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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cvZQBHZvVVNtxCHSZt8b4wy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250151</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade Diagn&#243;stica da Dura&#231;&#227;o da Onda P na Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda: Li&#231;&#245;es da Coorte Elsa-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7794-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cec&#237;lia de Sena</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4414-0537</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Tostes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Caldeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7383-7811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Ana Cec&#237;lia de Sena Oliveira Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 sala 246. CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>acsenaoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250151</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A cardiomiopatia atrial abrange diversas anormalidades atriais, incluindo a sobrecarga atrial esquerda (SAE), que est&#225; associada a desfechos cardiovasculares e neurocognitivos adversos. A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es &#233; uma ferramenta amplamente dispon&#237;vel e econ&#244;mica, al&#233;m de ser um dos principais crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos adotados. No entanto, seu desempenho diagn&#243;stico em estudos de larga escala ainda &#233; pouco explorado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P e o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (VAE) medido pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e determinar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805;120 ms para identificar a SAE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizamos uma an&#225;lise transversal dos dados basais dos participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil em ritmo sinusal. A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P foi medida automaticamente por meio de ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, com &#8805;120 ms indicando sobrecarga atrial. A SAE foi definida como VAE&gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> por ETT. O teste de Spearman avaliou a correla&#231;&#227;o. M&#233;tricas de desempenho diagn&#243;stico - sensibilidade (Sn), especificidade (Sp), valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN), raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva e negativa (RV+ e RV-) - foram calculadas. Al&#233;m disso, foi constru&#237;da uma Curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em valor de p&lt;0,05 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 2.589 participantes, 419 (16,1%) com &#237;ndice de VAE &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P correlacionou-se fracamente com o VAE (&#961; de Spearman = 0,120, p &lt; 0,001). As medidas de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica foram: AUC = 0,557 &#177; 0,032; Se = 0,296; Sp = 0,811; VPP = 0,232; VPN = 0,856; RV + 1,566; RV - 0,868.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P demonstra valor diagn&#243;stico limitado para identificar SAE, o que sugere que n&#227;o &#233; recomendado como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico isolado para essa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic Utility of P-Wave Duration in Identifying Left Atrial Enlargement: Insights from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ECG: electrocardiogram; Sn: sensibility; Sp: specificity; PPV: positive predictive value. NPV: negative predictive value; LR+: positive likelihood ratio; LR-: negative likelihood ratio; LAV: Left Atrial Volume. Source: Illustration elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
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          </fig>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060010.00RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060212.00BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060300.00ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060278.00MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060115.00SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060071.00RJ. ALP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310790/2021-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>408659/2024-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>RED 00192-23</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia: 01060010.00RS, 01060212.00BA, 01060300.00ES, 01060278.00MG, 01060115.00SP e 01060071.00RJ. ALP Ribeiro &#233; parcialmente financiado por CNPq (310790/2021-2 e 408659/2024-6) e FAPEMIG (RED 00192-23).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Cardiomiopatia atrial &#233; qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural, arquitet&#244;nica, contr&#225;til ou eletrofisiol&#243;gica que afeta os &#225;trios, com potencial para produzir manifesta&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes. Ela abrange diversas altera&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a sobrecarga atrial esquerda (SAE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A SAE, juntamente com a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, causa disfun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o, resultando em remodelamento do AE, que &#233; um substrato subjacente para desfechos cardiovasculares, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de FA est&#225; associada a um aumento de 5 a 6 vezes no risco de AVC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> enquanto AEs maiores aumentam o risco de AVC, mesmo em pacientes em ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e da anatomia do AE &#233; fundamental para identificar remodelamento estrutural e caracterizar a miocardiopatia atrial. O m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o preferencial para o tamanho do AE &#233; a ecocardiografia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que pode n&#227;o estar dispon&#237;vel, principalmente em locais com poucos recursos.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica de baixo custo e amplamente dispon&#237;vel usada para diagnosticar SAE analisando diversas anormalidades da onda P, uma vez que a SAE geralmente envolve o prolongamento do tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial. Portanto, ela tende a causar ondas P de pico duplo ou entalhadas e aumentar a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para SAE t&#234;m desempenho limitado. A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, em particular, demonstrou ter sensibilidade (Sn) notavelmente reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> De fato, um estudo sobre as faixas normais das medi&#231;&#245;es de ECG em um grande conjunto de dados de pacientes de cuidados prim&#225;rios mostrou que o valor mediano da onda P &#233; superior a 110 ms para homens com mais de 50 anos e mulheres acima de 60 anos, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de indiv&#237;duos com valores acima do limiar de 120 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, uma dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms na deriva&#231;&#227;o D2 ainda &#233; listada como um crit&#233;rio para SAE em diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e livros did&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar disso, estudos em humanos com grandes amostras que avaliem o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P em SAE s&#227;o escassos. Para preencher essa lacuna na literatura, analisamos dados de uma grande coorte brasileira, projetada para estudar os determinantes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em adultos, verificando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P medida no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e o volume do AE (VAE) no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT), bem como a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P superior a 120 ms para diagnosticar SAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo diagn&#243;stico envolveu uma an&#225;lise transversal de um subconjunto de participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil. O ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino e pesquisa participantes (COEP - UFMG, n&#250;mero ETIC 186/06) e pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP 976/20060) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Seguimos as diretrizes do <italic>Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy</italic> (STARD).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo de coorte multic&#234;ntrico que visa avaliar os determinantes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes em adultos brasileiros. A coorte original incluiu 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos de 5 universidades e um instituto de pesquisa, residentes em 6 cidades brasileiras (Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo, Porto Alegre, Salvador e Vit&#243;ria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial foi realizada entre 2008 e 2010, durante a qual os participantes foram submetidos a entrevistas abrangentes e a exames cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais para coletar dados relativos a v&#225;rios dom&#237;nios fisiol&#243;gicos, particularmente &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular, bem como dados antropom&#233;tricos e epidemiol&#243;gicos. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram submetidos a um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Um ecocardiograma abrangente foi realizado em todos os participantes com mais de 60 anos no in&#237;cio do estudo, bem como em uma subamostra de 10% de pessoas selecionadas aleatoriamente entre 35 e 59 anos.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise atual, os participantes da avalia&#231;&#227;o basal (2008-2010) do estudo ELSA-Brasil foram considerados eleg&#237;veis se atendessem aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma e ECG no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: (1) aus&#234;ncia de medida da onda P nos registros de ECG; (2) aus&#234;ncia de medida do VAE nos registros de ecocardiograma; (3) presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e/ou flutter atrial; (4) frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca abaixo de 50 bpm ou acima de 100 bpm; (5) presen&#231;a de marcapasso ou v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos de teste</title>
        <p>O teste &#237;ndice foi a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P medida automaticamente por meio de ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es obtido durante exames basais. Em nosso estudo, uma onda P igual ou maior que 120 ms foi considerada aumentada e diagn&#243;stica de SAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O ECG foi realizado de acordo com um protocolo previamente definido, utilizando um dispositivo digital (Atria 6100, Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA, EUA), calibrado a 10 mm/mV e velocidade de 25 mm/segundo, com leitura autom&#225;tica da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e eixos da onda P. As medi&#231;&#245;es da onda P foram realizadas na deriva&#231;&#227;o DII.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os ECGs registrados foram transmitidos para um banco de dados eletr&#244;nico do ECG Reading Center, criado para garantir a qualidade dos registros e sua codifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os ECGs foram submetidos &#224; leitura posterior pelo programa de an&#225;lise de ECG de Glasgow<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e &#224; codifica&#231;&#227;o pelo C&#243;digo de Minnesota.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para aumento do AE foi um VAE superior a 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, avaliado por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT). O VAE foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Simpson e indexado pela &#193;rea de Superf&#237;cie Corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) foi realizada por ecocardiografistas treinados. Imagens de cineloops e imagens est&#225;ticas de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos em ritmo card&#237;aco regular foram selecionadas seguindo um protocolo padr&#227;o baseado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o uso da ecocardiografia em pesquisas por ocasi&#227;o do exame basal. Essas imagens foram ent&#227;o transmitidas e lidas em uma central de leitura, acompanhadas de um formul&#225;rio detalhando a qualidade dos exames e descri&#231;&#245;es dos achados preliminares. Todos os estudos foram analisados e quantificados no centro de leitura ecocardiogr&#225;fica do estudo, utilizando a mesma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho (ComPACS 10.5; Medimatic SrL., It&#225;lia). Essa an&#225;lise foi conduzida por tr&#234;s ecocardiografistas certificados que seguiram o protocolo de leitura estabelecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram utilizadas para resumir as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, e uma an&#225;lise estratificada por sexo foi realizada. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e foram expressas como medianas e intervalos interquartis (IIQ). Frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens relataram vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P e o VAE foi avaliada por meio de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada. Considerando que ambas as vari&#225;veis eram cont&#237;nuas e n&#227;o seguiam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Spearman foi considerado apropriado. Um teste bicaudal foi realizado para avaliar a presen&#231;a de correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e negativas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as medianas foram feitas com o teste U de Mann-Whitney. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como um valor de p &lt; 0,05 e um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        <p>A acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica foi avaliada utilizando uma tabela de conting&#234;ncia 2x2 para calcular Sn, especificidade (Sp), valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN), raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (RV+) e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (RV-). Tamb&#233;m constru&#237;mos uma curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC) para avaliar a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC). O VAE foi utilizado como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (vari&#225;vel de estado). A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P medida no ECG serviu como vari&#225;vel de teste.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram conduzidas usando o IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 21.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O subconjunto original da Coorte ELSA-Brasil era composto por 15.105 indiv&#237;duos. Desses indiv&#237;duos, 12.419 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o atenderem aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. A amostra final incluiu 2.589 pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma ilustrando sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e taxas de falso positivo e falso negativo. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VAE: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; VN: verdadeiro negativo; FN: falso negativo; VP: verdadeiro positivo; FP: falso positivo. Fonte: figura elaborada pelos autores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250151-50151-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, bem como as taxas de fatores de risco cardiovascular: hipercolesterolemia, diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral. Dada a diferen&#231;a significativa na dura&#231;&#227;o mediana da onda P entre os sexos entre indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular observada na coorte ELSA-Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> considerou-se pertinente analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P e o VAE por sexo. Nossa an&#225;lise revelou que a dura&#231;&#227;o mediana da onda P foi de 110 ms (IIQ, 18 ms) para mulheres e 114 ms (IIQ, 18 ms) para homens, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>N = 2589</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1449 (55,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1,76 (0,28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda P (ms), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume do AE (Simpson) (mL/m<sup>2</sup>), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">25,7 (9,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">595 (22,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipercolesterolemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1179 (45,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo. Fonte: Tabela elaborada pelos autores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P correlacionou-se mal com o VAE no teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. A correla&#231;&#227;o (&#961;) entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P e o VAE foi de 0,120 (p &lt; 0,001), e a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi 0,557 &#177; 0,032 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o (volume do &#225;trio esquerdo X dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P); B) Curva ROC: Curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor. Fonte: figura elaborada pelos autores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250151-50151-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A tabela de conting&#234;ncia &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Em nossa amostra, onde 419 (16,1%) apresentaram SAE, a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms identificou corretamente 124 (23,2%) casos de SAE (Vol AE &gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) e classificou incorretamente 410 casos (76,7%) como positivos. O mesmo limite para a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P foi observado em 1.760 casos verdadeiros negativos e 295 falsos negativos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tabula&#231;&#227;o cruzada da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P por medidas de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>VAE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th>VAE &#8804; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>p&#8805;120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">124 (29,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">410 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">534</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p&lt;120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">295 (70,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1760 (81,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">419</td>
                <td align="center">2170</td>
                <td align="center">2589</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>VAE: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo. Fonte: Tabela elaborada pelos autores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta valores de desempenho diagn&#243;stico e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, mostrando o baixo desempenho da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P em discriminar o aumento do VAE. Quando estratificado por sexo, o desempenho diagn&#243;stico permaneceu praticamente inalterado, com uma ligeira melhora na Sn observada entre os homens (0,366; IC de 95%, 0,300&#8211;0,437). Valores de corte alternativos de dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P al&#233;m de 120 ms foram avaliados para aumentar a Sp. No entanto, o aumento do limiar resultou em redu&#231;&#245;es substanciais na Sn (onda P &#8805; 130 ms: Sn = 0,117, Sp = 0,952; onda P &#8805; 140 ms: Se = 0,0285, Sp = 0,960). Por outro lado, as tentativas de melhorar a Sn levaram a perdas acentuadas de Sp (onda P &#8805; 110 ms: Sn = 0,616, Sp = 0,461; onda P &#8805; 105 ms: Sn = 0,705, Sp = 0,319).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desempenho diagn&#243;stico da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &gt;120 ms para o diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Preval&#234;ncia de SAE, n (%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Sn (IC 95%) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Sp (IC 95%) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> VPP (IC 95%) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> VPN (IC 95%) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> RV+ (IC 95%) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> RV- (IC 95%) </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>419</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(16,1%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,296</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(0,254-0,341)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,811</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(0,794 - 0,827)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,232</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(0,198 - 0,270)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,856</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(0,841 - 0,871)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.566</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(1,319 -1,859)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,868</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>(0,813 - 0,927)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>SAE: sobrecarga atrial esquerda; Sn: sensibilidade; Sp: especificidade; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; RV+: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva; RV-: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. Fonte: Tabela elaborada pelos autores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo transversal, demonstramos que a dura&#231;&#227;o isolada da onda P apresenta fraca associa&#231;&#227;o com o VAE e que uma dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms apresenta acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica limitada para o reconhecimento de SAE, definida por VAE &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Apesar de sua Sp de moderada a alta, encontramos valores de Sn muito baixos, levando a taxas elevadas de falsos negativos. Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m mostraram um VPP significativamente baixo, resultando em uma taxa elevada de testes falso-positivos: nesta amostra, 76% dos indiv&#237;duos com dura&#231;&#227;o aumentada da onda P apresentavam VAE normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Nossos achados s&#227;o consistentes com as evid&#234;ncias atualmente dispon&#237;veis, mostrando um desempenho diagn&#243;stico limitado da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P para diagnosticar SAE, com valores de Sn moderados a baixos e valores de Sp moderados a altos. Estudos com delineamento semelhante constataram que os valores de Sn e Sp variaram, respectivamente, de 8% a 69% e de 49% a 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, nosso estudo incluiu o maior tamanho amostral de uma popula&#231;&#227;o miscigenada, visto que estudos anteriores relataram tamanhos amostrais variando de 71 a 551 participantes. Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m corroboram a evid&#234;ncia de uma correla&#231;&#227;o inconsistente entre o ECG e os padr&#245;es de imagem de SAE, o que levou &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o da terminologia de cardiomiopatia atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O aumento da taxa de testes falso-positivos observados ao considerar a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms para o reconhecimento de SAE pode ser explicado por v&#225;rias raz&#245;es. Primeiro, ondas P maiores que 120 ms podem ser encontradas em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Um estudo de achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos na coorte ELSA-Brasil descobriu que as ondas P podem durar at&#233; 134 ms em homens e 130 ms em mulheres sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca clinicamente aparente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dura&#231;&#245;es prolongadas da onda P podem ser explicadas por varia&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e tamb&#233;m ser induzidas por medicamentos. Dura&#231;&#245;es prolongadas da onda P podem ser encontradas em atletas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e indiv&#237;duos com maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, como o bloqueio beta-adren&#233;rgico, podem aumentar a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Finalmente, a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P pode ser aumentada por muitas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas al&#233;m da SAE. Diabetes e neuropatia auton&#244;mica diab&#233;tica tamb&#233;m demonstraram estar associadas a dura&#231;&#245;es mais longas da onda P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Tanto no bloqueio interatrial (BIA) parcial quanto no avan&#231;ado, um atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do feixe de Bachmann &#233; uma causa bem conhecida da dura&#231;&#227;o anormal da onda P. No entanto, no BIA avan&#231;ado, podem ser encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es na morfologia da onda P, al&#233;m do aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o, como ondas P bif&#225;sicas (&#177;) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II, III ou aVF. Negatividade final tamb&#233;m pode ser observada na aVF, refletindo ativa&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P n&#227;o deve ser usada exclusivamente como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de SAE. Al&#233;m das elevadas taxas de falso-negativos, tamb&#233;m produz in&#250;meras causas de resultados falso-positivos. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o uso de uma onda P aumentada como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico suficiente para SAE pode levar ao sobrediagn&#243;stico e a encaminhamentos inadequados para exames especializados, como o ecocardiograma.</p>
      <p>Particularmente em cen&#225;rios onde exames especializados e encaminhamentos para cuidados secund&#225;rios s&#227;o limitados, os encaminhamentos de pacientes sem anormalidades cl&#237;nicas podem contribuir para longos tempos de espera e atrasos no diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Nesses cen&#225;rios, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de novas ferramentas de triagem pode abrir caminho para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos encaminhamentos e a melhoria dos resultados em sa&#250;de. A import&#226;ncia do desenvolvimento dessas novas ferramentas de triagem tamb&#233;m &#233; enfatizada pela baixa Sn e pelos baixos valores de VPN desse par&#226;metro para o diagn&#243;stico de SAE, visto que sua utilidade tamb&#233;m &#233; limitada na identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos positivos.</p>
      <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de telecardiologia e ecocardiografia de triagem na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, por exemplo, parece ser uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e predi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o uso de abordagens baseadas em intelig&#234;ncia artificial para detectar e prever doen&#231;as card&#237;acas com tra&#231;ados de ECG &#233; encorajador. Um modelo de rede neural convolucional apresentou excelente desempenho na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais em um estudo multinacional com pacientes &#250;nicos nos EUA e em uma coorte brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, modelos baseados em aprendizado de m&#225;quina parecem ser um caminho promissor na compreens&#227;o dos par&#226;metros da onda P e da correla&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es de imagem e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, bem como ferramentas valiosas no diagn&#243;stico de SAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de sua utilidade limitada para o diagn&#243;stico de SAE, a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, assim como outros par&#226;metros da onda P, est&#225; relacionada a desfechos de sa&#250;de mais prec&#225;rios, uma vez que pode traduzir patologia atrial al&#233;m do aumento da c&#226;mara.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Um estudo populacional que incluiu 8.561 indiv&#237;duos nos Estados Unidos descobriu que o aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P se correlacionou com desfechos de mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo japon&#234;s com 810 indiv&#237;duos com um ou mais fatores de risco cardiovascular tamb&#233;m descobriu que uma onda P prolongada (&#8805; 140 ms) estava independentemente associada a eventos card&#237;acos, independentemente de SAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Uma dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada da onda P tamb&#233;m foi associada a risco elevado de FA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> bem como a um risco aumentado de FA recorrente ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a utilidade da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P como um preditor de risco ainda &#233; incerta e n&#227;o pode ser entendida como um substituto para cardiomiopatia atrial, nem aplicada como uma ferramenta para influenciar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, como uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter dados sobre par&#226;metros adicionais da onda P, como a for&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1 ou a morfologia da onda P de pico duplo, impedindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica combinada. Portanto, a an&#225;lise combinada de outros par&#226;metros da onda P pode fornecer valores de Sn mais altos, que n&#227;o foram avaliados neste estudo. Segundo, apenas 17% da coorte foi submetida a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, potencialmente limitando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados para toda a coorte. Terceiro, nossa amostra incluiu indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 35 e 74 anos (70% deles com mais de 50 anos), o que limita a aplicabilidade de nossos achados a essa faixa et&#225;ria espec&#237;fica e pode impedir sua generaliza&#231;&#227;o para popula&#231;&#245;es mais jovens ou mais velhas. Finalmente, quest&#245;es t&#233;cnicas podem desempenhar um papel no aumento dos valores da onda P, uma vez que as medi&#231;&#245;es digitais e da onda P podem variar entre m&#233;todos manuais e automatizados e est&#227;o sujeitas a erros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o isolada da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P tem valor diagn&#243;stico limitado para SAE, devido &#224; sua baixa Sn e VPP, combinados com altas taxas de resultados falso-negativos. Consequentemente, n&#227;o deve ser empregada como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico independente para SAE. No entanto, seu baixo desempenho diagn&#243;stico para SAE, dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P e outros par&#226;metros da onda P est&#225; cada vez mais associado a desfechos cardiovasculares e neurocognitivos adversos, devido &#224; sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a miocardiopatia atrial. A capacidade preditiva dos par&#226;metros da onda P permanece uma &#225;rea de pesquisa pouco explorada, com potencial promissor para o avan&#231;o da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 186/06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente [Ana Cec&#237;lia de Sena Oliveira]. O conjunto de dados n&#227;o est&#225; publicamente dispon&#237;vel devido a pol&#237;tia de cess&#227;o de dados do ELSA-Brasil (Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto) que visa garantir a seguran&#231;a e a privacidade dos dados coletados, permitindo o uso para fins de pesquisa cient&#237;fica de alta qualidade, ao mesmo tempo em que protege a identidade dos participantes. A cess&#227;o de dados ocorre mediante aprova&#231;&#227;o de projetos de pesquisa por um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) e um Comit&#234; Gestor do ELSA-Brasil, garantindo a conformidade com a legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira de prote&#231;&#227;o de dados e com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da pesquisa cient&#237;fica brasileira.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia: 01060010.00RS, 01060212.00BA, 01060300.00ES, 01060278.00MG, 01060115.00SP e 01060071.00RJ. ALP Ribeiro &#233; parcialmente financiado por CNPq (310790/2021-2 e 408659/2024-6) e FAPEMIG (RED 00192-23).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250151i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagnostic Utility of P-Wave Duration in Identifying Left Atrial Enlargement: Insights from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7794-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cec&#237;lia de Sena</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4414-0537</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Tostes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Caldeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7383-7811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Ana Cec&#237;lia de Sena Oliveira Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 sala 246. Postal Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil Email: acsenaoliveira@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial cardiomyopathy encompasses various atrial abnormalities, including left atrial enlargement (LAE), which is associated with adverse cardiovascular and neurocognitive outcomes. P-wave duration &#8805;120 ms on 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is a widely available, cost-effective tool and one of the main diagnostic criteria adopted. However, its diagnostic performance in large-scale studies remains underexplored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the correlation between P-wave duration and left atrial volume (LAV) measured by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and determine the diagnostic accuracy of P-wave duration &#8805;120 ms for identifying LAE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the ELSA-Brasil cohort participants in sinus rhythm. P-wave duration was automatically measured via standard 12-lead ECG, with &#8805;120 ms indicating enlargement. LAE was defined as LAV&gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> by TTE. Spearman&#8217;s rank test assessed correlation. Diagnostic performance metrics - sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR+ and LR-) - were calculated. Also, a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was constructed. Statistical significance was set at p-value&lt;0.05 with 95% confidence interval.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study included 2589 participants, 419 (16,1%) with LAV index&gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. P-wave duration correlated weakly with LAV (Spearman&#8217;s &#961; = 0.120, p &lt; 0.001). Diagnostic accuracy measurements were AUC = 0.557 &#177; 0.032; Sn = 0.296; Sp = 0.811; PPV = 0.232; NPV = 0.856; LR+ 1.566; LR- 0.868.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> P-wave duration demonstrates limited diagnostic value for identifying LAE, suggesting against its recommendation as a standalone diagnostic criterion for this condition.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Utilidade Diagn&#243;stica da Dura&#231;&#227;o da Onda P na Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda: Li&#231;&#245;es da Coorte Elsa-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ECG: eletrocardiograma; Sn: sensibilidade; Sp: especificidade; VPP: valor preditivo positivo. VPN: valor preditivo negativo; RV+: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva; RV-: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa; VAE: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo. Fonte: Ilustra&#231;&#227;o elaborada pelos autores.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250151-50151-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial cardiomyopathy is any structural, architectural, contractile, or electrophysiological change affecting the atria with the potential to produce clinically relevant manifestations. It encompasses several alterations, including left atrial enlargement (LAE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> LAE, along with myocardial fibrosis, causes LA dysfunction and conduction delay, resulting in LA remodeling, which is an underlying substrate for cardiovascular outcomes such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The presence of AF is associated with a 5-6-fold increase in stroke risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> while larger LA sizes increase stroke risk, even in patients in sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, LA size and anatomy assessment are paramount to identifying structural remodeling and characterizing atrial cardiomyopathy. The preferred assessment method for LA size is echocardiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which may be unavailable, particularly in low-resource settings.</p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a low-cost and widely available clinical tool used to diagnose LAE by analyzing several P-wave abnormalities since LAE usually involves prolonging atrial activation time. Therefore, it tends to cause double-peaked or notched P waves and increase P-wave duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, electrocardiographic diagnostic criteria for LAE have limited performance. P-wave duration, in particular, has been shown to have remarkably decreased sensitivity (Sn).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Indeed, a study on normal ranges of the ECG measurements in a large dataset of primary care patients showed that the P wave median value is over 110 ms for men over 50 years old and women above 60 years old, with a significant proportion of subjects with values above the threshold of 120 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, a P wave duration &#8805; 120 ms in D2 lead is still listed as a criterion for LAE in guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and textbooks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite that, studies in humans with large sample sizes that appraise the P-wave duration diagnostic performance of LAE are scarce. To fill this gap in the literature, we analyzed data from a large Brazilian cohort designed to study the determinants of cardiovascular diseases in adults verifying the correlation between P-wave duration as measured in 12-lead ECG and LAV in the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), as well as the P-wave duration greater than 120 ms diagnostic accuracy to diagnose LAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This diagnostic study involved a cross-sectional analysis of a subset of participants from the ELSA-Brasil cohort. ELSA-Brasil was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of participating education and research institutions (COEP - UFMG, number ETIC 186/06) and by the National Research Ethics Committee (CONEP 976/20060) of the Ministry of Health. We followed the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) reporting guidelines.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>ELSA-Brasil is a multicenter cohort study that aims to evaluate the determinants of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Brazilian adults. The original cohort included 15,105 civil servants from 5 universities and one research institute, living in 6 Brazilian cities (Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo, Porto Alegre, Salvador, and Vit&#243;ria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Baseline assessment was conducted from 2008 to 2010, during which participants underwent comprehensive interviews and clinical and laboratory tests to collect data concerning several physiological domains, particularly cardiovascular health, as well as anthropometric and epidemiological data. All patients enrolled underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram. A comprehensive TTE was done on all participants over the age of 60 at the start of the study, as well as on a randomly chosen 10% subsample of people aged 35 to 59.</p>
          <p>For the current analysis, participants of the baseline assessment (2008-2010) of the ELSA-Brasil study were considered eligible if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) completion of both an TTE and an electrocardiogram at the time of study inclusion. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) absence of P-wave measurement in ECG records; (2) absence of left atrial volume (LAV) measurement in TTE records; (3) presence of AF and/or atrial flutter; (4) heart rate below 50 bpm or over 100 bpm; (5) presence of a pacemaker or prosthetic valve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Test methods</title>
          <p>The index test was the P-wave duration automatically measured via standard 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) obtained during baseline examinations. In our study, a P-wave equal to or greater than 120 ms was considered enlarged and diagnostic of LAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> ECG was performed according to a previously defined protocol, using a digital device (Atria 6100, Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA), calibrated at 10 mm/mV and speed of 25 mm/second, with automatic reading of the heart rate, duration, amplitude, and axes of the P-wave. P wave measurements were performed in DII lead.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Recorded ECGs were transmitted to an electronic database of the ECG Reading Center, which was created to secure the quality of records and their coding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ECGs underwent posterior reading by the Glasgow ECG analysis program<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and codification by the Minnesota Code.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The reference standard for LAE was a LAV greater than 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). LAV was calculated using Simpson&#8217;s formula and indexed to Body Surface Area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Transthoracic echocardiography (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was performed by trained echocardiographers. Cine loops and static images of 3 cardiac cycles under regular cardiac rhythm were selected following a standard protocol based on recommendations for using echocardiography in research on the occasion of baseline examination. These images were then transmitted to and read at a central reading center, accompanied by a form detailing the quality of the exams and descriptions of preliminary findings. All studies were analyzed and quantified at the study&#8217;s echocardiographic reading center using the same workstation (ComPACS 10.5; Medimatic SrL., Italy). This analysis was conducted by three certified echocardiographers who followed the established reading protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of the study population, and a sex-stratified analysis was performed. Continuous variables did not present a normal distribution and were summarized as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). Frequencies and percentages reported categorical variables. The normality of the distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>The relationship between P-wave length and LAV was assessed with a bivariate correlation. Given that both variables were continuous and did not follow a normal distribution, Spearman&#8217;s non-parametric test was deemed appropriate. A two-tailed test was performed to evaluate the presence of both positive and negative correlations. Comparisons between medians were made with Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value&lt;0.05 and a 95% confidence interval.</p>
          <p>Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using a 2x2 contingency table to calculate sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR-). We have also constructed a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the area under the curve (AUC). LAV was used as the reference standard (state variable). P-wave duration measured at the ECG served as the test variable.</p>
          <p>All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The original subset of the ELSA-Brasil Cohort comprised 15105 individuals. Of these individuals, 12419 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. The final sample included 2589 patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart illustrating patient selection, false positive and false negative rates. HR: heart rate; LAV: left atrial volume; TN: true negative; FN: false negative; TP: true positive; FP: false positive. Source: figure elaborated by the authors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250151-50151-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Demographic, ECG, and echocardiographic characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, as well as rates of cardiovascular risk factors: hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and cerebral vascular accident<bold>.</bold> Given the significant difference in the median P-wave duration between sexes among individuals without cardiovascular disease observed in the ELSA-Brasil cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> it was considered pertinent to analyze the correlation between P-wave duration and LAV by sex. Our analysis revealed that the median P-wave duration was 110 ms (IQR, 18 ms) for females and 114 ms (IQR, 18 ms) for males, with a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic characteristics of the patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>N = 2589</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1449 (55.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body Surface Area (m<sup>2</sup>), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,76 (0.28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave (ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate (bpm), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAV (Simpson) (mL/m<sup>2</sup>), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7 (9.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (3.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">595 (22.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypercholesterolemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1179 (45.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebral vascular accident, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>IQR: interquartile range; LAV: left atrial volume. Source: Table elaborated by the authors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>P-wave duration correlated poorly with LAV in Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation test. The correlation (&#961;) between P-wave duration and LAV was 0.120 (p &lt; 0.001), and the area under the ROC curve was 0.557 &#177; 0.032 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Dispersion graph (Left Atrial Volume X P-wave duration); B) ROC curve: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. Source: figure elaborated by the authors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250151-50151-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The contingency table is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. In our sample, where 419 (16,1%) had LAE, P-wave duration &#8805;120 ms correctly identified 124 (23,2%) cases of LAE (LAV &gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) and incorrectly classified 410 cases (76,7%) as positives. The same threshold for P-wave duration was observed in 1760 true negative and 295 false negative cases.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cross-tabulation of P wave duration by Left Atrial Volume measurements</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>LAV &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                  <th>LAV &#8804; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>p&#8805;120 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (29.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">410 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">534</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p&lt;120 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">295 (70.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1760 (81.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">419</td>
                  <td align="center">2170</td>
                  <td align="center">2589</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>LAV: left atrial volume. Source: Table elaborated by the authors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> displays diagnostic performance values and their 95% confidence intervals, showing the poor performance of the P wave length in discriminating the increase in LAV. When stratified by sex, the diagnostic performance remained largely unchanged, with a slight improvement in Sn observed among males (0.366; 95% CI, 0.300&#8211;0.437). Alternative P-wave duration cut-off values beyond 120 ms were evaluated to enhance Sp. However, increasing the threshold resulted in substantial Sn reductions (P-wave &#8805;130 ms: Sn = 0.117, Sp = 0.952; P-wave &#8805;140 ms: Sn = 0.0285, Sp = 0.960). Conversely, attempts to improve Sn led to marked Sp losses (P-wave &#8805;110 ms: Se = 0.616, Sp = 0.461; P-wave &#8805;105 ms: Sn = 0.705, Sp = 0.319).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagnostic performance of P-wave duration &gt;120 ms for the diagnosis of Left Atrial Enlargement</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Prevalence of LAE, n (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Sn (95% CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Sp (95% CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">PPV (95% CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">NPV (95%CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">LR+ (95%CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">LR- (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>419</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(16.1%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.296</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(0.254-0.341)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.811</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(0.794 - 0.827)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.232</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(0.198 - 0.270)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.856</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(0.841 - 0.871)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.566</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(1.319 -1.859)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.868</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(0.813 - 0.927)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>LAE: left atrial enlargement; Sn: sensibility; Sp: specificity; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; LAE: left atrial enlargement; LR+: positive likelihood ratio; LR-: negative likelihood ratio; CI: confidence interval. Source: Table elaborated by the authors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this cross-sectional study, we showed that isolated P-wave duration has a weak association with LAV and that a P-wave duration &#8805;120 ms has limited diagnostic accuracy for recognizing LAE defined by LAV &gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Despite its moderate to high Sp, we have found very low Sn values, leading to increased rates of false negatives. Our results also showed a significantly low PPV, yielding an elevated rate of false positive tests: in this sample, 76% of individuals with an increased P-wave duration had normal LAV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Our findings are consistent with the currently available evidence, showing a limited diagnostic performance of P-wave duration to diagnose LAE, with moderate to low Sn values and moderate to high Sp values. Studies with a similar design found that Sn and Sp values ranged, respectively, from 8% to 69% and 49% to 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, our study included the largest sample size of a racially mixed population, as previous studies reported sample sizes varied from 71 to 551 participants. Our results also support the evidence of an inconsistent correlation between ECG and imaging patterns of LAE, which has led to the introduction of the atrial cardiomyopathy terminology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increased rate of false positive tests observed when considering the P-wave duration &#8805;120 ms for recognizing LAE can be explained by several reasons. First, P-waves greater than 120 ms may be found in healthy individuals. A study of electrocardiographic findings in the ELSA-Brasil cohort found that P-waves could last up to 134 ms in males and 130 ms in females without evidence of clinically apparent heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Additionally, prolonged P-wave durations can be explained by physiological variations and also be drug-induced. Prolonged P-wave durations can be found in athletes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and individuals with greater body mass index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Also, alterations in the autonomic nervous system, such as beta-adrenergic blockade, can increase P-wave duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Finally, P wave duration can be increased by many pathologic conditions other than LAE. Diabetes and diabetic autonomic neuropathy have also been shown to be associated with longer P-wave durations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In both partial and advanced interatrial block (IAB), a conduction delay through the Bachmann&#8217;s bundle is a well-known cause of abnormal duration of the P-wave. However, in advanced IAB, alterations in P-wave morphology other than increased duration can be found, such as biphasic (&#177;) P-waves in leads II, III, or aVF. Final negativity can also be seen in aVF, reflecting retrograde activation of the LA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the available evidence, P-wave duration should not be used solely as a diagnostic criterion of LAE. In addition to its elevated false-negative rates, it also yields numerous causes of false-positive results. In this scenario, the use of an increased P-wave as a sufficient diagnostic criterion of LAE may lead to overdiagnosis and inappropriate referrals for specialized tests, such as a TTE.</p>
        <p>Particularly in settings where specialized tests and secondary care referrals are limited, referrals of patients without clinical abnormalities may contribute to long waiting times and diagnostic delays.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In these scenarios, implementing new screening tools may pave the way to optimizing referrals and improving health outcomes. The importance of the development of these new screening tools is also emphasized by the low Sn and low NPV values of this parameter to the diagnosis of LAE since its utility is also limited in identifying positive cases.</p>
        <p>The combination of telecardiology and screening echocardiography in primary care, for instance, seems to be a promising strategy for risk stratification and prediction of heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Also, the use of artificial intelligence based approaches to detect and predict heart disease with ECG tracings is encouraging. A convolutional neural network model had excellent performance in detecting structural heart disease in a multinational study with unique patients in the US and a Brazilian cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Additionally, machine-learning-based models seem to be a promising avenue in the understanding of P-wave parameters and the correlation between imaging and electrocardiographic patterns, as well as valuable tools in the diagnosis of LAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite its limited utility for LAE diagnosis, P-wave duration, like other P-wave parameters, is related to poorer health outcomes since it may translate atrial pathology beyond chamber enlargement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A population-based study that included 8561 subjects in the United States found that increased P-wave duration correlated with all-cause mortality outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Furthermore, a Japanese study with 810 subjects with one or more cardiovascular risk factors also found that a prolonged P-wave (&#8805; 140 ms) was independently associated with cardiac events, independently of LAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A prolonged P-wave duration was also associated with elevated AF risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> as well as an increased risk of recurrent AF after catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the usefulness of P-wave duration as a risk predictor is still uncertain and cannot be understood as a surrogate for atrial cardiomyopathy, nor applied as a tool to influence clinical decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, as a secondary analysis, it was not possible to obtain data on additional P-wave parameters, such as P-wave terminal force in V1 or double-peaked P-wave morphology, precluding an evaluation of their combined diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, the combined analysis of other P-wave parameters may provide higher Sn values, which were not evaluated in this study. Second, only 17% of the cohort underwent echocardiographic assessment, potentially limiting the generalizability of our findings to the whole cohort. Third, our sample included individuals aged between 35 and 74 years old (70% of them aged over 50), which limits the applicability of our findings to this specific age range and may preclude their generalizability to younger or older populations. Finally, technical issues may play a role in increased P-wave values, since digital and P-wave measurements may vary between manual and automated methods and are subject to error.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Isolated P-wave duration measurement has limited diagnostic value for LAE, due to its low Sn and PPV, combined with high rates of false negative results. Consequently, it should not be employed as a standalone diagnostic criterion for LAE. Nevertheless, its low diagnostic performance for LAE, P-wave duration, and other P-wave parameters is increasingly associated with adverse cardiovascular and neurocognitive outcomes, due to its correlation with atrial cardiomyopathy. The predictive capacity of P-wave parameters remains an underexplored area of research with promising potential for advancing clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number 186/06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author [Ana Cec&#237;lia de Sena Oliveira]. The dataset is not publicly available due to the ELSA-Brasil (Longitudinal Study of Adult Health) data release policy, which aims to ensure the security and privacy of the collected data, allowing its use for high-quality scientific research purposes while protecting the identity of participants. Data release occurs upon approval of research projects by a Research Ethics Committee (REC) and an ELSA-Brasil Steering Committee, ensuring compliance with Brazilian data protection legislation and the ethical principles of Brazilian scientific research.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia: 01060010.00RS, 01060212.00BA, 01060300.00ES, 01060278.00MG, 01060115.00SP e 01060071.00RJ. ALP Ribeiro is partially funded by CNPq (310790/2021-2 e 408659/2024-6) and FAPEMIG (RED 00192-23).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
