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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YMM69QMCZqt7kTjsBf5959p</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250684</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Betabloqueadores para Hipertens&#227;o: Ser ou N&#227;o Ser um Medicamento de Primeira Linha?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4884-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0148-3636</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1833-1225</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Augusto da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (BCRI), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto-Filho</bold> &#8226; Centro de Sa&#250;de Professor Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto &#8211; Avenida Gon&#231;alo Prado Rolemberg, 211 &#8211; Sala 202. CEP <postal-code>49020-580</postal-code>, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joseaugusto.se@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>09</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250684</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Betabloqueadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O Pr&#234;mio Nobel Sir James Black<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> foi pioneiro no conceito e design de betabloqueadores para uso cardiovascular. Os primeiros dados humanos publicados sobre betabloqueadores surgiram em 1964 e, desde ent&#227;o, os betabloqueadores t&#234;m sido amplamente utilizados em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Na hipertens&#227;o, o estudo pivotal do <italic>Medical Research Council</italic> (MRC) foi o primeiro a demonstrar que tanto o propranolol quanto a bendrofluazida reduziram o risco de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o leve; no entanto, nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade foi observada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> An&#225;lises comparativas entre propranolol e bendrofluazida mostraram resultados semelhantes, com uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa favorecendo a bendrofluazida na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral e o propranolol na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos coron&#225;rios em n&#227;o fumantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Historicamente, os betabloqueadores se tornaram um pilar no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o. Em 1984, o Comit&#234; Nacional Conjunto para Detec&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (JNC III) classificou os betabloqueadores, juntamente com os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, como terapia de primeira linha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em 1998, Messerli et al. publicaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica questionando a adequa&#231;&#227;o dos betabloqueadores como agentes de primeira linha, concluindo que, em pacientes idosos hipertensos, os betabloqueadores eram inferiores aos diur&#233;ticos na redu&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 2003, o JNC-7, amplamente influenciado pelos resultados do estudo ALLHAT, estabeleceu os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos como a pedra angular do tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desde ent&#227;o, in&#250;meras meta-an&#225;lises e consensos de especialistas refor&#231;aram as preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a efic&#225;cia comparativa dos betabloqueadores na preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares, particularmente quando comparados a diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRAs) e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCCs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse crescente conjunto de evid&#234;ncias levou muitas sociedades cardiovasculares a rebaixar os betabloqueadores para terapia de segunda linha para hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o complicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, no entanto, a Sociedade Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o (ESH), em suas diretrizes de 2023, reintegrou os betabloqueadores entre as cinco principais classes de medicamentos para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estas incluem IECA, BRA, betabloqueadores, BCC e diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos/semelhantes aos tiaz&#237;dicos. A maioria das diretrizes enfatiza o uso de betabloqueadores quando h&#225; indica&#231;&#245;es convincentes, como angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou arritmia. Essa posi&#231;&#227;o reacendeu o debate entre especialistas em hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para subsidiar o desenvolvimento da atualiza&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia encomendou revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre a efic&#225;cia do atenolol para hipertens&#227;o, publicada nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol). Brand&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> merecem elogios por sua an&#225;lise rigorosa e oportuna, com o objetivo de gerar Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica focada nesta quest&#227;o PICO espec&#237;fica. Esta iniciativa est&#225; alinhada ao compromisso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia em aprimorar a robustez metodol&#243;gica de futuras atualiza&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes.</p>
    <p>Os autores seguiram um protocolo sistem&#225;tico para identificar ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando o atenolol com outros agentes anti-hipertensivos de primeira linha. O atenolol foi selecionado devido &#224; sua inclus&#227;o na Rela&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais do Brasil (RENAME 2024) e no Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular. Os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de ECRs ou ECRs originais com pelo menos dois bra&#231;os comparativos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um composto de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, compreendendo mortalidade por todas as causas, acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; e os desfechos secund&#225;rios analisando esses eventos individualmente. &#201; importante ressaltar que tanto a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quanto as diferen&#231;as clinicamente relevantes m&#237;nimas foram consideradas. O risco de vi&#233;s foi avaliado utlizando-se a ferramenta RoB 2, e a certeza da evid&#234;ncia foi classificada usando a estrutura GRADE. Meta-an&#225;lises de compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre o atenolol e outros agentes anti-hipertensivos foram apresentadas, com a revis&#227;o de Wiysonge et al. (2017) servindo como fonte prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com base nesses resultados, a Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica foi desenvolvida por um painel de especialistas nomeado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e o processo de recomenda&#231;&#227;o foram conduzidos de forma independente por metodologistas, sem conflitos de interesse relatados. Esse esfor&#231;o reflete um compromisso mais amplo com a tomada de decis&#245;es baseada em evid&#234;ncias, tanto no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico quanto nas pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
    <p>Apesar da qualidade e transpar&#234;ncia do processo, persistem diversas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas inerentes aos estudos originais, tornando a recomenda&#231;&#227;o mais uma quest&#227;o hermen&#234;utica do que uma decis&#227;o firmemente baseada em evid&#234;ncias. A imprecis&#227;o das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, refletida no risco de vi&#233;s avaliado e na certeza geral dos estudos que as sustentam, deve ser reconhecida. Uma perspectiva hol&#237;stica &#233; essencial, especialmente considerando que a hipertens&#227;o continua sendo o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em todo o mundo.</p>
    <p>Esta revis&#227;o destaca uma lacuna cr&#237;tica: a aus&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos comparativos de alta qualidade, tanto hist&#243;ricos quanto contempor&#226;neos, comparando os betabloqueadores a outros agentes anti-hipertensivos. Por exemplo, as evid&#234;ncias fundamentais prov&#234;m, em grande parte, de estudos publicados entre 1986 e 2005, conforme resumido na meta-an&#225;lise de Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Isso limita a aplicabilidade dos resultados ao contexto cl&#237;nico atual. Pode-se argumentar que betabloqueadores de terceira gera&#231;&#227;o poderiam levar a melhores resultados, mas isso n&#227;o parece ser o caso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rias quest&#245;es-chave surgem para ajudar na interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses dados e constru&#231;&#227;o da recomenda&#231;&#227;o:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Metas de Press&#227;o Arterial podem ser mais Importantes do que a Classe de Medicamentos</bold>: Alcan&#231;ar o controle adequado da press&#227;o arterial, especialmente em pacientes mais jovens, pode ser mais importante do que a escolha de classes espec&#237;ficas de medicamentos. Os betabloqueadores continuam eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, principalmente em adultos mais jovens.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>A Terapia Combinada &#233; a Norma</bold>: Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual, a maioria dos pacientes inicia o tratamento com terapia combinada. Assim, os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos de medicamentos individuais podem ser menos relevantes do que as estrat&#233;gias gerais de controle da PA.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Imprecis&#227;o da Efic&#225;cia Comparativa</bold>: Muitos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos apresentaram imprecis&#227;o cr&#237;tica na estimativa da superioridade de uma classe sobre outra. Em alguns casos, as compara&#231;&#245;es foram injustas &#8212; por exemplo, atenolol versus uma combina&#231;&#227;o de hidroclorotiazida e amilorida.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Novas Evid&#234;ncias do Ensaio Cl&#237;nico QUARTET</bold>: O estudo QUARTET demonstrou que iniciar a terapia com uma <italic>quadpill</italic> de baixa dose, incluindo bisoprolol, foi superior &#224; monoterapia, refor&#231;ando a relev&#226;ncia dos betabloqueadores em regimes de combina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Prote&#231;&#227;o Diferencial de &#211;rg&#227;os-alvo</bold>: Diferentes classes de medicamentos podem conferir efeitos protetores distintos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo afetados pela hipertens&#227;o, complicando ainda mais as classifica&#231;&#245;es hier&#225;rquicas de efic&#225;cia.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Comorbidades Influenciam a Escolha do Medicamento</bold>: Em cen&#225;rios do mundo real, os betabloqueadores s&#227;o frequentemente indicados para condi&#231;&#245;es concomitantes, como arritmia, angina ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, refor&#231;ando ainda mais seu papel no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Custo-efetividade e Acessibilidade</bold>: Em um sistema de sa&#250;de universal como o brasileiro, a acessibilidade e a disponibilidade de betabloqueadores devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o nas decis&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Levando em conta todas essas considera&#231;&#245;es, concordamos com a conclus&#227;o dos autores. A modesta, e potencialmente discut&#237;vel, inferioridade dos betabloqueadores em certos desfechos cardiovasculares, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o chamado "Trio Dourado" (diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, IECA/BRA e BCC), n&#227;o &#233; sustentada por evid&#234;ncias contempor&#226;neas s&#243;lidas. Em vez de foco na restri&#231;&#227;o do uso de betabloqueadores, as estrat&#233;gias cl&#237;nicas devem priorizar a obten&#231;&#227;o do controle ideal da press&#227;o arterial desde o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o, idealmente antes do in&#237;cio da les&#227;o subcl&#237;nica em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. Assim, em geral, argumentamos contra a restri&#231;&#227;o das op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o. Apesar das potenciais vantagens de outras classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, uma estrat&#233;gia mais impactante seria democratizar o acesso a todas as classes de medicamentos eficazes, incluindo betabloqueadores, para maximizar o controle da press&#227;o arterial com terapias combinadas e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, alcan&#231;armos a almejada redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular em n&#237;vel populacional.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica Sobre a Efic&#225;cia do Atenolol no Tratamento AntiHipertensivo: Recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250684i</article-id>
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          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beta-blockers for Hypertension: To Be or Not to Be a First-line Drug?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4884-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0148-3636</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1833-1225</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Augusto da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
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          <label>1</label>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <label>3</label>
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            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (BCRI), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto-Filho</bold> &#8226; Centro de Sa&#250;de Professor Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto &#8211; Avenida Gon&#231;alo Prado Rolemberg, 211 &#8211; Sala 202. Postal Code <postal-code>49020-580</postal-code>, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>joseaugusto.se@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Beta-blockers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Nobel laureate Sir James Black<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> pioneered the concept and design of beta-blockers for cardiovascular use. The first human data published on beta-blockers appeared in 1964, and ever since, beta-blockers have been widely utilized across various cardiovascular conditions. In hypertension, the landmark Medical Research Council (MRC) trial was the first to demonstrate that either propranolol or bendrofluazide reduced the risk of stroke in patients with mild hypertension; however, no significant reduction in mortality was observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Comparative analyses between propranolol and bendrofluazide showed similar outcomes, with a non-significant trend favoring bendrofluazide for stroke prevention and propranolol for coronary event reduction in non-smokers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Historically, beta-blockers became a mainstay in hypertension management. In 1984, the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC III) classified beta-blockers alongside thiazide diuretics as first-line therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In 1998, Messerli et al. published a systematic review questioning the appropriateness of beta-blockers as first-line agents, concluding that in elderly hypertensive patients, beta-blockers were inferior to diuretics in reducing cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 2003, the JNC-7, largely influenced by results from the ALLHAT trial, established thiazide diuretics as the cornerstone of hypertension treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Since then, numerous meta-analyses and expert consensus statements have reinforced concerns about the comparative efficacy of beta-blockers in preventing cardiovascular outcomes, particularly when compared to thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers (CCBs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This growing body of evidence led many cardiovascular societies to downgrade beta-blockers to second-line therapy for uncomplicated hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>More recently, however, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH), in its 2023 guidelines, reinstated beta-blockers among the top five drug classes for managing hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These include ACEi, ARBs, beta-blockers, CCBs, and thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics. Most of the guidelines emphasize the use of beta-blockers when compelling indications are present, such as angina, heart failure, or arrhythmia. This position has reignited debate among hypertension experts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To support the development of an updated edition of the Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension, the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> commissioned a systematic review on the efficacy of atenolol for hypertension, published in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC Cardiol). Brand&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> are to be commended for their rigorous and timely analysis aimed at generating a focused Clinical Recommendation based on this specific PICO question. This initiative aligns with the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>'s commitment to enhancing the methodological robustness of future guideline updates.</p>
      <p>The authors followed a systematic protocol to identify randomized clinical trials comparing atenolol with other first-line antihypertensive agents. Atenolol was selected due to its inclusion in Brazil's National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME 2024) and the Popular Pharmacy Program. Included studies were either systematic reviews of RCTs or original RCTs with at least two comparative arms. The primary outcome was a composite of major cardiovascular events, comprising all-cause mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction, with secondary outcomes analyzing these events individually. Importantly, both statistical significance and minimal clinically relevant differences were considered. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool, and the certainty of the evidence was graded using the GRADE framework. Meta-analyses of direct comparisons between atenolol and other antihypertensive agents were presented, with the review by Wiysonge et al. (2017) serving as the primary source.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Based on these results, the Clinical Recommendation was developed by an expert panel appointed by the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>. The systematic review and recommendation process were conducted independently by methodologists with no reported conflicts of interest. This effort reflects a broader commitment to evidence-based decision-making in both clinical scenario and public health policy.</p>
      <p>Despite the quality and transparency of the process, several methodological limitations inherent to the original studies persist, rendering the recommendation more of a hermeneutic issue than a firmly evidence-based decision. The imprecision in the available evidence, reflected in the assessed risk of bias and the overall certainty of supporting studies, must be acknowledged. A holistic perspective is essential, particularly given that hypertension remains the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide.</p>
      <p>This review highlights a critical gap: the absence of both historical and contemporary high-quality head-to-head trials comparing beta-blockers to other anti-hypertensive agents. For instance, the foundational evidence stems largely from studies published between 1986 and 2005, as summarized in Wiysonge et al.'s meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This limits the applicability of the findings to today's clinical context. One may argue that third-generation beta-blockers could lead to better results, but this does not seem to be the case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Several key issues emerge to help the interpretation of these data for building the recommendation:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>BP Targets May Matter More Than Drug Class</bold>: Achieving adequate blood pressure control, especially in younger patients, might outweigh the choice of specific drug classes. Beta-blockers remain effective at lowering BP, particularly in younger adults.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Combination Therapy is the Norm</bold>: In current clinical practice, most patients begin treatment with combination therapy. Thus, the pleiotropic effects of individual drugs may be less relevant than overall BP control strategies.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Imprecision of Comparative Effectiveness</bold>: Many included trials exhibited a critical imprecision in estimating the superiority of one class over another. In some cases, comparisons involved unfair matchups&#8212;e.g., atenolol versus a combination of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Emerging Evidence from the QUARTET Trial</bold>: The QUARTET trial showed that initiating therapy with a low-dose quadpill, including bisoprolol, was superior to monotherapy, reinforcing the relevance of beta-blockers within combination regimens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Differential Target Organ Protection</bold>: Different drug classes may confer distinct protective effects on target organs affected by hypertension, further complicating hierarchical classifications of efficacy.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Comorbidities Influence Drug Choice</bold>: In real-world settings, beta-blockers are frequently indicated for concomitant conditions such as arrhythmia, angina, or heart failure, further supporting their continued role in hypertension management.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Cost-effectiveness and Accessibility</bold>: In a universal health system like Brazil's, the affordability and availability of beta-blockers should be factored into prescribing decisions.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Taking together all these considerations, we agree with the authors&#8217; conclusion. The modest, and potentially debatable, inferiority of beta-blockers in certain cardiovascular outcomes, compared to the so-called "Golden Trio" (thiazide diuretics, ACEi/ARBs, and CCBs), is not supported by strong contemporary evidence. Rather than focusing on restricting beta-blocker use, clinical strategies should prioritize achieving optimal blood pressure control from the point of hypertension diagnosis, ideally before the onset of subclinical target organ damage. Thus, in general, we argue against narrowing the therapeutic options available for managing hypertension. Despite the potential advantages of other classes of antihypertensive medications, a more impactful strategy would be to democratize access to all effective medication classes, including beta-blockers, to maximize blood pressure control with combination therapies and ultimately achieve the cardiovascular risk reduction at the population level.</p>
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          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Atenolol in Antihypertensive Treatment: Recommendation from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</p>
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