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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xKtsnnDn6LskftGPYdPY5VD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240813</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custos do Tratamento Cl&#237;nico de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada na Am&#233;rica Latina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etges</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Beck da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Caroline Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Dayanna Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zuckermann</surname>
            <given-names>Andreas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8683-7044</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mehra</surname>
            <given-names>Mandeep R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada e Transplante Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada e Transplante Card&#237;aco, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiac Surgery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical University of Vienna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vienna</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna &#8211; &#193;ustria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Carisi Anne Polanczyk Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cpolanczyk@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240813</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A carga financeira enfrentada por pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada, que n&#227;o s&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para transplante card&#237;aco ou n&#227;o t&#234;m acesso &#224; terapia avan&#231;ada com dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAVEs) ainda n&#227;o foi descrito na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Realizar um estudo de microcustos em pacientes que, embora eleg&#237;veis para terapia com DAVE, n&#227;o tiveram acesso ao procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Avaliamos os custos diretos do cuidado em uma coorte de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada tratados em um hospital p&#250;blico brasileiro, que eram candidatos &#224; terapia com DAVE (e ineleg&#237;veis para transplante), mas n&#227;o tiveram acesso ao dispositivo. Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de custos em n&#237;vel individual desde o momento em que a necessidade de DAVE foi identificada at&#233; o &#243;bito ou o fim do acompanhamento. O custo total por paciente foi calculado utilizando a metodologia de custeio baseado em atividades com base no tempo (<italic>time-driven activity-based costing</italic>) e expresso em d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$). Os pacientes foram estratificados por gravidade da doen&#231;a e mortalidade por todas as causas para avaliar a variabilidade dos custos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>
            <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo evidencia o impacto financeiro associado ao manejo cl&#237;nico cont&#237;nuo da IC avan&#231;ada em pacientes que, de outra forma, seriam eleg&#237;veis para terapia com DAVE. Esses achados fornecem subs&#237;dios para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade de interven&#231;&#245;es com dispositivos de suporte &#224; vida em popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas com IC avan&#231;ada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Custos do Tratamento Cl&#237;nico de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xKtsnnDn6LskftGPYdPY5VD/21c29416849b2f849289fa074a337180db47c803.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Custos e An&#225;lise de Custo</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Am&#233;rica Latina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Abbott Laborator</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Este estudo foi financiado pela Abbott Laboratories por meio de uma colabora&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa com a Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul. O patrocinador n&#227;o teve envolvimento na coleta de dados, nas estrat&#233;gias de an&#225;lise ou nas decis&#245;es relacionadas &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada, uma fase da doen&#231;a caracterizada pela resist&#234;ncia &#224;s terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas tradicionais, est&#225; associada &#224; alta morbidade e mortalidade, al&#233;m de maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de e custos elevados tanto para os indiv&#237;duos quanto para a sociedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#192; medida que as popula&#231;&#245;es envelhecem e se beneficiam de terapias aprimoradas para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de in&#237;cio precoce, a preval&#234;ncia de IC avan&#231;ada continua a aumentar, resultando em um impacto social significativo e perda de produtividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o transplante card&#237;aco seja atualmente uma terapia estabelecida para a IC avan&#231;ada, um n&#250;mero substancial de indiv&#237;duos &#233; ineleg&#237;vel devido a comorbidades ou outros fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Para esses pacientes, um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAVE) dur&#225;vel funciona como uma terapia que prolonga a vida; caso contr&#225;rio, eles s&#227;o frequentemente relegados aos cuidados paliativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nos Estados Unidos, 27298 DAVEs de longo prazo foram implantados entre 2010 e 2019; somente em 2019, o n&#250;mero de implantes de DAVE quase igualou o n&#250;mero de transplantes card&#237;acos realizados no pa&#237;s, com a maioria dos casos classificados como terapia de destino para pacientes considerados ineleg&#237;veis ao transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Na Europa, aproximadamente 500 indiv&#237;duos por ano receberam um DAVE nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, e esse n&#250;mero continua a crescer devido &#224; escassez de &#243;rg&#227;os doadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os desfechos para pacientes com DAVE de longo prazo melhoraram substancialmente ao longo do tempo, em grande parte devido &#224; melhor sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, ao aprimoramento do manejo cl&#237;nico e &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o da bomba HeartMate 3 (Abbott, EUA), totalmente levitada magneticamente. A sobrevida mediana agora ultrapassa cinco anos, especialmente entre pacientes ineleg&#237;veis para transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, os DAVEs n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na maioria dos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade. No Brasil, o DAVE HeartMate 3 &#233; acess&#237;vel apenas por meio de seguros privados ou iniciativas de pesquisa filantr&#243;picas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O custo do cuidado de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada que n&#227;o t&#234;m acesso &#224; terapia com DAVE permanece amplamente desconhecido, apesar de sua potencial relev&#226;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da custo-efetividade dessas interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de e o custo do cuidado para pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada tratados sem possibilidade de resgate por meio de DAVE ou transplante podem representar um &#244;nus financeiro que n&#227;o &#233; prontamente reconhecido por indiv&#237;duos, sistemas de sa&#250;de, pagadores e governos. Em casos selecionados, o uso criterioso da terapia com DAVE como destino final pode se mostrar custo-efetivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, o presente estudo, conduzido dentro do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro, tem como objetivo avaliar os custos longitudinais do manejo m&#233;dico da IC avan&#231;ada em pacientes que poderiam ter sido eleg&#237;veis para a terapia com DAVE como destino, mas que n&#227;o tiveram acesso ao procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos um estudo de microcustos (um m&#233;todo de estimativa financeira que inclui o uso de recursos e o custo unit&#225;rio) para avaliar os custos diretos de uma coorte de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, sob a perspectiva de um hospital universit&#225;rio p&#250;blico, em um centro regional de refer&#234;ncia para terapias avan&#231;adas de IC. A amostra foi composta por pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada que n&#227;o eram eleg&#237;veis para transplante card&#237;aco, mas eleg&#237;veis para receber um DAVE como indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia de destino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Definimos uma coorte de pacientes adultos consecutivos com IC em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para implanta&#231;&#227;o de DAVE como terapia de destino, mas que n&#227;o puderam receber esse tratamento em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre janeiro de 2015 e maio de 2023. A IC avan&#231;ada foi definida por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, incorporando carga de sintomas, par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos objetivos e interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas (como terapia inotr&#243;pica), conforme descrito pelas sociedades europeias e norte-americanas de cardiologia e resumido por Truby e Rogers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes que foram submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco ou implanta&#231;&#227;o de DAVE, aqueles com cobertura por plano de sa&#250;de privado e aqueles acompanhados principalmente em outras institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>As raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para inelegibilidade ao transplante foram idade avan&#231;ada, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave, obesidade, tabagismo ativo, fragilidade e outras comorbidades. Nosso programa segue as diretrizes da <italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> quanto &#224;s contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave foi definida como resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar superior a 3 unidades Wood, n&#227;o responsiva ao teste com vasodilatadores. O fluxograma dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis para terapia com DAVE de longo prazo e selecionados para inclus&#227;o na an&#225;lise de custos est&#225; na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de pacientes eleg&#237;veis para terapia com dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAVE) de longo prazo no centro de refer&#234;ncia selecionado para an&#225;lise de custo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo de coleta de dados para cada paciente come&#231;ou quando a equipe cl&#237;nica considerou a indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia avan&#231;ada (card&#237;aco ou DAVE) ou na admiss&#227;o hospitalar para aqueles que j&#225; estavam internados nessa data. O intervalo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de custos foi registrado no &#243;bito, no final do acompanhamento do estudo em 30 de junho de 2023 ou na alta hospitalar para os pacientes internados nessa data. As fontes de dados inclu&#237;ram resumos eletr&#244;nicos de alta, notas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, registros de consultas ambulatoriais e formul&#225;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco/DAVE. A an&#225;lise de custos em n&#237;vel individual incluiu todos os atendimentos hospitalares, incluindo consultas, exames diagn&#243;sticos, procedimentos e interna&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados de custo</title>
        <p>Os componentes de custo para a an&#225;lise geral foram obtidos utilizando a metodologia de custeio baseado em atividades com base no tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nessa abordagem, o consumo de recursos &#233; medido com base no ciclo de cuidados ao paciente, considerando tanto o custo unit&#225;rio da presta&#231;&#227;o do servi&#231;o quanto o tempo necess&#225;rio para realizar cada transa&#231;&#227;o ou atividade. Os dados de custo relacionados a pessoal, infraestrutura, procedimentos e exames diagn&#243;sticos (incluindo imagem) foram extra&#237;dos dos registros administrativos do hospital, seguindo a metodologia utilizada em estudos anteriores focados em procedimentos espec&#237;ficos e servi&#231;os prestados a pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes de custo com valores atualizados para o ano de 2023</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Profissional da sa&#250;de</th>
                  <th scope="col">Sal&#225;rios mais encargos (Int$/h)</th>
                  <th scope="col">Fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiologista cl&#237;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiologista intervencionista</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Residente m&#233;dico</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiologista especializado em imagem</td>
                  <td align="center">82</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">82</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enfermeira</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T&#233;cnico de enfermagem</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fisioterapeuta</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perfusionista</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anestesiologista</td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Infraestrutura nas unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade</td>
                  <td align="center">Custos fixos atribu&#237;dos &#224; unidade (Int$)</td>
                  <td align="center">Fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo</td>
                  <td align="center">433 (hora)</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade de cuidados coronarianos</td>
                  <td align="center">2178 (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade de terapia intensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2969 (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enfermaria de interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">349 (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Procedimentos e servi&#231;os *</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimento e/ou servi&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Custo (Int$ por unidade)</td>
                  <td align="center">Fonte da informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inser&#231;&#227;o de CCIP</td>
                  <td align="center">638</td>
                  <td align="center">[28]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter venoso central</td>
                  <td align="center">259</td>
                  <td align="center">[28]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consulta ambulatorial para paciente classe II da NYHA **</td>
                  <td align="center">176</td>
                  <td align="center">[29]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consulta ambulatorial para paciente classes III e IV da NYHA **</td>
                  <td align="center">593</td>
                  <td align="center">[29]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Visita ao hospital-dia</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">[30]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">488</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 1664 + Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 1407</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 240 + Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 390</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cateterismo card&#237;aco direito</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 484 + Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 445</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implanta&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 1281 + Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 678</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 743+ Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 390</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante de desfibrilador cardioversor implant&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais + 11983 Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 1609</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 33 + Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 234</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reparo mitral transcateter borda a borda (TEER)</td>
                  <td align="center">Materiais 62015 + Professionais e espa&#231;o f&#237;sico 2363</td>
                  <td align="center">Departamento financeiro da institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Int$: d&#243;lar internacional; CCIP: Cateter Central de Inser&#231;&#227;o Perif&#233;rica; NYHA: New York Heart Association; * Tabela Suplementar I descreve o tempo dedicado pelos profissionais e custo com procedimentos individuais. ** Consultas ambulat&#243;rias incluem o gasto com exames realizados no mesmo dia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os custos com medicamentos foram obtidos a partir de dados de consumo em n&#237;vel individual de pacientes, extra&#237;dos do sistema administrativo institucional. Os custos dos procedimentos inclu&#237;ram materiais, honor&#225;rios profissionais e infraestrutura. Foram realizadas entrevistas para estimar o tempo m&#233;dio que os profissionais de sa&#250;de dedicaram a cada procedimento, consulta, atendimento ambulatorial e cuidados em hospital-dia. Os custos das unidades hospitalares &#8212; como enfermarias, Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) e laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo &#8212; englobaram deprecia&#231;&#227;o, energia, materiais administrativos, sal&#225;rios profissionais e outras despesas. Para os sal&#225;rios profissionais, foi calculada a aloca&#231;&#227;o exata de pessoal para cada unidade, incluindo a &#225;rea da UTI especificamente destinada a pacientes cardiol&#243;gicos, que possui uma estrutura de pessoal diferenciada. O custo fixo direto m&#233;dio mensal de cada unidade foi calculado e dividido pela capacidade mensal de atendimento da respectiva unidade. Por exemplo, para a UTI, a capacidade foi determinada com base no n&#250;mero de leitos dispon&#237;veis: 45 leitos operando 24 horas por dia, durante 30 dias, totalizando 32.400 horas. O custo di&#225;rio m&#233;dio foi calculado dividindo-se o custo total atribu&#237;do &#224; unidade pelo n&#250;mero de leitos e dias &#250;teis. Os custos de interna&#231;&#227;o foram ent&#227;o determinados multiplicando o tempo que cada paciente permaneceu em determinada unidade pelo respectivo custo por unidade de tempo.</p>
        <p>Os componentes de custo foram calculados e agregados para determinar o custo total por paciente. As an&#225;lises descritivas de custo inclu&#237;ram m&#233;dia, DP, mediana e intervalo interquartil. Os pacientes foram estratificados por vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas &#8211; especificamente, pela gravidade da doen&#231;a conforme os perfis INTERMACS (Registro Interag&#234;ncias para Suporte Circulat&#243;rio Mec&#226;nico) &#8212; e pelo desfecho de mortalidade, com o objetivo de estimar a variabilidade dos custos. Al&#233;m disso, foi calculado o custo anual estimado por paciente para representar o impacto econ&#244;mico esperado anual dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para os prestadores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Como a coorte do estudo incluiu pacientes com diferentes per&#237;odos de acompanhamento, o custo total por paciente foi dividido pelo n&#250;mero de meses de seguimento e, em seguida, multiplicado por 12. &#201; importante considerar esse ajuste ao aplicar os dados em modelos econ&#244;micos futuros. Todos os valores foram atualizados para o ano de 2023 utilizando o &#205;ndice Nacional de Pre&#231;os ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA), acumulado desde a data original de obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados (para os custos extra&#237;dos de artigos cient&#237;ficos). Esses valores s&#227;o apresentados em d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$) para refletir a paridade do poder de compra, com base no fator de convers&#227;o do Banco Mundial dispon&#237;vel em https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP (acesso em 29 de mar&#231;o de 2024). Como refer&#234;ncia, Int$ 1.000 equivale a US$ 1.000 e R$ 2.580. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os perfis INTERMACS &gt; 3 e INTERMACS &#8804; 3, bem como entre os desfechos (vivo vs. &#243;bito), foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup> Excel para Mac.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de Pesquisa e &#201;tica, e o consentimento informado foi dispensado devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo. Todos os pesquisadores assinaram um termo de confidencialidade para acessar os dados individuais. O estudo foi conduzido de forma independente e com total autonomia pelos autores, sem qualquer interfer&#234;ncia do patrocinador.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram atendidos em 20 pacientes consecutivos com IC avan&#231;ada. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 51 anos, e 90% eram do sexo masculino. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da coorte do estudo. No momento da inclus&#227;o, tr&#234;s quartos dos pacientes estavam hospitalizados, e quase metade apresentava status INTERMACS &#8804; 3 &#8212; que representa graus de estabilidade sob terapia inotr&#243;pica, variando do menos (1) ao mais (3) est&#225;vel &#8212; quando um DAVE como terapia de destino foi considerado, mas n&#227;o p&#244;de ser implantado. Na inclus&#227;o do estudo, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em terapia medicamentosa guiada por diretrizes para IC era relativamente baixa, principalmente devido &#224; baixa tolerabilidade. Os inibidores de SGLT2 n&#227;o estavam amplamente acess&#237;veis no Brasil para tratamento da IC antes de 2022, o que resultou em baixas taxas de uso; al&#233;m disso, sua utilidade na IC avan&#231;ada permanece incerta, j&#225; que esses pacientes geralmente n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nos principais estudos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas do da coorte do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades</th>
                <th>N = 20</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 [0,20- 0,24]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>INTERMACS &#8804; 3</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice card&#237;aco, L/min/m<sup>2 a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, unidade Wood <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor de ECA / BRA</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor de neprilisina</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonista mineralocorticoide</td>
                <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor de SGLT2</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inotr&#243;pico intravenoso</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo mediano de acompanhamento, em meses</td>
                <td align="center">15 [7,7 - 21,7]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados expressos em n&#250;mero (porcentagem), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana [intervalo interquartil]. INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; SGLT2: cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2. <sup>a</sup> Dados dispon&#237;veis de 16 pacientes; <sup>b</sup> Dados dispon&#237;veis de 17 pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A principal contraindica&#231;&#227;o para a inelegibilidade ao transplante card&#237;aco foi a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, seguida pelas comorbidades. A sobrevida global foi de 40% ao final de uma mediana de 15 meses (m&#237;nimo de quatro, m&#225;ximo de 36) de seguimento; onze pacientes evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito devido &#224; fal&#234;ncia progressiva da bomba, e um por morte s&#250;bita. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de gravidade dos pacientes individuais e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de gravidade e dados de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos por paciente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                <th>Sexo</th>
                <th>Idade, anos</th>
                <th>Status INTERMACS</th>
                <th>Condi&#231;&#245;es de risco para transplante</th>
                <th>Ano da indica&#231;&#227;o do DAVE</th>
                <th>Tempo de seguimento, meses</th>
                <th>Status ao final do seguimento</th>
                <th>Visitas de emerg&#234;ncia e/ou interna&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th>Admiss&#227;o na UTI, dias</th>
                <th>Admiss&#227;o na enfermaria e/ou na emerg&#234;ncia, dias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>P1</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P2</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P3</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P4</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2021</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P5</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P6</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Esternotomia pr&#233;via, PAOD</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P7</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2023</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P8</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P9</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2015</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P10</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P11</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">DPCO, DAOP</td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P12</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P13</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Tabagista ativo</td>
                <td align="center">2017</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P14</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P15</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P16</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Fragilidade, DM mal controlada</td>
                <td align="center">2019</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P17</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">Pneumonite relacionada &#224; cannabis</td>
                <td align="center">2021</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P18</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Obesidade, DM mal controlada</td>
                <td align="center">2017</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P19</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">Fragilidade, DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">2019</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P20</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>M: masculino; F: feminino; INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; DAVE: dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes mellitus *P15 passou por uma &#250;nica interna&#231;&#227;o de longa dura&#231;&#227;o desde o in&#237;cio da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de custo</title>
        <p>O custo m&#233;dio por paciente foi de Int$ 120 457 (DP 78 029), o que representa um custo mensal m&#233;dio de Int$ 8030. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> descreve a composi&#231;&#227;o dos custos por paciente inclu&#237;do no estudo, e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta a propor&#231;&#227;o dessa composi&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes permaneceram, em m&#233;dia, 31 dias (DP 30) em UTIs e 53 dias (DP 47) em unidades n&#227;o intensivas, entre a data da indica&#231;&#227;o do DAVE e o final do seguimento do estudo. As interna&#231;&#245;es representaram mais de dois ter&#231;os do custo total (56% em terapia intensiva e 16% em cuidados n&#227;o intensivos). Medicamentos dispensados exclusivamente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o corresponderam a 3% do custo m&#233;dio total.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o dos componentes de custo, custo total, e custo anual por paciente</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                  <th>Medicamentos</th>
                  <th>Exames</th>
                  <th>Visitas &#224; emerg&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>Admiss&#227;o na enfermaria</th>
                  <th>Admiss&#227;o na UTI</th>
                  <th>Consultas</th>
                  <th>Hospital-dia e ambulat&#243;rios</th>
                  <th>CCE</th>
                  <th>CCD</th>
                  <th>Outros procedimentos cardiovasculares e invasivos, hemodi&#225;lise e hemocomponentes</th>
                  <th>Custo total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>P1</td>
                  <td align="center">9146</td>
                  <td align="center">2709</td>
                  <td align="center">5937</td>
                  <td align="center">37324</td>
                  <td align="center">78407</td>
                  <td align="center">1350</td>
                  <td align="center">5507</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2789</td>
                  <td align="center">1277</td>
                  <td align="center">144,446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2</td>
                  <td align="center">1401</td>
                  <td align="center">2238</td>
                  <td align="center">23750</td>
                  <td align="center">4186</td>
                  <td align="center">26136</td>
                  <td align="center">696</td>
                  <td align="center">13858</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">2789</td>
                  <td align="center">13860</td>
                  <td align="center">89,544</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P3</td>
                  <td align="center">5128</td>
                  <td align="center">2653</td>
                  <td align="center">26719</td>
                  <td align="center">39765</td>
                  <td align="center">69696</td>
                  <td align="center">1545</td>
                  <td align="center">6259</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">15509</td>
                  <td align="center">169,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">48486</td>
                  <td align="center">17424</td>
                  <td align="center">1392</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">1277</td>
                  <td align="center">70,438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P5</td>
                  <td align="center">326</td>
                  <td align="center">849</td>
                  <td align="center">2969</td>
                  <td align="center">3488</td>
                  <td align="center">15246</td>
                  <td align="center">308</td>
                  <td align="center">1727</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2789</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">27,701</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P6</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">756</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4186</td>
                  <td align="center">2178</td>
                  <td align="center">180</td>
                  <td align="center">3764</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">930</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,413</td>
                  <td align="center">1473</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">41858</td>
                  <td align="center">191663</td>
                  <td align="center">1622</td>
                  <td align="center">2964</td>
                  <td align="center">1263</td>
                  <td align="center">2789</td>
                  <td align="center">16338</td>
                  <td align="center">264,381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,481</td>
                  <td align="center">1809</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">10813</td>
                  <td align="center">52272</td>
                  <td align="center">738</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">639</td>
                  <td align="center">70,612</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,683</td>
                  <td align="center">3055</td>
                  <td align="center">2969</td>
                  <td align="center">19185</td>
                  <td align="center">95831</td>
                  <td align="center">1196</td>
                  <td align="center">1778</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">131,188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P10</td>
                  <td align="center">9,119</td>
                  <td align="center">4883</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">43951</td>
                  <td align="center">98009</td>
                  <td align="center">1046</td>
                  <td align="center">13861</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">9296</td>
                  <td align="center">71958</td>
                  <td align="center">252,755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P11</td>
                  <td align="center">2655</td>
                  <td align="center">3054</td>
                  <td align="center">17812</td>
                  <td align="center">7674</td>
                  <td align="center">2178</td>
                  <td align="center">681</td>
                  <td align="center">3668</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">930</td>
                  <td align="center">67414</td>
                  <td align="center">106,697</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P12</td>
                  <td align="center">4613</td>
                  <td align="center">2387</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">698</td>
                  <td align="center">137213</td>
                  <td align="center">469</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">639</td>
                  <td align="center">146,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P13</td>
                  <td align="center">1963</td>
                  <td align="center">878</td>
                  <td align="center">5937</td>
                  <td align="center">27906</td>
                  <td align="center">60984</td>
                  <td align="center">446</td>
                  <td align="center">6411</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">930</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">106,086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P14</td>
                  <td align="center">2469</td>
                  <td align="center">1413</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4186</td>
                  <td align="center">50094</td>
                  <td align="center">639</td>
                  <td align="center">9307</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">14970</td>
                  <td align="center">84,937</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P15</td>
                  <td align="center">6067</td>
                  <td align="center">3313</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">261358</td>
                  <td align="center">857</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">8246</td>
                  <td align="center">281,701</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P16</td>
                  <td align="center">4429</td>
                  <td align="center">2863</td>
                  <td align="center">47500</td>
                  <td align="center">26510</td>
                  <td align="center">39204</td>
                  <td align="center">1754</td>
                  <td align="center">21847</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">2789</td>
                  <td align="center">14970</td>
                  <td align="center">162,498</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P17</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">281</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12006</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12,287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P18</td>
                  <td align="center">908</td>
                  <td align="center">1473</td>
                  <td align="center">14844</td>
                  <td align="center">9418</td>
                  <td align="center">10890</td>
                  <td align="center">442</td>
                  <td align="center">2168</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">930</td>
                  <td align="center">639</td>
                  <td align="center">42,341</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P19</td>
                  <td align="center">2504</td>
                  <td align="center">1493</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">26510</td>
                  <td align="center">78407</td>
                  <td align="center">1142</td>
                  <td align="center">1504</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">930</td>
                  <td align="center">14970</td>
                  <td align="center">127,460</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P20</td>
                  <td align="center">3946</td>
                  <td align="center">2236</td>
                  <td align="center">2969</td>
                  <td align="center">18487</td>
                  <td align="center">71873</td>
                  <td align="center">685</td>
                  <td align="center">4154</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">639</td>
                  <td align="center">106,849</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">3317</td>
                  <td align="center">1991</td>
                  <td align="center">7570</td>
                  <td align="center">18732</td>
                  <td align="center">67953</td>
                  <td align="center">859</td>
                  <td align="center">5539</td>
                  <td align="center">284</td>
                  <td align="center">2045</td>
                  <td align="center">12167</td>
                  <td align="center">120,458</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DP</td>
                  <td align="center">2715</td>
                  <td align="center">1180</td>
                  <td align="center">12613</td>
                  <td align="center">16568</td>
                  <td align="center">66677</td>
                  <td align="center">500</td>
                  <td align="center">5876</td>
                  <td align="center">382</td>
                  <td align="center">1922</td>
                  <td align="center">20783</td>
                  <td align="center">78,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana</td>
                  <td align="center">2579</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                  <td align="center">1484</td>
                  <td align="center">14650</td>
                  <td align="center">56628</td>
                  <td align="center">717</td>
                  <td align="center">3716</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1859</td>
                  <td align="center">1277</td>
                  <td align="center">106,773</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IQR 25</td>
                  <td align="center">1278</td>
                  <td align="center">1279</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4186</td>
                  <td align="center">16879</td>
                  <td align="center">463</td>
                  <td align="center">1671</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">930</td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">70,569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IQR 75</td>
                  <td align="center">4631</td>
                  <td align="center">2747</td>
                  <td align="center">8164</td>
                  <td align="center">30260</td>
                  <td align="center">82763</td>
                  <td align="center">1235</td>
                  <td align="center">7135</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">2789</td>
                  <td align="center">14970</td>
                  <td align="center">150,138</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; IQR: intervalo interquartil; CCE: cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo; CCD: cateterismo card&#237;aco direito; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. *Outros procedimentos incluem hemodi&#225;lise, transfus&#227;o de hemocomponentes, bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas, implanta&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel e/ou terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, reparo mitral transcateter borda a borda, inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter venoso central de inser&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, angioplastia coronariana, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica externa e implanta&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Os custos s&#227;o descritos em d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O procedimento card&#237;aco mais frequente entre os pacientes estudados foi a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito (CCD), realizada em 18 pacientes, com custo m&#233;dio de Int$ 2.045 (DP 1.921). Outros procedimentos card&#237;acos invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos inclu&#237;ram hemodi&#225;lise, hemocomponentes, bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas, implanta&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel e/ou terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, reparo mitral transcateter borda a borda, inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter venoso central de inser&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, angioplastia coronariana, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica externa e implanta&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Nenhum dos pacientes do estudo recebeu dispositivo tempor&#225;rio de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico al&#233;m do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, uma vez que n&#227;o eram eleg&#237;veis para transplante e a ponte para DAVE n&#227;o era poss&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>De forma geral, os pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada apresentaram alta utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de e grande variabilidade nos custos, com mais pacientes registrando custos totais acima do percentil 75 da amostra total, e menos pacientes com valores abaixo do percentil 25. As Figuras 3A e 3B ilustram a variabilidade individual dos custos totais e o total de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o em enfermaria ou UTI por paciente. Os pacientes permaneceram hospitalizados durante aproximadamente 30% do per&#237;odo do estudo (varia&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 100%). O tamanho reduzido da amostra n&#227;o permitiu compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas entre pacientes com diferentes padr&#245;es de consumo de recursos.</p>
        <p>Os custos totais m&#233;dios por paciente foram analisados com base no perfil INTERMACS (INTERMACS &#8804; 3 vs. &gt; 3) no momento da indica&#231;&#227;o de DAVE, estendendo-se at&#233; o &#243;bito ou a conclus&#227;o do estudo durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). De modo geral, os pacientes em pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (INTERMACS &#8804; 3) apresentaram custos aproximadamente 70% superiores aos daqueles em melhor estado cl&#237;nico (p = 0,036). Por outro lado, os pacientes que faleceram durante o acompanhamento registraram custos totais semelhantes aos daqueles que permaneceram vivos at&#233; o final do estudo (p = 0,399). As maiores despesas com hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, procedimentos e exames foram os principais respons&#225;veis pela variabilidade de custos entre os grupos de status INTERMACS. A mortalidade foi equivalente, com seis &#243;bitos em cada um dos dois grupos INTERMACS. Pacientes com INTERMACS &#8804; 3 permaneceram em m&#233;dia 112 dias (DP 53) hospitalizados, enquanto aqueles com INTERMACS &gt; 3 permaneceram em m&#233;dia 62 dias (DP 52).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Custo m&#233;dio estimado por paciente de acordo com o status INTERMACS e desfecho.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo relata os custos m&#233;dicos diretos enfrentados por pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada que n&#227;o t&#234;m acesso a terapias avan&#231;adas (transplante card&#237;aco ou DAVE) no contexto do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro. Entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a grave, com alta mortalidade, o custo m&#233;dio do tratamento foi elevado, alcan&#231;ando Int$ 120 457 ao longo de 15 meses de acompanhamento. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais achados.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises de custo assistencial em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada tratados clinicamente e que n&#227;o s&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para terapias de prolongamento da vida permanecem limitadas. Russo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> em 2008, avaliaram o bra&#231;o de tratamento cl&#237;nico do estudo <italic>Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure</italic> e constataram que o custo m&#233;dio do cuidado nos dois &#250;ltimos anos de vida foi de USD$ 156 169, sendo 50,5% (USD$ 78.880,39) incorridos nos &#250;ltimos seis meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nossos dados contempor&#226;neos confirmam que o manejo cl&#237;nico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o vulner&#225;vel continua caro, especialmente entre aqueles com maior gravidade cl&#237;nica no momento em que a terapia com DAVE &#233; considerada. Os custos assistenciais e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de aumentam entre os pacientes que evoluem para &#243;bito, apesar do menor tempo de vida. Isso sugere que uma estrat&#233;gia potencial para redu&#231;&#227;o de custos pode envolver uma identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce de pacientes com curso cl&#237;nico pior. A falta de encaminhamento oportuno para terapias avan&#231;adas continua sendo um desafio, mas, conforme indica nossa an&#225;lise de custos, pode representar uma oportunidade importante para interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os custos observados associados &#224; IC avan&#231;ada diferem substancialmente daqueles observados em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica e est&#225;vel. Um estudo anterior que utilizou t&#233;cnicas de microcustos para avaliar as despesas ambulatoriais constatou que o custo anual para pacientes na classe funcional I da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) foi de Int$ 510, enquanto aqueles nas classes III/IV da NYHA apresentaram um custo de Int$ 1.334 por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Como o esperado, pacientes com doen&#231;a mais grave demandaram mais recursos, com at&#233; 74% dos custos atribu&#237;dos a exames e procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos. Esses achados refor&#231;am a necessidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes de alto risco e sugerem que uma aten&#231;&#227;o maior &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade das terapias avan&#231;adas pode ser necess&#225;ria. Tais insights podem contribuir para pol&#237;ticas mais eficientes de aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos em sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos custos diretos relacionados ao tratamento da IC avan&#231;ada, os custos indiretos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o relevantes, mas permanecem pouco quantificados na maioria dos cen&#225;rios. A literatura sugere que os custos indiretos possam representar at&#233; 40% do custo total do manejo da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Como nosso estudo avaliou apenas os custos diretos com sa&#250;de, incluindo medicamentos, devemos ter cautela ao interpretar os dados apresentados. Ainda assim, &#233; prov&#225;vel que nossas estimativas subestimem o real impacto social. Avalia&#231;&#245;es abrangentes do impacto econ&#244;mico da IC sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de devem considerar fatores como perda de produtividade dos pacientes e/ou familiares, necessidade de cuidadores, aquisi&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos e transporte para visitas frequentes a unidades de sa&#250;de para consultas e exames diagn&#243;sticos. Infelizmente, os custos indiretos s&#227;o capturados de forma inadequada pelos sistemas eletr&#244;nicos de sa&#250;de e bases de dados administrativas atualmente dispon&#237;veis no Brasil. Portanto, nossos achados provavelmente subestimam o custo total associado ao manejo m&#233;dico da IC avan&#231;ada.</p>
      <p>Nossas descobertas destacam a import&#226;ncia de realizar estudos de custo-efetividade para op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento destinadas &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada. Estudos anteriores que avaliaram os dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda sugeriram uma rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade desfavor&#225;vel; no entanto, essas an&#225;lises est&#227;o agora desatualizadas, pois foram baseadas em sistemas considerados obsoletos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Com os avan&#231;os na tecnologia dos DAVEs e melhorias na gest&#227;o m&#233;dica, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e na utiliza&#231;&#227;o geral de recursos de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise recente realizada no Reino Unido utilizando o dispositivo HeartMate 3, em terapia de destino, demonstrou limiares de custo-efetividade significativos para os pagadores p&#250;blicos. Este estudo relatou uma raz&#227;o incremental de custo-efetividade de &#163;47 361 por ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (QALY) ganho, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a terapia m&#233;dica otimizada, com raz&#245;es ainda mais favor&#225;veis observadas entre pacientes mais graves (INTERMACS &lt; 3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esperamos que estudos como o nosso possam contribuir com dados valiosos para futuras an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade ou custo-utilidade baseadas em evid&#234;ncias do mundo real.</p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante do nosso estudo est&#225; na sua concentra&#231;&#227;o exclusiva nos custos diretos da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, com aten&#231;&#227;o limitada aos custos indiretos (conforme discutido anteriormente). Embora as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es tenham sido o principal fator financeiro para os pacientes inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise, outros custos diretos &#8212; como a administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos em ambiente ambulatorial &#8212; n&#227;o foram considerados. Al&#233;m disso, os custos hospitalares diretos foram obtidos a partir de um &#250;nico centro p&#250;blico localizado no sul do Brasil, e a estrutura financeira dessa institui&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica influenciou as estimativas de custo por unidade utilizadas em nossa an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o conseguimos abordar as poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es de custo entre diferentes sistemas hospitalares, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o individual de recursos e as aloca&#231;&#245;es de custos entre os sistemas de pagamento p&#250;blico e privado. Este relat&#243;rio representa uma refer&#234;ncia do mundo real sobre os custos associados ao tratamento de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada que seriam eleg&#237;veis para terapia com DAVE. Esses pacientes frequentemente apresentam uma trajet&#243;ria cl&#237;nica heterog&#234;nea e din&#226;mica, com comorbidades que impactam significativamente o progn&#243;stico e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Para padronizar o per&#237;odo do estudo, utilizamos o momento da indica&#231;&#227;o para terapias avan&#231;adas como ponto de refer&#234;ncia. No entanto, muitos desses pacientes podem ter sido encaminhados tardiamente, uma vez que n&#227;o foram considerados candidatos ao transplante card&#237;aco. &#201; importante destacar que este &#233; um estudo gerador de hip&#243;teses, com uma amostra limitada, o que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o ao interpretar e aplicar os resultados. De modo geral, acreditamos que os custos reais do cuidado com a IC avan&#231;ada podem ter sido subestimados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente dos custos diretos de sa&#250;de associados a pacientes com IC que s&#227;o candidatos &#224; terapia com DAVE como tratamento definitivo, mas que n&#227;o conseguem receber essa interven&#231;&#227;o que salva vidas. Nossos achados estabelecem as bases para futuras an&#225;lises econ&#244;micas voltadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias de sa&#250;de existentes e emergentes para IC avan&#231;ada, com o objetivo final de orientar modelos de cuidado eficazes e financeiramente sustent&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#245;es dos componentes dos custos para a coorte de pacientes; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva. Outros procedimentos incluem hemodi&#225;lise, transfus&#227;o de hemocomponentes, bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas, implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel e/ou terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, reparo mitral transcateter borda a borda, inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter venoso central perif&#233;rico, angioplastia coronariana, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica externa e implanta&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Dispers&#227;o gr&#225;fica do custo total por paciente. B) Propor&#231;&#227;o de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o por paciente durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Percentual de dias que os pacientes permaneceram em leitos de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e n&#227;o UTI durante o acompanhamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos sinceramente o apoio do Departamento Financeiro do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre na viabiliza&#231;&#227;o do acesso aos dados financeiros.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Livia Adams Goldraich pelo Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncia Cardiovascular da UFRGS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2019-0500. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi financiado pela Abbott Laboratories por meio de uma colabora&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa com a Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul. O patrocinador n&#227;o teve envolvimento na coleta de dados, nas estrat&#233;gias de an&#225;lise ou nas decis&#245;es relacionadas &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240813i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Cost of Medical Management in Advanced Heart Failure: A Latin American Perspective</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etges</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Beck da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Caroline Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Dayanna Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zuckermann</surname>
            <given-names>Andreas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8683-7044</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mehra</surname>
            <given-names>Mandeep R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada e Transplante Card&#237;aco, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="AT">Austria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Carisi Anne Polanczyk Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cpolanczyk@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The financial burden faced by patients with advanced heart failure (HF) who are ineligible for heart transplantation or lack have access to advanced therapy with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) has not been described in Latin American.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To conduct a microcosting study in patients who were otherwise eligible for LVAD therapy who did not have access to it.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We evaluated the direct costs of care in a cohort of advanced HF patients treated at a Brazilian public hospital who were candidates for LVAD therapy (and ineligible for transplantation) but lacked access to the procedure. A patient-level cost analysis was performed from the time LVAD need was identified until death or end of follow-up. The total cost per patient was calculated using the time-driven activity-based costing methodology and expressed in international dollars (Int$). Patients were stratified by disease severity and all-cause mortality to assess cost variability.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>
            <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This study highlights the financial burden associated with ongoing medical management of advanced HF in patients who would otherwise be eligible for LVAD therapy. These findings provide a basis for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of device-based, life-saving interventions in selected advanced HF populations.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The Cost of Medical Management in Advanced Heart Failure: A Latin American Perspective</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Costs and Cost Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Latin America</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Abbott Laboratories</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Abbott Laboratories through a research collaboration with Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul. The sponsor did not have a role in data collection, analysis strategies or decisions for publication.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Advanced heart failure (HF), a stage of disease marked by resistance to traditional pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, is associated with high morbidity and mortality, as well as increased healthcare resource utilization and costs for both individuals and society.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As populations age and benefit from improved therapies for early onset cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of advanced HF continues to rise, leading to a substantial societal burden and loss of productivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While heart transplantation is now an established therapy for advanced HF, a substantial number of individuals are ineligible due to comorbidity or other reasons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> For these patients, a durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) serves as a life-prolonging therapy; otherwise, they are often relegated to palliative care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the United States, 27,298 long-term LVADs were implanted between 2010 and 2019; in 2019 alone, the number of LVAD implants nearly matched the number of heart transplants performed nationwide, with the majority of cases classified as destination therapy for patients deemed ineligible for transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In Europe, approximately 500 individuals per year have received an LVAD over the last 10 years, and this number is steadily growing, due to the limited availability of donor organs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The outcomes for patients with long-term DAVE have improved substantially over time, largely due to better patient selection, enhanced clinical management, and the introduction of the fully magnetically levitated HeartMate 3 pump (Abbott, USA). Median survival now exceeds five years, particularly among patients who are otherwise ineligible for transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, LVADs are not available in most low- and middle-income countries due to concerns of cost-effectiveness. In Brazil, the HeartMate 3 LVAD is accessible only through private insurance or philanthropic research initiatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The cost of care for patients with advanced HF who are unable to receive LVAD therapy remains largely unknown, despite its potential relevance for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of such interventions.</p>
        <p>Healthcare resource utilization and the cost of care for patients with advanced HF who are treated without the possibility of salvage through LVAD or transplantation may represent a financial burden that is not readily recognized by individuals, healthcare systems, payors and governments. In selected cases, the judicious use of destination LVAD therapy may prove to be cost-effective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, the present study, conducted within the Brazilian public healthcare system, aims to evaluate the longitudinal costs of medical management of advanced HF in patients who might have been eligible for destination LVAD therapy but lacked access to the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted a microcosting study (a financial estimation method that includes resource use and unit cost) to evaluate direct costs of a cohort of patients with advanced HF from the perspective of a public university hospital, in a regional reference center for advanced HF therapies. The sample consisted of patients with advanced HF who were ineligible to undergo a heart transplant but were eligible to receive an LVAD as an indication for destination therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>We defined a cohort of consecutive adult patients with advanced-stage HF who met eligibility criteria for LVAD implantation as destination therapy but were unable to receive such treatment at our institution between January 2015, and May 2023. Advanced HF was defined through clinical evaluation, incorporating symptom burden, objective prognostic parameters and therapeutic interventions (such as inotropic therapy), as outlined by European and North-American cardiology societies and summarized by Truby and Rogers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Exclusion criteria included those patients who underwent a heart transplant or a LVAD implantation, those with private insurance coverage, and those primarily followed at other institutions.</p>
          <p>The clinical reasons for transplantation ineligibility were advanced age, severe pulmonary hypertension, obesity, active smoking, frailty and other comorbidities. Our program adheres to the guidelines of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation regarding contraindications for transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Severe pulmonary hypertension was defined as pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 3 Wood units, not responsive to vasodilatory challenge. The flowchart of patients eligible for long-term LVAD therapy and selected for inclusion in the cost analysis is in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patients eligible for long-term left ventricular assistance device (LVAD) therapy at the reference center that were selected for cost analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The data collection period for each patient began when the clinical team considered an indication for advanced therapy &#8211; either heart transplantation or LVAD &#8211; or at hospital admission for those already hospitalized on that date. The cost acquisition interval was censored at death, at the end of study follow-up on June 30, 2023 or at discharge for patients hospitalized on that date. Data sources included electronic discharge summaries, progress notes, outpatient clinic records, and heart transplant/DAVE assessment forms. Individual patient-level cost analysis included all hospital encounters, including clinic visits, diagnostic tests, procedures, and hospitalizations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost data</title>
          <p>Cost components for THE overall cost analysis were obtained using the time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) methodology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this approach, in which, resource consumption is measured based on the patient care cycle, considering both the unit cost of delivering care and the time required to perform each transaction or activity. Cost data related to personnel, infrastructure, procedures, and diagnostic tests (including imaging) were extracted from hospital administrative records, following the methodology used in previous studies focused on specific procedures and services provided to patients with advanced HF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sources of cost component information with updated values for the year of 2023</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Healthcare provider</th>
                    <th scope="col">Salaries plus charges (Int$/h)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Source of information</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clinical cardiologist</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Interventional cardiologist</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Medical resident</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Imaging cardiologist</td>
                    <td align="center">82</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular surgeon</td>
                    <td align="center">82</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nurse</td>
                    <td align="center">38</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nursing technician</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physiotherapist</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Perfusionist</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anesthesiologist</td>
                    <td align="center">93</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Infrastructure in hospitalization units</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unit</td>
                    <td align="center">Fixed costs assigned to the unit (Int$)</td>
                    <td align="center">Source of information</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Catheterization laboratory</td>
                    <td align="center">433 (hour)</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary care unit</td>
                    <td align="center">2178 (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intensive care unit</td>
                    <td align="center">2969 (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inpatient ward</td>
                    <td align="center">349 (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Procedures and services*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure and/or service</td>
                    <td align="center">Cost (Int$ per unit)</td>
                    <td align="center">Source of information</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PICC insertion</td>
                    <td align="center">638</td>
                    <td align="center">[28]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central venous catheter insertion</td>
                    <td align="center">259</td>
                    <td align="center">[28]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA II patient clinic consultation**</td>
                    <td align="center">176</td>
                    <td align="center">[29]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA III and IV patient clinic consultation**</td>
                    <td align="center">593</td>
                    <td align="center">[29]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Day-hospital visit</td>
                    <td align="center">76</td>
                    <td align="center">[30]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemodialysis session</td>
                    <td align="center">488</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary angioplasty</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 1664 + Professionals and room 1407</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left heart catheterization</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 240 + Professionals and room 390</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right heart catheterization</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 484 + Professionals and room 445</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intra-aortic balloon pump insertion</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 1281 + Professionals and room 678</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Endomyocardial biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 743+ Professionals and room 390</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICD implantation</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials + 11983 Professionals and room 1609</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Electrical cardioversion</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 33 + Professionals and room 234</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mitral valve TEER</td>
                    <td align="center">Materials 62015 + Professionals and room 2363</td>
                    <td align="center">Institutional financial department</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Int$: d&#243;lares internacionais; PICC: dos exames realizados no mesmo dia da visita. Int$: international dollars; PICC: for exams performed on the same day of the visit. NYHA: New York Heart Association; * Supplemental Table I describes the time spent by professionals and the cost of individual procedures. ** Outpatient visits include the cost of exams performed on the same day.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Medication costs were derived from patient-level consumption data obtained through the institutional administrative system. Procedural costs included materials, professional fees, and infrastructure. Interviews were performed to estimate the average time healthcare professionals dedicated to each procedure, consultation, outpatient clinic visit, and day-hospital care. Costs for individual hospital units &#8211; such as inpatient wards, intensive care units (ICUs), and catheterization laboratory &#8211; covered depreciation, energy, administrative supplies, professional salaries, and other expenses. For professional salaries, the exact staffing allocation for each unit was calculated, including the ICU area specifically designated for cardiology patients, which has a different staffing structure. The average monthly direct fixed cost for each unit was computed and divided by the unit&#8217;s monthly service capacity. For example, for the ICU, the capacity was determined based on the number of available beds: 45 beds operating 24 hours a day, 30 days, totaling 32,400 hours. The average daily cost was calculated by dividing the total cost attributed to the unit by the number of beds and working days. Hospitalization costs were then determined by multiplying the time each patient spent in a given unit by the corresponding cost per unit of time.</p>
          <p>Cost components were calculated and aggregated to determine the total cost per patient. Descriptive cost analyses included mean, standard deviation (SD), median, and interquartile range. Patients were stratified by clinical variables &#8211; specifically, disease severity as classified by INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) profiles &#8211; and by mortality outcome of death was performed to estimate cost variability. Also, an estimated annual cost <italic>per</italic> patient was calculated to represent the expected annual economic burden of patients with this clinical condition to the providers. As the study cohort included patients with varying follow-up durations, the total cost per patient was divided by the number of months of follow-up and then multiplied by 12. This adjustment is important to consider when applying the data to future economic models. All values were adjusted to the year 2023 using the Brazilian Broad National Consumer Price Index accumulated from the time the data was originally obtained (for costs extracted from scientific articles). These values are presented in international dollars (Int$) to reflect purchasing power parity, based on the World Bank conversion factor available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP (accessed on March 29, 2024). For reference, Int$ 1,000 is equivalent to US$ 1,000 and R$ 2,580. Comparisons between INTERMACS &gt; 3 and INTERMACS &#8804; 3 profiles, as well as between outcomes (alive vs. deceased) were performed using Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test. All analyses were performed using Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup> Excel for Mac.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
          <p>The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee, and informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study. All researchers signed a confidentiality agreement to access individual data. The study was conducted independently and with full autonomy by the authors, without any interference from the sponsor.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The inclusion and exclusion criteria were met in 20 consecutive patients with advanced HF. Their mean age was 51 years, and 90% were male. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort. Three-quarter of patients were hospitalized at the time of inclusion and nearly half of them were in INTERMACS status &#8804; 3 [these represent grades of stability on inotropic therapy from the least (1) to most (3) stable] when a destination LVAD was considered but could not be implanted. At the time of study inclusion, the proportion of guideline directed medical therapy for HF was relatively low (largely due to tolerability). SGLT2 inhibitors were not readily accessible in Brazil for HF treatment before 2022, hence use rates were low, however, utility in advanced HF remains uncertain as such patients were generally not included in the pivotal trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Demographics and comorbidities</th>
                  <th>N = 20</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex, male</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation or flutter</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Characteristics of heart failure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic etiology</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21 [0.20- 0.24]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INTERMACS &#8804; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac index, L/min/m<sup>2 a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary vascular resistance, Wood units <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitor/ ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neprilysin inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mineralocorticoid antagonist</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGLT2 inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intravenous inotrope</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Median follow-up time, months</td>
                  <td align="center">15 [7.7 - 21.7]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data expressed as number (percentage), mean &#177; standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. <sup>a</sup>Data available for 16 patients. <sup>b</sup>Data available for 17 patients.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The main contraindication to ineligibility for heart transplantation was pulmonary hypertension, followed by comorbidities. Overall survival was 40% at the end of a median of 15 months (min 4, max 36) of follow-up; eleven patients died due to progressive pump failure, and one from sudden death. Individual patients&#8217; clinical severity characteristics and resource utilization information are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical severity characteristics and resource utilization data for individual patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient</th>
                  <th>Sex</th>
                  <th>Age, years</th>
                  <th>INTERMACS Status</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Risk conditions for transplant</th>
                  <th>Year of LVAD indication</th>
                  <th>Follow-up time, months</th>
                  <th>Status at end of follow-up</th>
                  <th>Emergency visits and/or hospitalizations</th>
                  <th>Admission to ICU, days</th>
                  <th>Admission to ward and/or emergency room, days</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>P1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P3</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P4</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P5</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P6</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Previous sternotomy, PAOD</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P7</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P8</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P9</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2015</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P10</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P11</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">COPD, PAOD</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P12</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P13</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Active smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P14</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P15</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P16</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Frailty, poorly controlled DM</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P17</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Cannabis-related pneumonitis</td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">Alive</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P18</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Obesity, poorly controlled DM</td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P19</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Frailty, COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P20</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>M: male; F: female; INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; ICU: intensive care unit; PAOD: peripheral arterial occlusive disease; COPD: chronic obstructive lung disease; DM: diabetes mellitus. * P15 had a single, prolonged hospitalization since the initial clinical presentation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost analysis</title>
          <p>The average cost per patient was Int$ 120,457 (SD 78,029), which represents a mean monthly cost of Int$ 8,030. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> describes the cost composition <italic>per</italic> patient included in the study, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, the cost composition proportion. Patients spent 31 (SD 30) days in ICUs and 53 (SD 47) days in non-ICU units between the date of LVAD indication and the end of the study follow-up. Indeed, hospitalizations represented more than two-thirds of the total cost (56% in intensive care, and 16% in non-ICU care). Medications exclusively dispensed in-hospital accounted for 3% of the average overall cost.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of cost components, total cost, and annual cost per individual patient</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Patient</th>
                    <th>Medications</th>
                    <th>Tests</th>
                    <th>ER visits</th>
                    <th>Admission to ward</th>
                    <th>Admission to ICU</th>
                    <th>Consultations</th>
                    <th>Day-hospital and clinics</th>
                    <th>LHC</th>
                    <th>RHC</th>
                    <th>Other cardiovascular and invasive procedures, hemodialysis and blood products</th>
                    <th>Overall cost</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P1</td>
                    <td align="center">9,146</td>
                    <td align="center">2,709</td>
                    <td align="center">5,937</td>
                    <td align="center">37,324</td>
                    <td align="center">78,407</td>
                    <td align="center">1,350</td>
                    <td align="center">5,507</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2,789</td>
                    <td align="center">1,277</td>
                    <td align="center">144,446</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P2</td>
                    <td align="center">1,401</td>
                    <td align="center">2,238</td>
                    <td align="center">23,750</td>
                    <td align="center">4,186</td>
                    <td align="center">26,136</td>
                    <td align="center">696</td>
                    <td align="center">13,858</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">2,789</td>
                    <td align="center">13,860</td>
                    <td align="center">89,544</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P3</td>
                    <td align="center">5,128</td>
                    <td align="center">2,653</td>
                    <td align="center">26,719</td>
                    <td align="center">39,765</td>
                    <td align="center">69,696</td>
                    <td align="center">1,545</td>
                    <td align="center">6,259</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">15,509</td>
                    <td align="center">169,133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P4</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">48,486</td>
                    <td align="center">17,424</td>
                    <td align="center">1,392</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">1,277</td>
                    <td align="center">70,438</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P5</td>
                    <td align="center">326</td>
                    <td align="center">849</td>
                    <td align="center">2,969</td>
                    <td align="center">3,488</td>
                    <td align="center">15,246</td>
                    <td align="center">308</td>
                    <td align="center">1,727</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2,789</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">27,701</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P6</td>
                    <td align="center">87</td>
                    <td align="center">756</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4,186</td>
                    <td align="center">2,178</td>
                    <td align="center">180</td>
                    <td align="center">3,764</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">930</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">12,082</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P7</td>
                    <td align="center">4,413</td>
                    <td align="center">1,473</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">41,858</td>
                    <td align="center">191,663</td>
                    <td align="center">1,622</td>
                    <td align="center">2,964</td>
                    <td align="center">1,263</td>
                    <td align="center">2,789</td>
                    <td align="center">16,338</td>
                    <td align="center">264,381</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P8</td>
                    <td align="center">2,481</td>
                    <td align="center">1,809</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">10,813</td>
                    <td align="center">52,272</td>
                    <td align="center">738</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">639</td>
                    <td align="center">70,612</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P9</td>
                    <td align="center">4,683</td>
                    <td align="center">3,055</td>
                    <td align="center">2,969</td>
                    <td align="center">19,185</td>
                    <td align="center">95,831</td>
                    <td align="center">1,196</td>
                    <td align="center">1,778</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">131,188</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P10</td>
                    <td align="center">9,119</td>
                    <td align="center">4,883</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">43,951</td>
                    <td align="center">98,009</td>
                    <td align="center">1,046</td>
                    <td align="center">13,861</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">9,296</td>
                    <td align="center">71,958</td>
                    <td align="center">252,755</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P11</td>
                    <td align="center">2,655</td>
                    <td align="center">3,054</td>
                    <td align="center">17,812</td>
                    <td align="center">7,674</td>
                    <td align="center">2,178</td>
                    <td align="center">681</td>
                    <td align="center">3,668</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">930</td>
                    <td align="center">67,414</td>
                    <td align="center">106,697</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P12</td>
                    <td align="center">4,613</td>
                    <td align="center">2,387</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">698</td>
                    <td align="center">137,213</td>
                    <td align="center">469</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">639</td>
                    <td align="center">146,019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P13</td>
                    <td align="center">1,963</td>
                    <td align="center">878</td>
                    <td align="center">5,937</td>
                    <td align="center">27,906</td>
                    <td align="center">60,984</td>
                    <td align="center">446</td>
                    <td align="center">6,411</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">930</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">106,086</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P14</td>
                    <td align="center">2,469</td>
                    <td align="center">1,413</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4,186</td>
                    <td align="center">50,094</td>
                    <td align="center">639</td>
                    <td align="center">9,307</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">14,970</td>
                    <td align="center">84,937</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P15</td>
                    <td align="center">6,067</td>
                    <td align="center">3,313</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">261,358</td>
                    <td align="center">857</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">8,246</td>
                    <td align="center">281,701</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P16</td>
                    <td align="center">4,429</td>
                    <td align="center">2,863</td>
                    <td align="center">47,500</td>
                    <td align="center">26,510</td>
                    <td align="center">39,204</td>
                    <td align="center">1,754</td>
                    <td align="center">21,847</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">2,789</td>
                    <td align="center">14,970</td>
                    <td align="center">162,498</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P17</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">281</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">12,006</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">12,287</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P18</td>
                    <td align="center">908</td>
                    <td align="center">1,473</td>
                    <td align="center">14,844</td>
                    <td align="center">9,418</td>
                    <td align="center">10,890</td>
                    <td align="center">442</td>
                    <td align="center">2,168</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">930</td>
                    <td align="center">639</td>
                    <td align="center">42,341</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P19</td>
                    <td align="center">2,504</td>
                    <td align="center">1,493</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">26,510</td>
                    <td align="center">78,407</td>
                    <td align="center">1,142</td>
                    <td align="center">1,504</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">930</td>
                    <td align="center">14,970</td>
                    <td align="center">127,460</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P20</td>
                    <td align="center">3,946</td>
                    <td align="center">2,236</td>
                    <td align="center">2,969</td>
                    <td align="center">18,487</td>
                    <td align="center">71,873</td>
                    <td align="center">685</td>
                    <td align="center">4,154</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">639</td>
                    <td align="center">106,849</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean</td>
                    <td align="center">3,317</td>
                    <td align="center">1,991</td>
                    <td align="center">7,570</td>
                    <td align="center">18,732</td>
                    <td align="center">67,953</td>
                    <td align="center">859</td>
                    <td align="center">5,539</td>
                    <td align="center">284</td>
                    <td align="center">2,045</td>
                    <td align="center">12,167</td>
                    <td align="center">120,458</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SD</td>
                    <td align="center">2,715</td>
                    <td align="center">1,180</td>
                    <td align="center">12,613</td>
                    <td align="center">16,568</td>
                    <td align="center">66,677</td>
                    <td align="center">500</td>
                    <td align="center">5,876</td>
                    <td align="center">382</td>
                    <td align="center">1,922</td>
                    <td align="center">20,783</td>
                    <td align="center">78,029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median</td>
                    <td align="center">2,579</td>
                    <td align="center">2,023</td>
                    <td align="center">1,484</td>
                    <td align="center">14,650</td>
                    <td align="center">56,628</td>
                    <td align="center">717</td>
                    <td align="center">3,716</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1,859</td>
                    <td align="center">1,277</td>
                    <td align="center">106,773</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IQR 25</td>
                    <td align="center">1,278</td>
                    <td align="center">1,279</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">4,186</td>
                    <td align="center">16,879</td>
                    <td align="center">463</td>
                    <td align="center">1,671</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">930</td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">70,569</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IQR 75</td>
                    <td align="center">4,631</td>
                    <td align="center">2,747</td>
                    <td align="center">8,164</td>
                    <td align="center">30,260</td>
                    <td align="center">82,763</td>
                    <td align="center">1,235</td>
                    <td align="center">7,135</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">2,789</td>
                    <td align="center">14,970</td>
                    <td align="center">150,138</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>ER: emergency room; ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range; LHC: left heart catheterization; RHC: right heart catheterization; SD: standard deviation. *Other procedures include hemodialysis, blood products, endomyocardial biopsies, implantable cardioverter defibrillator and/or cardiac resynchronization therapy insertion, transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair, peripherally inserted central catheter insertion, coronary angioplasty, external electrical cardioversion and intra-aortic balloon pump implantation. Costs are described in international dollars (Int$).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The most frequent cardiac procedure among studied patients was right heart catheterization (RHC) (18 patients), with an average cost of Int$ 2,045 (SD 1,921). Other invasive and non-invasive cardiac procedures included hemodialysis, blood products, endomyocardial biopsies, implantable cardioverter defibrillator and/or cardiac resynchronization therapy insertion, transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair, peripherally inserted central catheter insertion, coronary angioplasty, external electrical cardioversion and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) implantation. None of the study patients received a temporary mechanical circulatory support device other than IABP since they were not transplant-eligible, and bridging to a LVAD was not possible.</p>
          <p>Overall, patients with advanced HF demonstrated high health care resource utilization and cost variability, with more patients registering a total cost higher than the percentile 75 of the total sample, and less patients with cost values lower than the percentile 25. Figures 3A and 3B illustrate the individual variability of total costs and the individual total of days hospitalized in the ward or in an ICU. Patients spent around 30% of the study period hospitalized (range 0-100%). The small sample size did not allow statistical comparisons among patients with distinct resource consumption patterns.</p>
          <p>Average total costs per patient were further analyzed based on the INTERMACS profile (INTERMACS &#8804; 3 vs. &gt; 3) at the time of LVAD indication, continuing through to either death or study completion during the follow-up period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). Overall, patients in poorer clinical condition (INTERMACS &#8804; 3) incurred costs nearly 70% higher than those in better status (p = 0.036). Meanwhile, patients who died during follow-up had similar total costs compared to those who survived until the end of the study (p= 0.399). Higher expenses with hospitalizations, procedures, and tests largely drove the cost variability between groups of INTERMACS status. The mortality was equivalent, as six patients died in each of the two INTERMACS groups. Patients with INTERMACS &#8804; 3 spent an average of 112 (SD 53) days in the hospital, while those with INTERMACS &gt; 3 spent an average of 62 (SD 52) days.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Estimated mean cost per patient according to INTERMACS status and outcome.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study reports the direct medical costs encountered among patients with advanced HF who are unable to receive advanced therapies (heart transplantation or LVAD) within the Brazilian public health system context. Among severely ill patients with high mortality the average treatment cost was high, reaching Int$ 120,457 in a 15-month follow-up period. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main findings.</p>
        <p>Cost of care analyses in medically managed advanced HF patients who are not eligible for life-prolonging therapy remain limited. Russo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> in 2008, evaluated the medical management arm of the Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive HF trial, and found that the average cost of care during the final two years of life was USD$156,169, with 50.5% (USD$78,880.39) incurred in the last six months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our contemporary data confirms that medical management for this vulnerable patient population continues to be costly, particularly among those with greater clinical severity at the time LVAD therapy is considered. Healthcare costs and resource utilization escalate in patients who die, despite their shorter lifespan. This suggests that one potential strategy to reduce costs may involve earlier identification of patients with a markedly declining clinical trajectory. The lack of timely referral for advanced therapies remains a challenge, but as our cost analysis indicates, it may represent a critical opportunity for intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The observed costs associated with advanced HF differ substantially from those incurred by patients with chronic, stable HF. A previous study employing microcosting techniques to assess ambulatory expenses found that the annual cost for patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I was Int$ 510, whereas those in NYHA class III/IV accounted for Int$ 1334 per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> As expected, patients with more severe disease were more resource-intensive, with up to 74% of their costs attributed to diagnostic tests and procedures. These findings further support the need for earlier identification of high-risk patients and suggest that greater attention to the cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies may be warranted. Such insights could inform more efficient healthcare resource allocation policies, particularly within publicly funded systems.</p>
        <p>In addition to the direct costs related to the treatment of advanced HF, indirect costs are also relevant but remain poorly quantified in most scenarios. The literature suggests that indirect costs may account for up to 40% of the total cost of disease management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Since our study assessed only direct healthcare costs, including medications, we should be cautious when interpreting the present data. Nonetheless, it is likely that our estimates underestimate the actual societal burden. Comprehensive evaluations of the economic impact of HF on the healthcare system should consider factors such as loss of productivity for patients and/or family members, the need for caregivers, medication acquisition, and transportation for frequent visits to healthcare facilities for consultations and diagnostic tests. Unfortunately, indirect costs are inadequately captured by current Brazilian electronic health systems and administrative databases. Therefore, our findings likely underrepresent the total cost associated with the medical management of advanced HF.</p>
        <p>Our findings highlight the importance of conducting cost-effectiveness studies for treatment options aimed at salvaging patients with advanced HF. Previous studies evaluating LVADs suggested unfavorable cost-effectiveness; however, these analyses are now outdated, as they were based on legacy systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> With advancements in LVAD technology and improvements in medical management, there has been a notable reduction in hospitalizations and overall healthcare resource utilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent analysis conducted in the United Kingdom using the contemporary HeartMate 3 LVAD for destination therapy demonstrated cost-effectiveness thresholds that are meaningful for public payers. This study reported an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of &#163;47,361 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained compared to optimal medical therapy, with even more favorable ratios observed among sicker patients (INTERMACS &lt; 3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>We hope that studies like ours can contribute valuable data to future cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analyses based on real-world evidence.</p>
        <p>A major limitation of our study lies in its exclusive focus on direct healthcare costs, with limited attention to indirect costs (as previously discussed). Although hospitalizations were the primary financial driver for the patients included in this analysis, other direct costs&#8212;such as outpatient medication administration&#8212;were not accounted for. Additionally, the direct hospital costs were derived from a single publicly funded center in southern Brazil, and the financial structure of this specific institution influenced the unit cost estimates used in our analysis.</p>
        <p>We were unable to address potential cost variations across different hospital systems, individual resource utilization, and cost allocations between private and public payer systems. This report provides a real-world reference for the costs associated with treating patients with advanced HF who are otherwise eligible for LVAD therapy. These patients often present with a heterogeneous and dynamic disease trajectory, with comorbidities significantly impacting prognosis and clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>To standardize the study period, we used the time of indication for advanced therapies as a reference point. However, many patients may have been referred late in their disease course, as they were not considered candidates for heart transplantation. Importantly, this is a hypothesis-generating study with a limited sample size, which should be considered when interpreting and applying the findings. Overall, we believe that the actual costs of care for advanced HF may have been underestimated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of direct healthcare costs associated with patients with advanced HF who are candidates for destination LVAD therapy but are unable to receive this life-saving treatment. Our findings lay the groundwork for future economic analyses aimed at evaluating both existing and emerging healthcare technologies for advanced HF, with the ultimate goal of informing financially sustainable models of effective care.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Proportions of cost components for the overall patient cohort. ICU: intensive care unit; Int$, international dollars. Other procedures include hemodialysis, blood products, endomyocardial biopsies, implantable cardioverter defibrillator and/or cardiac resynchronization therapy insertion, transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair, peripherally inserted central catheter insertion, coronary angioplasty, external electrical cardioversion and intra-aortic balloon pump implantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Graphical dispersion of total cost per patient. B) Proportion of hospitalization days per patient during the study period. Percentage of days patients spent in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU beds during their follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240813-40813-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>This study was funded by Abbott Laboratories through a research collaboration with Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul. The sponsor had no involvement in data collection, analysis strategies, or decisions regarding publication.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Livia Adams Goldraich, from Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e ci&#234;ncias cardiovascular da UFRGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 2019-0500. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Abbott Laboratories through a research collaboration with Funda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica do Rio Grande do Sul. The sponsor did not have a role in data collection, analysis strategies or decisions for publication.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
