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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Vd7PkvTLYhHRJCSTQGYknfm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240744</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Consumo Abusivo de &#193;lcool em Cardiopatas: An&#225;lise de Risco pelo Comportamento de Estilo de Vida &#8211; Projeto PROSA (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4492-1621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spaggiari</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Vitale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroni</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Vanalli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthya Ibrahim Guirao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ovanessian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Augusto Mezzalira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>An&#237;sio Alexandre Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishioka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Angelina D&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9660-253X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Freitas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Martino Martinelli Filho &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>martinomartinelli@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240744</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A ingest&#227;o moderada de &#225;lcool parece ter um efeito protetor cardiovascular, enquanto o consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool (CNA) est&#225; associado a altas taxas de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e mortalidade. A quantidade de &#225;lcool ingerido tem sido associada a comportamentos de estilo de vida; no entanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi avaliada em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (DC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o estilo de vida e o CNA em pacientes com DC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo observacional que incluiu um grupo de pacientes com DC e um grupo de volunt&#225;rios, com o objetivo de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o CNA e o comportamento de estilo de vida utilizando um escore de estilo de vida (o escore LBS). O consumo de &#225;lcool foi avaliado por meio do teste AUDIT-C. O LBS foi desenvolvido atribuindo-se 1 ponto para cada vari&#225;vel &#8212; tabagismo; sobrepeso ou obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805;24,9); ansiedade; depress&#227;o; e falta de atividade f&#237;sica &#8212; e classificado como saud&#225;vel (0/1 ponto), regular (2/3 pontos) ou n&#227;o saud&#225;vel (4/5 pontos). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica adotou como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 1999 pacientes com DC e 2081 volunt&#225;rios. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o, controlada por idade e sexo, revelou que os escores de estilo de vida regular e n&#227;o saud&#225;vel s&#227;o preditores independentes do CNA em pacientes com DC (OR = 1,35, p = 0,04 e OR = 1,76, p = 0,001, respectivamente), similarmente ao observado nos volunt&#225;rios. A valida&#231;&#227;o temporal demonstrou boa capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo de regress&#227;o (ROC = 0,80). Al&#233;m disso, melhorias no escore de estilo de vida (LBS) foram associadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do CNA (p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo demonstrou que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de HAC por meio de um novo escore de estilo de vida &#233; um preditor confi&#225;vel em pacientes com DC. Tamb&#233;m foi observado que a melhora nos comportamentos de estilo de vida pode contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o do CNA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Consumo Abusivo de &#193;lcool em Cardiopatas: An&#225;lise de Risco pelo Comportamento de Estilo de Vida &#8211; Projeto PROSA (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)</title>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras chaves:</title>
        <kwd>Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alco&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diversos estudos sugerem potenciais benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares do consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, indicando um efeito protetor contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, para compreender a real rela&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de &#225;lcool e desfechos em sa&#250;de, deve-se considerar diversas vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, o que ainda n&#227;o foi avaliado em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (DC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, a ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel tem sido associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas importantes, incluindo c&#226;ncer, infarto, hipertens&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes e dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em contraste, o consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool (CNA) &#233; reconhecido como um fator que contribui negativamente para os desfechos em sa&#250;de, agravando doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e aumentando tanto a morbidade quanto a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em pacientes com DC, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de &#225;lcool e desfechos em sa&#250;de segue um padr&#227;o dose-resposta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o CNA pode ter consequ&#234;ncias graves ao agravar condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-existentes e representar amea&#231;as significativas &#224; sa&#250;de dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As iniciativas globais de sa&#250;de &#8211; exemplificadas pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) &#8211; t&#234;m buscado promover pesquisas voltadas &#224; compreens&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia do CNA em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O principal desafio permanece em estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e o in&#237;cio ou a progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, esfor&#231;os t&#234;m sido direcionados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o dos riscos potenciais do consumo de &#225;lcool, especialmente em indiv&#237;duos com condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de pr&#233;-existentes, associando esses riscos a comportamentos de estilo de vida. O tabagismo, por exemplo, n&#227;o apenas apresenta uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e o c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m &#233; reconhecido por sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o CNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida espec&#237;fica para a popula&#231;&#227;o, o <italic>Lifestyle Behavior Score</italic> (LBS), &#233; fundamental para identificar fatores associados aos padr&#245;es de consumo de &#225;lcool e permitir an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas robustas adaptadas a popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas. Assim, nossa hip&#243;tese prop&#245;e uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre um LBS n&#227;o saud&#225;vel e o CNA, particularmente em pacientes com DC. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o LBS e o CNA em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo prospectivo que incluiu duas coortes distintas: pacientes com DC e volunt&#225;rios, categorizados de acordo com o padr&#227;o de consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A coorte de pacientes com DC incluiu pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis, diagnosticados com qualquer forma de cardiomiopatia, em seguimento ambulatorial no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP). A coorte de volunt&#225;rios foi recrutada entre familiares ou cuidadores dos pacientes com DC, e entre funcion&#225;rios do hospital. Ambas as coortes inclu&#237;ram indiv&#237;duos de qualquer sexo, g&#234;nero ou ra&#231;a, com 18 anos de idade ou mais. Consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes, e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do InCor-HCFMUSP (CAAE 61741916.0.0000.0068 n&#250;mero do protocolo de aprova&#231;&#227;o 1.846.682, 02 de dezembro, 2016).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Consumo de &#225;lcool, padr&#227;o do consumo e escore de comportamento de estilo de vida</title>
        <p>Para avaliar o consumo de &#225;lcool, aplicamos o <italic>Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test</italic> (C) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, o AUDIT-C n&#227;o especifica o tipo de bebida alco&#243;lica consumida e, por isso, utilizamos o question&#225;rio institucional Q-PROSA (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar</xref>) para avaliar com maior precis&#227;o o tipo de bebida preferido &#8211; cerveja, destilados e/ou vinho &#8211; bem como as quantidades consumidas. Os participantes foram caracterizados de acordo com a quantidade de &#225;lcool ingerida. O CNA foi classificado como &gt;28g de etanol por dia para homens e &gt;14g de etanol por dia para mulheres, ou como consumo epis&#243;dico excessivo (<italic>binge</italic>) conforme o escore do AUDIT-C.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o comportamento relacionado ao estilo de vida, diversos fatores foram avaliados por meio de question&#225;rios padronizados. Os n&#237;veis de depress&#227;o e ansiedade foram avaliados utilizando a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o (HADS, <italic>Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica foram mensurados usando o Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ, <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O status de tabagismo, a escolaridade e a renda foram avaliados por meio de perguntas objetivas. Al&#233;m disso, medidas de peso e altura foram obtidas de todos os participantes. Todos os question&#225;rios utilizados eram vers&#245;es validadas para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa do Brasil.</p>
        <p>O LBS foi constru&#237;do atribuindo-se um ponto para cada uma das seguintes vari&#225;veis: tabagismo; sobrepeso ou obesidade (&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, IMC &#8805; 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>); ansiedade (pontua&#231;&#227;o HADS &gt; 10); depress&#227;o (pontua&#231;&#227;o HADS &gt; 10); e sedentarismo (menos de 600 MET-minutos/semana segundo o IPAQ) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). O comportamento de estilo de vida saud&#225;vel foi pontuado como 0 ou 1 ponto, o estilo de vida regular como 2 ou 3 pontos, e o estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;vel como 4 ou 5 pontos. Os dados do estudo foram coletados e gerenciados utilizando o REDCap &#8211; uma ferramenta de captura eletr&#244;nica de dados para pesquisa hospedada no HCFMUSP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fuxograma do estudo; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; AUDIT-C Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; LBS: Escore de estilo de vida; MET: Metabolic Equivalent of Task.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Todos os dados foram coletados no basal e no final do estudo. O estudo foi planejado para um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos de seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores do LBS e a incid&#234;ncia de CNA entre pacientes com DC. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas para avaliar a capacidade preditiva do modelo LBS na estimativa das taxas de CNA nas coortes de pacientes com DC e de volunt&#225;rios. O desfecho secund&#225;rio envolveu o monitoramento das mudan&#231;as no LBS ao longo do tempo e a an&#225;lise de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as varia&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de CNA. Isso incluiu o acompanhamento longitudinal para avaliar como as flutua&#231;&#245;es no LBS correspondem a mudan&#231;as no comportamento de consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>Dado o n&#250;mero limitado de dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura sobre o <italic>Lifestyle Behavior Score</italic> (LBS) e o CNA, n&#227;o foi realizado c&#225;lculo formal do tamanho amostral. Em vez disso, foram definidas, por conveni&#234;ncia, duas grandes coortes de 2000 indiv&#237;duos cada.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens ou m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o, conforme apropriado. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro&#8211;Wilk, e as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas utilizando o teste t para amostras independentes ou o teste do qui-quadrado. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria das vari&#225;veis foi registrada em formatos dicot&#244;micos ou categ&#243;ricos, com base em pontos de corte consensuais estabelecidos ou julgamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>O modelo de treinamento para previs&#227;o do CNA com base no LBS foi avaliado por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com abordagem <italic>stepwise</italic>. As vari&#225;veis foram selecionadas para inclus&#227;o nos modelos log&#237;sticos com base em dois crit&#233;rios: valor de p inferior a 0,25 na an&#225;lise univariada e aus&#234;ncia de colinearidade. A qualidade de ajuste foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL). A valida&#231;&#227;o interna foi realizada utilizando a t&#233;cnica de <italic>bootstrap</italic> log&#237;stico com 1000 r&#233;plicas amostrais. As capacidades de discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo foram avaliadas por meio de curvas ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>), sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
        <p>O modelo preditivo para CNA com base no LBS foi inicialmente desenvolvido com dados de volunt&#225;rios e, posteriormente, aplicado a pacientes com DC. A valida&#231;&#227;o temporal foi realizada para avaliar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade do LBS na predi&#231;&#227;o de CNA. Nesse contexto, um subgrupo aleat&#243;rio da coorte total foi reavaliado tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s os exames basais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Esse delineamento foi parcialmente influenciado por restri&#231;&#245;es operacionais durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A aus&#234;ncia de reavalia&#231;&#227;o em parte da amostra est&#225; alinhada com o conceito de &#8220;aus&#234;ncia completamente aleat&#243;ria&#8221; (MCAR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>missing completely at random</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Para sustentar a hip&#243;tese de MCAR, foi confirmado que a falta de acompanhamento n&#227;o estava associada &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais ou vari&#225;veis de desfecho em nenhuma das fases, conforme avaliado por meio de regress&#227;o de modelo misto. Nesse sentido, a valida&#231;&#227;o temporal foi conduzida tanto para os volunt&#225;rios e pacientes com DC em conjunto, quanto apenas para os pacientes com DC. Testamos a capacidade do modelo log&#237;stico multivariado com efeitos aleat&#243;rios de considerar medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas durante o acompanhamento, comparando-o ao modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariado que utilizou dados do momento posterior para avaliar a validade temporal do modelo preditivo. Al&#233;m disso, utilizamos o teste do qui-quadrado para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es no LBS e mudan&#231;as associadas no CNA. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de valida&#231;&#227;o temporal do modelo do escore de comportamento de estilo de vida para predi&#231;&#227;o do consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o <italic>software</italic> STATA (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX, USA) vers&#227;o 16.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 4080 indiv&#237;duos foi inclu&#237;do no estudo, sendo 1999 (49,0%) com DC e 2081 (51,0%) volunt&#225;rios. Entre eles, 341 (17,1%) participantes da coorte com DC e 771 (37,0%) do grupo de volunt&#225;rios foram classificados como apresentando CNA. A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o total foi de 57,7 &#177; 16 anos. Participantes do sexo masculino foram mais prevalentes na coorte com DC (64,3%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de volunt&#225;rios (40,0%). A coorte com DC era mais velha, apresentava menor n&#237;vel de escolaridade, mas distribui&#231;&#227;o de renda semelhante &#224; dos volunt&#225;rios. Todas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da coorte do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Popula&#231;&#227;o N = 4080 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca n = 1999 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Volunt&#225;rios n = 2081 </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, anos &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57,9&#177;16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5&#177;14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">45,6&#177;14,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2116 (51,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1283 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">818 (40,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Escolaridade &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">1411 (34,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1018 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">393 (18,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">1446 (35,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">529 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">917 (44,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino superior</td>
                  <td align="center">968 (23,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">340 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">628 (30,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (6,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Renda familiar mensal<sup>*</sup> &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; $523</td>
                  <td align="center">377 (9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (10,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>$523-1,568</td>
                  <td align="center">2529 (62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1344 (67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1185 (56,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>$1,568-$2,613</td>
                  <td align="center">683 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">335 (16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">348 (16,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; $2,613</td>
                  <td align="center">434 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">294 (14,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1612 (39,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1275 (63,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">337 (16,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">941 (23,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">823 (41,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (5,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">666 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">563 (28,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (4,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DRC &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">91 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DPOC &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">455 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (12,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesidade &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1106 (27,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">472 (23,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">634 (30,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ansiedade &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">321 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (7,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depress&#227;o &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">132 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (3,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sedentarismo &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1572 (38,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">854 (42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">578 (27,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Escore de estilo de vida &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1572 (38,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">720 (36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">852 (40,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular</td>
                  <td align="center">1629 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">821 (41,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">808 (38,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">803 (19,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">415 (20,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">388 (18,6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. *reais convertidos em d&#243;lares americanos com base na paridade do poder de compra de 2023 (USD = 2,526).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prefer&#234;ncias de consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas</title>
        <p>Padr&#245;es de consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas categorizados por tipo de bebida para ambas as coortes s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A cerveja foi a bebida mais consumida em todos os n&#237;veis de ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool, seguida pelo vinho e pelos destilados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tipos de bebidas mais consumidas segundo padr&#227;o de consumo de &#225;lcool (nocivo ou n&#227;o nocivo) em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e volunt&#225;rios</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Tipo de bebida</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Volunt&#225;rios</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Consumo n&#227;o nocivo de &#225;lcool</th>
                  <th>CNA</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  <th>Consumo n&#227;o nocivo de &#225;lcool</th>
                  <th>CNA</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n = 1598</th>
                  <th>n = 341</th>
                  <th>n = 1370</th>
                  <th>n = 771</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerveja</td>
                  <td align="center">383 (24,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (42,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">352 (25,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (36,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vinho</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">249 (18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Destilado</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,273</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Variado</td>
                  <td align="center">628 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (51,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,409</td>
                  <td align="center">422 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">441 (57,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>CNA: consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento de estilo de vida e consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool</title>
        <p>Entre os volunt&#225;rios, o UMA foi mais prevalente entre os participantes do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes foi significativamente menor no grupo com CNA que no grupo de volunt&#225;rios. Os preditores independentes de CNA entre os volunt&#225;rios est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Entre os pacientes com DC, foram observados resultados semelhantes &#8211; a an&#225;lise multivariada identificou os mesmos preditores independentes associados ao CNA. Esses preditores incluem sexo masculino (raz&#227;o de chances, OR = 2,95, p &lt; 0,0001), idade (OR = 0,95, p &lt; 0,0001), comportamento de estilo de vida regular (OR = 1,35, p = 0,04) e estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;vel (OR = 1,76, p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). A idade mostrou efeito protetor contra o CNA. O modelo apresentou forte poder discriminativo, com estat&#237;stica GFHL de 0,97 e uma curva ROC de 0,75, atingindo sensibilidade de 60% e especificidade de 75%. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; validade interna, o modelo de regress&#227;o por <italic>bootstrap</italic> produziu resultados de sensibilidade consistentes com aqueles obtidos na an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria da coorte de pacientes com DC.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores independentes associados com consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool em volunt&#225;rios</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Vari&#225;vel (n, %)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Consumo n&#227;o nocivo de &#225;lcool</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">CNA</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Multivariada</th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <italic>Bootstrap</italic>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n=1309</th>
                  <th>n=772</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48,5&#177;13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">40,7&#177;12,9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">403 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">428 (55,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80</td>
                  <td align="center">2,32</td>
                  <td align="center">3,36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46</td>
                  <td align="center">3,68</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46</td>
                  <td align="center">3,68</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">470 (35,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (36,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">,02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">557 (42,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">359 (46,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">6,64</td>
                  <td align="center">,36</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino superior</td>
                  <td align="center">269 (20,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">9,20</td>
                  <td align="center">,15</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">8,67</td>
                  <td align="center">,17</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renda familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 1 sal&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (12,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">,02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 - 3 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">765 (58,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">418 (54,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">,009</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 - 5 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">,05</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 5 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">,45</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">226 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">,06</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">88 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">,002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">,06</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estilo de vida</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (8,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">,003</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular</td>
                  <td align="center">323 (24,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (1,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">,005</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">1,95</td>
                  <td align="center">,006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio; CNA: consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool; valores p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores independentes associados com consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Vari&#225;vel (n, %)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Consumo n&#227;o nocivo de &#225;lcool</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">CNA</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Multivariada</th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <italic>Bootstrap</italic>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n=1659</th>
                  <th>n=340</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65,3&#177;13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5&#177;14,8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1008 (65,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,84</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12</td>
                  <td align="center">3,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,95</td>
                  <td align="center">2,17</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,95</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16</td>
                  <td align="center">4,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">873 (52,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (55)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">368 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (47,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61</td>
                  <td align="center">2,62</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino superior</td>
                  <td align="center">254 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (25,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11</td>
                  <td align="center">9,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">3,63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renda familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 1 sal&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (8,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 - 3 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">1133(68,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (62,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 - 5 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">231 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 5 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">2,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1104 (66,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (51,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">706 (42,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">494 (30,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (20,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estilo de vida</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">616 (37,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (31,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular</td>
                  <td align="center">711 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">325 (19,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">2,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,76</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio; CNA: consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool; valores p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelos de valida&#231;&#227;o temporal</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de valida&#231;&#227;o temporal, o modelo log&#237;stico multivariado apresentou um forte desempenho discriminativo, com uma curva ROC de 0,78, sensibilidade de 57% e especificidade de 77%. No subgrupo de pacientes com DC, a discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi ainda mais acentuada, alcan&#231;ando uma ROC de 0,80, sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 81% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). O modelo multivariado de efeitos aleat&#243;rios n&#227;o melhorou a capacidade preditiva do modelo de valida&#231;&#227;o temporal (teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a: p=0,07 com uma ROC de 0,76) quando aplicado &#224; coorte completa, confirmando a estabilidade do modelo ao longo do tempo, independentemente das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes reavaliados, e consistente com o padr&#227;o MCAR (de perda de seguimento.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) dos pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca associada ao consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos escores de comportamento de estilo de vida est&#227;o associadas a varia&#231;&#245;es no consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, entre os pacientes que passaram por duas avalia&#231;&#245;es, uma melhora no LBS para um status mais saud&#225;vel (observada em 13,2% dos pacientes) foi seguida por uma redu&#231;&#227;o no CNA (7,9%, p=0,02) ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de tr&#234;s anos. A mesma tend&#234;ncia foi observada em pacientes cujo LBS piorou, com um aumento no CNA (3,8% vs. 7,0%, p=0,01).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ilustra as principais conclus&#245;es do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este manuscrito apresenta um novo modelo de LBS, demonstrando uma robusta capacidade preditiva para identificar o CNA na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, especialmente em indiv&#237;duos com DC. O desenvolvimento dessa ferramenta enfatiza a import&#226;ncia de categorizar os comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida, particularmente no contexto do manejo do risco para DC. As descobertas do nosso estudo v&#227;o ao encontro de pesquisas existentes na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, revelando uma correla&#231;&#227;o consistente entre comportamentos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis &#8211; como tabagismo, sedentarismo e sa&#250;de mental prec&#225;ria&#8212;e maiores taxas de abuso de &#225;lcool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos que indiv&#237;duos mais velhos, especialmente aqueles com DC, apresentaram uma menor tend&#234;ncia ao CNA. O efeito protetor do envelhecimento contra o HAC em pacientes com DC &#233; mais pronunciado do que o observado em volunt&#225;rios (5% vs. 4%, respectivamente). Esse achado sugere uma maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o com HD sobre a import&#226;ncia de reduzir os fatores de risco.</p>
      <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de homens com CNA tende a ser maior do que a de mulheres na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Embora essa tend&#234;ncia tenha diminu&#237;do ao longo dos anos, nosso estudo revelou que o risco de HAC continua elevado entre os homens, tanto em volunt&#225;rios quanto em pacientes com DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso escore de LBS, consideramos o IMC como um indicador dos padr&#245;es alimentares. Curiosamente, o Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos (USDA), embora n&#227;o inclua bebidas alco&#243;licas como um componente do padr&#227;o alimentar, enfatiza a import&#226;ncia de contabilizar as calorias presentes nas bebidas para manter limites alimentares saud&#225;veis. O n&#227;o cumprimento desses limites pode contribuir para um estilo de vida desfavor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, consideramos a atividade f&#237;sica como um fator de estilo de vida com impacto significativo no consumo de &#225;lcool. Um estudo recente relatou um aumento significativo nos casos de consumo n&#227;o nocivo de &#225;lcool entre aqueles com n&#237;veis mais elevados de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. Em nossa opini&#227;o, esses achados est&#227;o alinhados com o conceito de que o consumo n&#227;o nocivo de &#225;lcool faz parte de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o uso de tabaco, o qual est&#225; fortemente associado ao CNA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m foi inclu&#237;do no escore de LBS.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m incorporou o comportamento psicossocial como um componente do escore, reconhecendo sua intera&#231;&#227;o significativa com o consumo de &#225;lcool e seu impacto no estilo de vida. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e o estresse &#233; complexa. Embora o &#225;lcool possa aliviar temporariamente a ansiedade, ele tamb&#233;m pode atuar como um fator estressor, aumentando a probabilidade de CNA em resposta ao estresse, o que &#233; frequentemente denominado como consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool relacionado ao estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a depress&#227;o tem sido associada ao CNA, particularmente entre estudantes universit&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em resumo, a heterogeneidade dos fatores relevantes mencionados acima justifica o desenvolvimento de um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o como o que aplicamos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em pacientes com DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na pr&#225;tica, para essa popula&#231;&#227;o pouco estudada, os resultados do nosso escore podem orientar interven&#231;&#245;es voltadas &#224; melhoria do estilo de vida para combater o CNA, como programas de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, promo&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica e terapias para sa&#250;de mental.</p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do sono em nosso escore. Embora o comportamento do sono tenha sido relatado como um fator de estilo de vida influente, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o CNA ainda n&#227;o apresenta um impacto significativo quando comparado aos outros fatores inclu&#237;dos no nosso escore de LBS. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de valida&#231;&#227;o externa formal do modelo. No entanto, esse potencial vi&#233;s pode ter sido minimizado pela valida&#231;&#227;o temporal realizada, que reduz a probabilidade de vi&#233;s em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es, especialmente em grupos homog&#234;neos, como os pacientes com DCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo mostrou que o LBS, um novo escore e estilo de vida, &#233; um preditor confi&#225;vel de CNA em pacientes com DC. Ainda, observamos que uma melhora no comportamento de estilo de vida pode ajudar a reduzir o CNA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar:</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Supplemental Material</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0744_AO_PROSA_Supplement.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Vd7PkvTLYhHRJCSTQGYknfm/bbfc4ba1e4218f9911e364c9da49ab118d2c749b.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 61741916.0.0000.0068, parecer n&#250;mero 1.846.682 de 2 de dezembro de 2016. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todos os conjuntos de dados que apoiam os resultados deste estudo est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o e aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica para an&#225;lises espec&#237;ficas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O estudo foi financiado por um aux&#237;lio institucional da Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini, com contribui&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias da pr&#243;pria Funda&#231;&#227;o e da empresa AMBEV S.A. Nenhum dos patrocinadores teve qualquer influ&#234;ncia sobre a concep&#231;&#227;o ou execu&#231;&#227;o do estudo, ou divulga&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240744i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Harmful Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease: A Risk Analysis by Lifestyle Behavior &#8211; The Brazilian PROSA Project (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4492-1621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spaggiari</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Vitale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis;</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroni</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Vanalli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthya Ibrahim Guirao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ovanessian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Augusto Mezzalira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>An&#237;sio Alexandre Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishioka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Angelina D&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9660-253X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Freitas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Martino Martinelli Filho &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;- Brazil E-mail: martinomartinelli@uol.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Moderate alcohol intake appears to have a protective cardiovascular effect, whereas harmful alcohol consumption (HAC) is associated with a high rate of chronic diseases and mortality. The amount of alcohol intake has been associated with lifestyle behaviors; however, this relationship has not been assessed in patients with heart disease (HD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association between lifestyle behavior and HAC in HD patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is an observational study that included one group of patients with HD and one group of volunteers designed to assess the association of HAC with lifestyle behavior using a score of lifestyle behavior (the LBS score). We assessed alcohol consumption using the AUDIT-C test. LBS was developed by assigning 1 point to each variable &#8211; smoking; overweight or obese (body mass index &#8805;24.9); anxiety; depression and lack of physical activity, and classified into healthy (0/1 point), regular (2/3 points), or unhealthy (4/5 points). Statistical analysis adopted as a significance level p-value &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study included 1,999 patients with HD and 2,081 volunteers. Regression analysis controlled for age and sex, revealed that regular and unhealthy LBS are independent predictors of HAC (OR= 1.35, p=0.04 and OR= 1.76, p=0.001, respectively) in HD patients, similar as volunteers. Good discrimination capability of the regression model was reported in the temporal validation (ROC 0.80). Furthermore, LBS improvements were associated with HAC reductions (p=0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This study showed that risk assessment for HAC using a new lifestyle score is a reliable predictor in HD patients. Also, it was observed that improving lifestyle behavior may help to reduce HAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Harmful Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease: A Risk Analysis by Lifestyle Behavior &#8211; The Brazilian PROSA Project (Projeto Sa&#250;de e &#193;lcool)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Alcohol Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Numerous studies have suggested potential cardiovascular benefits of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption in general population, indicating a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, understanding the true nature of the relationship between alcohol consumption and health outcomes requires consideration of confounding variables, which has not been assessed in patients with heart disease (HD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this regard, adopting a healthy lifestyle has consistently been shown to reduce the risk of major chronic illnesses, including conditions, including cancer, heart attack, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, and heart rhythm disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In contrast, harmful alcohol consumption (HAC) is a known contributor to adverse health outcomes, as it exacerbates chronic diseases and increases both morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Notably, in patients with HD, the correlation between alcohol consumption and health outcomes follows a dose-response pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this context, HAC can have severe consequences by aggravating preexisting conditions and posing significant threats to patients&#8217; health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Global health initiatives &#8211; exemplified by the World Health Organization (WHO) &#8211; have sought to promote research aimed at understanding and reducing the prevalence of HAC across diverse populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The key challenge remains in establishing a causal relationship between alcohol consumption and the onset or progression of chronic diseases.</p>
        <p>In this context, efforts have been directed toward assessing the potential risks of alcohol consumption, particularly in individuals with pre-existing health conditions, and aligning these risks with lifestyle behaviors. Smoking, for example, not only exhibits a strong association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer but is also recognized for its correlation with HAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The development of a population-specific lifestyle assessment tool, the Lifestyle Behavior Score (LBS), is crucial for identifying factors linked to patterns of alcohol consumption and enabling robust statistical analyses tailored to specific populations. Hence, we hypothesize a strong association between an unhealthy LBS and UNA, particularly in patients with HD. Therefore, this study aims to assess the association between LBS and UNA in individuals with and without HD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a prospective study that included two distinct cohorts, HD patients and volunteers, categorized by pattern of alcohol consumption.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The cohort of patients with HD included clinically stable outpatients diagnosed with any form of cardiomyopathy, who were under the care of the Heart Institute (<italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, InCor</italic>) &#8211; General Hospital of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP). The cohort of volunteers was recruited from family members or caregivers of the HD patients, and from hospital staff. Both cohorts included individuals of any sex, gender or race, over 18 years of age. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of InCor and of HCFMUSP (CAAE 61741916.0.0000.0068 approval number 1.846.682 on December 2, 2016).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Alcohol Intake, pattern of alcohol consumption and lifestyle behavior score</title>
          <p>To evaluate alcohol intake, we applied the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Material</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, the AUDIT-C does not specify the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and we then used the institutional questionnaire Q-PROSA (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Material</xref>) to more accurately assess the preferred type of beverage &#8211; beer, spirits, and/or wine &#8211; and the amounts consumed. Participants were characterized according to the amount of alcohol consumed. HAC was classified as &gt;28g of ethanol per day for men, and &gt;14g of ethanol per day for women or as a binge consumption according to AUDIT-C score.</p>
          <p>To assess lifestyle behavior, several factors were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Depression and anxiety levels were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Smoking status, schooling, and income were assessed using objective questions. Additionally, measurements of weight and height were obtained in all participants. All the questionnaires used were validated versions for the Brazilian Portuguese language.</p>
          <p>The LBS was built by attributing one point for each variable: smoking; overweight or obese (body mass index, BMI &#8805; 24.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>); anxiety (HADS score &gt; 10 points); depression (HADS score &gt; 10 points); and sedentary (less than 600 MET minutes/week per IPAQ) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Healthy lifestyle behavior was scored as 0 or 1 point, regular lifestyle was scored as 2 or 3 points, and unhealthy lifestyle was scored as 4 or 5 points. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap &#8211; a Research Electronic Data Capture tool hosted at HCFMUSP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study flowchart. BMI: body mass index; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LBS: Lifestyle Behavior Score; MET: Metabolic Equivalent of Task.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>All data were collected at baseline and at the end of the study. The study was planned for a three-year follow-up period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study endpoints</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was the correlation between the LBS scores and the incidence of HAC among patients with HD. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the predictive capacity of the LBS model in estimating HAC rates across both the HD and volunteer cohorts. The secondary endpoint involved monitoring changes in LBS over time and analyzing their relationship with variations in HAC levels. This included longitudinal tracking to evaluate how fluctuations in LBS correspond to shifts in alcohol consumption behavior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis and sample size</title>
          <p>Given the limited data available in the literature on LBS and HAC, no formal sample size calculation was conducted. Instead, two large cohorts of 2,000 individuals each were defined for convenience.</p>
          <p>Variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages or means and standard deviations, as appropriate. Normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test, and group differences were evaluated using the independent-sample t-test or chi-square test. Additionally, most variables were recorded into dichotomous or categorical formats based on established consensus cutoffs or clinical judgment.</p>
          <p>The training model for predicting HAC by LBS was assessed using the multivariate logistic regression model with a stepwise approach. Variables were selected for inclusion in the logistic models based on two criteria: a p value of less than 0.25 in the univariate analysis and the absence of collinearity. The goodness of fit was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (GFHL). Internal validation was performed using a logistic bootstrap technique with 1000 sample replications. The model&#8217;s discrimination capabilities were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, sensitivity, and specificity.</p>
          <p>The predictive model for HAC using LBS was initially developed with data from volunteers and subsequently applied to HD patients. Temporal validation was conducted to assess the generalizability and applicability of LBS for predicting HAC. In this context, a random subgroup of the overall cohort underwent evaluation three years after their baseline assessments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). This design was partly shaped by operational constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic. The absence of reevaluation in part of the sample aligns with the concept of &#8216;missing completely at random&#8217; (MCAR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> To support the MCAR assumption, we confirmed that the lack of follow-up was not associated with baseline characteristics or outcome variables in either phase, as assessed by a mixed-model regression. In this regard, temporal validation was conducted for both volunteers and HD patients together, as well as for HD patients alone. We tested the logistic multivariate random-effects model&#8217;s ability to account for repeated measurements during follow-up evaluation, comparing it to the multivariate logistic regression model, which utilized data from the later time point to assess the temporal validity of the predictive model. Furthermore, we used the chi-square test to investigate the relationship between alterations in LBS and associated changes in HAC. P value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Temporal validation flowchart of the Lifestyle Behavior Score Model for predicting Harmful Alcohol Consumption.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>All data were analyzed using STATA (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX, USA) software version 16.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 4,080 individuals were included in the study, 1,999 (49.0%) with HD and 2,081 (51.0%) volunteers. Among them, 341 (17.1%) subjects in the HD cohort and 771 (37.0%) in the volunteer group were classified as exhibiting HAC. The mean age of the total population was 57.7 &#177; 16 years. Male participants were more prevalent in the HD cohort (64.3%) compared to the volunteer group (40.0%). The HD cohort was older, had lower educational attainment, but a similar income distribution when compared to volunteers. All demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study cohort</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Population N = 4080</th>
                    <th>Heart Disease n = 1999</th>
                    <th>Volunteers n = 2081</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age &#8211; years&#177;SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">57.9&#177;16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5&#177;14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">45.6&#177;14.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male Sex &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2116 (51.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1283 (64.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">818 (40.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Schooling &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary</td>
                    <td align="center">1411 (34.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1018 (50.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">393 (18.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High School</td>
                    <td align="center">1446 (35.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">529 (26.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">917 (44.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>University education</td>
                    <td align="center">968 (23.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">340 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">628 (30.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postgraduate</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (6.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Monthly Household Income* &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Less than $523</td>
                    <td align="center">377 (9.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">165 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">212 (10.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>$523-1,568</td>
                    <td align="center">2529 (62.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1344 (67.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1185 (56.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>$1,568-$2,613</td>
                    <td align="center">683 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">335 (16.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">348 (16.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>More than $2,613</td>
                    <td align="center">434 (10.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">294 (14.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1612 (39.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1275 (63.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">337 (16.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">941 (23.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">823 (41.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (5.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">666 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">563 (28.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (4.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CKD &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">91 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COPD &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">27 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">455 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">200 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">255 (12.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Obesity &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1106 (27.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">472 (23.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">634 (30.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Anxiety &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">321 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">158 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">163 (7.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Depression &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">132 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (3.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sedentary &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1572 (38.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">854 (42.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">578 (27.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Lifestyle Score &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Healthy</td>
                    <td align="center">1572 (38.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">720 (36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">852 (40.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Regular</td>
                    <td align="center">1629 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">821 (41.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">808 (38.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unhealthy</td>
                    <td align="center">803 (19.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">415 (20.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">388 (18.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>SD: standard deviation, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD: chronic kidney disease. *Brazilian Reais (R$) were converted to U.S. Dollar (USD) based on the purchasing power parity (PPP 2023: USD = 2.526).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Alcoholic beverage preferences</title>
          <p>Drinking patterns categorized by beverage type for both cohorts are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Beer was the most consumed beverage across all levels of alcohol intake, followed by wine and spirits.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Most commonly consumed types of beverages according to alcohol consumption pattern (harmful or non-harmful) in patients with heart disease and volunteers</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Heart Disease Patients</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Volunteers</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Non-HAC</th>
                    <th>HAC</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                    <th>Non-HAC</th>
                    <th>HAC</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>n = 1598</th>
                    <th>n = 341</th>
                    <th>n = 1370</th>
                    <th>n = 771</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Type of beverage</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beer</td>
                    <td align="center">383 (24.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (42.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">352 (25.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">278 (36.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wine</td>
                    <td align="center">220 (13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">249 (18.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spirit</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.273</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (2.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Variado</td>
                    <td align="center">628 (39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">175 (51.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.409</td>
                    <td align="center">422 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">441 (57.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>HAC: Harmful Alcohol Consumption. Mixed means any combination of beverages.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between lifestyle behavior and harmful alcohol consumption</title>
          <p>Among volunteers, HAC more prevalent in male participants. Mean age of participants was significantly in the HAC than in the volunteer group. The independent predictors of HAC in volunteers are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. In HD patients, similar findings were observed &#8211;multivariate analysis identified the same independent predictors associated with HAC. These included male sex (odds ratio, OR=2.95, P&lt;0.0001), age (OR=0.95, p&lt;0.0001), regular lifestyle behavior (OR=1.35, p=0.04), and unhealthy lifestyle (OR=1.76, p=0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Notably, age showed a protective effect against HAC. The model displayed strong discriminative power, with a GFHL statistic of 0.97 and a ROC of 0.75, yielding a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 75%. Regarding internal validity, the bootstrap regression outcome model produced sensitivity results consistent with those from the primary HD cohort analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Independent factors associated with harmful alcohol consumption in heart disease patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Variable (n, %)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Non-HAC</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">HAC</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Multivariate</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Bootstrap</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">95.0% CI</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">95.0% CI</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">95.0% CI</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n=1309</th>
                    <th>n=772</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">48.5&#177;13.7</td>
                    <td align="center">40.7&#177;12.9</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">403 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">428 (55.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.80</td>
                    <td align="center">2.32</td>
                    <td align="center">3.36</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46</td>
                    <td align="center">3.68</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46</td>
                    <td align="center">3.68</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Schooling</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary</td>
                    <td align="center">470 (35.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">285 (36.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">.02</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High School</td>
                    <td align="center">557 (42.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">359 (46.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">6.64</td>
                    <td align="center">.36</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>University education</td>
                    <td align="center">269 (20.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">9.20</td>
                    <td align="center">.15</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postgraduate</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">8.67</td>
                    <td align="center">.17</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family income</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Less than 1 income</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (12.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">.02</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 to 3 incomes</td>
                    <td align="center">765 (58.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">418 (54.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">.009</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 to 5 incomes</td>
                    <td align="center">221 (16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">.05</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>More than 5 incomes</td>
                    <td align="center">279 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">155 (14.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">.45</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">226 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (14.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">.06</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">88 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">.002</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">72 (5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">.06</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Lifestyle</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Healthy</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (8.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">.003</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Regular</td>
                    <td align="center">323 (24.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">202 (26.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">1.57</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65</td>
                    <td align="center">.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unhealthy</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (1.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">1.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">1.93</td>
                    <td align="center">.005</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">1.95</td>
                    <td align="center">.006</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; HAC: Harmful Alcohol Consumption. P value of &lt;.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Independent factors associated with harmful alcohol consumption in heart disease patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Variable (n, %)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Non-HAC</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">HAC</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Multivariate</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Bootstrap</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">95.0% CI</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">95.0% CI</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">95.0% CI</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n=1659</th>
                    <th>n=340</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">65.3&#177;13.6</td>
                    <td align="center">54.5&#177;14.8</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1008 (65.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">277 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.84</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12</td>
                    <td align="center">3.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.95</td>
                    <td align="center">2.17</td>
                    <td align="center">3.99</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.95</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16</td>
                    <td align="center">4.03</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Schooling</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary</td>
                    <td align="center">873 (52.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">187 (55)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High School</td>
                    <td align="center">368 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">162 (47.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.10</td>
                    <td align="center">1.61</td>
                    <td align="center">2.62</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>University education</td>
                    <td align="center">254 (15.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (25.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">2.11</td>
                    <td align="center">9.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postgraduate</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">3.63</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family income</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Less than 1 income</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (8.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 to 3 incomes</td>
                    <td align="center">1133(68.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (62.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 to 5 incomes</td>
                    <td align="center">231 (13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>More than 5 incomes</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (9.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">2.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1104 (66.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (51.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">706 (42.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (35.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">494 (30.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (20.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Lifestyle</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Healthy</td>
                    <td align="center">616 (37.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (31.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Regular</td>
                    <td align="center">711 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (42.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unhealthy</td>
                    <td align="center">325 (19.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (26.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">2.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">1.75</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">2.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.76</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; HAC: Harmful Alcohol Consumption. P value of &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Temporal validation models</title>
          <p>In the temporal validation assessment, the multivariate logistic model exhibited strong discrimination performance, yielding a ROC of 0.78, a sensitivity of 57%, and a specificity of 77%. In the subgroup of HD patients, the model&#8217;s discrimination was even more pronounced, achieving a ROC of 0.80, a sensitivity of 72%, and a specificity of 81% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). The multivariate random-effects model did not improve the predictive ability of the temporal validation model (likelihood-ratio test: <italic>P</italic>=0.07 with an ROC of 0.76) when applied to the whole cohort, confirming the model&#8217;s stability over time regardless of the baseline characteristics of reevaluated patients, and consistent with the MCAR pattern of lost follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of Heart Disease Patients Associated with Harmful Alcohol Consumption.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240744-40744-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes in lifestyle behavior scores are associated to variations in harmful alcohol consumption</title>
          <p>Moreover, among patients who underwent two evaluations, an improvement in LBS to a healthier status (observed in 13.2% of the patients) was followed by a reduction in HAC (7.9%, p=0.02) after a three-year follow-up period. The same trend was observed in patients whose LBS deteriorated, with an increase in HAC (3.8% vs. 7.0%, p=0.01).</p>
          <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> illustrates the main conclusions of the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This manuscript introduces a novel LBS model, demonstrating a robust predictive capacity for identifying HAC in the general population, particularly in individuals with HD. The development of this tool emphasizes the importance of categorizing lifestyle behaviors, particularly in the context of HD risk management. Our study&#8217;s novel findings align with existing research in the general population, revealing a consistent correlation between unhealthy lifestyle behaviors &#8211; such as smoking, lack of physical activity, poor mental health &#8211; and higher rates of alcohol abuse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, we observed that older individuals particularly those with HD had a lower tendency for HAC. The protective effect of aging against HAC in HD patients is stronger than that observed in volunteers (5% vs 4% respectively). This finding suggests a heightened awareness of HD population about the importance of reducing exposure risks.</p>
        <p>The proportion of men with HAC tends to be higher than that of women in the general population. Although this trend has decreased over the years, our study found that the risk of HAC remains high among men, both in volunteers and in HD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our LSB score, we considered BMI as an indicator of dietary patterns. Interestingly, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), while not including alcoholic beverages as a component of the dietary pattern, emphasizes the significance of accounting for the calories present in beverages to maintain healthy dietary limits. Failing to adhere to these limits can potentially contribute to an unfavorable lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We also considered physical activity as a lifestyle factor with a significant impact on alcohol consumption. A recent study reported a significant increase in non-HAC cases among those with higher fitness levels. In our opinion, these findings are aligned with the concept that non-HAC is part of a healthy lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Furthermore, tobacco use, which is strongly associated with HAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> was also included in the LBS.</p>
        <p>Our study also incorporated psychosocial behavior as a component of the score, recognizing its significant interaction with alcohol consumption and its impact on lifestyle. The relationship between alcohol consumption and stress is complex. Although alcohol can temporarily alleviate anxiety, it can also act as a stressor, increasing the likelihood of HAC in response to stress, often referred to as stress-related excessive alcohol consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Additionally, depression has been associated with HAC, particularly among university students.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In summary, the heterogeneity of the relevant factors mentioned above justifies the development of a scoring system like the one we performed in the general population and in patients with HD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In practical terms, for this poorly studied population, our score results can drive interventions focused on lifestyle improvement to combat HAC, such as smoking cessation programs, promotion of physical activity, and mental health therapies.</p>
        <p>A limitation of this study is the non-inclusion of sleep behavior evaluation in our scoring. Although sleep behavior has been reported as an influential lifestyle factor, its association with HAC still does not have a significant impact compared with the other factors included in our LBS. Another limitation of this study is the lack of formal external validation of the model. However, this potential bias may have been minimized by the temporal validation conducted, which reduces the likelihood of bias in large populations, particularly in homogenous groups like HD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study showed that LBS, a new lifestyle score, is a reliable predictor of HAC in HD patients. Also, it was observed that improving lifestyle behavior may help to reduce HAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec1en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials:</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplemental Material</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0744_AO_PROSA_Supplement.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Vd7PkvTLYhHRJCSTQGYknfm/bbfc4ba1e4218f9911e364c9da49ab118d2c749b.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> The study was funded by an institutional grant from the Zerbini Foundation, with primary contributions from the Foundation itself and the company AMBEV S.A. None of the sponsors had any influence on the study&#8217;s design or execution, or dissemination of the results.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE 61741916.0.0000.0068, number 1,846,682 of December 2, 2016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author upon request and ethical approval for specific analyses.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Zerbini Foundation, with primary contributions from the Foundation itself and the company AMBEV S.A.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
