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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6c9SpL7HJyGKzPTQdhVmqJj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250131</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel do Volume Indexado do &#193;trio Esquerdo na Detec&#231;&#227;o de Desfechos Desfavor&#225;veis em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica: Estudo de Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianchi</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Krissia F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodolpho</surname>
            <given-names>Joice M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fragelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Dias de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Renan S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7859-9119</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Firmino</surname>
            <given-names>Stella Maris</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3891-6941</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey Borghi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anibal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1463-551X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roscani</surname>
            <given-names>Meliza Goi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Meliza Goi Roscani Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos &#8211; Departamento de Medicina &#8211; Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235. CEP 13565-905, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>meliza.roscani@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250131</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o progressiva com alta mortalidade. A compreens&#227;o dos preditores de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de abordagens terap&#234;uticas individualizadas e na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares ou em unidades de terapia intensiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico e laboratorial de pacientes com DPOC e correlacionar vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de biomarcadores com desfechos desfavor&#225;veis por exacerba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo envolvendo pacientes com DPOC submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, espirometria, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e exames laboratoriais. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante 1 ano para monitoramento de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado para todas as an&#225;lises foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 228 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 71 &#177; 9 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (58%), com predom&#237;nio de tabagismo (72%), hipertens&#227;o arterial (66%) e GOLD B (55%). O volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (ViAE) demonstrou boa acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o, com ponto de corte de 36,5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, apresentando sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 70%. Pacientes com ViAE &gt; 36,5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> apresentaram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, conforme indicado pela velocidade de pico da onda E mitral na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido/velocidade E&#8242; de deslocamento do anel mitral septal ou lateral na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido (E/E&#8242;) (p = 0,02) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p = 0,01), juntamente com n&#237;veis elevados de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (p = 0,05) e NT-proBNP (p = 0,03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O ViAE pode ser um marcador confi&#225;vel para a predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes com DPOC. Estrat&#233;gias individualizadas devem ser implementadas para melhorar a gravidade da doen&#231;a e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>O Papel do Volume Indexado do &#193;trio Esquerdo na Detec&#231;&#227;o de Desfechos Desfavor&#225;veis em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica: Estudo de Coorte</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ROC: caracter&#237;stica operacional do receptor; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral; ViAE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</attrib>
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        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Enfisema Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/09873-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023/04876-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2018/03233-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/26501-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Empresa Brasileira de Petr&#243;leo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/00220-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, processos: 2022/09873-6 e 2023/04876-0 e 2018/03233-0 e 2015/26501-1 e CNPq/PIBIC e Empresa Brasileira de Petr&#243;leo, processo 2022/00220-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o progressiva associada a alta morbimortalidade, representando um desafio significativo para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Marcadores progn&#243;sticos bem estabelecidos, como idade, volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>), &#237;ndice de massa corporal e tabagismo, podem predizer desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo morte, risco de exacerba&#231;&#227;o aguda e readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudos indicaram a pr&#243;-adrenomedulina e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos como preditores independentes de mortalidade em 2 anos para pacientes com DPOC. Adicionalmente, outros estudos destacaram a import&#226;ncia de biomarcadores como D-d&#237;mero, troponina, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 8 (IL-8) e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) como preditores significativos de desfechos adversos na DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A coexist&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com DPOC &#233; bem reconhecida, visto que essas condi&#231;&#245;es compartilham v&#225;rios fatores de risco comuns, incluindo tabagismo, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e idade avan&#231;ada. Pesquisas sugerem que n&#237;veis elevados de PCR e BNP, secretados por cardiomi&#243;citos danificados, s&#227;o prevalentes na DPOC. Ademais, estudos t&#234;m destacado a import&#226;ncia do D-d&#237;mero, troponina, IL-6 e IL-8 como importantes preditores de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A troponina, conforme observado em v&#225;rios estudos, pode estar elevada em pacientes hospitalizados por exacerba&#231;&#245;es da DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dada a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades cardiovasculares em pacientes com DPOC, acredita-se que a ecocardiografia possa desempenhar um papel crucial na detec&#231;&#227;o de sinais de gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cassagnes et al. constataram que o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (ViAE) foi um marcador de evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel em pacientes com DPOC. No entanto, outro estudo n&#227;o relatou diferen&#231;a na deforma&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda entre pacientes com DPOC e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e biomarcadores progn&#243;sticos na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis na DPOC permanece inadequadamente elucidada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Rawy et al. observaram uma alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com DPOC, que foi associada ao aumento da gravidade da doen&#231;a e a n&#237;veis elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, independentemente de outros biomarcadores, como os n&#237;veis de PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando esses achados, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o, o registro, o monitoramento e a an&#225;lise dessas vari&#225;veis e suas associa&#231;&#245;es podem desempenhar um papel importante na defini&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior gravidade e progress&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de marcadores progn&#243;sticos para condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares coexistentes pode facilitar estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas mais precoces, potencialmente alterando o curso da doen&#231;a e melhorando a sobrevida dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar dados cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de biomarcadores com desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes com DPOC e determinar se a associa&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais pode discriminar melhor a gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foi realizado um estudo de coorte para acompanhar pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DPOC atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de pneumologia. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa e pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa dos Centros de Sa&#250;de (CAAE 63414822.1.0000.5504).</p>
      <p>O presente estudo foi realizado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2022 a outubro de 2023 e seguiu as diretrizes STROBE (Fortalecimento do Relato de Estudos Observacionais em Epidemiologia).</p>
      <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de consultas ambulatoriais.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento informado; idade superior a 40 anos; diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DPOC, definido como espirometria p&#243;s-broncodilatador mostrando VEF<sub>1</sub>/capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) &lt; 70%; e aus&#234;ncia de limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com limita&#231;&#245;es biomec&#226;nicas ou psiqui&#225;tricas que impedissem o preenchimento de question&#225;rios ou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames; e pacientes com exacerba&#231;&#227;o da DPOC nos 3 meses anteriores &#224; inclus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No momento da inclus&#227;o, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado por um cardiologista com vasta experi&#234;ncia e espirometria pr&#233; e p&#243;s-broncodilatador realizada por um pneumologista treinado. Adicionalmente, foram coletados exames laboratoriais de sangue. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram monitorados por 1 ano para investigar os desfechos prim&#225;rios, que inclu&#237;ram hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (caracterizada por aumento da dispneia e/ou tosse e piora da expectora&#231;&#227;o em 14 dias, acompanhada de taquipneia ou taquicardia) e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os dados sobre os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram obtidos por meio de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos e liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas de acompanhamento para os pacientes ou seus familiares.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a sintomas como tosse, produ&#231;&#227;o de escarro, colora&#231;&#227;o do escarro, falta de ar, toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por exacerba&#231;&#227;o, tabagismo, uso de oxigenoterapia domiciliar, medicamentos em uso e presen&#231;a de comorbidades, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e obesidade. A escala de dispneia modificada do Medical Research Council (mMRC) e o teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o da DPOC (CAT) tamb&#233;m foram utilizados durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O exame f&#237;sico completo incluiu medidas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e presen&#231;a de estertores pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia Doppler</title>
        <p>Para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e diagn&#243;stica, os pacientes com DPOC foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma bidimensional utilizando um aparelho de ultrassom &#8220;Affiniti 50&#8221; (Philips, EUA) com transdutor de 2&#8211;4 MHz e software de imagem Doppler tecidual. Um &#250;nico cardiologista realizou todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas foi realizada de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Foram medidos o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, o ViAE (pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson), a massa indexada do VE, a espessura relativa da parede e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico basal do ventr&#237;culo direito. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito foram estimadas seguindo diretrizes recentes, utilizando a vis&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras focada no ventr&#237;culo direito. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito foi definido como a dimens&#227;o transversal m&#225;xima no ter&#231;o basal do trato de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito no final da di&#225;stole. Os padr&#245;es de entrada mitral e tric&#250;spide foram avaliados medindo as velocidades de enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce (E) e tardio (A) e calculando a raz&#227;o E/A. As velocidades longitudinais dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito nos respectivos n&#237;veis anulares mitral e tric&#250;spide foram obtidas usando Doppler tecidual de onda pulsada guiado por cores em vis&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras. As medi&#231;&#245;es do Doppler espectral inclu&#237;ram a velocidade longitudinal de pico sist&#243;lico (s&#8242;) e a velocidade de enchimento diast&#243;lica inicial (e&#8242;), calculadas em m&#233;dia ao longo de 5 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. A raz&#227;o E/e&#8242; foi calculada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, enquanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi derivada pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz, dependendo da aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades regionais do movimento da parede. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise subjetiva do movimento da parede, excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide e pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Espirometria</title>
        <p>Foram obtidas espirometrias pr&#233; e p&#243;s-broncodilatador (Masterscreen Body, Mijnhardt/J&#228;ger, W&#252;rzburg, Alemanha), que forneceram medidas de VEF<sub>1</sub> e CVF, permitindo o c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF. A espirometria foi realizada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes da Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Americana/Sociedade Respirat&#243;ria Europeia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A gravidade da limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo a&#233;reo na DPOC foi classificada com base nos crit&#233;rios da Iniciativa Global para Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica (GOLD), categorizando os pacientes como portadores de doen&#231;a moderada (GOLD II), grave (GOLD III) ou muito grave (GOLD IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es dos sintomas</title>
        <p>Os sintomas dos pacientes foram avaliados ap&#243;s 12 meses de acompanhamento utilizando a escala de dispneia mMRC, que mede a gravidade da dispneia apresentada pelo paciente. Al&#233;m disso, o CAT foi utilizado para avaliar o impacto dos sintomas em pacientes com DPOC; no entanto, o CAT n&#227;o classifica os pacientes em categorias de gravidade. No CAT, as pontua&#231;&#245;es superiores a 25 s&#227;o pouco frequentes em pacientes saud&#225;veis, enquanto pontua&#231;&#245;es abaixo de 25 s&#227;o incomuns em pacientes com DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biomarcadores</title>
        <p>Foram coletados os seguintes exames laboratoriais de sangue na inclus&#227;o: D-d&#237;mero, NT-proBNP, cortisol, PCR, PCR de alta sensibilidade, IL-6, IL-8 e fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) alfa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos de acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 12 meses por meio de liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas e consultas m&#233;dicas de rotina com seus cuidadores familiares. As investiga&#231;&#245;es se concentraram em desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, com prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos revisados durante as liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas e as consultas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no Sigma Plot Systat, vers&#227;o 12.0. Os resultados foram relatados como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, como mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagem para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi aplicado para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, enquanto o teste U de Mann Whitney foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis ordinais. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi realizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. O teste qui-quadrado foi empregado para avaliar a independ&#234;ncia para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi realizada. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi realizada para predizer os valores das vari&#225;veis dependentes. Por fim, foram constru&#237;das curvas de caracter&#237;stica operacional do receptor (ROC) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e ordinais referentes a desfechos como &#243;bito, exacerba&#231;&#227;o, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia e desfechos negativos, com a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) calculada para avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado para todas as an&#225;lises foi de p &lt; 0,05</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 228 pacientes no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 71 &#177; 9 anos, com not&#225;vel preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A maioria dos pacientes foi classificada no grupo GOLD B. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram observados em aproximadamente 7,9% da coorte. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica revelou FEVE preservada de 63,9% &#177; 7,5%. No entanto, houve um aumento na m&#233;dia do ViAE de 42,7 &#177; 28,2 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, juntamente com a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar estimada de 46,8 &#177; 15,4 mmHg. Adicionalmente, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP estavam elevados no momento da inclus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais de pacientes com DPOC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N = 228</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (57,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo ativo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (27,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (65,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de tabagismo, anos</td>
                <td align="center">37,2 &#177; 18,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico tab&#225;gico, anos-ma&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 55,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sem fumar, anos</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 12,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asma, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (13,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (66,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 8,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Escala de gravidade dos sintomas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>mMRC (0 a 5)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 [1,0 a 3,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CAT (0 a 40)</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 [9,0 a 25,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Espirometria</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVF, L</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVF, %</td>
                <td align="center">74,2 &#177; 24,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>, L</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 21,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, %</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 37,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF p&#243;s-broncodilatador, L</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF p&#243;s-broncodilatador, %</td>
                <td align="center">50,0 &#177; 48,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o GOLD e ABE</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>GOLD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,0 [2,0 a 3,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o ABE</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">24,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">56,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">47,7 &#177; 10,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVD basal, mm</td>
                <td align="center">33,9 &#177; 9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura relativa da parede</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ViAE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">39,92 &#177; 19,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MiVE, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">99,6 &#177; 33,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ViAD, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 46,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E mitral, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">66,5 &#177; 20,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#8242; mitral, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E&#8242; do anel septal mitral, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E&#8242; do anel lateral mitral, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/E&#8242; mitral</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E tric&#250;spide, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">44,0 &#177; 13,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">46,8 &#177; 15,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 &#177; 6,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">63,9 &#177; 7,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do VE, %</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,2 &#177; 14,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Biomarcadores</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D-d&#237;mero, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mioglobina, ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">17,6 &#177; 14,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">330,0 [234,2 a 599,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 6,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR de alta sensibilidade, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-1, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-6, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-8, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TNF alfa, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">15,0 &#177; 22,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SABA</td>
                <td align="center">96 (42,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LABA + CI</td>
                <td align="center">54 (23,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAMA</td>
                <td align="center">44 (19,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LABA + LAMA</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfechos prim&#225;rios, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6,1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Valores apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas ou n&#250;mero (N) e porcentagem (%). Valores de refer&#234;ncia aplicados &#8211; D-d&#237;mero: 0 a 0,5 mg/L; CK-MB: 0 a 5 ng/ml; NT-proBNP: 0 a 300 pg/mL &lt; 75 anos e 0 a 450 &#8805; 75 anos; PCR: 0 a 10 mg/L; PCR de alta sensibilidade: 0 a 1 mg/L; mioglobina: 0 a 58 ng/mL; IL-6: &lt; 5,9 pg/ml; IL-1: &lt; 5 pg/mL; TNF-alfa: &lt; 8,1 pg/mL; IL-8: &lt; 62 pg/mL. Classifica&#231;&#227;o GOLD ABE &#8211; A: n&#227;o exacerbadores, sintomas baixos; B: n&#227;o exacerbadores, sintomas altos; E: exacerbadores. CAT: teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o da DPOC; CI: corticoides inalat&#243;rios; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E: velocidade de pico da onda E na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido mitral ou tric&#250;spide; E&#8242; mitral: velocidade de deslocamento do anel mitral septal ou lateral na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido; E&#8242; tric&#250;spide: velocidade de deslocamento do anel tric&#250;spide lateral na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; GOLD: Iniciativa Global para Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LABA: beta agonista de longa a&#231;&#227;o; LAMA: antagonista muscar&#237;nico de longa a&#231;&#227;o; MiVE: massa indexada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; mMRC: escala de dispneia modificada do Medical Research Council; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; SABA: beta agonista de curta a&#231;&#227;o; SAMA: antagonista muscar&#237;nico de curta a&#231;&#227;o; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral; VEF1: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo; ViAD: volume indexado do &#225;trio direito; ViAE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Pacientes que apresentaram desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo &#243;bito e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o, apresentaram sintomas piores e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar mais comprometida no momento da inclus&#227;o, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DPOC em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos prim&#225;rios ao longo de um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 1 ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Desfechos prim&#225;rios, sim (N = 18)</th>
                <th>Desfechos prim&#225;rios, n&#227;o (N = 210)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CAT</td>
                <td align="center">26 [15 a 31]</td>
                <td align="center">17 [7 a 20]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,032</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Limita&#231;&#227;o nas atividades (0 a 5)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 [3,3 a 5,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 [0,0 a 3,0]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Confian&#231;a para sair de casa (0 a 5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [0,0 a 5,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 [0,0 a 0,0]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,041</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GOLD</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 [2,0 a 3,5]</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 [2,0 a 3,0]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,039</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVF, %</td>
                <td align="center">53,3 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td align="center">69,2 &#177; 18,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,02</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 17,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,025</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub> p&#243;s-broncodilatador, %</td>
                <td align="center">46,1 &#177; 17,7</td>
                <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 16,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Valores apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Compara&#231;&#227;o baseada no teste t ou Mann-Whitney para m&#233;dia e mediana, respectivamente; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05. CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; VEF1: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em uma an&#225;lise isolada, os pacientes que necessitaram de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o ao longo do per&#237;odo de 1 ano apresentaram um aumento significativo na ViAE (p = 0,008), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Em uma regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla ajustada para o escore CAT, apenas NT-proBNP (p = 0,03) e PCR (p = 0,03) foram significativamente associados ao aumento do ViAE (R = 0,83; p = 0,006).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do ViAE (mL/m2) entre pacientes com e sem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da DPOC. DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; ViAE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250131-50131-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ultrassonogr&#225;ficas, o ViAE demonstrou boa acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o. A curva ROC indicou uma AUC de 0,90 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,70 a 1,10; p = 0,04) com ponto de corte de &gt; 36,5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. Esse limiar apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 70% para prever esse desfecho adverso. Esses resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise da curva ROC mostra uma AUC de 0,90 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,70 a 1,10; p = 0,04), com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 70%. Foi identificado um ponto de corte ideal do ViAE de &gt; 36,5 mL/m2 para predizer hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com DPOC durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 1 ano. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; ROC: caracter&#237;stica operacional do receptor; ViAE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250131-50131-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Aplicando o ponto de corte identificado na an&#225;lise ROC, comparamos as vari&#225;veis para valores de ViAE abaixo ou acima de 36,5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Pacientes com ViAE &gt; 36,5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> apresentaram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, indicada pela raz&#227;o E/E&#8242; para o fluxo mitral (p = 0,02) e FEVE (p = 0,01). Adicionalmente, esses pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis elevados de TNF-alfa (p = 0,05) e NT-proBNP (p = 0,03).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de biomarcadores em pacientes com DPOC em rela&#231;&#227;o a ViAE abaixo ou acima de 36,5 mL/m<bold>2</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>ViAE &gt; 36,5 ml/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                <th>ViAE &#8804; 36,5 ml/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E&#8242; mitral</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">68,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TNF alfa</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 [10,1 a 22,3]</td>
                <td align="center">7,90 [6,7 a 11,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                <td align="center">779,8 &#177; 322,3</td>
                <td align="center">271,0 &#177; 216,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Valores apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Compara&#231;&#227;o baseada no teste t ou Mann-Whitney para m&#233;dia e mediana, respectivamente; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05. DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; E/E&#8242;: velocidade de pico da onda E mitral na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido/velocidade de deslocamento do anel mitral septal ou lateral na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral; ViAE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais resultados do presente estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo indicaram que, no momento da inclus&#227;o, os pacientes apresentaram aumento da m&#233;dia do ViAE, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar estimada elevada e n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP. Aqueles que apresentaram desfechos desfavor&#225;veis demonstraram piora dos sintomas e comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. O ViAE demonstrou boa acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o, e valores superiores a 36,5 mL/m<sup>2</sup> foram associados a comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, bem como a n&#237;veis elevados de TNF-alfa e NT-proBNP.</p>
      <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que pacientes com DPOC podem enfrentar aumento no risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade, independentemente dos fatores de risco conhecidos. Permanecem incertas as causas subjacentes desse fen&#244;meno, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionais. Um amplo estudo populacional envolvendo 5,8 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com mais de 40 anos de idade, dos quais 150.000 foram diagnosticados com DPOC, revelou que as taxas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral ou mortalidade cardiovascular nos 8 anos subsequentes foram 3,3 vezes maiores em pacientes com DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem a doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outros estudos sugeriram um aumento de 20% a 30% nos eventos cardiovasculares e na mortalidade para cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 10% no VEF<sub>1</sub>. Notavelmente, o perfil de pacientes com DPOC frequentemente se sobrep&#245;e ao de pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, incluindo maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino, idade avan&#231;ada, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, sobrepeso e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dadas essas considera&#231;&#245;es, vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem desempenhar um papel significativo na predi&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Numerosos estudos focaram nos impactos da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em pacientes com DPOC. Por exemplo, Anderson et al. relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de 21,4% de hipertrofia do VE em homens e de 43,2% em mulheres com DPOC, independentemente da hipertens&#227;o. Esses achados sugerem que a DPOC tem um efeito independente na hipertrofia do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ademais, v&#225;rios estudos descreveram uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE em pacientes com DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles pareados por idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Caram et al. identificaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e gravidade da DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Mocan et al. relacionaram estados pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos na DPOC, caracterizados por n&#237;veis elevados de IL-6 e PCR, &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, concluindo que essas altera&#231;&#245;es estavam relacionadas &#224; interdepend&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis e &#224; sobrecarga das c&#226;maras direitas frequentemente observada em pacientes com DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Kellerer et al., em 2021, constataram que a terapia de manuten&#231;&#227;o para DPOC, que melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, estava associada ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, refor&#231;ando o impacto da estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da DPOC na sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar o papel do ViAE como um preditor confi&#225;vel de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, como hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes com DPOC. Al&#233;m disso, o ViAE correlacionou-se com biomarcadores de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo TNF-alfa e NT-proBNP, destacando o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio da doen&#231;a e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Apesar desses achados not&#225;veis, &#233; fundamental reconhecer as limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, incluindo o pequeno tamanho da amostra e os desafios no recrutamento de pacientes devido &#224; pandemia de COVID-19. Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo n&#227;o considerou a divis&#227;o dos pacientes por grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A deforma&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi obtida para melhor avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e seu poss&#237;vel papel na fisiopatologia dos desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes com ViAE aumentado.</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do presente estudo reside na identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores para desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes com DPOC, o que pode subsidiar o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas individualizadas. Esse conhecimento pode aprimorar os cuidados cardiovasculares e respirat&#243;rios, apoiar pr&#225;ticas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o que visam melhorar a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida e potencialmente alterar o curso da doen&#231;a. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para explorar e incorporar novas estrat&#233;gias de avalia&#231;&#227;o no acompanhamento de pacientes com DPOC.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos, como o ViAE e outros marcadores explorados no presente estudo, pode constituir escores potenciais para orientar o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em pacientes com DPOC que apresentam doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Ao direcionar interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas personalizadas (como agentes anti-inflamat&#243;rios e broncodilatadores) para aqueles com maior risco, os profissionais de sa&#250;de podem controlar os sintomas de forma mais eficaz, reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de exacerba&#231;&#245;es e melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular geral. Essa abordagem individualizada n&#227;o apenas melhora os resultados dos pacientes, mas tamb&#233;m otimiza a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos em ambientes cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O ViAE pode servir como um marcador confi&#225;vel para predizer desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes com DPOC. Sua associa&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis elevados de TNF-alfa e NT-proBNP refor&#231;a o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio da DPOC e seu impacto no sistema cardiovascular. Esses achados destacam a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias individualizadas destinadas a melhorar a gravidade da doen&#231;a e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem ao Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos &#8211; SP (HU-UFSCar), &#224; Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares (EBSERH) e ao Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biotecnologia (PPG-Biotec).</p>
    </ack>
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        <mixed-citation>23. Kellerer C, Kahnert K, Trudzinski FC, Lutter J, Berschneider K, Speicher T, et al. COPD Maintenance Medication is Linked to Left Atrial Size: Results from the COSYCONET Cohort. Respir Med. 2021;185:106461. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106461.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kellerer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahnert</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trudzinski</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berschneider</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speicher</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COPD Maintenance Medication is Linked to Left Atrial Size: Results from the COSYCONET Cohort</article-title>
          <source>Respir Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>185</volume>
          <size units="pages">106461</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106461</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Plataforma Brasil sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 63414822.1.0000.5504. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o para os revisores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fnFontesdefinanciamento">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, processos: 2022/09873-6 e 2023/04876-0 e 2018/03233-0 e 2015/26501-1 e CNPq/PIBIC e Empresa Brasileira de Petr&#243;leo, processo 2022/00220-0.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250131i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of Indexed Left Atrial Volume in Detecting Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianchi</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Krissia F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodolpho</surname>
            <given-names>Joice M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fragelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Dias de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Renan S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7859-9119</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Firmino</surname>
            <given-names>Stella Maris</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3891-6941</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey Borghi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anibal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1463-551X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roscani</surname>
            <given-names>Meliza Goi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Meliza Goi Roscani Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos &#8211; Departamento de Medicina &#8211; Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235. CEP 13565-905, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: meliza.roscani@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease with high mortality, and understanding the predictors of adverse outcomes can aid in developing individualized therapeutic approaches and in making decisions regarding hospital or intensive care unit admissions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To assess the epidemiological and laboratory profiles of patients with COPD and to correlate clinical, echocardiographic, and biomarker variables with unfavorable outcomes due to exacerbation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> This was a prospective study involving patients with COPD who underwent clinical evaluation, spirometry, transthoracic echocardiography, and laboratory tests. Patients were followed for 1 year to monitor for unfavorable outcomes. The significance level considered for all analyses was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 228 patients were included, with the mean age of 71 &#177; 9 years. The majority of patients were male (58%), and smoking (72%), hypertension (66%), and GOLD B (55%) were predominant. Indexed left atrial volume (ILAV) demonstrated good accuracy in detecting hospitalization for exacerbation, with a cutoff point of 36.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, yielding 100% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Patients with ILAV &gt; 36.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> exhibited worsening diastolic and systolic function, as indicated by mitral E wave peak velocity in the rapid filling phase/E&#8242; velocity of displacement of the septal or lateral mitral annulus in the rapid filling phase (E/E&#8242;) (p = 0.02) and left ventricle ejection fraction (p = 0.01), along with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (p = 0.05) and NT-proBNP (p = 0.03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> ILAV may be a reliable marker for predicting unfavorable outcomes in patients with COPD. Individualized strategies should be implemented to improve disease severity and cardiovascular function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The Role of Indexed Left Atrial Volume in Detecting Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cohort Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250131-50131-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/09873-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023/04876-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2018/03233-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/26501-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Empresa Brasileira de Petr&#243;leo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/00220-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by FAPESP, processes: 2022/09873-6 and 2023/04876-0 and 2018/03233-0 and 2015/26501-1 and CNPq/PIBIC and Empresa Brasileira de Petr&#243;leo, process 2022/00220-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Emphysema</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive condition associated with high mortality and morbidity, representing a significant public health challenge. Well-established prognostic markers, such as age, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<sub>1</sub>), body mass index, and smoking status can predict adverse outcomes, including death, risk of acute exacerbation, and hospital readmission in patients with COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Studies have indicated pro-adrenomedullin and the 6-minute walk test as independent predictors of 2-year mortality in COPD patients. Additionally, other studies have highlighted the importance of biomarkers such as D-dimer, troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as significant predictors of adverse outcomes in COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The coexistence of heart failure in patients with COPD is well recognized, as these conditions share several common risk factors, including smoking, systemic inflammation, and advanced age. Research suggests that elevated levels of CRP and BNP, secreted by damaged cardiomyocytes, are prevalent in COPD. Furthermore, studies have underscored the significance of D-dimer, troponin, IL-6 and IL-8 as important predictors of adverse outcomes in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Troponin, as noted in several studies, may be elevated in patients hospitalized due to COPD exacerbations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the association of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with COPD, it is believed that the echocardiography may play a crucial role in detecting signs of disease severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cassagnes et al. found that indexed left atrial volume (ILAV) was a marker of unfavorable progression in patients with COPD. However, another study reported no difference in in left atrial strain between patients with COPD and healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The relationship between echocardiographic variables and prognostic biomarkers in predicting adverse outcomes in COPD remains inadequately elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Rawy et al. observed a high prevalence of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in patients with COPD, which was associated with increased disease severity and elevated levels of inflammatory markers, independent of other biomarkers, such as CRP levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering these findings, the quantification, recording, monitoring, and analysis of these variables and their associations may play an important role in defining prognosis and identifying patients with greater severity and unfavorable disease progression. Moreover, early detection of prognostic markers for coexisting cardiovascular conditions could facilitate earlier pharmacological strategies, potentially altering the disease course and improving patient survival.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to correlate clinical, echocardiographic, and biomarker data with adverse outcomes in patients with COPD and to determine whether the association of echocardiographic and laboratorial parameters can better discriminate disease severity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A cohort study was conducted to follow patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD attending a pulmonary outpatient clinic. The project received approval from the National Health Research Committee and the Research Ethics Committees of the Health Centers (CAAE 63414822.1.0000.5504).</p>
        <p>This study was performed from January 2022 to October 2023 and adhered to the STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) guidelines.</p>
        <p>Patient selection was based on the assessment of electronic records from outpatient consultations.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were: informed consent obtained; age over 40 years, confirmed diagnosis of COPD, defined as post-bronchodilator spirometry showing FEV<sub>1</sub>/vital forced capacity (FVC) &lt; 70%; and absence of physical limitations.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were: patients with biomechanical or psychiatric limitations that hindered their ability to complete questionnaires or undergo examinations; and patients experiencing an exacerbation of COPD in the 3 months prior to inclusion.</p>
        <p>At the time of inclusion, all patients underwent clinical evaluation, a transthoracic echocardiogram performed by a cardiologist with extensive experience, and a pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry conducted by a trained pulmonologist. Additionally, blood laboratory tests were collected. All included subjects were monitored for 1 year to investigate primary endpoints, which included hospitalization due to disease exacerbation (characterized by increased dyspnea and/or cough and sputum worsening within 14 days, accompanied by tachypnea or tachycardia) and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Data on primary endpoints were obtained by electronic records and follow-up phone calls to patients or their family members.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
          <p>Patients were assessed for symptoms such as cough, sputum production, sputum color, shortness of breath, exercise tolerance, prior hospitalization due to exacerbation, smoking status, use of home oxygen therapy, current medications, and presence of comorbidities including systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and obesity. The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale and the COPD assessment test (CAT) were also employed during clinical assessments. A comprehensive physical examination included measurements of systemic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, body mass index, and presence of pulmonary rales.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doppler echocardiography</title>
          <p>For clinical and diagnostic stratification, patients with COPD underwent a 2D-echocardiogram using an &#8220;Affiniti 50&#8221; ultrasound device (Philips, USA) with a 2&#8211;4 MHz transducer and tissue Doppler imaging software. A single cardiologist performed all assessments. Quantification of cardiac chambers was conducted according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> LV diastolic diameter, ILAV (via Simpson method), indexed LV mass, relative wall thickness, and basal right ventricular diastolic diameter were measured. Right ventricular dimensions were estimated following recent guidelines, utilizing a right ventricular-focused apical 4-chamber view. Right ventricular diastolic diameter was defined as the maximum transverse dimension in the basal third of the right ventricular inflow tract at end-diastole. Mitral and tricuspid inflow patterns were assessed, measuring early (E) and late (A) diastolic filling velocities, and calculating the E/A ratio. Longitudinal velocities of both the left and right ventricles at the respective mitral and tricuspid annular levels were obtained using color-guided pulsed-wave tissue Doppler in apical 4-chamber view. Spectral Doppler measurements included peak systolic longitudinal velocity (s&#8242;) and early diastolic filling velocity (e&#8242;), averaged over 5 consecutive cardiac cycles. The E/e&#8242; ratio was calculated to assess diastolic function, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was derived using the Teicholz method, contingent upon the absence of regional wall motion abnormalities. Right ventricular systolic function was evaluated through subjective wall motion analysis, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and peak tricuspid annular systolic velocity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Spirometry</title>
          <p>Pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry were obtained (Masterscreen Body, Mijnhardt/J&#228;ger, W&#252;rzburg, German) that provided measurements of the FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC, allowing for calculation of the FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio. Spirometry was performed in accordance with the recommendations of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The severity of airflow limitation in COPD was classified based on Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria, categorizing patients as having moderate (GOLD II), severe (GOLD III), or very severe (GOLD IV) disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Symptom assessment</title>
          <p>Patients&#8217; symptoms were evaluated at 12 months of follow-up using the mMRC dyspnea scale, which measures the severity of dyspnea experienced by the patient. Additionally, the CAT was utilized to assess impact of symptoms on patients with COPD; however, the CAT does not classify patients into severity categories. CAT scores greater than 25 are infrequent in healthy patients, while scores below 25 are uncommon in patients with COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biomarkers</title>
          <p>The following blood laboratory tests were collected at inclusion: D-dimer, NT-proBNP, cortisol, CRP, high-sensitivity CRP, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up procedures</title>
          <p>Patients were included over a 12-month period by telephone calls and routine medical consultation with their family caregivers. Investigations focused on unfavorable outcomes, with medical records reviewed during both the telephone calls and consultations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All analyses were performed in Sigma Plot Systat, version 12.0. Results were reported as mean and standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, as median and interquartile range for continuous variables without normal distribution, and as frequencies and percentage for categorical variables. The non-paired Student&#8217;s t test was applied for comparisons of continuous variables, while the Mann Whitney U test was utilized for ordinal variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to check the normality of the data. The chi-squared test was employed to assess independence for categorical variables. Multiple linear regression was performed. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict the values of dependent variables. Finally, receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for continuous and ordinal variables concerning outcomes such as death, exacerbation, hospitalization, emergency room visits, and negative outcomes, with the area under the curve (AUC) calculated to assess diagnostic performance. The significance value considered for all the analyses was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 228 patients were included in the study. The baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The mean age was 71 &#177; 9 years, with notable prevalence of male sex and systemic arterial hypertension. The majority of patients were classified as GOLD group B. Primary endpoints were observed in approximately 7.9% of the cohort. Echocardiographic assessment revealed preserved LVEF of 63.9% &#177; 7.5%. However, there was an increase in the mean ILAV of 42.7 &#177; 28.2 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, along with an estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 46.8 &#177; 15.4 mmHg. Additionally, NT-proBNP levels were elevated at the time of inclusion.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with COPD</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>N = 228</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (57.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (27.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (65.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking time, years</td>
                  <td align="center">37.2 &#177; 18.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking history, pack-years</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 55.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time without smoking, years</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 12.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asthma, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (13.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus type 2, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (14.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (66.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (13.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 8.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Symptom severity score</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mMRC (0 to 5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 [1.0 a 3.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAT score (0 to 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0 [9.0 a 25.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Spirometry</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC, L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">74.2 &#177; 24.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, L</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, %</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 21.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 37.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC post-bronchodilator, L</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC post-bronchodilator, %</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0 &#177; 48.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>GOLD and ABE classification</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>GOLD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 [2.0 a 3.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>ABE Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">47.7 &#177; 10.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basal RVDD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">33.9 &#177; 9.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relative wall thickness</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ILAV, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">39.92 &#177; 19.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ILVM, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">99.6 &#177; 33.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRAV, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">38.3 &#177; 46.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral E, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">66.5 &#177; 20.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral septal annulus E&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 2.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral lateral annulus E&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral E/E&#8242;</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 4.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tricuspid E, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">44.0 &#177; 13.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 15.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">20.9 &#177; 6.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">63.9 &#177; 7.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV global longitudinal strain, %</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.2 &#177; 14.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Biomarkers</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-dimer, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myoglobin, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">17.6 &#177; 14.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP, pg/ mL</td>
                  <td align="center">330.0 [234.2 a 599.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 6.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 6.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1, pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 5.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6, pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-8, pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-alpha, pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">15.0 &#177; 22.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medications, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SABA</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (42.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LABA + IC</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (23.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAMA</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (19.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LABA + LAMA</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primary endpoints, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (7.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization due to exacerbation</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6.1)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Values presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for variables with normal distribution or median and interquartile range for non-parametric variables or number (N) and percentage (%). Reference values used &#8211; D-dimer: 0 to 0.5 mg/L; CK-MB: 0 to 5 ng/ml; NT-proBNP: 0 to 300 pg/mL &lt; 75 years and 0 to 450 &#8805; 75 years; CRP: 0 to 10 mg/L; Hs-CRP: 0 to 1 mg/L; myoglobin: 0 to 58 ng/mL; IL-6: &lt; 5.9 pg/ML; IL-1: &lt; 5 pg/mL; TNF-alpha: &lt; 8.1 pg/mL; IL-8: &lt; 62 pg/mL. GOLD ABE classification &#8211; A: non-exacerbators, symptoms low; B: non-exacerbators, symptoms high; E: exacerbators. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CAT: COPD assessment test; CRP: C-reactive protein; E: E wave peak velocity in the mitral or tricuspid rapid filling phase; FEV1: forced expiratory volume at the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; Hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IC: inhaled corticosteroids; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume; ILVM: indexed left ventricular mass; IRAV: indexed right atrial volume; LABA: long-acting beta agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; mitral E&#8242;: velocity of displacement of the septal or lateral mitral annulus in the rapid filling phase; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; SABA: short-acting beta agonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; tricuspid E&#8242;: velocity of displacement of the lateral tricuspid annulus in the rapid filling phase.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Patients who experienced unfavorable outcomes, including death and/or hospitalization due to exacerbation, exhibited worse symptoms and more impaired pulmonary function at the time of inclusion, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of patients with COPD in relation to primary endpoints over a 1-year follow-up period</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Primary endpoints, yes (N = 18)</th>
                  <th>Primary endpoints, no (N = 210)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAT score</td>
                  <td align="center">26 [15 a 31]</td>
                  <td align="center">17 [7 a 20]</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limitation in activities (0 to 5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 [3.3 a 5.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 [0.0 a 3.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Confident to leave the house (0 to 5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [0.0 a 5.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 [0.0 a 0.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.041</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GOLD</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 [2.0 a 3.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 [2.0 a 3.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.039</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">53.3 &#177; 14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2 &#177; 18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.02</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV1, %</td>
                  <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.025</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV1, post-bronchodilator %</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1 &#177; 17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 16.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Values presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed variables or median and interquartile range for non-parametric variables. Comparison based on t test or Mann-Whitney for mean and median, respectively; significance level p &lt; 0.05. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In an isolated analysis, patients who required hospitalized for exacerbation over the 1-year period showed a significant increase in ILAV (p = 0.008), as shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. In a multiple linear regression adjusted for CAT score, only NT-proBNP (p = 0.03) and CRP (p = 0.03) were found to be significantly associated with the increased ILAV (R = 0.83; p = 0.006).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of ILAV (mL/m2) between patients who experienced hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD and those who did not. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ILAV: indexed left atrial volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250131-50131-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considering the clinical and ultrasonographic variables, ILAV demonstrated good accuracy in predicting hospitalization due to exacerbation. The ROC curve indicated an AUC of 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 1.10; p = 0.04) with a cutoff point of &gt; 36.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. This threshold exhibited a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 70% for predicting this adverse outcome. These results are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>&#8211;</italic> ROC curve analysis shows an AUC of 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 1.10; p = 0.04), with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 70%. An optimal ILAV cutoff of &gt; 36.5 mL/m2 was identified for predicting hospitalization due to exacerbations in patients with COPD during the 1-year follow-up period. AUC: area under the curve; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250131-50131-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Using the cutoff point identified in the ROC analysis, we compared the variables for ILAV values below or greater than 36.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. Patients with ILAV &gt; 36.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> exhibited worsening diastolic and systolic function, indicated by E/E&#8242; ratio for mitral inflow (p = 0.02) and LVEF (p=0.01). Additionally, these patients had elevated levels of TNF-alpha (p = 0.05) and NT-proBNP (p = 0.03).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of echocardiographic and biomarker variables in patients with COPD in relation to ILAV below or above 36,5 mL/m<bold>2</bold></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>ILAV &gt; 36,5 ml/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>ILAV &#8804; 36,5 ml/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral E/E&#8242;</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-alpha</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5 [10.1 a 22.3]</td>
                  <td align="center">7.90 [6.7 a 11.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">779.8 &#177; 322.3</td>
                  <td align="center">271.0 &#177; 216.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Values presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed variables or median and interquartile range for non-parametric variables. Comparison based on t test or Mann-Whitney for mean and median, respectively; significance level p &lt; 0.05. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; E/E&#8242;: E wave peak velocity in the mitral rapid filling phase/velocity of displacement of the medium of septal or lateral mitral annulus in the rapid filling phase; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main results of the present study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of this study indicated that, at the time of inclusion, patients exhibited increased mean of ILAV, elevated estimated pulmonary artery pressure, and high levels of NT-proBNP. Those experiencing adverse outcomes demonstrated worsening symptoms and impaired pulmonary function. Notably, ILAV showed good accuracy in predicting hospitalization for exacerbation, and values exceeding 36.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup> were associated with impaired diastolic and systolic function, as well as elevated levels of TNF-alpha and NT-proBNP.</p>
        <p>It is well established that patients with COPD may face increased cardiovascular disease risk and mortality, independent of known risk factors. The underlying causes of this phenomenon, beyond traditional risk factors, remain uncertain. A large population study involving 5.8 million individuals over 40 years of age, of whom 150,000 were diagnosed with COPD, revealed that the rates of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular mortality over the following 8 years were 3.3 times higher in patients with COPD compared to those without the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Additionally, other studies have suggested a 20% to 30% increase in cardiovascular events and mortality for each 10% decline in FEV<sub>1</sub>. Notably, the profile of patients with COPD often overlaps with that of patients with cardiovascular disease, including a higher prevalence of male sex, advanced age, smoking history, overweight status, and insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given these considerations, echocardiographic variables may play significant role in predicting the severity of COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Numerous studies have focused on the impacts of LV function in patients with COPD. For instance, Anderson et al. reported a 21.4% prevalence of LV hypertrophy in men and a 43.2% prevalence in women with COPD, independent of hypertension. These findings suggest that COPD has an independent effect on LV hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, several studies have described a high frequency of LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with COPD compared to age-matched controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Caram et al. identified a significant association between LV diastolic dysfunction and severity of COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Mocan et al. linked systemic pro-inflammatory states in COPD, characterized by elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP, to LV diastolic dysfunction, concluding that these changes were related to the interdependence of the variables and right chamber pressure overload commonly observed COPD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Additionally, Kellerer et al. in 2021 found that maintenance therapy for COPD, which improved lung function, was associated with left atrial size, reinforcing the impact of COPD stabilization on cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the role of ILAV as a reliable predictor of adverse outcomes, such as hospitalization for exacerbation, in patients with COPD. Moreover, ILAV correlated with biomarkers of unfavorable outcomes, including TNF-alpha and NT-proBNP, highlighting the pro-inflammatory state of the disease and its correlation with cardiovascular conditions.</p>
        <p>Despite these noteworthy findings, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of this study, including the small sample size and challenges in patient recruitment due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this study did not consider the division of patients by degree of diastolic dysfunction. Left atrial strain was also not performed to better assess diastolic function and its possible role in the pathophysiology of unfavorable outcomes in patients with increased ILAV.</p>
        <p>The clinical importance of the present study lies in the identification of predictors for unfavorable outcomes in patients with COPD, which could inform the development of individualized therapeutic strategies. This knowledge can enhance cardiovascular and respiratory care, support rehabilitation practices aimed at improving exercise tolerance and quality of life, and potentially alter the disease trajectory. Future studies are warranted to further explore and incorporate new strategies for assessment in the follow-up of patients with COPD.</p>
        <p>Finally, the identification of prognostic indices, such as ILAV and other markers explored in the present study, may constitute potential scores for guiding pharmacological treatment in COPD patients that present cardiovascular disease. By targeting those at higher risk with tailored pharmacological interventions (such as anti-inflammatory agents and bronchodilators) healthcare providers can more effectively manage symptoms, reduce the incidence of exacerbations, and improve overall cardiovascular health. This individualized approach not only enhances patient outcomes but also optimizes resource allocation in clinical settings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>ILAV may serve as a reliable marker for predicting unfavorable outcomes in patients with COPD. Its association with elevated levels of TNF-alpha and NT-proBNP reinforces the pro-inflammatory state of COPD and its impact on the cardiovascular system. These findings highlight the need for individualized strategies aimed at improving both disease severity and cardiovascular function in this patient population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors thank the University Hospital of the Federal University of S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (HU-UFSCar), Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares (EBSERH), and the Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPG-Biotec).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Plataforma Brasil under the protocol number CAAE: 63414822.1.0000.5504. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> Data is available upon request for reviewers.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by FAPESP, processes: 2022/09873-6 and 2023/04876-0 and 2018/03233-0 and 2015/26501-1 and CNPq/PIBIC and Empresa Brasileira de Petr&#243;leo, process 2022/00220-0.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
