (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision code I21) between 2008 and 2015. Mortality data were obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. In-hospital mortality, as well as mortality at 6 and 12 months and at the end of follow-up, were analyzed. Age (both as a continuous and categorical variable) and sex, as well as their interaction, were included in the analysis. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The sample included 4,896 patients (mean age 62 &#177; 12.4 years; 34.1% women), with an average follow-up of 50.9 months. Overall mortality was 29.5%. On average, women experienced MI 5 years later than men (65.1 vs. 60.3 years; p &lt; 0.001) and had higher follow-up mortality (p &lt; 0.001). However, in the multivariate analysis, only age remained significantly associated with mortality. Age-stratified analysis revealed a higher risk of death among women aged 45-54.9 years (p = 0.004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Older age contributes to the worse post-MI prognosis observed among women compared to men. However, women in early middle age showed an increased risk of death, representing a potentially vulnerable group requiring specific attention.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Middle-Aged Women and Post-Myocardial Infarction Mortality: A Vulnerable Group? Real-World Evidence from a Brazilian Public Health System Cohort</title>
              <p>MI: myocardial infarction.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Middle Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>For over 50 years, cardiovascular (CV) diseases have been the leading cause of death in Brazil, with most of these fatalities being due to coronary events &#8212; primarily acute myocardial infarction (MI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although coronary mortality rates have declined in more developed regions, they have increased in other areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, it is estimated that there are 300,000-400,000 MIs each year, with 1 death recorded for every 5-7 events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several factors are associated with a worse prognosis after MI. For instance, psychosocial factors not only increase the risk of an acute event<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> but they may also worsen its course. This is seen with low income and lower educational attainment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Depression and other conditions are also linked to poorer outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the interaction between 2 key clinical variables &#8212; age and sex &#8212; in the post-MI setting is still debated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous research has demonstrated a positive association between older age and higher post-MI mortality. Regarding sex, however, findings across countries remain inconsistent. Some studies have reported higher mortality among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This finding may be related to clinical factors. Women generally experience MI at older ages, with a higher burden of comorbidities, and with atypical symptoms. Additionally, health care-related factors may play a role: diagnosis in women tends to occur later. Even when timely, reperfusion therapy and evidence-based pharmacological treatment are less frequently indicated. Studies show conflicting results on the actual impact of sex on post-MI mortality when adjusting for these covariates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because post-MI outcomes are influenced by multiple clinical and social factors, the potentially worse prognosis in women must be evaluated in specific contexts. Should this disparity be confirmed, developing strategies to address it requires an understanding of the local reality. Most evidence indicating poorer outcomes for women originates from controlled trials or international cohorts. In Brazil, particularly within the public health care system, real-world data remains scarce.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the influence of age and sex on mortality among patients admitted with a diagnosis of MI to public hospitals in the city of Curitiba.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Municipal Health Secretariat (SMS) of the city of Curitiba, state of Paran&#225;, Brazil. The sample comprised individuals admitted to public hospitals in Curitiba between January 2008 and December 2015 with a primary diagnosis of MI &#8212; coded as I21 according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision &#8212; who resided in Curitiba and were aged 18 years or older. Patients with duplicate records, inconsistent dates of admission and death, or residence in other municipalities were excluded.</p>
        <p>The variables of interest were age and sex. Age was analyzed both as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable, divided into arbitrarily defined age groups: &lt; 45 years; 45-54.9 years; 55-64.9 years; 65-79.9 years; and &#8805; 80 years. Sex was defined as a biological variable,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> recorded in the hospital admission form (usually derived from the patient&#8217;s identification document).</p>
        <p>Data on MI admissions and patient demographic characteristics were obtained from hospital admission authorization records, which include admission and discharge dates, outcomes, admitting hospital, and corresponding diagnostic codes. Mortality analysis was based on the Mortality Information System (SIM) database, which has national coverage and is centralized by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Death was considered when recorded in either the SIM or the SMS database. Deaths up to December 2015 were included. The evaluated outcomes were in-hospital mortality, 6-month and 12-month mortality, and mortality at the end of follow-up.</p>
        <p>The first admission was considered the baseline hospitalization. The start of follow-up (T<sub>0</sub>) corresponded to the date of this first admission. For censored cases (patients alive), follow-up ended on June 30, 2016, which was the date of the SIM database update used in this study.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (protocol No. 64/2016) and by the Ethics Committee at SMS (approval No. 1,647,450).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were described as means and standard deviations or as medians and ranges. Categorical variables were presented as absolute frequencies and percentages. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared with the log-rank test. For multivariate analysis, a Cox regression model was fitted, followed by the Wald test. The measure of association was the hazard ratio (HR) with corresponding 95% CIs. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using Stata software, version 14.1.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 7,066 patients hospitalized for MI between January 2008 and December 2015 were initially identified. Of these, 151 cases were excluded due to duplicate or inconsistent admission records, 4 cases were excluded due to age under 18 years, and 2,015 cases were excluded because the patients were not residents of Curitiba &#8212; a condition that would prevent death registration in the SIM.</p>
        <p>After these exclusions, 4,896 patients remained eligible for the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the sample selection process. MI: myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The sample consisted of 34.1% women, and the mean age of patients at the time of MI was 62 &#177; 12.4 years. The mean follow-up duration was 50.9 months, with an overall mortality rate of 29.5% during this period &#8212; the highest mortality occurring within the first year after the event (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). A marked reduction in the number of patients under follow-up was observed in the later stages of the follow-up period.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Overall survival curve of the sample.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Approximately 15% of MI cases occurred in either young individuals (&lt; 45 years; 7.8%) or very older individuals (&#8805; 80 years; 7.6%). The mean age of women at the time of MI was about 5 years higher than that of men (65.1 &#177; 12.7 years vs. 60.3 &#177; 12.0 years; p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the age group distribution analysis showed a higher proportion of women experiencing MI in the older age brackets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of acute myocardial infarction cases by age group and sex.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Age was a determinant of poorer prognosis (p &lt; 0.001), with progressively lower survival observed in patients from older age groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Survival after admission for acute myocardial infarction, according to age group<italic>.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> shows the survival curves by sex, revealing a poorer prognosis for women after the acute event (p &lt; 0.001). However, multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex did not identify a statistically significant difference in mortality rates between men and women. Regarding age, a progressive increase in the risk of death was observed in the older age groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prognostic stratification by sex.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis of the effect of age and sex on overall survival. HR: hazard ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Post-MI outcomes by sex and age group</title>
          <p>Analysis of the survival curves for men and women, stratified by age group, revealed similar outcomes across most age categories, except for the 45-54.9-year group. In this group, women had significantly higher mortality compared to men (p = 0.004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Prognostic stratification by sex and age group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250296-50296-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first real-world overview of the clinical course of patients treated for MI in Curitiba, a major Brazilian urban center. As data originate from the public health care system &#8212; which is solely responsible for serving 71.5% of the Brazilian population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#8212; its interpretation may contribute to the development of strategies aimed at reducing the burden of coronary events in Brazil.</p>
        <p>Although the higher post-MI mortality observed among women may be partly attributed to the fact that, on average, they experience the event nearly 5 years later than men, the significant difference identified in the early middle-aged group (45-54.9 years) may indicate the presence of a more vulnerable female subgroup (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>In our cohort, age was significantly associated with mortality. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which also demonstrate a strong correlation between older age and the incidence of new events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As mentioned, age appears to explain the mortality difference observed between men and women, since multivariate analysis indicated that only age &#8212; rather than sex &#8212; remained an independent factor associated with increased mortality.</p>
        <p>At the time of MI, women tend to be older and, consequently, present with a higher number of comorbidities. In addition, they appear to be less likely to receive evidence-based pharmacological therapies or reperfusion treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Some studies have described female sex as an independent risk factor for mortality among individuals under 65 years of age, a group in which mortality is reported to be 11%-30% higher compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Our finding of higher mortality among women aged 45-54.9 years is consistent with this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>This phenomenon, referred to as the &#8220;gender paradox&#8221; in younger women, has been the subject of several investigations. This group tends to have fewer CV risk factors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> a lower incidence of multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> better response to reperfusion after angioplasty,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and a higher incidence of nonobstructive CAD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> &#8212; all of which would, in theory, be associated with a more favorable prognosis in the general population.</p>
        <p>Recently, female-specific hormonal characteristics &#8212; such as the use of contraceptives, pregnancy, and menopause &#8212; as well as factors such as atypical symptoms, underdiagnosis, undertreatment, and lack of appropriate follow-up have been identified as relevant in determining CV risk in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Menopause, a physiological transition, has been correlated with increased CV risk, although the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The lower rate of reperfusion, which is well-documented, is often attributed to a higher risk of bleeding in women, a risk that is present across all age groups and is up to twice as high compared to men. Among younger women, this scenario is worsened by the higher incidence of nonobstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vascular factors have also been proposed as potential explanations for the worse prognosis. Regardless of age, women tend to have less extensive CAD, smaller-caliber vessels, reduced collateral circulation, and, consequently, lower ischemic preconditioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In addition, longer delays in seeking medical care and in achieving diagnosis increase vulnerability to acute ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other authors have suggested that factors such as a higher incidence of depression, psychological stress, functional decline, and reduced quality of life may influence mortality, especially among women under the age of 65.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, in younger women, the mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque presentation tends to differ from that observed in men. In women, plaque erosion with microvascular embolization is more frequent and may result in coronary dysfunction and abnormal reactivity. In contrast, the most common pattern in young men is plaque rupture with acute thrombosis &#8212; an event associated with a higher risk of pre-hospital death, which may act as a confounder in the analysis of increased female mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>As a retrospective cohort study based on the analysis of a public database, this study presents limitations inherent to the quality of data entry. The lack of information regarding comorbidities, types of treatment administered, and angiographic findings made it impossible to correlate the higher mortality observed among women aged 45-54.9 years with the factors previously identified in other studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Among the population treated in public health care services in Curitiba, women had a worse post-MI prognosis. This higher mortality appears to be related to the fact that they experience the event, on average, nearly 5 years later than men. However, in a younger age group, female mortality was significantly higher. These findings suggest that women in the early years of middle age may represent a particularly vulnerable group, warranting further investigation into the underlying causes. Reducing these sex-based disparities requires continued medical education, a better understanding of the barriers to adequate treatment, and targeted interventions addressing the social determinants of health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Edson Marcos Campos Lessa Junior, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; under the protocol number 1.647.450. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for correcting grammar. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
