<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xTGhPjtNwH6zBhb7f5sBFZb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001000401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240295</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Transcateter (TAVI) versus Substitui&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica de V&#225;lvula em Resultados Cl&#237;nicos em Pacientes com Estenose A&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8126-8644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuel de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Rute Mac&#234;do de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tayane Siqueira Martins dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Excel&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Excel&#234;ncia, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro &#8226; Centro Universit&#225;rio de Excel&#234;ncia &#8211; Av. Art&#234;mia Pires Freitas, s/n. CEP 44085-370, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andrelisboacordeiro@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240295</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) &#233; uma das les&#245;es valvares mais prevalentes, e a substitui&#231;&#227;o do implante transcateter da valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) surgiu como uma alternativa &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica (SAVR). O TAVI &#233; um procedimento minimamente invasivo que se mostrou uma op&#231;&#227;o mais segura em diversos aspectos. O objetivo &#233; revisar o impacto do TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; SAVR na mortalidade, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e qualidade de vida em pacientes com EA. Foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica utilizando a estrat&#233;gia PICO, com buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Central e LILACS, empregando os seguintes descritores: EA, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade, ensaio cl&#237;nico, TAVI, qualidade de vida, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, combinados com os operadores booleanos &#8220;AND&#8221; e &#8220;OR&#8221;. Um total de 29 artigos foram encontrados ap&#243;s a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos. Destes, nove mostraram menor mortalidade em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI, enquanto tr&#234;s relataram menor mortalidade no grupo SAVR. Oito artigos apresentaram achados semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es, com seis mostrando menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias no TAVI e tr&#234;s no SAVR. Al&#233;m disso, tr&#234;s artigos mostraram melhor qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI, enquanto um estudo indicou menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para pacientes submetidos ao TAVI. Em todos os estudos, os pacientes analisados tinham mais de 70 anos. O TAVI reduziu a mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR em pacientes com EA. Al&#233;m disso, o TAVI foi associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e &#224; melhora da qualidade de vida. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, os resultados indicaram que o TAVI tende a apresentar menor taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, embora existam varia&#231;&#245;es entre os estudos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implante de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Transcateter (TAVI) versus Substitui&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica de V&#225;lvula em Resultados Cl&#237;nicos em Pacientes com Estenose A&#243;rtica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>S&#237;ntese dos achados obtidos por meio dos artigos analisados.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xTGhPjtNwH6zBhb7f5sBFZb/211dd9f7f56f9e48f9d72ac1f6d80bfb0970a5de.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xTGhPjtNwH6zBhb7f5sBFZb/2d17a58c4176d13287ca22793b275cc6c9077a5d.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xTGhPjtNwH6zBhb7f5sBFZb/1fcb1ae0a7e489a26df6cb03347602ac7d2e0ae9.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O procedimento de implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) foi realizado pela primeira vez em 2002, representando um grande avan&#231;o no tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica (EA). Desde o seu in&#237;cio, a t&#233;cnica transformou o tratamento da EA, inicialmente desenvolvida para pacientes cir&#250;rgicos de alto risco, mas gradualmente se expandindo para pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e at&#233; mesmo baixo, fornecendo uma alternativa minimamente invasiva &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica convencional da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (SAVR). Estudos demonstraram que o TAVI &#233; eficaz em pacientes de alto e baixo risco cir&#250;rgico, resultando em melhorias significativas nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, incluindo redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e morbidade associadas &#224; EA grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O TAVI envolve o implante de um stent, que pode ser autoexpans&#237;vel, no anel a&#243;rtico, coberto por tr&#234;s folhetos internos (tipicamente feitos de peric&#225;rdio bovino ou su&#237;no), que funcionam como v&#225;lvulas semilunares. O acesso para o procedimento &#233; tipicamente via cateteriza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias femoral ou subcl&#225;via.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, houve um desenvolvimento cont&#237;nuo de novas tecnologias e pr&#243;teses para o procedimento TAVI, resultando em maior confiabilidade no implante valvar e melhores resultados a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A experi&#234;ncia do operador tamb&#233;m desempenhou um papel fundamental no sucesso do TAVI e, combinada com os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de imagem e no planejamento do procedimento, facilitou a crescente ado&#231;&#227;o do TAVI para o tratamento da EA. Atualmente, o TAVI representa aproximadamente 12,5% de todas as substitui&#231;&#245;es de valva a&#243;rtica realizadas em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos demonstraram que, em pacientes selecionados, o TAVI produz resultados superiores em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; SAVR, particularmente quando realizado por acesso transfemoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios comprovados do TAVI, persistem incertezas quanto a alguns desfechos importantes do procedimento. Por exemplo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) continua sendo uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o significativa, visto que o posicionamento e a implanta&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula podem aumentar o risco de eventos emb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a compara&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade entre TAVI e SAVR permanece controversa, com questionamentos em torno da validade de ferramentas como o &#205;ndice de Risco da Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos (STS), que ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente estabelecido como um indicador confi&#225;vel em todos os casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essas quest&#245;es ressaltam a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e completa dos dados cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis para melhor compreender os desfechos associados ao TAVI e sua real aplicabilidade em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Assim, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica tem como objetivo analisar e comparar os dados dispon&#237;veis sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre TAVI e SAVR, com o objetivo de esclarecer aspectos que permanecem indefinidos, como mortalidade, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e qualidade de vida. Com isso, esta revis&#227;o busca esclarecer o verdadeiro impacto do TAVI nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e fornecer uma base de evid&#234;ncias mais robusta para subsidiar a tomada de decis&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo e registro</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi conclu&#237;da de acordo com as diretrizes <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses</italic> (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Est&#225; registrada no PROSPERO (Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas) sob o n&#250;mero CRD42021218265.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu a estrat&#233;gia PICOS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> para estruturar a an&#225;lise de estudos relevantes. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, especificamente aqueles com estenose ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, candidatos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o. A principal interven&#231;&#227;o avaliada foi o TAVI, um procedimento menos invasivo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s op&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas tradicionais. O TAVI foi comparado diretamente aos tratamentos convencionais, que tipicamente envolvem esternotomia mediana ou toracotomia para substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, ambas abordagens cir&#250;rgicas mais invasivas.</p>
        <p>A revis&#227;o se concentrou em v&#225;rios desfechos importantes: tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), qualidade de vida ap&#243;s o procedimento, taxas de mortalidade e ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, incluindo, entre outras, AVC, sangramento e problemas relacionados &#224; v&#225;lvula. Esses desfechos foram selecionados devido &#224; sua relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na determina&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a gerais da TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o com interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas tradicionais.</p>
        <p>Apenas ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) foram inclu&#237;dos para garantir o mais alto n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia para as compara&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#245;es quanto ao ano ou idioma de publica&#231;&#227;o, permitindo uma inclus&#227;o abrangente de estudos em diferentes per&#237;odos e regi&#245;es. No entanto, para melhorar a precis&#227;o da revis&#227;o, uma maior elabora&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o dos estudos fortaleceria a transpar&#234;ncia do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o. Isso ajudaria os leitores a entenderem o escopo das evid&#234;ncias, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e quaisquer limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais relacionadas aos estudos selecionados, como tamanho da amostra ou qualidade metodol&#243;gica. Al&#233;m disso, esclarecer como os estudos foram avaliados quanto a vi&#233;s e risco de falhas metodol&#243;gicas ofereceria insights valiosos sobre a confiabilidade dos resultados apresentados na revis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma busca informatizada, consultando o PubMed, o Registro Central de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas (CENTRAL) e a LILACS. Tamb&#233;m pesquisamos a lista de refer&#234;ncias de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e ensaios cl&#237;nicos anteriores eleg&#237;veis para esta revis&#227;o. A busca por artigos terminou em mar&#231;o de 2024.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Busca</title>
      <p>A busca foi baseada na estrat&#233;gia PICOS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> descrita anteriormente e nos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Utilizamos como descritores para a popula&#231;&#227;o (Estenose A&#243;rtica ou Estenoses da Valva A&#243;rtica ou Estenoses, A&#243;rtica ou Estenoses, V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica ou Estenose, A&#243;rtica ou Estenose, V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica ou Estenoses de V&#225;lvula, A&#243;rtica ou Estenose da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica) com disfun&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Para a interven&#231;&#227;o (Implante de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Transcateter ou Substitui&#231;&#227;o de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Transcateter) com TAVI. Para compara&#231;&#227;o (tratamento convencional ou esternotomia ou toracotomia). Para os resultados (Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es ou Estadia Hospitalar ou Estadias Hospitalares ou Dura&#231;&#227;o da Estadia ou Dura&#231;&#227;o da Estadia ou Estadia, Hospital ou Estadias, ou Unidades de Terapia Intensiva ou UTI Unidades de Terapia Intensiva ou Unidade, Terapia Intensiva ou Unidades, Terapia Intensiva ou Qualidade de Vida ou Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224; Sa&#250;de ou Sa&#250;de-Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224; Sa&#250;de ou HRQOL ou Qualidade de Vida ou Taxa de Mortalidade Espec&#237;fica por Idade ou Taxa de Letalidade de Casos ou CFR ou Taxa de Mortalidade Bruta ou Taxa de Mortalidade ou Taxas de Mortalidade, espec&#237;fica por idade ou decl&#237;nio, mortalidade ou decl&#237;nio, mortalidade ou determinante, mortalidade ou taxa de mortalidade ou taxa de mortalidade ou mortalidade, Diferencial ou Mortalidade, Excesso ou Taxa, Morte ou Taxa Espec&#237;fica por Idade, Fatalidade ou Taxa de Casos, Morte ou Taxa Bruta, Mortalidade ou Taxa Bruta, Morte ou Taxa, Mortalidade ou Taxas, Morte ou Taxa Espec&#237;fica por Idade, Fatalidade ou Taxas, Morte ou Taxas, Mortalidade ou Mortalidade ou Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias ou Complica&#231;&#227;o, P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ou Complica&#231;&#245;es, P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) foram por tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e UTI; qualidade de vida; mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Como descritores para o delineamento do estudo (Ensaio Cl&#237;nico ou Estudo de Interven&#231;&#227;o ou Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado ou Ensaio Controlado Randomizado), utilizamos ECRs, ensaios cl&#237;nicos e ensaios controlados. A estrat&#233;gia de busca desenvolvida &#233; apresentada na forma de um suplemento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Estudos</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica incluiu ECRs envolvendo pacientes submetidos a TAVI. Para serem eleg&#237;veis, os ensaios cl&#237;nicos deveriam envolver pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica submetidos a TAVI. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos com adultos (18 anos ou mais), independentemente do sexo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram estudos envolvendo pacientes em cuidados paliativos, com expectativa de vida inferior a um ano ou com baixa probabilidade de melhora na qualidade de vida com o tratamento.</p>
        <p>Processo de coleta de dados</p>
        <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o dos artigos selecionados foi realizada em tr&#234;s etapas sequenciais:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Primeira Etapa</bold>: Verificar os t&#237;tulos dos estudos para identificar a relev&#226;ncia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Segunda Etapa</bold>: Analisar os resumos dos artigos para uma pr&#233;-sele&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Terceira Etapa</bold>: Leitura completa dos artigos para avalia&#231;&#227;o aprofundada.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada uma leitura explorat&#243;ria dos estudos, seguida de uma leitura seletiva e anal&#237;tica. Os dados extra&#237;dos dos artigos foram organizados e sumarizados em termos de: autores, peri&#243;dico, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, t&#237;tulo e conclus&#245;es. Isso permitiu a coleta das informa&#231;&#245;es mais relevantes para a pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Itens de dados</title>
        <p>Tr&#234;s autores (EG, RM e TS) extra&#237;ram os dados dos relat&#243;rios publicados de forma independente, usando extra&#231;&#227;o de dados padr&#227;o, considerando: (1) aspectos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, como idade m&#233;dia, sexo, n&#250;mero de pacientes, diagn&#243;stico; (2) aspectos da interven&#231;&#227;o realizada; (3) acompanhamento; (4) perda de acompanhamento; (5) medidas de desfecho; e (6) resultados apresentados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vi&#233;s e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>O risco de vi&#233;s foi avaliado utilizando a ferramenta Cochrane de Risco de Vi&#233;s 2. Os dom&#237;nios avaliados foram relato seletivo de desfechos, dados incompletos de desfechos, cegamento da avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos, cegamento de participantes e profissionais, gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncias: oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o e outras quest&#245;es. O risco de vi&#233;s foi categorizado em baixo, alto ou incerto.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De acordo com os dados apresentados no fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos, a busca inicial nas bases de dados resultou em um total de 547 artigos. Destes, 475 foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a leitura dos t&#237;tulos. Posteriormente, 72 artigos foram avaliados com base em seus resumos, e 14 foram considerados n&#227;o diretamente relacionados ao tema deste estudo. Assim, 58 artigos foram selecionados para revis&#227;o de texto completo. Destes, 5 foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; duplica&#231;&#227;o, 18 n&#227;o eram ensaios cl&#237;nicos, 2 n&#227;o seguiram o procedimento necess&#225;rio e 4 n&#227;o atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para os m&#233;todos. Portanto, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica inclui 29 artigos que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para inclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240295-40295-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>O risco de vi&#233;s foi avaliado em 8 ensaios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Cada ensaio foi classificado como &#8220;alto risco&#8221;, &#8220;baixo risco&#8221; ou &#8220;algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais de estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Estudo (Autor/ano)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Amostra</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Desenho</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Interven&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Medidas</th>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Resultados</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Controle</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adams et al. 2014<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">742 TAVI (n = 389) SAVR (n = 353)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca da New York Heart Association (NYHA) classe II</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">T&#233;cnicas convencionais de SAVR de cora&#231;&#227;o aberto com uso de bypass cardiopulmonar.</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Em 1 ano:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14,2% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>19,1% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta do risco de 4,9 pontos percentuais (intervalo de confian&#231;a, &#8722;0,4; P&lt;0,001 para n&#227;o inferioridade; P = 0,04 para superioridade).</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#248;ndergaard et al. 2016<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinama</td>
                  <td align="center">276 TAVI (n = 142) SAVR (n = 134)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Estenose grave da valva a&#243;rtica nativa</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aos 2 anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>8,0% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>9,8% no grupo SAVR p=0,54.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skelding et al. 2016<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">353 TAVI (n = 183) SAVR (n = 170)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes do sexo feminino com sintomas de classe II ou superior da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia convencional SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade em 30 dias</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3,8% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4,7% no grupo SAVR p = 0,70</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>5,6% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>6,5% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,73</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1,6% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0,6% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,35</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Principais complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>7,7% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0,6% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2,7% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0,0% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,03</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Implante de marcapasso permanente</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,7% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>7,2% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grayburn et al. 2018<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">739 TAVI (n = 386) SAVR (n = 353)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Os pacientes foram estratificados pela gravidade da AR basal (regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica) naqueles com nenhum e/ou tra&#231;os e aqueles com RA leve</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>49% (84 de 172 pacientes) no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>8% (13 de 162 pacientes) no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conte et al. 2017<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">790 TAVI (n = 391) SARV (n = 359)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">Portas de acesso iliofemoral ou n&#227;o iliofemoral TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade em 2 anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>8,0% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>9,8% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,54</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Principais complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Significativamente maior no grupo TAVI durante o per&#237;odo periprocedimental</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(5,4% vs. 1,4%, p = 0,003)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leon et al. 2021<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">950 TAVI (n = 496) Cirurgia (n = 454)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI transfemoral</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia minimamente invasiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade em 2 anos TAVI: 57 pacientes (11,5%) SAVR: 78 pacientes (17,4%) p = 0,007</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Durko et al. 2018 <sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Europa, EUA, Canad&#225;</td>
                  <td align="center">1660 TAVI (n = 864) Cirurgia (n = 796)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave e sintom&#225;tica com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia convencional SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC Precoce:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI: 3,3%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 5,4%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,031</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Encefalopatia precoce:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI: 1,6%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 7,8%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p &lt; 0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thyregod et al. 2013<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Escandin&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">280 TAVI (n = 140) SAVR (n = 140)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com 70 anos ou mais com estenose VA degenerativa grave com sintomas ou sem sintomas, mas com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Esternotomia mediana completa SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es ou mortalidade por todas as causas (desfecho prim&#225;rio)</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral ou mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Grupo SAVR: 15% de incid&#234;ncia</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Grupo TAVI: 5% de incid&#234;ncia</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p&lt;0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gleason et al. 2016<sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">750 TAVI (n = 391) SAVR (n = 359)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes de alto risco (mortalidade SAVR prevista de 15%) com EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxa de AVC em 30 dias:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI: 4,9%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 6,2% p = 0,46</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxa de AVC em 1 ano:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI: 8,7%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 12,5%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,11</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxa de AVC em 2 anos:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI: 10,9%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 16,6%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,05</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas em 2 anos:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI: 83,3%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 54,5%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,29</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kapadia et al. 2018<sup>19</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">5637 TAVI (n = 4.389) SAVR (n = 1.248)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es e qualidade de vida</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC em 30 dias:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TF-TAVI: 5,1%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 3,7%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,09</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC grave em 30 dias:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TF-TAVI: 3,9%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR: 2,2%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,018</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>SAVR (Escore KCCQ):</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sem acidente vascular cerebral grave: 79 [53, 94]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Com acidente vascular cerebral grave: 64 [30, 94]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,03</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TF-TAVI (Escore KCCQ):</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sem acidente vascular cerebral grave: 78 [49, 96]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Com acidente vascular cerebral grave: 60 [8, 99]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p = 0,04</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mack et al. 2015<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">699 TAVI (n = 348) SAVR (n = 351)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio controlado randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Tipo de cirurgia SAVR n&#227;o especificado</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aos 5 anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>67,8% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>62,4% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p=0,76.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deeb et al. 2016<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">750 TAVI (n = 391) SAVR (n = 359)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Procedimento SAVR a crit&#233;rio do cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de tr&#234;s anos Mortalidade por todas as causas ou acidente vascular cerebral</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>37,3% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>46,7% no grupo SAVR p=0,006</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas: 32,9% no grupo TAVI; 39,1% no grupo SAVR; p=0,068 Todos os AVC 12,6% no grupo TAVI 19,0% no grupo SAVR p=0,034</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Eventos cardiovasculares ou cerebrovasculares adversos graves: 40,2% no grupo TAVI; 47,9% no grupo SAVR; p=0,025</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kapadia et al. 2015<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">358 TAVI (n = 179) SAVR (n = 179)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave sintom&#225;tica inoper&#225;vel (idade m&#233;dia de 83 anos, Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos Risco previsto de mortalidade 11,7%, 54% mulheres).</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Valvoplastia a&#243;rtica com bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de cinco anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>71,8% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>93,6% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p&lt;0,0001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thyregod et al. 2015<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca e Su&#233;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">274 TAVI (n = 139) SAVR (n = 135)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com idade &#8805;70 anos com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica degenerativa grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR foi submetido a cirurgia card&#237;aca aberta convencional com uso de bypass cardiopulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de um ano</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Morte por qualquer causa, acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (desfecho prim&#225;rio)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>13,1% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>16,3% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8722;3,2% de diferen&#231;a absoluta; p=0,43 para superioridade</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gleason et al. 2018<sup>24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">750 TAVI (n = 391) SAVR (n = 359)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave e sintom&#225;tica (classe funcional II ou superior da New York Heart Association [NYHA])</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de cinco anos Mortalidade por todas as causas 55,3% no grupo TAVI 55,4% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC grave 12,3% no grupo TAVI 13,2% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Toff et al. 2022<sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Reino Unido</td>
                  <td align="center">866 TAVI (n = 450) SAVR (n = 416)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Os pacientes tinham 70 anos ou mais, EA grave e sintom&#225;tica e risco operat&#243;rio aumentado devido &#224; comorbidade ou idade.</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR (esternotomia mediana e cirurgia minimamente invasiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de um ano</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4,6% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>6,6% no grupo cir&#250;rgico</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Diferen&#231;a de risco absoluto ajustada &#8722;2,0% (IC unilateral de 97,5%, &#8722;&#8734; a 1,2%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#233;n&#233;reux et al. 2014<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">657 SARV (n = 313) TAVI-TF (n = 240) TARV-TA (n = 104)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA sintom&#225;tica grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI OU TA-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de 30 dias BC Grave (complica&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas) 22,7% ap&#243;s SAVR 11,3% ap&#243;s TF-TAVI 8,8% ap&#243;s TA-TAVI p&lt;0,0001</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxa de transfus&#227;o em 30 dias: 17,9% ap&#243;s SAVR; 7,1% ap&#243;s TF-TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4,8% ap&#243;s TA-TAVIp&lt;0,0001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amrane et al. 2019<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Canad&#225;, Europa, EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">936 SARV (n = 438) TAVI (n = 498)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA sintom&#225;tica grave s&#227;o considerados de risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio.</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de um ano Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>6,5% ap&#243;s TAVI 6,7% ap&#243;s SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leon et al. 2016<sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">2032 TAVI (n = 1011) SAVR (n = 1021)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio com EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI OU TA-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Acesso transtor&#225;cico ou transa&#243;rtico SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Morte por qualquer causa ou acidente vascular cerebral incapacitante</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Geral: taxas semelhantes entre TAVI e cirurgia p=0,001 para n&#227;o inferioridade</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reardon et al. 2011<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA, Canad&#225;, Europa</td>
                  <td align="center">1657 TAVI (n = 863) SAVR (n = 794)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio com EA sintom&#225;tica grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, qualidade de vida e mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de 24 meses</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>11,4% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>11,6% no grupo cir&#250;rgico</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% para diferen&#231;a, &#8722;3,8% a 3,3%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Acidente vascular cerebral incapacitante Taxas semelhantes em ambos os grupos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Qualidade de vida (Escore resumide do KCCQ)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Melhora significativa em ambos os grupos ao longo de 24 meses</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes melhorou em 1 m&#234;s no grupo TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo cir&#250;rgico</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smith et al. 2011<sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA, Canad&#225;, Alemanha</td>
                  <td align="center">699 SARV (n = 351) TAVI-TF (n = 244) TARV-TA (n = 104)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave e sintomas card&#237;acos (New York Heart Association [NYHA] fun&#231;&#227;o de classe II ou pior)</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI OU TA-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia convencional SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de 30 dias e 1 ano</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Morte por todas as causas 30 dias: 3,4% no grupo transcateter vs. 6,5% no grupo cir&#250;rgico (p=0,07)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1 ano: 24,2% no grupo transcateter vs. 26,8% no grupo cir&#250;rgico (p=0,44)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o de 2,6 pontos percentuais no grupo transcateter</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Limite superior do IC de 95% para diferen&#231;a: 3,0 pontos percentuais</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Margem predefinida: 7,5 pontos percentuais; p=0,001 para n&#227;o inferioridade</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC grave</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>30 dias: 3,8% no grupo transcateter vs. 2,1% no grupo cir&#250;rgico (p=0,20)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1 ano: 5,1% no grupo transcateter vs. 2,4% no grupo cir&#250;rgico (p=0,07)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Principais complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>30 dias: 11,0% no grupo transcateter vs. 3,2% no grupo cir&#250;rgico (p&lt;0,001)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Makkar et al. 2020<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">2032 TARV-TF (n = 1550) SAVR (n = 482)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio com EA sintom&#225;tica grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR na regi&#227;o transtor&#225;cica</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade, Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, Qualidade de vida</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de cinco anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>47,9% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>43,4% no grupo cir&#250;rgico</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p=0,21</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Pelo menos regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica paravalvar leve</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>33,3% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>6,3% no grupo cir&#250;rgico</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Melhoria do estado de sa&#250;de</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Melhora semelhante nos grupos TAVI e cir&#250;rgico em 5 anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kapadia et al. 2014<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">449 TAVI (n = 220) SAVR (n = 229)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes inoper&#225;veis com EA grave</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI TF</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR TF</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade em tr&#234;s anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>54,1% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>80,9% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p&lt;0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baron et al. 2019<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">943 TAVI (n = 494) SAVR (n = 449)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave de baixo risco cir&#250;rgico</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI transfemoral usando uma v&#225;lvula expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Qualidade de vida</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Em 1 m&#234;s</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI apresentou melhor estado de sa&#250;de que SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia no KCCQ-OS: 16,0 pontos, p&lt;0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aos 6 meses</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI permaneceu melhor que SAVR, embora com efeito reduzido</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia no KCCQ-OS: 2,6 pontos, p&lt;0,04</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aos 12 meses</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>TAVI ainda apresentou melhor estado de sa&#250;de, com efeito ainda mais reduzido</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia no KCCQ-OS: 1,8 pontos, p&lt;0,04</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com KCCQ-OS &#8805;75 e sem decl&#237;nio significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aos 6 meses: 90,3% em TAVI vs. 85,3% em SAVR, p=0,03</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aos 12 meses: 87,3% em TAVI vs. 82,8% em SAVR, p=0,07</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Garcia et al. 2021<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1524 TAVI (n = 1045) SAVR (n = 479)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) submetidos a TAVI ou SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Les&#227;o Renal Aguda Perioperat&#243;ria (LRA)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>26,3% ap&#243;s SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>10,3% ap&#243;s TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p&lt;0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vandermolen et al. 2021<sup>35</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">322 TAVI (n = 220) SAVR (n = 102)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA cl&#225;ssica de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Acompanhamento mediano de 2,7 anos (intervalo de 1,5 a 4,1 anos)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>99 pacientes morreram:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>70 (31,8%) no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>29 (28,4%) no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forrest et al. 2022<sup>36</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1414 TAVI (n = 730) SAVR (n = 684)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA em pacientes de baixo risco</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxas de mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3,5% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4,4% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p=0,366</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxas de acidente vascular cerebral incapacitantes</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1,5% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2,7% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p=0,119</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kapadia et al. 2015<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">358 TAVI (n = 179) SAVR (n = 179)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com EA grave inoper&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resultados de cinco anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>71,8% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>93,6% no grupo SAVR</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p&lt;0,0001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forrest et al. 2023<sup>37</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1414 TAVI (n = 730) SAVR (n = 684)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes de baixo risco com EA</td>
                  <td align="center">TAVI com v&#225;lvula supraanular autoexpans&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                  <td align="center">Mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Taxas de mortalidade (AVC por todas as causas ou incapacitante)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ano 1: &#8722;1,8% de diferen&#231;a (TAVI vs. Cirurgia)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ano 2: &#8722;2,0% de diferen&#231;a</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ano 3: &#8722;2,9% de diferen&#231;a</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Incid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar leve</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,3% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2,5% no grupo cir&#250;rgico Coloca&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>23,2% no grupo TAVI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>9,1% no grupo cir&#250;rgico</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>p&lt;0,001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar moderada ou maior &lt;1% em ambos os grupos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>TF-TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transfemoral; SAVR: substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; AR: regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica; NYHA: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Funcional da New York Heart Association; TA-TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transfemoral; LDB: hemorragia com risco de vida ou incapacitante; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; VA: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; KCCQ: Question&#225;rio de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City; KCCQ-OS: Escore Geral Resumido do Question&#225;rio de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; EUA: Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica; RU: Reino Unido; EA: estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s para todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos usando a ferramenta Cochrane de Risco de Vi&#233;s 2. Dom&#237;nios - D1: Vi&#233;s decorrente do processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o; D2: Vi&#233;s devido a desvios das interven&#231;&#245;es pretendidas; D3: Vi&#233;s devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de dados sobre o desfecho; D4: Vi&#233;s na mensura&#231;&#227;o do desfecho; D5: Vi&#233;s na sele&#231;&#227;o do resultado relatado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240295-40295-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Um total de 19.567 pacientes recebeu a interven&#231;&#227;o nos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o. A idade variou de 73 a 83 anos, e a preval&#234;ncia foi do sexo masculino (58,5%). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica submetidos ao procedimento TAVI ou SAVR. Os demais dados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> apresenta um resumo dos achados relacionados aos artigos selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o, a CoreValve<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> foi a v&#225;lvula mais comumente utilizada para TAVI, sendo empregada na maioria dos procedimentos. No entanto, outras v&#225;lvulas tamb&#233;m foram relatadas, incluindo a Edwards SAPIEN 1&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> a v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o SAPIEN XT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>e a SAPIEN XT 2&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o, todas feitas de peric&#225;rdio bovino ou su&#237;no,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> bem como a v&#225;lvula Sapien 3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A via de acesso preferencial para TAVI foi a transfemoral; no entanto, em alguns estudos, o acesso transapical tamb&#233;m foi utilizado, embora em menor extens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi iniciada com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto do TAVI nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, com &#234;nfase na mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e qualidade de vida. Nesse sentido, uma revis&#227;o dos artigos estudados mostrou que as taxas de mortalidade foram significativamente menores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI, juntamente com melhores perspectivas em termos de qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo revelou que a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, como sangramento e les&#227;o renal aguda, foi menor no grupo TAVI. &#201; importante esclarecer que a suban&#225;lise dos estudos inclu&#237;dos n&#227;o faz parte da an&#225;lise, de modo que o mesmo paciente pode ser contado mais de uma vez. Portanto, a duplica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes na contagem &#233; poss&#237;vel. Outro fator que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o &#233; a idade. Todos os estudos selecionados investigaram indiv&#237;duos com mais de 70 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>Como mostrado, a maioria dos artigos demonstra que o TAVI tem melhor desempenho do que o SAVR em termos de mortalidade. Adams et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sugerem que v&#225;rios fatores podem ter contribu&#237;do para o desempenho superior do TAVI, como a abordagem menos invasiva, mobiliza&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida e recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, juntamente com menores taxas de acidentes vasculares cerebrais e outras complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Al&#233;m disso, os autores relataram que uma maior taxa de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar, comum em pacientes com TAVI, n&#227;o impactou a sobrevida global em seu estudo. H&#225; outros artigos, como o de Mack et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> que argumentam que a taxa substancialmente maior de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar no TAVI resulta em menor taxa de sobrevida para os pacientes. No entanto, isso n&#227;o &#233; considerado um fator que comprometa o TAVI como uma alternativa &#224; cirurgia convencional.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>os artigos mostraram pouca diferen&#231;a entre TAVI e SAVR. No entanto, o estudo de Durko et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> revelou um achado not&#225;vel: a maior incid&#234;ncia de encefalopatia ap&#243;s SAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o com TAVI. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea na SAVR, que leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da oxigena&#231;&#227;o do c&#233;rebro, aumentando o risco de encefalopatia. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma menor taxa de AVC precoce na TAVI em compara&#231;&#227;o com SAVR, o que est&#225; relacionado ao menor risco cir&#250;rgico, aos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos no procedimento e &#224; t&#233;cnica de implante utilizada.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o estudo de G&#233;n&#233;reux et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> mostrou que complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e transfus&#245;es foram 2 a 3 vezes mais frequentes no grupo SAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TAVI, o que o autor n&#227;o considera surpreendente, dada a natureza mais invasiva da cirurgia e a coagulopatia bem documentada que ocorre ap&#243;s o bypass cardiopulmonar, o que respalda sua afirma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O estudo de Reardon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> por exemplo, mostrou que a SAVR estava associada a maiores taxas de les&#227;o renal aguda, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e necessidade de transfus&#227;o. A natureza invasiva do procedimento pode explicar parcialmente essas complica&#231;&#245;es, visto que cirurgias de grande porte tendem a prolongar a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e a necessidade de medicamentos inotr&#243;picos e suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. No entanto, &#233; importante reconhecer que fatores espec&#237;ficos do paciente e t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas tamb&#233;m podem influenciar esses desfechos, e estudos adicionais relataram resultados variados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de tais complica&#231;&#245;es. Por outro lado, o TAVI demonstrou maiores taxas de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica residual e necessidade de implante de marcapasso. Esses problemas podem advir de trauma, isquemia, hemorragia e edema ao n&#237;vel do n&#243; atrioventricular, bem como da pr&#243;pria natureza da v&#225;lvula, considerando as diferen&#231;as entre v&#225;lvulas expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o e autoexpans&#237;veis. Notavelmente, a incid&#234;ncia de implante de marcapasso e regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar evoluiu ao longo do tempo com avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos e t&#233;cnicas de implante aprimoradas. Esses achados sugerem uma melhor qualidade de vida associada ao TAVI nos primeiros 30 dias em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SAVR. No entanto, ap&#243;s seis meses, a qualidade de vida parece ser compar&#225;vel entre os dois procedimentos, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de acompanhamento de longo prazo para avaliar a durabilidade e os resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Corroborando a ideia mencionada acima, o estudo de Baron et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m destaca que o TAVI demonstra resultados superiores em termos de qualidade de vida em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; SAVR, um achado consistente com o de Reardon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Baron et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> atribuem isso &#224;s maiores taxas de sangramento, les&#227;o renal aguda e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria na SAVR, bem como &#224;s taxas relativamente menores de les&#227;o vascular e vazamento paravalvar no TAVI. Esses fatores s&#227;o considerados essenciais para a melhor qualidade de vida observada em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI. Essa explica&#231;&#227;o ajuda a justificar por que o escore do KCCQ &#233; melhor em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI at&#233; 6 meses, embora essa diferen&#231;a diminua substancialmente ao longo do tempo.</p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica transcateter e a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica cir&#250;rgica convencional tem sido um t&#243;pico central em v&#225;rios estudos randomizados, especialmente em pacientes com EA grave. Os dados apresentados por Adams et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mostram uma vantagem significativa do TAVI em termos de mortalidade, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de 4,9 pontos percentuais na taxa de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR ap&#243;s 1 ano, com p = 0,04 para superioridade. Isso se alinha com os achados de outros estudos, como Thyregod et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m demonstraram a superioridade do TAVI em termos de complica&#231;&#245;es graves e mortalidade. Esses resultados sugerem que, para certos grupos de pacientes, como aqueles com alto risco cir&#250;rgico ou condi&#231;&#245;es com&#243;rbidas, o TAVI pode ser uma alternativa mais segura e eficaz, especialmente quando se considera a recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e o tempo reduzido de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Ao longo do tempo, o TAVI evoluiu significativamente desde sua introdu&#231;&#227;o h&#225; mais de duas d&#233;cadas, com melhorias nos designs das v&#225;lvulas, nas t&#233;cnicas de procedimento e nos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Benef&#237;cios a curto prazo, incluindo menores taxas de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es, foram bem documentados. No entanto, dados de longo prazo sugerem a necessidade de mais pesquisas para avaliar a durabilidade das v&#225;lvulas, as complica&#231;&#245;es tardias e os resultados funcionais ap&#243;s cinco anos.</p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise evolutiva das pr&#243;teses para TAVI pode ser altamente valiosa, visto que melhorias significativas foram feitas ao longo do tempo, particularmente na redu&#231;&#227;o do vazamento paravalvar. Avan&#231;os no design, nos materiais e nas t&#233;cnicas de aplica&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas levaram a uma melhor veda&#231;&#227;o e a um posicionamento mais preciso das v&#225;lvulas, contribuindo para melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos e durabilidade a longo prazo. Esses aprimoramentos ajudaram a abordar um dos principais desafios do TAVI, permitindo melhor desempenho hemodin&#226;mico e menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, beneficia os pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento menos invasivo.</p>
      <p>O estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que podem impactar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. A inclus&#227;o de diferentes tipos e marcas de v&#225;lvulas pode introduzir variabilidade, dificultando a compara&#231;&#227;o direta dos efeitos de cada modelo. Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e protocolos entre as equipes m&#233;dicas envolvidas nos ensaios podem afetar a consist&#234;ncia dos resultados, limitando a aplicabilidade dos achados a pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas mais amplas. A heterogeneidade nas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes e nos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m pode introduzir vi&#233;s, dificultando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para todos os contextos. Al&#233;m disso, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o utilizados podem ter exclu&#237;do dados relevantes, reduzindo a representatividade do estudo para popula&#231;&#245;es mais diversas.</p>
      <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, os resultados do estudo fornecem insights valiosos para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. As diferentes abordagens e tipos de v&#225;lvulas analisadas oferecem uma compreens&#227;o mais ampla das op&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis, o que pode ser ben&#233;fico na personaliza&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos e na otimiza&#231;&#227;o de resultados para diferentes perfis de pacientes. A abordagem TAVI, por exemplo, demonstrou benef&#237;cios claros, particularmente com a t&#233;cnica transfemoral, que pode estar associada a melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o e menor risco cir&#250;rgico. Mesmo com a necessidade de cautela na generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, os achados contribuem significativamente para o avan&#231;o da compreens&#227;o em interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, fornecendo uma base s&#243;lida para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es e melhorias nas pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O TAVI em pacientes com EA reduziu a mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR. O TAVI parece reduzir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o sangramento e a les&#227;o renal aguda, al&#233;m de melhorar a qualidade de vida. Deve-se considerar, com base nos artigos selecionados, que os idosos (acima de 70 anos) s&#227;o a popula&#231;&#227;o mais exposta a esse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente devido ao alto risco cir&#250;rgico de um procedimento aberto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Supplement</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Search strategy in PubMed</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xTGhPjtNwH6zBhb7f5sBFZb/48ad83227a0fa8d7451d828647b7da4fe8c41e38.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Avvedimento M, Tang GHL. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): Recent Updates. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;69:73-83. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.11.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avvedimento</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>GHL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): Recent Updates</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pcad.2021.11.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Cahill TJ, Terre JA, George I. Over 15 Years: The Advancement of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;9(6):442-51. doi: 10.21037/acs-2020-av-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cahill</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terre</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>George</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Over 15 Years: The Advancement of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Ann Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>451</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/acs-2020-av-24</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Spears J, Al-Saiegh Y, Goldberg D, Manthey S, Goldberg S. TAVR: A Review of Current Practices and Considerations in Low-Risk Patients. J Interv Cardiol. 2020;2020:2582938. doi: 10.1155/2020/2582938.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spears</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Saiegh</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manthey</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TAVR: A Review of Current Practices and Considerations in Low-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>2020</volume>
          <size units="pages">2582938</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2020/2582938</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Yerasi C, Rogers T, Forrestal BJ, Case BC, Khan JM, Ben-Dor I, et al. Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Young, Low-Risk Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(11):1169-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.03.058.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yerasi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forrestal</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Case</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ben-Dor</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Young, Low-Risk Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1169</fpage>
          <lpage>1180</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2021.03.058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Siontis GCM, Overtchouk P, Cahill TJ, Modine T, Prendergast B, Praz F, et al. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs. Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Treatment of Symptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(38):3143-53. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz275.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siontis</surname>
              <given-names>GCM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Overtchouk</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cahill</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modine</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prendergast</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Praz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs. Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Treatment of Symptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>38</issue>
          <fpage>3143</fpage>
          <lpage>3153</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz275</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Arora S, Misenheimer JA, Ramaraj R. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Comprehensive Review and Present Status. Tex Heart Inst J. 2017;44(1):29-38. doi: 10.14503/THIJ-16-5852.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Misenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramaraj</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Comprehensive Review and Present Status</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14503/THIJ-16-5852</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Silva LS, Caramori PR, Nunes AC Filho, Katz M, Guaragna JC, Lemos P, et al. Performance of Surgical Risk Scores to Predict Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(3):241-7. doi: 10.5935/abc.20150084.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caramori</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guaragna</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Performance of Surgical Risk Scores to Predict Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>247</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150084</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moher</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tetzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>PRISMA Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1000097</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Santos CMC, Pimenta CAM, Nobre MR. The PICO Strategy for the Research Question Construction and Evidence Search. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2007;15(3):508-11. doi: 10.1590/s0104-11692007000300023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>CMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>CAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobre</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The PICO Strategy for the Research Question Construction and Evidence Search</article-title>
          <source>Rev Lat Am Enfermagem</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>508</fpage>
          <lpage>511</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0104-11692007000300023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Adams DH, Popma JJ, Reardon MJ, Yakubov SJ, Coselli JS, Deeb GM, et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Self-Expanding Prosthesis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(19):1790-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1400590.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coselli</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Self-Expanding Prosthesis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1790</fpage>
          <lpage>1798</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1400590</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. S&#248;ndergaard L, Steinbr&#252;chel DA, Ihlemann N, Nissen H, Kjeldsen BJ, Petursson P, et al. Two-Year Outcomes in Patients with Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis Randomized to Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: The All-Comers Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention Randomized Clinical Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(6):e003665. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003665.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steinbr&#252;chel</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ihlemann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nissen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjeldsen</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petursson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two-Year Outcomes in Patients with Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis Randomized to Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: The All-Comers Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003665</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003665</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Skelding KA, Yakubov SJ, Kleiman NS, Reardon MJ, Adams DH, Huang J, et al. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement versus Surgery in Women at High Risk for Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (from the CoreValve US High Risk Pivotal Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(4):560-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.051.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skelding</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiman</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement versus Surgery in Women at High Risk for Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (from the CoreValve US High Risk Pivotal Trial)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>560</fpage>
          <lpage>566</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.051</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Grayburn PA, Oh JK, Reardon MJ, Popma JJ, Deeb GM, Boulware M, et al. Effect of Baseline Aortic Regurgitation on Mortality in Patients Treated with Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (from the CoreValve US Pivotal Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(9):1527-35. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boulware</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Baseline Aortic Regurgitation on Mortality in Patients Treated with Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (from the CoreValve US Pivotal Trial)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1527</fpage>
          <lpage>1535</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Conte JV, Hermiller J Jr, Resar JR, Deeb GM, Gleason TG, Adams DH, et al. Complications after Self-Expanding Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;29(3):321-30. doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2017.06.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Conte</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hermiller</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resar</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complications after Self-Expanding Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.semtcvs.2017.06.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Leon MB, Mack MJ, Hahn RT, Thourani VH, Makkar R, Kodali SK, et al. Outcomes 2 Years after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients at Low Surgical Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(9):1149-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.052.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hahn</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes 2 Years after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients at Low Surgical Risk</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1149</fpage>
          <lpage>1161</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.052</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Durko AP, Reardon MJ, Kleiman NS, Popma JJ, Van Mieghem NM, Gleason TG, et al. Neurological Complications after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(18):2109-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.093.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Durko</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiman</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Mieghem</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neurological Complications after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>2109</fpage>
          <lpage>2119</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.093</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Thyregod HG, S&#248;ndergaard L, Ihlemann N, Franzen O, Andersen LW, Hansen PB, et al. The Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention (NOTION) Trial Comparing Transcatheter versus Surgical Valve Implantation: Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial. Trials. 2013;14:11. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thyregod</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ihlemann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franzen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersen</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention (NOTION) Trial Comparing Transcatheter versus Surgical Valve Implantation: Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Trials</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <size units="pages">11</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1745-6215-14-11</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Gleason TG, Schindler JT, Adams DH, Reardon MJ, Kleiman NS, Caplan LR, et al. The Risk and Extent of Neurologic Events are Equivalent for High-Risk Patients Treated with Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152(1):85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.073.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schindler</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiman</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caplan</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Risk and Extent of Neurologic Events are Equivalent for High-Risk Patients Treated with Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.073</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Kapadia SR, Huded CP, Kodali SK, Svensson LG, Tuzcu EM, Baron SJ, et al. Stroke after Surgical versus Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the PARTNER Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(20):2415-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2172.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huded</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuzcu</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke after Surgical versus Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the PARTNER Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2415</fpage>
          <lpage>2426</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2172</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, Miller DC, Moses JW, Tuzcu EM, et al. 5-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for High Surgical Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis (PARTNER 1): A Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9986):2477-84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60308-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moses</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuzcu</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>5-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for High Surgical Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis (PARTNER 1): A Randomised Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>9986</issue>
          <fpage>2477</fpage>
          <lpage>2484</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60308-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Deeb GM, Reardon MJ, Chetcuti S, Patel HJ, Grossman PM, Yakubov SJ, et al. 3-Year Outcomes in High-Risk Patients Who Underwent Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(22):2565-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.506.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chetcuti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>3-Year Outcomes in High-Risk Patients Who Underwent Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2565</fpage>
          <lpage>2574</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.506</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Kapadia SR, Leon MB, Makkar RR, Tuzcu EM, Svensson LG, Kodali S, et al. 5-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Compared with Standard Treatment for Patients with Inoperable Aortic Stenosis (PARTNER 1): A Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9986):2485-91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60290-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuzcu</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>5-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Compared with Standard Treatment for Patients with Inoperable Aortic Stenosis (PARTNER 1): A Randomised Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>9986</issue>
          <fpage>2485</fpage>
          <lpage>2491</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60290-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Thyregod HG, Steinbr&#252;chel DA, Ihlemann N, Nissen H, Kjeldsen BJ, Petursson P, et al. Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis: 1-Year Results from the All-Comers NOTION Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(20):2184-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thyregod</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steinbr&#252;chel</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ihlemann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nissen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjeldsen</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petursson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis: 1-Year Results from the All-Comers NOTION Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2184</fpage>
          <lpage>2194</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Gleason TG, Reardon MJ, Popma JJ, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, Lee JS, et al. 5-Year Outcomes of Self-Expanding Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(22):2687-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2146.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>5-Year Outcomes of Self-Expanding Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2687</fpage>
          <lpage>2696</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2146</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Toff WD, Hildick-Smith D, Kovac J, Mullen MJ, Wendler O, Mansouri A, et al. Effect of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement on All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Aortic Stenosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(19):1875-87. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.5776.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toff</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hildick-Smith</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovac</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullen</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wendler</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansouri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation vs Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement on All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Aortic Stenosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1875</fpage>
          <lpage>1887</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2022.5776</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. G&#233;n&#233;reux P, Cohen DJ, Williams MR, Mack M, Kodali SK, Svensson LG, et al. Bleeding Complications after Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement Compared with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Insights from the PARTNER I Trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(11):1100-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.058.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#233;n&#233;reux</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bleeding Complications after Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement Compared with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Insights from the PARTNER I Trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1100</fpage>
          <lpage>1109</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Amrane H, Deeb GM, Popma JJ, Yakubov SJ, Gleason TG, Van Mieghem NM, et al. Causes of Death in Intermediate-Risk Patients: The Randomized Surgical Replacement and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;158(3):718-28.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.11.129.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amrane</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Mieghem</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Causes of Death in Intermediate-Risk Patients: The Randomized Surgical Replacement and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>158</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>718</fpage>
          <lpage>28.e3</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.11.129</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, Makkar RR, Svensson LG, Kodali SK, et al. Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(17):1609-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1514616.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>374</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1609</fpage>
          <lpage>1620</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1514616</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Reardon MJ, Van Mieghem NM, Popma JJ, Kleiman NS, S&#248;ndergaard L, Mumtaz M, et al. Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1321-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700456.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Mieghem</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiman</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mumtaz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1321</fpage>
          <lpage>1331</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1700456</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG, et al. Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(23):2187-98. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103510.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moses</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2187</fpage>
          <lpage>2198</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1103510</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Makkar RR, Thourani VH, Mack MJ, Kodali SK, Kapadia S, Webb JG, et al. Five-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(9):799-809. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910555.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Five-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>809</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1910555</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Makkar RR, Svensson LG, Agarwal S, Kodali S, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Inoperable Patients with Aortic Stenosis Randomly Assigned to Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement or Standard Therapy. Circulation. 2014;130(17):1483-92. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009834.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuzcu</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agarwal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes of Inoperable Patients with Aortic Stenosis Randomly Assigned to Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement or Standard Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1483</fpage>
          <lpage>1492</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009834</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Baron SJ, Magnuson EA, Lu M, Wang K, Chinnakondepalli K, Mack M, et al. Health Status after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(23):2833-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnuson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chinnakondepalli</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Health Status after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2833</fpage>
          <lpage>2842</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Garcia S, Cubeddu RJ, Hahn RT, Ternacle J, Kapadia SR, Kodali SK, et al. 5-Year Outcomes Comparing Surgical versus Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(18):1995-2005. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.07.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cubeddu</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hahn</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ternacle</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>5-Year Outcomes Comparing Surgical versus Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1995</fpage>
          <lpage>2005</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2021.07.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Vandermolen S, Patel KP, Saberwal B, Cooper J, Pugliese F, Khanji M et al. Outcomes of Trans-Catheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Patients with Classic Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:1644. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1644.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vandermolen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saberwal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pugliese</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khanji</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes of Trans-Catheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Patients with Classic Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <size units="pages">1644</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1644</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Forrest JK, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, Rovin JD, Mumtaz M, Gada H, et al. 2-Year Outcomes after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(9):882-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.062.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forrest</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rovin</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mumtaz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gada</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2-Year Outcomes after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>882</fpage>
          <lpage>896</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Forrest JK, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, Gada H, Mumtaz MA, Ramlawi B, et al. 3-Year Outcomes after Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(17):1663-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.02.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forrest</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeb</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gada</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mumtaz</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramlawi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>3-Year Outcomes after Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1663</fpage>
          <lpage>1674</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.02.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os autores afirmam que os dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis de acordo com a necessidade dos revisores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*Material suplementar:</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12210/2024-0295_AR_Supplement.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240295i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) Versus Surgical Valve Replacement on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8126-8644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuel de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Rute Mac&#234;do de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tayane Siqueira Martins dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Excel&#234;ncia, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro &#8226; Centro Universit&#225;rio de Excel&#234;ncia &#8211; Av. Art&#234;mia Pires Freitas, s/n. Postal Code 44085-370, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; BrazilE-mail: andrelisboacordeiro@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most prevalent valve lesions, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) has emerged as an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). TAVI is a minimally invasive procedure that has proven to be a safer option in several aspects. The objective is to review the impact of TAVI compared to surgical aortic valve replacement on mortality, postoperative complications, hospitalization, and quality of life in patients with AS. A systematic review was conducted using the PICO strategy, with searches in the PubMed, Central, and LILACS databases, employing the following descriptors: aortic stenosis, hospitalization, mortality, clinical trial, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, quality of life, postoperative complications, combined with the Boolean operators &#8220;AND&#8221; and &#8220;OR.&#8221; A total of 29 articles were found after reading the titles and abstracts. Of these, nine showed lower mortality in patients undergoing TAVI, while three reported lower mortality in the SAVR group. Eight articles had similar findings regarding complications, with six showing a lower incidence of postoperative complications in TAVI and three in SAVR. Additionally, three articles showed better quality of life in TAVI patients, while one study indicated a shorter hospital stay for TAVI patients. In all studies, the patients analyzed were over 70 years old. TAVI reduced mortality compared to SAVR in patients with AS. Furthermore, TAVI was associated with a reduction in hospital stay and improvement in quality of life. Regarding postoperative complications, the results indicated that TAVI tends to have a lower complication rate, although variations exist between studies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) Versus Surgical Valve Replacement on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Aortic Stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Summary of findings obtained through the articles analyzed.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240295-40295-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedure was first performed in 2002, representing a major advancement in the treatment of aortic stenosis (AS). Since its inception, the technique has transformed the management of AS, initially developed for high-risk surgical patients but gradually expanding to intermediate and even low-risk patients, providing a minimally invasive alternative to conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Studies have shown that TAVI is effective in both high- and low-surgical risk patients, resulting in significant improvements in clinical outcomes, including reduced mortality and morbidity associated with severe AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> TAVI involves the implantation of a stent, which can be self-expanding, into the aortic annulus, covered with three internal leaflets (typically made from bovine or porcine pericardium), which function as semilunar valves. Access for the procedure is typically via catheterization of the femoral or subclavian arteries.</p>
        <p>Over the past 20 years, there has been continuous development of new technologies and prostheses for the TAVI procedure, leading to greater reliability in valve implantation and improved long-term outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Operator experience has also played a critical role in the success of TAVI, and, combined with advancements in imaging techniques and procedural planning, this has facilitated the growing adoption of TAVI for the treatment of aortic stenosis. Currently, TAVI accounts for approximately 12.5% of all aortic valve replacements performed worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Moreover, studies have shown that, in selected patients, TAVI yields superior outcomes compared to SAVR, particularly when performed via transfemoral access.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the proven benefits of TAVI, uncertainties persist regarding some key outcomes of the procedure. For instance, the occurrence of stroke remains a significant concern, as valve positioning and implantation may increase the risk of embolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, the comparison of mortality between TAVI and SAVR remains controversial, with questions surrounding the validity of tools like the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Risk Score (STS), which has not yet been fully established as a reliable indicator in all cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These issues underscore the need for a critical and thorough evaluation of the available clinical data to understand better the outcomes associated with TAVI and its true applicability across different patient populations.</p>
        <p>Thus, this systematic review aims to analyze and compare the available data on clinical outcomes between TAVI and SAVR, with the goal of clarifying aspects that remain undefined, such as mortality, postoperative complications, hospitalization duration, and quality of life. In doing so, this review seeks to shed light on the true impact of TAVI on clinical outcomes and provide a more robust evidence base to support decision-making in clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocol and registration</title>
          <p>This systematic review was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) under number CRD42021218265.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>This systematic review followed the PICOS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> strategy to structure the analysis of relevant studies. The study population comprised patients diagnosed with aortic dysfunction, specifically those with aortic stenosis or regurgitation, who were candidates for intervention. The primary intervention assessed was Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), a less invasive procedure compared to traditional surgical options. TAVI was directly compared with conventional treatments, which typically involve median sternotomy or thoracotomy for aortic valve replacement, both of which are more invasive surgical approaches.</p>
          <p>The review focused on several key outcomes: the length of hospital stay, the duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, quality of life after the procedure, mortality rates, and the occurrence of postoperative complications, including but not limited to stroke, bleeding, and valve-related issues. These outcomes were selected due to their clinical relevance in determining the overall efficacy and safety of TAVI compared to traditional surgical interventions.</p>
          <p>Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included to ensure the highest level of evidence for the comparisons. There were no restrictions on the year or language of publication, allowing for a comprehensive inclusion of studies across different periods and regions. However, to improve the precision of the review, further elaboration on the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies would strengthen the transparency of the selection process. This would help readers understand the scope of the evidence, the generalizability of the results, and any potential limitations related to the selected studies, such as sample size or methodological quality. Additionally, clarifying how the studies were assessed for bias and risk of methodological flaws would offer valuable insights into the reliability of the findings presented in the review.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sources of information</title>
          <p>We conducted a computer search, consulting PubMed, Central Register of Systematic Reviews (CENTRAL), and LILACS. We also searched the list of references of previous systematic reviews and clinical trials eligible for this review. The search for articles ended in March 2024.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search</title>
          <p>The search was based on the previously described PICOS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> strategy and the Boolean operators AND and OR. We used as descriptors for the population (Aortic Stenosis or Aortic Valve Stenosis or Stenosis, Aortic or Stenosis, Aortic Valve or Stenosis, Aortic or Stenosis, Aortic Valve or Valve Stenosis, Aortic or Valve Stenosis, Aortic or Aortic Valve Stenosis) with aortic dysfunction. For the intervention (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement) with TAVI. For comparison (conventional treatment or sternotomy, or thoracotomy). For the results (Hospitalizations or Hospital Stay or Hospital Stays or Stay Length or Stay Lengths or Stay, Hospital or Stays, Hospital or Length of Stay or Intensive Care Units or Intensive or Care Unit, Intensive or Care Units, Intensive or ICU Intensive Care Units or Unit, Intensive Care or Units, Intensive Care or Quality of Life or Health-Related Quality of Life or Health-Related Quality of Life or HRQOL or Quality of Life or Age-Specific Mortality Rate or Case Fatality Rate or Case Fatality Rate or Case Fatality Rate CFR or Crude Mortality Rate or Age-Specific Mortality Rate or Crude Mortality Rate or Mortality Rate or Mortality rates, age-specific or decline, mortality or decline, mortality or determinant, mortality or determinant, mortality or mortality differential or mortality excess or mortality excess or mortality or mortality, mortality differential or mortality, mortality excess or decline or mortality decline or mortality determinant or mortality determinant or mortality rate or mortality rate, crude or mortality or mortality rates, Differential or Mortality, Excess or Rate, Age- Specific Death or Rate, Case Fatality or Rate, Crude Death or Rate, Crude Mortality or Rate, Death or Rate, Mortality or Rates, Age-Specific Death or Rates, Case Fatality or Rates, Death or Rates, Mortality or Mortality or Postoperative Complications or Complication, Postoperative or Complications, Postoperative)were by length of hospital stay and intensive care unit; quality of life; mortality and postoperative complications. As descriptors for the study design (Clinical Trial or Intervention Study or Controlled Clinical Trial, or Randomized Controlled Trial), we used randomized clinical trials, clinical trials, and controlled trials. The search strategy developed is presented in the form of a supplement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Selection</title>
          <p>This systematic review included randomized clinical trials involving patients who underwent TAVI. To be eligible, the clinical trial had to involve patients with aortic dysfunction undergoing TAVI. Studies with adults (18 years or older), regardless of gender, were included. The exclusion criteria were studies involving patients in palliative care, with a life expectancy of less than one year, or with a low probability of improvement in quality of life with treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection process</title>
          <p>The extraction of selected articles was performed in three sequential stages:</p>
          <p><bold>1. First Stage:</bold> Checking the titles of the studies to identify relevance.</p>
          <p><bold>2. Second Stage:</bold> Analyzing the abstracts of the articles for a more detailed pre-selection.</p>
          <p><bold>3. Third Stage:</bold> Full reading of the articles for in-depth evaluation.</p>
          <p>After the selection, an exploratory reading of the studies was conducted, followed by a selective and analytical reading. The data extracted from the articles was organized and summarized in terms of: authors, journal, year of publication, title, and conclusions. This allowed the collection of the most relevant information for the research.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data items</title>
          <p>Three authors independently (EG, RM and TS) extracted the data from the published reports using standard data extraction considering: (1) aspects of the study population, such as mean age, gender, number of patients, diagnosis; (2) aspects of the intervention performed; (3) follow-up; (4) loss to follow-up; (5) outcome measures; and (6) results presented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bias and quality assessment</title>
          <p>The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2 tool. The domains assessed were selective outcome reporting, incomplete outcome data, blinding of outcome assessment, blinding of participants and personnel, sequence generation: allocation concealment, and other issues. The risk of bias was categorised into low, high, or uncertain risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>According to the data presented in the article selection flowchart, the initial search of the databases yielded a total of 547 articles. Of these, 475 were excluded after reading the titles. Subsequently, 72 articles were evaluated based on their abstracts, and 14 were deemed not directly related to the subject of this study. Thus, 58 articles were selected for full-text review. Of these, 5 were excluded due to duplication, 18 were not clinical trials, 2 did not follow the required procedure, and 4 did not meet the inclusion criteria for the methods. Therefore, this systematic review includes 29 articles that met the eligibility criteria for inclusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the research strategy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240295-40295-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias</title>
          <p>Risk of bias was assessed for 8 trials (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Each trial was graded as either &#8220;high risk&#8221;, &#8220;low risk&#8221;, or &#8220;some concerns&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of selected studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Study (Author/year)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Country</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Sample</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Design</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Inclusion criteria</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Interventions</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Measurements</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Results</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Intervention</th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">USA</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">742 TAVI (n = 389) SAVR (n = 353)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Patients with severe aortic stenosis and heart failure symptoms of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">SAVR conventional open-heart techniques with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 1 year:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>14.2% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>19.1% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Absolute reduction in risk of 4.9 percentage points (confidence interval, &#8722;0.4; P&lt;0.001 for noninferiority; P = 0.04 for superiority).</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adams et al. 2014<sup>10</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#248;ndergaard et al. 2016<sup>11</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark and Sweden</td>
                    <td align="center">276 TAVI (n = 142) SAVR (n = 134)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Severe native aortic valve stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 2 years</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>8.0% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>9.8% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.54.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Skelding et al. 2016<sup>12</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">353 TAVI (n = 183) SAVR (n = 170)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Female patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or greater symptoms and severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR conventional surgery</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and Postoperative Complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality at 30 days</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>3.8% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>4.7% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.70</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Stroke:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>5.6% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>6.5% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.73</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Myocardial infarction:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>1.6% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>0.6% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.35</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Major vascular complications</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>7.7% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>0.6% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Cardiac perforation</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>2.7% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>0.0% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.03</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Permanent pacemaker implantation</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>20.7% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>7.2% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p &lt; 0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grayburn et al. 2018<sup>13</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">739 TAVI (n = 386) SAVR (n = 353)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients were stratified by the severity of baseline AR (aortic regurgitation) into those with none and/or trace and those with mild AR</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>49% (84 of 172 patients) in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>8% (13 of 162 patients) in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conte et al. 2017<sup>14</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">790 TAVI (n = 391) SARV (n = 359)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI iliofemoral or non-iliofemoral access ports</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Postoperative Complications, mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality at 2 years</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>8.0% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>9.8% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.54</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Major Vascular Complications:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Significantly higher in the TAVI group during the periprocedural period (5.4% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.003)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leon et al. 2021<sup>15</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">950 TAVI (n = 496) Surgery (n = 454)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI transfemoral</td>
                    <td align="center">Minimally invasive surgery</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality at 2 years</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 57 patients (11.5%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 78 patients (17.4%) p = 0.007</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Durko et al. 2018<sup>16</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Europe, USA, Canada</td>
                    <td align="center">1660 TAVI (n = 864) Surgery (n = 796)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized controlled trials</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis at intermediate surgical risk</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR conventional surgery</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Early strokes:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 3.3%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 5.4%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.031</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Early encephalopathy:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 1.6%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 7.8%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p &lt; 0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thyregod et al. 2013<sup>17</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Scandinavia</td>
                    <td align="center">280 TAVI (n = 140) SAVR (n = 140)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients 70 years or older with severe degenerative AV stenosis with symptoms or without symptoms but with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and/or hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR complete median sternotomy</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Complications or all-cause mortality (primary outcome)</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Myocardial infarction, stroke, or all-cause mortality.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR group: 15% incidence</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI group: 5% incidence</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gleason et al. 2016<sup>18</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">750 TAVI (n = 391) SAVR (n = 359)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">High-risk patients (predicted SAVR mortality 15%) with severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30-day stroke rate:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 4.9%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 6.2%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.46</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>1-year stroke rate:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 8.7%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 12.5%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.11</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>2-year stroke rate:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 10.9%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 16.6%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.05</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>2-year all-cause mortality:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI: 83.3%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 54.5%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.29</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kapadia et al. 2018<sup>19</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">5637 TAVI (n = 4389) SAVR (n = 1248)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Complications and quality of life</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30-day Stroke:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TF-TAVI: 5.1%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 3.7%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.09</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30-day Major Stroke:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TF-TAVI: 3.9%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR: 2.2%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p = 0.018</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAVR (KCCQ score):</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Without major stroke: 79 [53, 94]</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>With major stroke: 64 [30, 94] p = 0.03</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TF-TAVI (KCCQ score):</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Without major stroke: 78 [49, 96]</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>With major stroke: 60 [8, 99] p = 0.04</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mack et al. 2015<sup>20</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">699 TAVI (n = 348) SAVR (n = 351)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized controlled trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR type of surgery not specified</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 5 years</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>67.8% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>62.4% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.76.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Deeb et al. 2016<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">750 TAVI (n = 391) SAVR (n = 359)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR procedure at the discretion of the cardiac surgeon</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Three-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality or stroke</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>37.3% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>46.7% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.006 All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>32.9% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>39.1% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.068 All stroke</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>12.6% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>19.0% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.034 Major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>40.2% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>47.9% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.025</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kapadia et al. 2015<sup>22</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">358 TAVI (n = 179) SAVR (n = 179)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe symptomatic inoperable aortic stenosis (mean age 83 years, Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality 11&#183;7%, 54% female).</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">Balloon aortic valvuloplasty</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Five-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>71.8% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>93.6% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.0001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thyregod et al. 2015<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark and Sweden</td>
                    <td align="center">274 TAVI (n = 139) SAVR (n = 135)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients &#8805;70 years of age with severe degenerative aortic valve stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR underwent conventional open heart surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>One-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Death from any cause, stroke, or MI (primary outcome)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>13.1% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>16.3% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>&#8722;3.2% absolute difference; p=0.43 for superiority</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gleason et al. 2018<sup>24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">750 TAVI (n = 391) SAVR (n = 359)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe, symptomatic (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class II or greater) aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Five-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>55.3% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>55.4% in the SAVR group Major stroke</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>12.3% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>13.2% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Toff et al. 2022<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">UK</td>
                    <td align="center">866 TAVI (n = 450) SAVR (n = 416)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients were aged 70 years or older with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis and increased operative risk due to comorbidity or age.</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR (midline sternotomy and minimally invasive surgery</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>One-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>4.6% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>6.6% in the surgery group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Adjusted absolute risk difference &#8722;2.0% (1-sided 97.5% CI, &#8722;&#8734; to 1.2%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>G&#233;n&#233;reux et al. 2014<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">657 SARV (n = 313) TAVI-TF (n = 240) TARV-TA (n = 104)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI OR TA-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Postoperative Complication</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30-day outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Major BC (blood complications)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>22.7% after SAVR</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>11.3% after TF-TAVI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>8.8% after TA-TAVI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.0001 30-day transfusion rate</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>17.9% after SAVR</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>7.1% after TF-TAVI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>4.8% after TA-TAVI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.0001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amrane et al. 2019<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Canada, Europe, USA</td>
                    <td align="center">936 SARV (n = 438) TAVI (n = 498)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe symptomatic AS are considered to be of intermediate surgical risk.</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>One-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>6.5% after TAVI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>6.7% after SAVR</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leon et al. 2016<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">2032 TAVI (n = 1011) SAVR (n = 1021)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Intermediate-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI OR TA-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR transthoracic or transaortic access</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Postoperative Complications and Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Death from any cause or a disabling stroke</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Overall: Similar rates between TAVI and surgery</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.001 for noninferiority</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Reardon et al. 2011<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA, Canada, Europe</td>
                    <td align="center">1657 TAVI (n = 863) SAVR (n = 794)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Intermediate-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Postoperative Complications, life quality, and mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>24-month outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>11.4% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>11.6% in the surgery group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>95% confidence interval for difference, &#8722;3.8% to 3.3% Disabling stroke</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Similar rates in both groups Quality of life (KCCQ summary score) Significant improvement in both groups over 24 months A greater proportion of patients improved at 1 month in the TAVI group compared to the surgery group</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smith et al. 2011<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">EUA, Canada, Germany</td>
                    <td align="center">699 SARV (n = 351) TAVI-TF (n = 244) TARV-TA (n = 104)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe aortic stenosis and cardiac symptoms (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II function or worse)</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI OR TA-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR conventional surgery</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Postoperative Complications and mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30-day and 1-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause death</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30 days: 3.4% in transcatheter group vs. 6.5% in surgical group (p=0.07)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>1 year: 24.2% in transcatheter group vs. 26.8% in surgical group (p=0.44) Reduction of 2.6 percentage points in the transcatheter group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Upper limit of 95% CI for difference: 3.0 percentage points</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Predefined margin: 7.5 percentage points; p=0.001 for noninferiority</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Major stroke</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>30 days: 3.8% in transcatheter group vs. 2.1% in surgical group (p=0.20)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>1 year: 5.1% in transcatheter group vs. 2.4% in surgical group (p=0.07)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Major vascular complications 30 days: 11.0% in transcatheter group vs. 3.2% in surgical group (p&lt;0.001)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Makkar et al. 2020<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">2032 TARV- TF (n = 1550) SAVR (n = 482)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Intermediate-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TF-TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR in the transthoracic region</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality, Postoperative Complications, Quality Of Life</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Five-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality 4</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>7.9% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>43.4% in the surgery group p=0.21</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At least mild paravalvular aortic regurgitation</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>33.3% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>6.3% in the surgery group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Health status improvement Similar improvement in both TAVI and surgery groups at 5 years</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kapadia et al. 2014<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">449 TAVI (n = 220) SAVR (n = 229)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI TF</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR TF</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Three-year mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>54.1% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>80.9% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baron et al. 2019<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">943 TAVI (n = 494) SAVR (n = 449)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) of low surgical risk</td>
                    <td align="center">Transfemoral TAVI using a balloon-expandable valve</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Quality of life</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 1 month</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI showed better health status than SAVR Mean difference in KCCQ-OS: 16.0 points,</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 6 months</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TAVI remained better than SAVR, though with a reduced effect</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mean difference in KCCQ-OS: 2.6 points,</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.04</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 12 months TAVI still showed better health status, with a further reduced effect</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mean difference in KCCQ-OS: 1.8 points,</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.04 Proportion of patients with KCCQ-OS &#8805;75 and no significant decline from baseline</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 6 months: 90.3% in TAVI vs. 85.3% in SAVR, p=0.03</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>At 12 months: 87.3% in TAVI vs. 82.8% in SAVR,</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p=0.07</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Garcia et al. 2021<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1524 TAVI (n = 1045) SAVR (n = 479)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing TAVI or SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Complication</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>26.3% after SAVR</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>10.3% after TAVI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vandermolen et al. 2021<sup>35</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">322 TAVI (n = 220) SAVR (n = 102)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with classic low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Median follow-up of 2.7 years (range 1.5&#8211;4.1 years)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>99 patients had died:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>70 (31.8%) in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>29 (28.4%) in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Forrest et al. 2022<sup>36</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1414 TAVI (n = 730) SAVR (n = 684)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with aortic stenosis in low-risk patients</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality rates</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>3.5% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>4.4% in the SAVR group p=0.366 Disabling stroke rates</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>1.5% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>2.7% in the SAVR group , p=0.119</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kapadia et al. 2015<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">358 TAVI (n = 179) SAVR (n = 179)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with severe inoperable aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Five-year outcomes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>All-cause mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>71.8% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>93.6% in the SAVR group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>p&lt;0.0001</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Forrest et al. 2023<sup>37</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1414 TAVI (n = 730) SAVR (n = 684)</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
                    <td align="center">Low-Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TAVI with self-expanding supraannular valve</td>
                    <td align="center">SAVR</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Mortality and complications</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mortality rates (all-cause or disabling stroke)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Year 1: &#8722;1.8% difference (TAVI vs. Surgery)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Year 2: &#8722;2.0% difference</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Year 3: &#8722;2.9% difference Incidence of mild paravalvular regurgitation</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>20.3% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>2.5% in the surgery group Pacemaker placement 23.2% in the TAVI group</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>9.1% in surgery group p&lt;0.001 Moderate or greater paravalvular regurgitation</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>&lt;1% in both groups No significant difference</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>TF-TAVI: transfemoral aortic valve transcatheter implantation; SAVR: surgical aortic valve replacement; AR: aortic regurgitation; NYHA: New York Heart Association Functional Classification; TA-TAVI: transfemoral aortic valve transcatheter implantation; LDB: life-threatening or disabling hemorrhage; AKI: acute kidney injury; AV: aortic valve; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; KCCQ-OS: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score; HR: Hazard Ratio; CI: confidence interval; USA: United States of America; UK: United Kingdom; AS: aortic stenosis.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Risk of bias stratification for all included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2. Domains - D1: Bias resulting from the randomization process; D2: Bias due to deviations from the intended interventions; D3: Bias due to the absence of outcome data; D4: Bias in outcome measurement; D5: Bias in the selection of the reported outcome.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-10-e20240295-40295-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>A total of 19,567 patients received the intervention in the studies included in this review. The age ranged from 73 to 83 years, and the prevalence was male (58.5%). The inclusion criteria were patients with aortic dysfunction who underwent the TAVI or SAVR procedure. The other data is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> provides a summary of the findings related to the selected articles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention</title>
          <p>Of the studies included in this review, the CoreValve<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> was the most commonly used valve for TAVI, as it was employed in the majority of procedures. However, other valves were also reported, including the Edwards SAPIEN 1st generation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> the SAPIEN XT balloon-expandable heart valve,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and the 2nd generation SAPIEN XT, all of which are made from bovine or porcine pericardium,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> as well as the Sapien 3 valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The preferred access route for TAVI was transfemoral; however, in some studies, transapical access was also used, albeit to a lesser extent.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This systematic review was initiated with the aim of evaluating the impact of TAVI on clinical outcomes, with an emphasis on mortality, hospitalization, postoperative complications, and quality of life. In this regard, a review of the studied articles showed that mortality rates were significantly lower<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>in patients undergoing TAVI, along with better prospects in terms of quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, the study revealed that the rate of postoperative complications, such as bleeding and acute kidney injury, was lower in the TAVI group. It is important to clarify that the subanalysis of the included studies is not part of the analysis, so that the same patient may be counted more than once. Therefore, patient duplication in the count is possible. Another factor that must be taken into consideration is age. All selected studies investigated individuals over 70 years of age.</p>
        <p>As shown, most of the articles demonstrate that TAVI performs better than SAVR in terms of mortality. Adams et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> suggest that several factors may have contributed to TAVI&#8217;s superior performance, such as the less invasive approach, faster mobilization, and postoperative recovery, along with lower rates of strokes and other vascular complications. Additionally, the authors reported that a higher rate of paravalvular regurgitation, which is common in TAVI patients, did not impact overall survival in their study. There are other articles, such as the one by Mack et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> which argue that the substantially higher rate of paravalvular regurgitation in TAVI results in a lower survival rate for patients. However, this is not considered a factor that undermines TAVI as an alternative to conventional surgery.</p>
        <p>Regarding the incidence of postoperative complications<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the articles showed little difference between TAVI and SAVR. However, the study by Durko et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> revealed a notable finding: the higher incidence of encephalopathy after SAVR compared to TAVI. This may be attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in SAVR, which leads to reduced oxygenation of the brain, increasing the risk of encephalopathy. Additionally, there is a lower rate of early stroke in TAVI compared to SAVR, which is related to the lower surgical risk, the technological advancements in the procedure, and the implantation technique used.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the study by G&#233;n&#233;reux et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> showed that bleeding complications and transfusions were 2 to 3 times more frequent in the SAVR group compared to TAVI, which the author finds unsurprising, given the more invasive nature of the surgery and the well-documented coagulopathy that occurs after cardiopulmonary bypass, which supports his claim.</p>
        <p>The study by Reardon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> for example, showed that SAVR was associated with higher rates of acute kidney injury, atrial fibrillation, and the need for transfusion. The invasive nature of the procedure can partially explain these complications, as major surgeries tend to prolong hospital stays, mechanical ventilation times, and the need for inotropic drugs and mechanical circulatory support. However, it is important to acknowledge that patient-specific factors and surgical techniques may also influence these outcomes, and additional studies have reported varying results regarding the incidence of such complications. On the other hand, TAVI demonstrated higher rates of residual aortic regurgitation and the need for pacemaker implantation. These issues may stem from trauma, ischemia, hemorrhage, and edema at the level of the atrioventricular node, as well as from the nature of the valve itself, considering the differences between balloon-expandable and self-expanding valves. Notably, the incidence of pacemaker implantation and paravalvular regurgitation has evolved over time with technological advancements and improved implantation techniques. These findings suggest a better quality of life associated with TAVI in the first 30 days compared to SAVR. However, after six months, the quality of life appears to be comparable between the two procedures, reinforcing the need for long-term follow-up to assess durability and clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>Corroborating the idea mentioned above, the study by Baron et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> also highlights that TAVI demonstrates superior results in terms of quality of life compared to SAVR, a finding consistent with that of Reardon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Baron et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> attribute this to the higher rates of bleeding, acute kidney injury, and postoperative atrial fibrillation in SAVR, as well as the relatively lower rates of vascular injury and paravalvular leak in TAVI. These factors are considered key to the better quality of life observed in patients undergoing TAVI. This explanation helps to justify why the KCCQ score is better in TAVI patients up to 6 months, even though this difference decreases substantially over time.</p>
        <p>The comparison between transcatheter aortic valve replacement and conventional surgical aortic valve replacement has been a central topic in several randomized studies, especially in patients with severe aortic stenosis. The data presented by Adams et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> show a significant advantage of TAVI in terms of mortality, with an absolute reduction of 4.9 percentage points in the mortality rate compared to SAVR after 1 year, with p = 0.04 for superiority. This aligns with the findings of other studies, such as Thyregod et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> which also demonstrated the superiority of TAVI in terms of severe complications and mortality. These results suggest that for certain patient groups, such as those with high surgical risk or comorbid conditions, TAVI may be a safer and more effective alternative, especially when considering postoperative recovery and reduced hospitalization time.</p>
        <p>Over time, TAVI has evolved significantly since its introduction over two decades ago, with improvements in valve designs, procedural techniques, and patient selection criteria. Short-term benefits, including lower mortality rates and reduced complications, have been well documented. However, long-term data suggest the need for further research to assess valve durability, late complications, and functional outcomes beyond five years.</p>
        <p>An evolutionary consideration of TAVI prosthetics can be highly valuable, as significant improvements have been made over time, particularly in reducing paravalvular leakage. Advances in valve design, materials, and delivery techniques have led to better sealing and more precise valve positioning, contributing to improved clinical outcomes and long-term durability. These enhancements have helped to address one of the key challenges of TAVI, allowing for better hemodynamic performance and a lower incidence of complications, which ultimately benefits patients undergoing this less invasive procedure.</p>
        <p>The study presents some limitations that may impact the interpretation of the results. The inclusion of different types and brands of valves can introduce variability, making it difficult to compare the effects of each model directly. Additionally, differences in surgical techniques and protocols among the medical teams involved in the trials may affect the consistency of the results, limiting the applicability of the findings to broader clinical practices. The heterogeneity in patient populations and clinical settings may also introduce bias, making it difficult to generalize the results to all contexts. Furthermore, the inclusion criteria used may have excluded relevant data, reducing the study&#8217;s representativeness for more diverse populations.</p>
        <p>Despite these limitations, the study&#8217;s results provide valuable insights for clinical practice. The different approaches and types of valves analyzed offer a broader understanding of the available options, which can be beneficial in personalizing treatments and optimizing outcomes for different patient profiles. The TAVI approach, for example, has shown clear benefits, particularly with the transfemoral technique, which may be associated with better recovery and lower surgical risk. Even with the need for caution in generalizing the results, the findings make a significant contribution to the advancement of understanding in cardiac interventions, providing a solid foundation for future investigations and improvements in clinical practices.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>TAVI in patients with AS reduced mortality compared to SAVR. TAVI seems to reduce the length of hospital stay, bleeding, and acute renal injury, and improve quality of life. It should be taken into account, based on the selected articles, that the elderly (over 70 years old) are the population most exposed to this type of intervention, probably due to the high surgical risk of an open procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec1_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplement</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Search strategy in PubMed</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xTGhPjtNwH6zBhb7f5sBFZb/48ad83227a0fa8d7451d828647b7da4fe8c41e38.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The authors state that the data are available according to the needs of the reviewers.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12210/2024-0295_AR_Supplement.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
