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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qGSSGjDPJyN6nXgTDCmttrC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter vs. Cirurgia de Valva A&#243;rtica em um Hospital Brasileiro do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS): Resultados e Custos Periprocedimentais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0492-8936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Prado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6887-1169</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cervone</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Collella</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Delamain</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belloti</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etges</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Beck da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perez</surname>
            <given-names>Giullia Sarabando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damiani</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Bronhara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samaan</surname>
            <given-names>Farid</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7180-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Gabriel Prado Saad Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 510. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gabrielpradosaad@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250021</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) surgiu como o tratamento preferencial para estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) grave e sintom&#225;tica. No entanto, dados comparativos com a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (SAVR) no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro (SUS) ainda s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos e realizar uma an&#225;lise de custo de TAVI versus SAVR em pacientes do SUS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, avaliou os resultados cl&#237;nicos e os custos m&#233;dicos diretos, usando um limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre 01/2018 e 12/2022, 320 pacientes (139 TAVI, 181 SAVR) foram inclu&#237;dos. Os pacientes TAVI eram mais velhos (77,9 vs. 64,9 anos, p &lt; 0,001) e tinham maior risco cir&#250;rgico (STS 3,62% vs. 1,64%, p &lt; 0,001). A mortalidade (2,9% vs. 5,0%) e as taxas de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) (1,4% vs. 3,3%) foram numericamente menores para TAVI, mas n&#227;o estatisticamente significativas. Em um desfecho composto ajustado ao risco (morte, AVC, re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o), TAVI mostrou potencial superioridade (5,8% vs. 12%, OR 2,68, IC 95% 1,04-7,65, p = 0,05), embora n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. TAVI foi associado a menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (2,0 vs. 8,0 dias, p&lt;0,001). O custo total do TAVI foi significativamente maior que o do SAVR (R$ 55.750,90 [52.345,30; 92.286,8] vs. R$ 22.518,10 [19.130,60; 25.875,10, - p&lt;0,001]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Neste estudo, o TAVI apresentou desfechos cl&#237;nicos semelhantes ao SAVR, embora tenha sido realizado em pacientes mais idosos e com maior risco cir&#250;rgico. Do ponto de vista econ&#244;mico, os custos do tratamento com TAVI foram significativamente maiores do que com SAVR, impulsionados principalmente pelos custos dos dispositivos, enquanto o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente menor. Com acompanhamento prolongado e custos de procedimento reduzidos, o TAVI pode se tornar uma op&#231;&#227;o custo-efetiva no SUS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter vs. Cirurgia de Valva A&#243;rtica em um Hospital Brasileiro do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS): Resultados e Custos Periprocedimentais</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qGSSGjDPJyN6nXgTDCmttrC/50a98313cd9ccbff8458d9eb5970cce420380dc7.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos e An&#225;lise de Custo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) calcificada &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alta preval&#234;ncia e letalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> afetando principalmente idosos. A substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica (SAVR) foi o primeiro tratamento curativo para essa condi&#231;&#227;o e permaneceu como a &#250;nica terapia definitiva por v&#225;rios anos. Em 2002, o implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) foi realizado pela primeira vez<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e, desde ent&#227;o, essa t&#233;cnica teve suas indica&#231;&#245;es expandidas, apoiadas por uma s&#233;rie de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es de risco cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, a TAVI recebe recomenda&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;vel IA das principais diretrizes internacionais e nacionais de cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>para corre&#231;&#227;o de EA em pacientes idosos, independentemente do risco cir&#250;rgico. Desde 2019, a TAVI tamb&#233;m se tornou a principal terapia para EA nos Estados Unidos, de acordo com o registro STS/TVT (<italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons&#8211;American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos custos associados ao TAVI &#8211; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o com cada nova tecnologia m&#233;dica introduzida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#8211;, diversos estudos internacionais contempor&#226;neos corroboram sua seguran&#231;a, efic&#225;cia e custo-efetividade em diversos cen&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No entanto, dados nacionais comparando os desfechos do TAVI com a SAVR no Brasil s&#227;o escassos, assim como avalia&#231;&#245;es dos custos diretos de ambos os procedimentos no cen&#225;rio do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do TAVI versus SAVR e realizar uma an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica dos custos diretos de ambos os procedimentos, realizados em um hospital terci&#225;rio do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional, unic&#234;ntrico e retrospectivo. De 1&#186; de janeiro de 2018 a 31 de dezembro de 2022, todos os pacientes submetidos a TAVI e SAVR em um hospital terci&#225;rio especializado em Cardiologia foram avaliados. Pacientes com mais de 50 anos de idade com EA sintom&#225;tica e grave de acordo com os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foram inclu&#237;dos. Pacientes com qualquer um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios foram exclu&#237;dos: SAVR combinado com enxerto de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM); SAVR e procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos associados envolvendo aparelho mitral, tric&#250;spide ou pulmonar, miectomia ou substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente; SAVR para insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica isolada; pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico; pacientes com SAVR pr&#233;vio; TAVI realizado por acesso n&#227;o transfemoral; e endocardite infecciosa nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses.</p>
      <p>Foi elaborado um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) solicitando autoriza&#231;&#227;o para coleta de dados, e o projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa institucional - CAAE 59420922.0.0000.5462.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram definidos de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic> (VARC-3)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e avaliados durante o per&#237;odo hospitalar e at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta. Os principais desfechos cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;ram morte por todas as causas, morte cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral, les&#227;o renal aguda, sangramento grave, complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, infec&#231;&#227;o, implante de marcapasso permanente (MP) e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os dados foram coletados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos f&#237;sicos ou digitais.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica foi baseada em custos m&#233;dicos diretos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos TAVI e SAVR, estimamos os custos de materiais com base em dados hospitalares. Os custos de recursos humanos por procedimento foram estimados por meio da remunera&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais envolvidos de acordo com o tempo m&#233;dio de participa&#231;&#227;o nos procedimentos, conforme question&#225;rio direto aplicado aos profissionais e dados de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos. Os custos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram baseados em valores estimados de leitos di&#225;rios para pacientes de enfermaria e UTI, de acordo com o tempo de perman&#234;ncia individual em cada setor. O tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o levou em considera&#231;&#227;o o dia inicial (D0) como data do procedimento e o dia final como data de alta hospitalar. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o completa da coleta de dados econ&#244;micos &#233; apresentada no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">documento suplementar 1</xref>. Todos os dados econ&#244;micos ser&#227;o apresentados em reais (BRL &#8211; R$). Para refer&#234;ncia, em dezembro de 2022, 1 real equivalia a 0,19 d&#243;lar americano (USD - $) e 0,18 euro (EUR &#8364;).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por suas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou medianas e intervalos interquartis. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por suas frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para avaliar a normalidade dos dados da amostra, um histograma foi gerado para inspe&#231;&#227;o visual da distribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis de interesse foram realizadas por meio de testes de hip&#243;teses, sendo utilizado o teste-t de Student n&#227;o pareado (nos casos em que os dados apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e o teste U de Mann-Whitney (quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foi observada) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, se utilizou o teste qui-quadrado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o e o teste de Fisher para an&#225;lise de independ&#234;ncia. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        <p>Considerando os principais desfechos cl&#237;nicos de interesse avaliados em estudos internacionais contempor&#226;neos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> modelos de regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox univariados e multivariados foram utilizados para comparar os desfechos (mortalidade, acidente vascular cerebral e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) entre os grupos TAVI e SAVR. A an&#225;lise univariada avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de procedimento e cada desfecho. O modelo multivariado foi ajustado para o Escore de Risco STS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Todas as premissas do modelo de Cox foram verificadas.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R vers&#227;o 4.1.2.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre janeiro de 2018 e dezembro de 2022, 470 pacientes foram submetidos a procedimentos de SAVR, e 289 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos porque preencheram os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o predefinidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Durante o mesmo per&#237;odo, 142 procedimentos de TAVI foram realizados na institui&#231;&#227;o, e 139 pacientes foram selecionados para este estudo; apenas tr&#234;s (3) pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de vias de acesso alternativas para TAVI (2 procedimentos realizados por acesso subcl&#225;vio e 1 por acesso cir&#250;rgico transcarot&#237;deo). Portanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo compreendeu 320 pacientes (n = 139 no grupo TAVI e n = 181 no grupo SAVR). Dados cl&#237;nicos estavam dispon&#237;veis para todos os pacientes durante o per&#237;odo hospitalar; os dados ausentes foram muito baixos (2 pacientes -1,1%- no grupo SAVR e 3 pacientes -2,1%- no grupo TAVI) em 30 dias.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Inscri&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes SAVR. SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250021-50021-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base</title>
        <p>Os grupos TAVI e SAVR apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas em seu perfil cl&#237;nico e demogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes SAVR, os indiv&#237;duos submetidos a TAVI eram significativamente mais velhos (77,9 &#177; 7 vs. 64,9 &#177; 7,5 anos, p &lt; 0,001), com maior risco cir&#250;rgico verificado pelo escore STS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e pelo EuroScore II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e com maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades associadas, como acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica - DRC e fragilidade.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes no in&#237;cio do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>TAVI, N = 139</th>
                  <th>SAVR, N = 181</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade - anos</td>
                  <td align="center">77,9&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">64,9&#177;7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 - 65</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (45%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>66 - 74</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (46%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (9,4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26,8&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore STS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">3,62&#177;2.28</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64&#177;0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (98%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore II, %</td>
                  <td align="center">4,38&#177;3,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74&#177;1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA III/IV n,N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36/69 (51,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83/181 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31/139 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27/181 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31/139 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/181 (7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC anterior n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18/139 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/181 (4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34/139 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26/181 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47/139 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52/181 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,332</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/136 (14,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9/167 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo anterior n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/136 (5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/167 (1,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fragilidade n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26/139 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/181 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/139 (2,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16/181 (8,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume indexado AE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50,0 [43,0; 62,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0 [37,0; 53,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea da valva a&#243;rtica, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 [0,5; 0,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 [0,6; 0,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente m&#233;dio VE-Ao, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0 [43,5; 65,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">55,0 [45,0; 67,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 [47,0; 64,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">61,0 [48,0; 65,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,364</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Ao moderada/grave n, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25/139 (17,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57/181 (31,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AO: aorta.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em termos de caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas transtor&#225;cicas basais, o grupo TAVI apresentou maior volume atrial esquerdo indexado e &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica reduzida. Por outro lado, os indiv&#237;duos tratados com SAVR apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave antes da substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas procedimentais</title>
        <p>Um protocolo espec&#237;fico para o procedimento de TAVI minimalista foi implementado e vem sendo seguido desde 2020 no hospital. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, o TAVI foi realizado por via de acesso totalmente percut&#226;nea, com seda&#231;&#227;o consciente e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em vez de anestesia geral e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico para guiar o procedimento. Considerando essas defini&#231;&#245;es, se constatou que o TAVI foi realizado sob uma estrat&#233;gia minimalista em 89,9% dos pacientes selecionados.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tipos de v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas transcateter (VCT), v&#225;lvulas expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o (VEB) foram implantadas em 115 (82,5%) pacientes, com 17,5% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvulas autoexpans&#237;veis (VAE). No grupo SAVR, foram utilizadas biopr&#243;teses em 90% dos casos, e apenas 10% dos pacientes receberam uma v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes submetidos &#224; TAVI foram transferidos para a enfermaria em mais da metade dos casos (57,2%), sem necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Os dados acima s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> TAVI, N = 139 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> SAVR, N = 181 </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anestesia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seda&#231;&#227;o Consciente</td>
                  <td align="center">125/139 (89,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Geral</td>
                  <td align="center">14/139 (10,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">181/181 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">127/139 (91,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">12/139 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">139/139 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">163/181 (90%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>THV expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">115/139 (82,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva ap&#243;s Procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">59/138 (42,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">180/181 (99,4%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; THV: v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Resultados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
      <p>Considerando os principais desfechos cl&#237;nicos definidos pelos crit&#233;rios VARC-3, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre TAVI e SAVR em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas (2,8 vs. 5,0%, p = 0,353), acidente vascular cerebral (1,4 vs. 3,3%, p = 0,300) e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias (1,4 vs. 5,0%, p=0,106), respectivamente. Pacientes submetidos a TAVI apresentaram incid&#234;ncia significativamente menor de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas graves, complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e les&#227;o renal aguda. Por outro lado, pacientes submetidos a SAVR apresentaram menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. A necessidade de implante de marcapasso permanente (MP) foi semelhante entre TAVI e SAVR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos cl&#237;nicos em 30 dias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Eventos Cl&#237;nicos</th>
                <th>TAVI, N = 139</th>
                <th>SAVR, N = 181</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte cardiovascular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,300</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento grave (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (6,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o renal aguda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (16,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o vascular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Implante de marca-passo definitivo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao avaliar o desfecho composto de morte por todas as causas, acidente vascular cerebral e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ajustado para o escore STS de ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>), foi indicada uma potencial superioridade do TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SAVR. No entanto, n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (5,8% vs. 12%, OR 2,68, IC 95% 1,04-7,65, p = 0,05) &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos cl&#237;nicos individuais e compostos ajustados pelo STS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                <th>TAVI, N = 139</th>
                <th>SAVR, N = 181</th>
                <th>OR SAVR/TAVI</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR ajustado</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte, AVC ou Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.27</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#8211; 5,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">2,68</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 &#8211; 7,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte ou AVC</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 &#8211; 5,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
                <td align="center">2,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 &#8211; 8,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 &#8211; 6,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
                <td align="center">3,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 - 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 &#8211; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,300</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 &#8211; 8,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 &#8211; 23,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
                <td align="center">3,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 &#8211; 30,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox simples e m&#250;ltiplos. TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica p&#243;s-procedimento, os pacientes submetidos a TAVI apresentaram maior &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio (AEO) e menores valores de gradiente m&#225;ximo e m&#233;dio, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes submetidos a SAVR. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes submetidos a TAVI apresentaram uma taxa significativamente maior de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos p&#243;s-procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>TAVI, N = 121</th>
                <th>SAVR, N = 174</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58,0 [49,5; 63,5] (n = 95)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 [52,0; 64,0] (n = 177)</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea Efetiva do Orif&#237;cio (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 [1,8; 2,4] (n = 86)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 [1,5; 1,9] (n = 134)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente m&#225;ximo VE-Ao (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 [8,2; 14,0] (n = 110)</td>
                <td align="center">32,0 [24,0; 42,0] (n = 177)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente m&#233;dio VE-Ao (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 [4,0; 7,0] (n = 90)</td>
                <td align="center">18,5 [13,0; 24,0] (n = 172)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica&#8805; moderado</td>
                <td align="center">8/120 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3/175 (1,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Ao: aorta.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice e an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica</title>
        <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ap&#243;s os procedimentos foi significativamente menor no grupo TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SAVR (2,0 [1,0; 4,0] dias vs. 8,0 [7,0; 12,0] dias, p &lt; 0,001), considerando tanto o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI quanto o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na enfermaria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Custos de Procedimentos e Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">VARI&#193;VEIS</th>
                  <th>TAVI</th>
                  <th>SAVR</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o &#8211; dias</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>UTI (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 2,9 (n = 139)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 10,2 (n = 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 [0,0; 1,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 [2,0; 4,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Enfermaria (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 2,9 (n = 139)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 6,3 (n = 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 [1,0; 2,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 [3,0; 7,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Interna&#231;&#227;o (Enfermaria + UTI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 4,4 (n = 139)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 12,8 (n = 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 [1,0; 4,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 [7,0; 12,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Custos Relacionados &#8211; todos os valores em R$</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Custos de materiais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">62.173,2 &#177; 18.465,0 (n = 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.388,3 &#177; 2.423,0 (n = 69)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">52.752,7 [48.865,4; 90.063,2]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.635,4 [4.638,9; 7.688,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Custos de materiais + recursos humanos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">65.154,7 &#177; 20.986,5 (n = 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.814,8 &#177; 2.423,0 (n = 69)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">54.322,6 [50.329,6; 91.529,2]</td>
                  <td align="center">9.061,9 [8.065,4; 11.114,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Custo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">2.434,3 &#177; 3.757,7 (n = 139)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.735,4 &#177; 27.764,0 (n = 181)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.076,3 [717,5; 2.710,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.494,0 [9.475,9; 16.799,2]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Custo total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">67.589,00 &#177; 22.278,90 (n = 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.343,80 &#177; 39.674,30 (n = 69)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">55.750,9 [52.345,3; 92.286,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">22.518,1 [19.130,6; 25.875,1]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Participa&#231;&#227;o do custo do procedimento/custo total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia (%) &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">96,6 &#177; 3,5 (n = 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,7 &#177; 13,8 (n = 58)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (%) [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5 [95,7; 98,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6 [34,0; 50,1]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Participa&#231;&#227;o do custo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o/custo total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia (%) &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 3,5 (n = 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 13,8 (n = 69)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (%) [1&#186; q; 3&#186; q]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 [1,4; 4,3]</td>
                  <td align="center">55,4 [49,9; 66,0]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os custos dos materiais necess&#225;rios para os dois tipos de procedimentos foram significativamente maiores no grupo TAVI (R$ 52.752,70 [48.865,4; 90.063,20] vs. R$ 5.635,4 [4.638,9; 7.688,00], p &lt; 0,001). Ao multiplicar o sal&#225;rio-hora m&#233;dio dos profissionais envolvidos nos procedimentos pelo n&#250;mero de horas relatadas por cada grupo profissional, o custo m&#233;dio da m&#227;o de obra foi de R$ 1.464,23 para os procedimentos TAVI e R$ 3.426,49 para os procedimentos SAVR. No grupo TAVI, os custos m&#233;dios di&#225;rios de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI e na enfermaria foram de R$ 1.588,57 e R$ 717,54, respectivamente. Por outro lado, os custos m&#233;dios di&#225;rios de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI foram de R$ 2.585,34 no grupo SAVR. A estimativa desses valores &#233; apresentada no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Documento Suplementar 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos custos processuais, incluindo materiais, dispositivos e honor&#225;rios profissionais, revelou que o TAVI teve um custo significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SAVR (R$ 54.322,6 [50.329,60; 91.529,20] para TAVI vs. R$ 9.061,9 [8.065,40; 11.114,50] para SAVR, p &lt; 0,001). Os custos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, foram menores no grupo TAVI (R$ 1.076,30 [717,50; 2.170,70]) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SAVR (R$ 12.494,00 [9.457,9; 16.799,20]). Ao combinar os custos do procedimento e da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o custo m&#233;dio total foi significativamente maior para TAVI (R$ 55.750,90 [52.345,30; 92.286,80]) em compara&#231;&#227;o com SAVR (R$ 22.518,10 [19.130,60; 25.875,10]), com um valor de p &lt; 0,001 (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise mais aprofundada dos componentes de custo revelou que, para o TAVI, os custos do procedimento representaram 96,6% &#177; 3,5% do custo total. Por outro lado, para o SAVR, os custos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o representaram 59,3% &#177; 13,8% do custo total do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo observacional com pacientes com EA grave e sintom&#225;tica tratados com SAVR em um hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;ria do sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de brasileiro, o TAVI resultou em ocorr&#234;ncia semelhante de desfechos cl&#237;nicos de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia em compara&#231;&#227;o com o SAVR, apesar das diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes, como idade, comorbidades e risco cir&#250;rgico. Na maioria dos pacientes, foi poss&#237;vel utilizar uma estrat&#233;gia minimalista de TAVI, permitindo alta com menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Do ponto de vista econ&#244;mico, o TAVI foi mais caro que o SAVR, principalmente devido aos altos custos relacionados &#224; THV e seus dispositivos adjuvantes.</p>
      <p>Os indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; TAVI eram idosos (idade m&#233;dia de 77,9 anos) e estratificados como pacientes de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio risco cir&#250;rgico. Dezenove (19%) desses indiv&#237;duos foram considerados fr&#225;geis ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o multidisciplinar na Equipe Card&#237;aca, sendo a fragilidade um importante preditor de mortalidade n&#227;o considerado nos escores de risco cir&#250;rgico tradicionalmente utilizados. Portanto, a indica&#231;&#227;o para TAVI em nosso hospital estava de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais das diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para o tratamento da valvopatia.</p>
      <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos observados em nossa s&#233;rie podem ser analisados comparativamente a importantes registros publicados na literatura. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TAVI, dados do Registro STS-ACC TVT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (n = 68.000, o maior registro dispon&#237;vel) demonstraram que a mediana de idade e o escore STS dos pacientes tratados nos Estados Unidos foram de 80 anos e 4,38%, respectivamente &#8211; compar&#225;veis &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. De fato, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 2,5% e a taxa de AVC foi de 2,3%- pr&#243;ximo &#224; mortalidade de 2,8% e &#224; incid&#234;ncia de AVC de 1,4% observadas em nosso estudo. Evid&#234;ncias do Registro Brasileiro de Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter e Novas Tecnologias (RIBAC-NT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> revelaram uma maior taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (8,2%): a natureza de longo prazo do registro nacional (14 anos) e a inclus&#227;o de centros com menor volume e experi&#234;ncia podem explicar essa discrep&#226;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes selecionados para TAVI em nossa s&#233;rie foram tratados com itera&#231;&#245;es mais recentes e contempor&#226;neas de THVs, o que aumenta a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos procedimentos TAVI.</p>
      <p>TAVI resultou em menores taxas de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e les&#227;o renal aguda em compara&#231;&#227;o com SAVR. Ami&#250;de, estudos comparativos revelaram que o implante de marcapasso permanente (MP) &#233; mais frequentemente observado ap&#243;s TAVI do que SAVR;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> inversamente, uma baixa ocorr&#234;ncia de MP (4,3%) foi observada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. A alta porcentagem (82,5%) de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de VEB e a t&#233;cnica de implanta&#231;&#227;o rasa da THV em rela&#231;&#227;o ao anel da valva a&#243;rtica podem estar relacionadas a esse achado. Hemodin&#226;mica valvar significativamente melhor foi observada no grupo TAVI, com maior AEO e gradientes m&#225;ximo e m&#233;dio menores em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SAVR, o que pode potencialmente impactar a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos importantes no acompanhamento de longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SAVR, nossos resultados podem ser analisados sob a perspectiva do Registro Brasileiro de Cirurgias Cardiovasculares em Adultos (Registro BYPASS, 2014 a 2018):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> neste estudo, a mortalidade observada na SAVR isolada foi de 5,1%, a taxa de AVC foi de 1% e o tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 12,5 dias (em linha com as taxas de 5%, 3,3% e 11,6 dias em nossa s&#233;rie, respectivamente). A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas no grupo SAVR foi inesperadamente alta em nossa experi&#234;ncia, principalmente devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico; portanto, a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada observada pode estar relacionada a esse achado. Os dados mais recentes do banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca em adultos da Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> relataram uma taxa de mortalidade operat&#243;ria de 2,3%, acidente vascular cerebral de 1,3% e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de 5 dias.</p>
      <p>Um dos benef&#237;cios do TAVI &#233; sua natureza menos invasiva, o que permite tempos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mais curtos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SAVR. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo institucional para um tratamento TAVI simplificado &#8211; minimizando os custos relacionados ao procedimento, alocando pacientes em leitos fora da UTI sempre que poss&#237;vel e otimizando o atendimento ao paciente ap&#243;s o procedimento &#8211; n&#227;o podem ser superestimados. Isso definitivamente representa um impacto positivo considerando o sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, pois permite maior rotatividade de leitos hospitalares e mais pacientes admitidos e tratados em UTIs e enfermarias. Assim, 63% dos pacientes submetidos a TAVI em nosso estudo receberam alta em at&#233; 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes submetidos a SAVR tiveram uma m&#233;dia de 5 dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o na UTI e um tempo m&#233;dio total de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 11,6 dias. Apenas 35% dos pacientes receberam alta em at&#233; 7 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O impacto do TAVI seguindo a abordagem simplificada pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, que mostra a redu&#231;&#227;o gradual nos tempos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo minimalista desde 2020, e sua compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o anual do tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o. TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica. TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250021-50021-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados econ&#244;micos do estudo, o custo mais alto do TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia &#233; principalmente atribu&#237;vel ao custo da biopr&#243;tese transcateter. No grupo TAVI, mais de 95% dos custos totais de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados a materiais e dispositivos. Por ser um procedimento menos invasivo, o TAVI acarreta tempos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mais curtos na UTI e na enfermaria. Por outro lado, os custos do SAVR estavam principalmente relacionados &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (mais de 55% dos custos totais). Em outras palavras, considerando a realidade do nosso sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, o TAVI ainda tem um custo significativamente maior quando comparado ao SAVR, o que n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compensado por sua interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar significativamente mais curta. Portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o do pre&#231;o dos materiais &#233; fundamental para permitir que o tratamento menos invasivo seja mais amplamente dispon&#237;vel - considerando as restri&#231;&#245;es de custo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica - e permitindo o tratamento de pacientes mais velhos e mais doentes que podem n&#227;o ser os melhores candidatos ao tratamento SAVR, com um perfil de seguran&#231;a favor&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Como um estudo pioneiro que avaliou contemporaneamente os custos do TAVI no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de brasileiro (SUS), acreditamos que nossos dados podem servir de refer&#234;ncia para estudos futuros sobre o tema. &#192; medida que o TAVI se torna mais amplamente aplic&#225;vel a pacientes mais jovens e de baixo risco, e com a esperada disponibilidade de diferentes THVs no mercado &#8211; com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o nos custos dos dispositivos &#8211;, estudos com acompanhamento de longo prazo (como o prospectivo e randomizado TEAM-Br - Tratamento da Estenose A&#243;rtica no Brasil, NCT04067089) s&#227;o aguardados com grande expectativa para avaliar verdadeiramente a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade do TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. A natureza observacional do estudo e a inclus&#227;o de pacientes consecutivos resultaram em grupos com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas muito distintas. Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa associada, nos quais foi realizado procedimento combinado de SAVR-CRM, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos; nesse subgrupo, a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica tende a ser maior do que para SAVR isolada, e o TAVI combinado com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) pode ser vantajoso. Devido &#224; indisponibilidade ou &#224; falta de confiabilidade dos dados, os custos econ&#244;micos n&#227;o foram avaliados em 81 pacientes do grupo TAVI e em 112 pacientes do grupo SAVR. Al&#233;m disso, alguns custos significativos potencialmente associados a complica&#231;&#245;es (por exemplo, di&#225;lise, transfus&#245;es de sangue) n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise devido &#224; indisponibilidade de valores para incorpora&#231;&#227;o. Uma parcela significativa dos procedimentos foi realizada durante a pandemia de COVID-19, o que pode introduzir fatores de confus&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e os dados de custo foram coletados em um centro de cardiologia especializado, experiente e de alto volume, e os resultados podem n&#227;o ser extrapolados para todos os outros hospitais do Brasil. Por fim, n&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises de acompanhamento de longo prazo nem medidas de qualidade de vida; portanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel uma compara&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade de ambas as modalidades.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, realizado em um hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;ria do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), o TAVI resultou em desfechos cl&#237;nicos semelhantes aos da SAVR &#8211; embora tenha sido realizado em pacientes mais idosos e com maior risco cir&#250;rgico. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o multiparam&#233;trica de um desfecho composto por morte por todas as causas, acidente vascular cerebral e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias indicou uma potencial superioridade do TAVI, que, no entanto, n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Do ponto de vista econ&#244;mico, os custos do tratamento com TAVI foram significativamente maiores do que os da SAVR, impulsionados principalmente pelos custos das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas transcateter e dos dispositivos adjuvantes, enquanto o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente menor.</p>
      <p>Estudos prospectivos com acompanhamento de longo prazo e avalia&#231;&#245;es de qualidade de vida s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar adequadamente a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade do procedimento em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENT</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qGSSGjDPJyN6nXgTDCmttrC/20681d93474ecdb82db74bb9d9d69ba1fa921990.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gabriel Prado Saad pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia/Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 59420922.0.0000.5462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o aos revisores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12210/2025-0021_AO_SUPPLEMENTARY_DOCUMENT.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250021i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs. Aortic Valve Surgery in a Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) Hospital: Periprocedural Outcomes and Costs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0492-8936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Prado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6887-1169</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cervone</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Collella</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Delamain</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belloti</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etges</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Beck da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perez</surname>
            <given-names>Giullia Sarabando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damiani</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Bronhara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samaan</surname>
            <given-names>Farid</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7180-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Gabriel Prado Saad Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 510. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gabrielpradosaad@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a preferred treatment for severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). However, comparative data with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) within the Brazilian public health system (SUS) remain limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To compare clinical outcomes and perform a cost-analysis of TAVI versus SAVR in SUS patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective, single-center study evaluated clinical outcomes and direct medical costs, using a statistical significance threshold of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Between 01/2018 and 12/2022, 320 patients (139 TAVI, 181 SAVR) were included. TAVI patients were older (77.9 vs. 64.9 years, p&lt;0.001) and had higher surgical risk (STS 3.62% vs. 1.64%, p&lt;0.001). Mortality (2.9% vs. 5.0%) and stroke rates (1.4% vs. 3.3%) were numerically lower for TAVI, but not statistically significant. In a risk-adjusted composite outcome (death, stroke, re-hospitalization), TAVI showed potential superiority (5.8% vs. 12%, OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.04-7.65, p=0.05), though not statistically significant. TAVI was associated with a shorter hospital stay (2.0 vs. 8.0 days, p&lt;0.001). TAVI&#8217;s total cost was significantly higher than SAVR&#8217;s (R$ 55,750.90 [52,345.30; 92,286.80] vs R$ 22,518.10 [19,130.60; 25,875.10, - p&lt;0.001]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> In this study, TAVI displayed similar clinical outcomes compared to SAVR, while being performed on older patients with higher surgical risk. From an economic perspective, costs of TAVI treatment were significantly higher than SAVR, driven mainly by device costs, while in-hospital length of stay was significantly lower. With extended follow-up and reduced procedural costs, TAVI may become a cost-effective option in the SUS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs. Aortic Valve Surgery in a Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) Hospital: Periprocedural Outcomes and Costs</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250021-50021-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Costs and Cost Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) is a condition of high prevalence and lethality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>primarily affecting elderly individuals. Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) was the first curative treatment for this condition and remained the sole definitive therapy for several years. In 2002, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was performed for the first time,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and since then, this technique has seen its indications expanded, supported by a series of randomized clinical trials in various surgical risk populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Today, TAVI receives a level IA recommendation from major international and national cardiology guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> for correcting AS in elderly patients, regardless of surgical risk. Since 2019, TAVI has also become the primary therapy for AS in the United States of America, according to the STS/TVT (Society of Thoracic Surgeons&#8211;American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry) registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the costs associated with TAVI - a concern with every new medical technology introduced in clinical practice -, several contemporary international studies corroborate its safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness in various settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> However, national data comparing TAVI outcomes with SAVR in Brazil are scarce, as are evaluations of the direct costs of both procedures in the scenario of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of TAVI versus SAVR and conduct an economic analysis of the direct costs of both procedures, performed at a tertiary hospital within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is an observational, single-center, retrospective study. From January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, all patients undergoing TAVI and SAVR at a tertiary-level hospital specializing in Cardiology were evaluated. Patients over 50 years old with symptomatic, severe AS according to echocardiographic criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> were included. Patients with any of the following criteria were excluded: SAVR combined with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG); SAVR and associated surgical procedures involving mitral, tricuspid, or pulmonic apparatus, myectomy, or ascending aortic replacement; SAVR for isolated aortic insufficiency; patients in cardiogenic shock; patients with prior SAVR; TAVI performed via non-transfemoral access; and infective endocarditis in the last 6 months.</p>
        <p>A free and informed consent form (FICF) was prepared requesting authorization for data collection, and the institutional Ethics and Research Committee approved the project - CAAE 59420922.0.0000.5462.</p>
        <p>Clinical outcomes were defined according to recommendations from the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-3)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and assessed during the in-hospital period and up to 30 days post-discharge. Major clinical endpoints included all-cause death, cardiovascular death, stroke, acute kidney injury, major bleeding, vascular complications, infection, permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation, and re-hospitalization. Data were collected from physical or digital medical records.</p>
        <p>The economic analysis was based on direct medical costs. Regarding TAVI and SAVR procedures, we estimated material costs based on hospital data. Human resource costs per procedure were estimated through the remuneration of the professionals involved according to the average time of their participation in the procedures, as per a direct questionnaire applied to professionals and electronic medical record data. Hospitalization costs were based on estimated daily-bed values forward and ICU patients, according to individual length of stay in each sector. The length of hospitalization considered the initial day (D0) as the date of the procedure and the final day as the date of hospital discharge. A complete explanation of economic data collection is presented in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">supplementary document 1</xref>. All economic data will be presented in Brazilian Reais (BRL &#8211; R$). For reference, as of December 2022, 1 BRL was equivalent to 0,19 US Dollars (USD - $) and 0,18 Euros (EUR - &#8364;).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous clinical and demographic variables were described by their means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were described by their absolute and relative frequencies. To assess the normality of the sample data, a histogram was generated for visual inspection of the distribution.</p>
          <p>Comparisons of variables of interest were made using hypothesis tests, with the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test used (in cases where the data had a normal distribution) and the Mann-Whitney U test (when normal distribution was not met) for continuous variables. For categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used for association evaluation and Fisher&#8217;s test for independence analysis. The statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
          <p>Considering the main clinical outcomes of interest evaluated in contemporary international studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compare outcomes (mortality, stroke, and re-hospitalization) between the TAVI and SAVR groups. The univariate analysis assessed the association between procedure type and each outcome. The multivariate model was adjusted for STS Risk Score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> All assumptions of the Cox model were verified.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using R Software version 4.1.2.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between January 2018 and December 2022, 470 patients underwent SAVR procedures, and 289 patients were excluded because they met the predefined exclusion criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). During the same period, 142 TAVI procedures were performed at the institution, and 139 patients were selected for this study; only three (3) patients were excluded due to the application of alternative access routes for TAVI (2 procedures performed via subclavian access and 1 via transcarotid surgical access). Therefore, the total study population comprised 320 patients (n=139 in the TAVI group and n=181 in the SAVR group). Clinical data was available for all patients during the in-hospital period; missing data was very low (2 patients -1.1%- in the SAVR group and 3 patients -2.1%- in the TAVI group) in 30 days.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SAVR patients enrollment. SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250021-50021-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>TAVI and SAVR groups showed significant differences in their clinical and demographic profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). As compared to SAVR patients, individuals who underwent TAVI were significantly older (77.9 &#177; 7 vs. 64.9 &#177; 7.5 years, p &lt;0.001), with higher surgical risk as verified by STS score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and by EuroScore II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and with a higher prevalence of associated comorbidities such as previous stroke, chronic kidney disease - CKD, and frailty. In terms of baseline transthoracic echocardiographic characteristics, the TAVI group presented with greater indexed left atrial volume and reduced aortic valve area. Conversely, individuals treated with SAVR exhibited a higher proportion of moderate or severe aortic insufficiency prior to aortic valve replacement.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the patients at baseline</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>TAVI, N = 139</th>
                    <th>SAVR, N = 181</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age - years</td>
                    <td align="center">77.9 &#177; 7.0</td>
                    <td align="center">64,9 &#177; 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>50 - 65</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (45%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>66 - 74</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">83 (46%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 75</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (9.4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (59%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (52%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.258</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STS Score, %</td>
                    <td align="center">3.62 &#177; 2.28</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64 &#177;0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (98%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EuroScore II, %</td>
                    <td align="center">4.38 &#177; 3.39</td>
                    <td align="center">1.74 &#177;1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA III/IV n,N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36/69 (51.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">83/181 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31/139 (22%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27/181 (15%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.107</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31/139 (22%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13/181 (7.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18/139 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8/181 (4.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic renal failure n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34/139 (24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26/181 (14%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47/139 (34%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52/181 (29%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.332</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20/136 (14.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9/167 (5.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous pacemaker n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8/136 (5.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3/167 (1.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Frailty n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26/139 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/181 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary hypertension n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/139 (2.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16/181 (8.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA Indexed volume, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">50.0 [43.0; 62.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">44.0 [37.0; 53.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic valve area, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 [0.5; 0.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7 [0.6; 0.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV-Ao mean gradient, mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0 [43.5; 65.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">55.0 [45.0; 67.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.330</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 [47.0; 64.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">61.0 [48.0; 65.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.364</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mod./severe Ao regurgitation n, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25/139 (17.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57/181 (31.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; Ao: aorta.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedural characteristics</title>
          <p>A dedicated protocol for a minimalist TAVI procedure was implemented and has been followed since 2020 in the hospital, and whenever feasible, TAVI was performed using a fully percutaneous access route, with conscious sedation and transthoracic echocardiography instead of general anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiogram to guide the procedure. Considering those definitions, it was found that TAVI was conducted under a minimalist strategy in 89.9% of selected patients.</p>
          <p>Regarding transcatheter heart valves (THV) types, balloon-expandable valves (BEV) were implanted in 115 (82.5%) patients, with 17.5% of patients undergoing implantation of self-expanding valves (SEV). In the SAVR group, bioprosthesis were used in 90% of cases, and only 10% of patients received a mechanical aortic valve. After the procedure, patients undergoing TAVI were transferred to the ward in more than half of the cases (57.2%), without the need to stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). The above data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Procedural characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">TAVI, N = 139</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">SAVR, N = 181</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anesthesia</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conscious Sedation</td>
                    <td align="center">125/139 (89.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>General</td>
                    <td align="center">14/139 (10.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">181/181 (100%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Transesophageal Echocardiogram</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">127/139 (91.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">12/139 (8.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bioprosthetic valve</td>
                    <td align="center">139/139 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">163/181 (90%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Balloon-Expandable THV</td>
                    <td align="center">115/139 (82.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intensive Care Unit after Procedure</td>
                    <td align="center">59/138 (42.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">180/181 (99.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement; THV: transcatheter heart valve.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes</title>
          <p>Considering the main clinical outcomes as defined by VARC-3 criteria, no significant differences were observed between TAVI and SAVR regarding all-cause mortality (2.8 vs 5.0%, p=0.353), stroke (1.4 vs 3.3%, p=0.300), and re-hospitalization at 30 days (1.4 vs 5.0%, p=0.106), respectively. Patients undergoing TAVI had a significantly lower incidence of major bleeding complications, infectious complications, and acute kidney injury. Conversely, patients undergoing SAVR had a lower incidence of vascular complications. The need for permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation was similar between TAVI and SAVR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical endpoints at 30 days</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical Events</th>
                    <th>TAVI, N = 139</th>
                    <th>SAVR, N = 181</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.353</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular death (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.308</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.300</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Major bleeding (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (6.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acute kidney injury (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (16.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular complication (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (5.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infection (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (14.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Emergent surgery (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Definite pacemaker implantation (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.769</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Re-hospitalization (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.106</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>When evaluating the composite outcome of all-cause death, stroke, and re-hospitalization adjusted for the STS score of both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>), a potential superiority of TAVI compared to SAVR was indicated. However, it did not reach statistical significance (5.8% vs. 12%, OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.04 - 7.65, p = 0.05) &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; STS adjusted individual and composite clinical endpoints</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Endpoints</th>
                    <th>TAVI, N = 139</th>
                    <th>SAVR, N = 181</th>
                    <th>OR SAVR/TAVI</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>p-Valeu</th>
                    <th>OR adjusted</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death, Stroke, or Re-hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (5.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 5.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                    <td align="center">2.68</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 &#8211; 7.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death or Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (7.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 &#8211; 5.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.271</td>
                    <td align="center">2.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 &#8211; 8.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.149</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56 &#8211; 6.63</td>
                    <td align="center">0.353</td>
                    <td align="center">3.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 - 17.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53 &#8211; 1.,2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.300</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17 &#8211; 8.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.973</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>30-day Re-hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 &#8211; 23.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.106</td>
                    <td align="center">3.69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 &#8211; 30.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Simple and multiple Cox regression models. TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding the post-procedural transthoracic echocardiographic assessment, patients undergoing TAVI had a higher effective orifice area (EOA) and lower maximum and mean gradient values, as compared to SAVR patients. Additionally, patients who underwent TAVI had a significantly higher rate of moderate or severe aortic regurgitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Post-procedure echocardiographic parameters</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>TAVI, N = 121</th>
                    <th>SAVR, N = 174</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.0 [49.5; 63.5] (n = 95)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 [52.0; 64.0] (n = 177)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.146</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Effective Orifice Area (cm2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0 [1.8; 2.4] (n = 86)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 [1.5; 1.9] (n = 134)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum LV-Ao Gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.0 [8.2; 14.0] (n = 110)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 [24.0; 42.0] (n = 177)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean LV-Ao Gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.0 [4.0; 7.0] (n = 90)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5 [13.0; 24.0] (n = 172)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic Regurgitation &#8805; moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">8/120 (6.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3/175 (1.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement; LV: left ventricle; Ao: aorta.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Length of index hospitalization and economic analysis</title>
          <p>Length of hospital stay after the procedures was significantly shorter in the TAVI group as compared to the SAVR group (2.0 [1.0; 4.0] days vs. 8.0 [7.0; 12.0] days, p &lt; 0,001), both considering the ICU and the ward length of stay (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">table 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Procedure and hospitalization costs</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>TAVI</th>
                    <th>SAVR</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospitalization Time &#8211; days</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ICU (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 2.9 (n = 139)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 10.2 (n = 181)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0 [0.0; 1.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0 [2.0; 4.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ward (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 2.9 (n = 139)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 6.3 (n = 181)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 [1.0; 2.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0 [3.0; 7.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Inpatient (Ward + ICU)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 4.4 (n = 139)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.6 &#177; 12.8 (n = 181)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0 [1.0; 4.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">8.0 [7.0; 12.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Related Costs &#8211; all values in R$</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Material Costs</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">62,173.2 &#177; 18,465.0 (n = 58)</td>
                    <td align="center">6,388.3 &#177; 2,423.0 (n = 69)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">52,752.7 [48,865.4; 90,063.2]</td>
                    <td align="center">5,635.4 [4,638.9; 7,688.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Material costs + human resources</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">65,154.7 &#177; 20,986.5 (n = 58)</td>
                    <td align="center">9,814.8 &#177; 2,423.0 (n = 69)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">54,322.6 [50,329.6; 91,529.2]</td>
                    <td align="center">9,061.9 [8,065.4; 11,114.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospitalization cost</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">2,434.3 &#177; 3,757.7 (n = 139)</td>
                    <td align="center">18,735.4 &#177; 27,764.0 (n = 181)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,076.3 [717.5; 2,710.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">12,494.0 [9,475.9; 16,799.2]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total Cost</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">67,589.00 &#177; 22,278.90 (n = 58)</td>
                    <td align="center">32,343.80 &#177; 39,674.30 (n = 69)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">55,750.9 [52,345.3; 92,286.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">22,518.1 [19,130.6; 25,875.1]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Share of procedure cost/total cost</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean (%) &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">96.6 &#177; 3.5 (n = 58)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.7 &#177; 13.8 (n = 58)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (%) [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">98.5 [95.7; 98.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">44.6 [34.0; 50.1]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Share of hospitalization cost/total cost</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean (%) &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 3.5 (n = 58)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 13.8 (n = 69)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (%) [1<sup>st</sup> q; 3<sup>rd</sup> q]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5 [1.4; 4.3]</td>
                    <td align="center">55.4 [49.9; 66.0]</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The costs of materials required for the two types of procedures were significantly higher in the TAVI group (R$ 52,752.70 [48,865.4; 90,063.20] vs. R$ 5,635.4 [4,638.9; 7,688.00], p &lt; 0.001). When multiplying the average hourly wage of the professionals involved in the procedures by the number of hours reported by each professional group, the average labor cost was R$ 1,464.23 for TAVI procedures and R$ 3,426.49 for SAVR procedures. In the TAVI group, the mean daily costs of ICU and ward stay were R$ 1,588.57 and R$ 717.54, respectively. On the other hand, the mean daily costs of ICU were R$ 2,585.34 in the SAVR group. The estimation of these values is presented in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">Supplementary Document. 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>The analysis of procedural costs, including materials, devices, and professional fees, revealed that TAVI had a significantly higher cost compared to SAVR (R$ 54,322.6 [50,329.60; 91,529.20] for TAVI vs. R$ 9,061.9 [8,065.40; 11,114.50] for SAVR, p &lt; 0,001). Hospitalization costs, however, were lower in the TAVI group (R$ 1,076.30 [717.50; 2,170.70]) compared to the SAVR group (R$ 12,494.00 [9,457.9; 16,799.20]). When combining both procedure and hospitalization costs, the total average cost was significantly higher for TAVI (R$ 55,750.90 [52,345.30; 92,286.80]) as compared to SAVR (R$ 22,518.10 [19,130.60; 25,875.10]), with a p-value of &lt;0.001 (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>Further breakdown of the cost components revealed that for TAVI, the procedural costs comprised 96.6% &#177; 3.5% of the total cost. Conversely, for SAVR, hospitalization costs accounted for 59.3% &#177; 13.8% of the total procedure cost (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this observational study with patients with severe, symptomatic AS treated with SAVR in a public, tertiary referral hospital from the Brazilian unified health system, TAVI resulted in similar occurrence of safety and efficacy clinical outcomes as compared to SAVR, despite significant differences in baseline patients&#8217; clinical characteristics such as age, comorbidities, and surgical risk. In most patients, it was possible to use a minimalist TAVI strategy, allowing discharge with a shorter hospital stay. From an economic perspective, TAVI was more expensive than SAVR, mainly due to the high costs related to the THV and its adjunctive devices.</p>
        <p>Individuals undergoing TAVI were elderly (mean age 77.9 years) and stratified as low to intermediate surgical risk patients. Nineteen (19) % of these individuals were considered frail after multidisciplinary discussion in the Heart Team, with frailty being an important predictor of mortality not considered in traditionally used surgical risk scores. Hence, the indication for TAVI in our hospital was in accordance with current recommendations from national and international guidelines for the treatment of valvular heart disease.</p>
        <p>Clinical results observed in our series can be analyzed comparatively to important registries published in the literature. Regarding TAVI, data from the STS-ACC TVT Registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (n= 68.000, the largest registry available) demonstrated that the median age and STS score of patients treated in the United States were 80 years and 4.38%, respectively &#8211; comparable to our population. Indeed, all-cause mortality was 2.5% and stroke rate was 2.3% - close to the mortality of 2.8% and stroke incidence of 1.4% observed in our study. Evidence from the Brazilian Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and New Technologies (RIBAC-NT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> revealed a higher in-hospital death rate (8.2%): the long-term nature of the national registry (14 years) and the inclusion of lower-volume and less-experienced centers may explain this discrepancy. Furthermore, patients selected for TAVI in our series were treated with newer, contemporary iterations of THVs, which enhance the safety and efficacy of TAVI procedures.</p>
        <p>TAVI resulted in lower rates of hemorrhagic events, infectious complications, and acute kidney injury as compared to SAVR. Often, comparative studies revealed that permanent pacemaker implantation is more frequently observed after TAVI than SAVR:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> conversely, a low occurrence of PPM (4.3%) was observed in our population. The high percentage (82.5%) of BEV utilization and the shallow implantation technique of the THV relative to the aortic valve annulus may be related to this finding. Significantly better valve hemodynamics were noted in the TAVI group, with higher EOA and lower maximum and mean gradients as compared to the SAVR group, which may potentially impact the occurrence of major clinical endpoints at long-term follow-up.</p>
        <p>Regarding SAVR, our results can be analyzed from the perspective of the Brazilian Registry of Cardiovascular Surgeries in Adults (BYPASS Registry, 2014 to 2018):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> in this study, the observed mortality of isolated SAVR was 5.1%, stroke rate was 1% and mean length of hospital stay was of 12.5 days (in line with rates of 5%, 3.3% and 11.6 days in our series, respectively). The occurrence of infectious complications in the SAVR group was unexpectedly high in our experience, mainly due to surgical site infection; thus, the prolonged hospitalization observed can be related to this finding. The latest data from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> reported an operative mortality rate of 2.3%, stroke of 1.3% and hospital length of stay of 5 days.</p>
        <p>One of the benefits of TAVI is its less invasive nature, which allows for shorter hospitalization times as compared to SAVR. In this regard, the development and implementation of an institutional protocol for a streamlined TAVI treatment &#8211; minimizing costs related to the procedure, allocating patients in non-ICU beds whenever feasible and optimizing patient care after the procedure &#8211; cannot be overemphasized. This definitely represents a positive impact considering the public health system, as it allows greater turnover of hospital beds and more patients to be admitted and treated in ICUs and in the wards. Thereby, 63% of patients undergoing TAVI in our study were discharged within 48 hours after the procedure. In comparison, patients undergoing SAVR had an average of 5 days of ICU hospitalization and an average total hospitalization time of 11.6 days. Only 35% of patients were discharged within 7 days after surgery. The impact of TAVI following the streamlined approach can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, which shows the gradual reduction in hospitalization times following the minimalist protocol implementation since 2020, and its comparison with the surgical group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Annual evolution of mean hospitalization time. TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20250021-50021-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the economic findings of the study, the higher cost of TAVI as compared to surgery is primarily attributable to the cost of the transcatheter bioprosthesis. In the TAVI group, more than 95% of the total hospitalization costs are related to materials and devices. Because it is a less invasive procedure, TAVI entails shorter hospitalization times in the ICU and ward. Conversely, SAVR costs were mainly related to in-hospital stay (over 55% of the total costs). In other words, considering the reality of our public health system, TAVI still has a significantly higher cost when compared to SAVR, which is not fully offset by its significantly shorter hospital stay. Therefore, material price reduction is paramount to allow the less invasive treatment to be more widely available - considering cost-restraints relative to the public health system &#8211; and allowing the treatment of older, sicker patients that might not be the best candidates for SAVR treatment, with a favorable safety profile.</p>
        <p>As a pioneering study that has contemporarily evaluated TAVI costs in the Brazilian unified public health system, we believe that our data can serve as a reference for future studies on the subject. As TAVI continues to be more broadly applicable to younger and low-risk patients and with the expected availability of different THVs in the market - with a consequent reduction in device costs -, studies with long-term follow-up (such as the prospective, randomized TEAM-Br - Treatment of Aortic Stenosis in Brazil, NCT04067089) are eagerly awaited to truly evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of TAVI as compared to SAVR in our country.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations. The observational nature of the study and the inclusion of consecutive patients resulted in groups with very different clinical characteristics. Patients with associated significant coronary artery disease in whom a combined SAVR-CABG procedure was performed were not included; in this subgroup, surgical mortality tends to be higher than for isolated SAVR, and TAVI combined with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be advantageous. Due to unavailability or unreliable data, economic costs were not evaluated in 81 patients from the TAVI group and in 112 patients from the SAVR group. In addition, some significant costs potentially associated with complications (e.g., dialysis, blood transfusions) were not included in this analysis due to the unavailability of values for incorporation. A significant portion of procedures was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, potentially introducing confounding factors. Moreover, clinical outcomes and cost data were collected in a high-volume, well-experienced, specialized cardiology center, and results may not be extrapolated to every other hospital in Brazil. Finally, a long-term follow-up analysis and quality-of-life measurements were not performed; therefore, a cost-effectiveness comparison of both modalities was not possible.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, performed at a public, tertiary referral hospital from the Brazilian unified health system (SUS), TAVI resulted in similar clinical outcomes as compared to SAVR - albeit being performed on older patients with higher surgical risk. A multiparametric evaluation of a composite outcome of all-cause death, stroke, and re-hospitalization at 30 days indicated a potential superiority of TAVI, which, however, did not reach statistical significance. From an economic perspective, the costs of TAVI treatment were significantly higher than SAVR, driven mainly by the transcatheter heart valves and adjunctive devices costs, while in-hospital length of stay was significantly lower.</p>
        <p>Prospective studies with long-term follow-up and quality-of-life assessments are needed to accurately assess the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the procedure in our country.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENT</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qGSSGjDPJyN6nXgTDCmttrC/20681d93474ecdb82db74bb9d9d69ba1fa921990.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gabriel Prado Saad, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia/Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number CAAE: 59420922.0.0000.5462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> Data is available upon request for reviewers.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12210/2025-0021_AO_SUPPLEMENTARY_DOCUMENT.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
