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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pgMwxcy4FxFvdKbWSdxt7wR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000901205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250621</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretriz</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias de 2025 para o Manejo da Obesidade e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e Complica&#231;&#245;es Associadas &#224; Obesidade: Uma Declara&#231;&#227;o de Posicionamento de Cinco Sociedades M&#233;dicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2292-1735</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valerio</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-1603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sande-Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Van de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4157-664X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Z. Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8207-5521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0973-5065</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Halpern</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4414-6696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Wellington S. da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1987-8348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trujilho</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9549-7634</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dornellas</surname>
            <given-names>Neuton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4369-5137</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ruy Lyra da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3865-5320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eduardo N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6501-1139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assad</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo H. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1278-0406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancini</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5433-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1561-2926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7432-9085</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamounier</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0904-8564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8307-3162</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoluci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione (IEDE-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Controle de Peso do Hospital 9 de Julho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Controle de Peso do Hospital 9 de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Institui&#231;&#227;o Centro de Diabetes e Endocrinologia da Bahia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Institui&#231;&#227;o Centro de Diabetes e Endocrinologia da Bahia (CEDEBA), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Obesidade</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Obesidade, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Distrito Federal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Distrito Federal, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (ABESO), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Presidente Ant&#244;nio Carlos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Presidente Ant&#244;nio Carlos (UNIPAC), Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diabetes de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diabetes de Belo Horizonte (CDBH), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>09</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250621</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="84"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="94"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Diretriz Brasileira Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias de 2025 para o Manejo da Obesidade e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e Complica&#231;&#245;es Associadas &#224; Obesidade: Uma Declara&#231;&#227;o de Posicionamento de Cinco Sociedades M&#233;dicas</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2024/2025.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Especialista</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Bruno Halpern</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Merck, Novartis.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Cynthia M. Valerio</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Diabetes e Obesidade; Boehringer Ingelheim: Diabetes; Eli Lilly: Diabetes e Obesidade; AstraZeneca: Diabetes; EMS: Diabetes e Obesidade. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fabiana H. Rached</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: semaglutida; Novartis: inclisirana; Daiichi Sankyo: &#225;cido bempedoico. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: semaglutida; Novartis: inclisirana; Daiichi Sankyo: &#225;cido bempedoico.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fabio R. Trujilho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Ach&#233;, Amryt Pharma, Astra Zeneca, BracePharma, EMS, Eurofarma, Lilly, Merck, NovoNordisk, Scitech Medical, Takeda.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernando Valente</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Diabetes e Obesidade; Boehringer Ingelheim: Diabetes; Eli Lilly: Diabetes e Obesidade, Abbott: CGM, AstraZeneca: Diabetes; Servier: Diabetes; EMS: Diabetes e Obesidade; GSK: Vacinas. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Diabetes; NovoNordisk: Diabetes.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Eduardo N. Salles</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, Merck serono Novo Nordisk.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> C - Financiamento de pesquisa (pessoal), cujas receitas tenham sido provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: finerinona; Novo Nordisk: semaglutida; AstraZeneca: ciclosilicato de Zirconio, dapagliflozina; Amgen: evolocumabe; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozina; Lilly: tirzepatida, viatris atorvastatina; Daichii Sankyo: &#225;cido bempedoico/Edoxabana; Mantecorp: rosuvastatina. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: finerinona; Novo Nordisk: Semaglutida; AstraZeneca: ciclosilicato de Zirconio, dapagliflozina; Amgen: evolocumabe; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozina; Lilly: tirzepatida, viatris atorvastatina; Daichii Sankyo: &#225;cido bempedoico/edoxabana.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Luciano F. Drager</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Lilly, Novo Nordisk, ResMed. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcello C. Bertoluci</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca, NovoNordisk, Lilly, Boehringer, Bayer, Servier, Brace Pharma, Roche, AMGEM.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo H. V. Assad</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Forxiga; BAYER: Firialta; Biolab: Repath; Boerhringer Ingelheim: Glyxambi; Daiichy Sankyo: Benicar, Nustendi; EMS: Bramicar; GSK: Shingrix; Libbs: Stanglit; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy; Novartis: Sybrava; Pfizer: Prevenar 20; Viatris: Lipitor, Inspra. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AMGEN: Olpasirana. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcio C. Mancini</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Merck: Contrave; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy; EMS: Olyra; Myralis: Mecobe. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott: FreeStyle Libre. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Neuton Dornellas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: uma reuni&#227;o (Advisory board) sobre estudo SOUL - Semaglutida oral. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: inscri&#231;&#227;o, passagem e hospedagem para congresso europeu de obesidade.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Paulo A. C. Miranda</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - NovoNordisk, Lilly, Recordat, Ache, Ipsen.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rodrigo N. Lamounier</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbot: FreeStyle Libre; Minimed: Sistema 780G; EMS: Olira; Lilly: Mounjaro. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Ozempic, Wegovy.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rodrigo O. Moreira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Libbs, EMS, Eurofarma, Chiesi, Servier. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Servier, AMRYT Pharma. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Servier.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ruy Lyra da Silva Filho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott, Biolab, Boheringer, Lilly, Merck Serono, Eurofarma, MSD, Roche, Bayer, Mantecorp. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott, Mantecorp, Boheringer, Lilly, Biolab, Eurofarma, Novo Nordisk, Bayer.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Sergio E. Kaiser</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic e Wegovy; Daiichi Sankyo: Nustendi e Benicar; Astrazeneca: Forxiga e Selozok; Novartis: Sybrava; Libbs: Plenance, Naprix; Biolab: Repatha e Livalo. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Wegovy; Libbs: Naprix; Astrazeneca: Selozok.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Simone Van de Sande-Lee</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott: Diabetes; Lilly: Obesidade e Diabetes; Novo Nordisk: Obesidade.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Viviane Z. Rocha Giraldez</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott: Lipidil; Ach&#233;: Trezete; Biolab: Repatha; Daichii-Sankyo: Nustendi; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novartis: Sybrava; Novo-Nordisk: Wegovy; Ultragenyx: Evkeeza. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novartis: Sybrava; Novo-Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Wellington S. da Silva Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott, AstraZeneca, Libbs, Lilly, Novartis e Novo Nordisk.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold> 8</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Metodologia</bold> 8</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Parte 1 &#8211; Defini&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular</bold> 10</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>1.1. Rastreamento para IC em Pessoas com Obesidade ou Sobrepeso</bold> 10</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>1.2. Rastreamento para IC em Pessoas com Obesidade ou Sobrepeso</bold> 10</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Parte 2 &#8211; Metas de Perda de Peso</bold> 13</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>2.1. Meta de Perda de Peso para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Fatores de Risco</bold> 13</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>2.2. Meta de Perda de Peso para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Eventos Cardiovasculares</bold> 13</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>2.3. Objetivos de Redu&#231;&#227;o Ponderal para Complica&#231;&#245;es Associadas &#224; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</bold> 14</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Parte 3 &#8211; Manejo da Obesidade</bold> 14</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.1. Modifica&#231;&#227;o do Estilo de Vida</bold> 14</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.2. Manejo da Farmacoterapia para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Eventos e Fatores de Risco</bold> 15</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.1. Obesidade e Risco de DCVA Moderado ou Alto</bold> 15</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.2. Obesidade e Risco de DCVA Estabelecido</bold> 16</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.3. Obesidade e Diabetes Tipo 2</bold> 18</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.4. Obesidade, Diabetes Tipo 2 e Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold> 18</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.5. Obesidade e Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</bold> 18</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.6. Obesidade e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold> 19</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.2.7. Obesidade em Indiv&#237;duos com Alto Risco de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold> 11</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.3. Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica</bold> 12</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.3.1. Obesidade Est&#225;gio 2 e Risco de DCVA Moderado/Alto ou Alto Risco de IC</bold> 12</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>3.3.2. Obesidade Est&#225;gio 2 e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold> 13</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold> 24</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Suplemento 1</bold> 24</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold> 25</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia global da obesidade mais do que dobrou nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas, e hoje afeta mais de um bilh&#227;o de pessoas em todo o mundo. Reconhecida como uma condi&#231;&#227;o ligada a muitas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, a obesidade impacta diretamente na qualidade de vida e na redu&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2021, a preval&#234;ncia global da doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) atingiu 612 milh&#245;es de pessoas, representando 26,8% de todas as mortes mundiais, com um crescimento de 0,88% entre 1990 e 2021. Notavelmente, 79,5% de todos os anos de vida ajustados para incapacidades foram atribu&#237;dos a 11 fatores de risco, sendo o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) o que apresentou a maior associa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> N&#227;o obstante, estudos de preval&#234;ncia mostram que dois ter&#231;os das mortes relacionadas &#224; obesidade s&#227;o atribu&#237;veis &#224; DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> </sup> Particularmente no Brasil, dados de 2025 sugerem que 68% dos adultos possuem IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m&#178;, e que 31% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o esteja vivendo com a obesidade. Em 2021, houve 60.913 mortes prematuras associadas ao IMC elevado no pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A obesidade tamb&#233;m &#233; um dos principais determinantes da DCV. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos prospectivos demonstram que a obesidade est&#225; associada a um risco elevado de eventos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e de mortalidade cardiovascular (CV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Sua influ&#234;ncia ocorre de forma indireta, atrav&#233;s do aumento de fatores de risco CV tradicionais como diabetes tipo 2 (DM2), dislipidemia (DLP) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), mas tamb&#233;m por efeito direto do estado inflamat&#243;rio induzido pela adiposidade na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Diversas evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas ligam a obesidade &#224; DCV atrav&#233;s do IMC. Uma metan&#225;lise envolvendo mais de 300.000 adultos evidenciou que as faixas de sobrepeso e obesidade definidas pelo IMC se associam a um risco elevado de DAC e de mortalidade CV. Estudos observacionais e de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana tamb&#233;m demonstram forte associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre o aumento do IMC e a incid&#234;ncia e mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, as evid&#234;ncias demonstram que a obesidade abdominal est&#225; mais diretamente relacionada ao aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, coronarianas, e mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Metan&#225;lises de grandes estudos de coorte evidenciam que a obesidade abdominal, medida pela circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, &#233; forte preditora independente para morbidade e mortalidade em qualquer categoria de IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup> Mesmo indiv&#237;duos com IMC abaixo de 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> podem apresentar risco cardiometab&#243;lico alto relacionado &#224; escassez de gordura subcut&#226;nea gluteofemoral e ao ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral, especialmente quando associado a outros fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Desta forma, alternativas ao IMC como a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril e a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-altura s&#227;o recomendadas para evidenciar o poss&#237;vel aumento de gordura visceral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Historicamente, a abordagem terap&#234;utica para a obesidade tem se centrado em interven&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao estilo de vida e op&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas com efic&#225;cia limitada. Contudo, a introdu&#231;&#227;o da nova gera&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es antiobesidade possibilitou a obten&#231;&#227;o de perdas de peso mais significativas e sustent&#225;veis. Ademais, com a complexidade crescente das op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis e os benef&#237;cios observados em desfechos ligados &#224; s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal metab&#243;lica; tornou-se evidente a necessidade de novas ferramentas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o que orientem a sele&#231;&#227;o do tratamento para cada situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, esta diretriz visa estruturar o tratamento da obesidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da DCV, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o risco CV e o est&#225;gio da obesidade. Este documento apresenta recomenda&#231;&#245;es fundamentadas nas melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, com o objetivo de auxiliar os profissionais de sa&#250;de na personaliza&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica mais adequada para as pessoas que convivem com obesidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Metodologia</title>
      <p>A diretriz seguiu o m&#233;todo Delphi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> para estabelecer recomenda&#231;&#245;es a partir da coleta de opini&#245;es de especialistas em rodadas sucessivas, na qual cada participante responde anonimamente e tem a oportunidade de reavaliar suas respostas &#224; luz do <italic>feedback</italic> dos outros participantes.</p>
      <p>Inicialmente, formou-se um grupo de 20 especialistas representantes das 5 sociedades (ABESO, SBD, SBEM, SBC e ABS). Destes, 5 formaram o grupo de trabalho (comit&#234; gestor), que elaborou a estrutura da diretriz baseada em 25 recomenda&#231;&#245;es, elaboradas com as melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      <p>Cada recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi desenhada para abordar uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica, e recebeu um grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o que foi dado ap&#243;s vota&#231;&#227;o do grande grupo. Foram realizadas 3 rodadas de vota&#231;&#227;o por meio de uma ferramenta online, cujo resultado foi analisado estatisticamente pelo comit&#234; gestor. Ap&#243;s a primeira rodada de sugest&#245;es, o texto base foi revisado e reescrito. Foram realizadas ent&#227;o a segunda e terceira rodadas para ajustes do texto, que foi subsequentemente ajustado para defini&#231;&#227;o final dos graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, a revis&#227;o da literatura foi atualizada e estruturada conforme o sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias que segue cada recomenda&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, o texto foi redigido para publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia de cada recomenda&#231;&#227;o foram estabelecidos conforme as tabelas a seguir ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">2</xref> ):</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </fig>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Termo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o.</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#201; RECOMENDADO</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90% ou mais concordam com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="left" valign="middle">DEVE SER CONSIDERADO</td>
              <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle">75-89% concordam com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#F3EC19">IIa</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PODE SER CONSIDERADO</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50-74% concordam com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFC00F">IIb</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="left" valign="middle">N&#195;O &#201; RECOMENDADO</td>
              <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle">Menos de 50% concordam com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#CD4329">III</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Cor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Dois ou mais ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados (ECR), ou metan&#225;lise de ECR</td>
              <td style="background-color:#133863" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">B</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais, Meta An&#225;lise de subgrupos, Estudos observacionais longitudinais de grande porte, an&#225;lises de subgrupos pr&#233; especificadas de grandes ECR,</td>
              <td style="background-color:#3853A4" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">C</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudos transversais, experimentos, estudos de casos e controles, s&#233;rie de casos, an&#225;lises explorat&#243;rias, diretrizes de sociedades, opini&#227;o de experts</td>
              <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 1 &#8211; Defini&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>1.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular em Indiv&#237;duos com Sobrepeso ou Obesidade</title>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R1.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> avaliar e categorizar o risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica Cardiovascular (DASCV) e &#224; Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) de todos os indiv&#237;duos adultos acima de 18 anos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, com o objetivo de orientar o tratamento da obesidade.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R1):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Em face ao surgimento de evid&#234;ncias de medica&#231;&#245;es com benef&#237;cio CV, em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco DASCV e de risco de IC em pessoas com obesidade, considera-se que a escolha do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico deva ser dirigida pela estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco CV, com o objetivo de otimizar a resposta ao tratamento. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; baseada em opini&#227;o de especialistas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R2.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o uso do escore de risco PREVENT para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco CV em pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade com IMC menor que 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e idade entre 30 e 79 anos, que estejam em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, devendo o escore ser utilizado no modo que inclui o valor da HbA1c, utilizando o risco DASCV total e o risco IC em 10 anos.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R2):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O escore PREVENT ( <italic>Predicting Risk of CVD events</italic> ) foi preferido em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modelo tradicional mais antigo, <italic>Pooled Cohort Equations</italic> (PCEs), em fun&#231;&#227;o da maior representatividade &#233;tnica, do n&#250;mero maior de popula&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;das e da maior acur&#225;cia. O escore PREVENT tem, entretanto, limita&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; abrang&#234;ncia de subtipos de DCV. O modelo PREVENT incorpora desfechos ampliados, incluindo IC e fatores de risco relacionados &#224; obesidade, diabetes e doen&#231;a renal. O desempenho progn&#243;stico do modelo de risco demonstra boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral quanto entre os subgrupos demogr&#225;ficos e CV-renais-metab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> </sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Idealmente concebido para indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, o escore de risco PREVENT deve ser aplicado no modo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o que inclui a medida de HbA1c. Ambos os riscos DASCV total e o risco IC em 10 anos devem ser avaliados. O escore PREVENT possui limita&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e aos n&#237;veis de IMC, devendo ter seu uso restrito a pacientes com idade entre 30-79 anos e IMC &lt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R3.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> categorizar o risco CV dos indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e sobrepeso como: risco DASCV BAIXO, MODERADO ou ALTO e risco IC ALTO (de acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref> ).</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Nota importante 1: Quando reestratificar pessoas com RISCO MODERADO</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pessoas com risco moderado pelo escore PREVENT, com necessidade de reestratificar o risco DASCV por hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce, devem realizar o escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC), medido por meio de tomografia computadorizada do t&#243;rax.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>As pessoas com CAC &gt; 100 Ag (sem diabetes) e as com CAC &gt; 10 Ag (com diabetes) devem ser estratificadas para RISCO ALTO. Pessoas com CAC = zero continuam no risco moderado se houver diabetes.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pacientes que apresentam diabetes tipo 2 h&#225; mais de 10 anos ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFG) &lt; 45 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> e/ou albumin&#250;ria, com rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina (RAC) na urina &gt; 30 mg/g) devem ser considerados de RISCO ALTO, independentemente do escore PREVENT.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1.2. Rastreamento para IC em Pessoas com Obesidade ou Sobrepeso</title>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R4.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DEVE SER CONSIDERADO</bold> o rastreamento para IC atrav&#233;s da dosagem dos pept&#237;deos atriais (NT-proBNP ou BNP) ou por m&#233;todo de imagem em pessoas com RISCO IC ALTO (ver limites na nota importante 3).</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular em pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">RISCO DASCV</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">DEFINI&#199;&#195;O</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#92D050">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>BAIXO</bold><break/> &lt; 5% em 10 anos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#183; Pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade com IMC &lt; 40 kg/m&#178; e idade menor que 30 anos, que n&#227;o apresentam nenhum fator de risco CV (ver nota importante 1).</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#183; Indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso ou obesidade com idade &#8805;30 anos, com risco CV total pelo escore PREVENT menor que 5% em 10 anos.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#FFC000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>MODERADO</bold><break/> 5 a 20% em 10 anos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#183; Pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade, com IMC &lt; 40 kg/m&#178; que nunca tiveram eventos CV, com 1 ou mais fatores de risco (ver suplemento 1 ).</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#183; Pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade, com IMC &lt; 40 kg/m&#178; em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, com risco CV total pelo escore PREVENT entre 5% e &lt; 20% em 10 anos.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#F6C5AC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>ALTO</bold><break/> &gt; 20% em 10 anos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#183; Doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica confirmada, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica (DAOP), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em qualquer territ&#243;rio arterial.</p>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, com risco CV total pelo escore PREVENT maior ou igual a 20% em 10 anos.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Diabetes tipo 2 h&#225; mais de 10 anos.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica 3b (ver Nota importante 1).</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC) &gt; 100 Ag (sem diabetes) e CAC &gt; 10 Ag (com diabetes), Lp (a) &gt; 50 mg/dL ou Lp(a) &gt; 125 nmol/L, HF ou LDL &gt; 190 mg/dL.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#DAE9F7">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>RISCO ALTO IC</bold><break/> &gt; 20% em 10 anos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>&#183; IMC &gt; 40kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mesmo assintom&#225;ticas.</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; Pessoas com obesidade, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o associados.</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; Apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) grave</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial.</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica grau 3b (ver Nota importante 1).</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; NTproBNP/BNP elevados.</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; Escore PREVENT para IC em 10 anos igual ou maior que 20%.</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#183; DASCV estabelecida.</p></list-item></list><break/> Sintomas sugestivos de IC.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p><bold>Observa&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Para fins de simplifica&#231;&#227;o, a categoria de risco moderado engloba os riscos originais lim&#237;trofe (5-7.5%/20 anos) e intermedi&#225;rio (7,5 a &lt; 20%/20 anos).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p><bold>Legendas:</bold> DCV: Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral isqu&#234;mico; REVASC: Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Arterial; DAC: Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana; HA: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial; DM2: Diabetes tipo 2; DLP: Dislipidemia; DRC: Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica. QV: Qualidade de vida; CAC: escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio; HF: Hipercolesterolemia familiar; AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; Lp(a): Lipoprote&#237;na (a); LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R4):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A obesidade &#233; um importante fator de risco para a IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Indiv&#237;duos com obesidade tendem a receber o diagn&#243;stico tardiamente, com quadros j&#225; avan&#231;ados de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, j&#225; que os sintomas muitas vezes s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos &#224; obesidade <italic>per se</italic> , especialmente em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Para pessoas com obesidade e RISCO IC ALTO, o rastreio de diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e evid&#234;ncias objetivas de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio podem identificar a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas para a IC. O tratamento oportuno da IC ir&#225; melhorar o seu progn&#243;stico relacionado &#224; qualidade de vida e &#224; morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) e mortalidade cardiovascular &#233; positiva, mas de magnitude moderada. Uma meta-an&#225;lise encontrou HR de 2,07 (IC 95%: 1,48-2,91) para mortalidade CV na AOS grave (IAH &#8805; 30 eventos/hora) versus controles, enquanto outro estudo encontrou um risco relativo de 1,79 (IC 95%: 1,47-2,18) para eventos cardiovasculares neste est&#225;gio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> An&#225;lises de dose-resposta mostram que cada aumento de 10 eventos/hora no IAH est&#225; associado a um incremento de 9% a 17% no risco de eventos CV. A for&#231;a dessa associa&#231;&#227;o pode variar conforme subgrupos: o risco &#233; mais pronunciado em homens com menos de 70 anos e em indiv&#237;duos com sonol&#234;ncia diurna excessiva. O risco &#233; menor ou n&#227;o significativo para AOS leve e moderada, sugerindo um efeito dose-resposta, mas com maior impacto nos extremos superiores do IAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (ver nota importante 3)</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> , o fluxograma fornece um resumo do manejo da obesidade e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, orientado pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resumo das interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para obesidade e suas complica&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s categorias de risco na obesidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Nota importante 2: Exames adicionais para IC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pessoas com pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) elevados, ou com sintomas de IC, dever&#227;o ser submetidas &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica complementar.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A dosagem de NT-proBNP e o BNP deve ser contextualizada na presen&#231;a da obesidade, uma vez que n&#237;veis mais baixos s&#227;o observados em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos sem obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>O limite de NT-proBNP para exclus&#227;o de IC (&lt; 125 ng/L) apresenta sensibilidade baixa (67%) em indiv&#237;duos com IMC &gt; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Nestes, um limite de exclus&#227;o mais baixo (50 ng/L) mostrou ter maior sensibilidade (93% a 98%). Por outro lado, o limiar de inclus&#227;o &gt; 220 ng/mL obteve maior especificidade (82% a 89%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>O uso isolado de NT-proBNP (ou BNP) para orientar o diagn&#243;stico de IC em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade deve ser criterioso. Na presen&#231;a de sintomas e sinais cl&#237;nicos de IC, mesmo com valores normais, a investiga&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos complementares &#233; recomendada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Em situa&#231;&#245;es como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pode ser necess&#225;ria a investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional com ecocardiograma, eletrocardiograma ou holter 24h.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Nota importante 3: Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">O &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia (IAH) &#233; a medida mais utilizada para classificar a gravidade da AOS. Ele &#233; calculado somando o n&#250;mero de apneias e hipopneias (redu&#231;&#245;es no fluxo respirat&#243;rio) e dividindo pelo n&#250;mero de horas de sono. <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Normal: IAH menor que 5.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Leve: IAH entre 5 e 15.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Moderada: IAH entre 15 e 30.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Grave: IAH acima de 30.</p></list-item></list></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>PARTE 2 &#8211; METAS DE PERDA DE PESO</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Meta de Perda de Peso para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Fatores de Risco</title>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R5.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADA</bold> a redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada de pelo menos 5% do peso, em indiv&#237;duos adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade e RISCO DASCV MODERADO, para redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco CV, como HAS e dislipidemia, bem como para atrasar ou evitar o surgimento de diabetes tipo 2.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R5):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Estudos com modifica&#231;&#227;o de estilo de vida, como o DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) e o Look AHEAD demonstraram que perdas de peso modestas, de pelo menos 5% do peso corporal, t&#234;m impacto sobre redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O estudo DPP randomizou 3.234 participantes com pr&#233;-diabetes ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose para receberem placebo, metformina (850 mg duas vezes por dia) ou um programa de modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, visando perda de peso &#8805; 7% e pr&#225;tica de pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica semanal. A interven&#231;&#227;o no estilo de vida reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de diabetes em 58% (IC 95% 48-66%), enquanto a metformina reduziu em 31% (IC 95% 17-43%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo ap&#243;s 2,8 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O estudo Look AHEAD foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado (ECR) controlado que avaliou o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o intensiva no estilo de vida ou orienta&#231;&#227;o tradicional e educa&#231;&#227;o em diabetes em 5.145 adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade (IMC m&#233;dio = 36 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e diabetes tipo 2. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi composto por morte por causas CV, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal ou interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por angina. O ensaio foi interrompido precocemente por futilidade, ap&#243;s uma mediana de seguimento de 9,6 anos. Embora o desfecho prim&#225;rio n&#227;o tenha sido atingido, a interven&#231;&#227;o intensiva no estilo de vida levou &#224; maior perda de peso (8,6% vs. 0,7% em 1 ano; 6,0% vs. 3,5% no final do estudo) e promoveu maiores redu&#231;&#245;es na HbA1c e em fatores de risco CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A magnitude da perda de peso em 1 ano foi fortemente associada a benef&#237;cios na glicemia, press&#227;o arterial, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol HDL (p &lt; 0,0001), mas n&#227;o no colesterol LDL (p = 0,79). Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes com peso est&#225;vel, os indiv&#237;duos que perderam entre 5 a &lt; 10% (7,25 &#177; 2,1 kg) do peso corporal tiveram maiores probabilidades de atingir redu&#231;&#227;o na HbA1c (OR 3,52 [IC 95% 2,81-4,40]), diminui&#231;&#227;o de 5 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (OR 1,48 [1,20-1,82]), de 5 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (OR 1,56 [1,27-1,91]), de 40 mg/dL nos triglicer&#237;deos (2,20 [1,71-2,83]) e aumento de 5 mg/dL no colesterol HDL (OR 1,69 [1,37-2,07]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Meta de Perda de Peso para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Eventos Cardiovasculares</title>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R6.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DEVE SER CONSIDERADA</bold> a redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada de pelo menos 10% do peso m&#225;ximo j&#225; atingido na vida, em indiv&#237;duos adultos, com sobrepeso ou obesidade com risco DASCV MODERADO/ALTO, para redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R6):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O estudo Da-Qing foi um ECR chin&#234;s que avaliou os resultados de 6 anos de interven&#231;&#227;o com mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida em 577 indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-diabetes e sobrepeso (m&#233;dia de IMC = 25,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) na incid&#234;ncia de diabetes, eventos CV, complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares, morte CV, morte por todas as causas e expectativa de vida. Ap&#243;s 30 anos de seguimento, houve redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de eventos CV (HR 0,74, IC 95% [0,59, 0,92]), morte CV (0,67, IC 95% [0,48, 0,94], p = 0,022), morte global (0,74, IC 95% [0,61, 0,89], p = 0,0015) e postergaram em at&#233; 4 anos o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Embora o desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo LooK-AHEAD n&#227;o tenha sido atingido, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o observacional <italic>post-hoc</italic> sugere uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a magnitude da perda de peso inicial e a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV no longo prazo em pessoas com obesidade e diabetes tipo 2. Ao longo de um seguimento m&#233;dio de 10,2 anos (IQR 9,5-10,7), o grupo de indiv&#237;duos que perdeu pelo menos 10% do peso corporal no primeiro ano do estudo teve um risco 21% menor do desfecho prim&#225;rio (taxa de risco ajustada [HR] 0,79, IC 95% 0,64-0,98; p = 0,034) e um risco 24% menor de desfecho secund&#225;rio (HR ajustado 0,76, IC 95% 0,63-0,91; p = 0,003) em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos com peso est&#225;vel ou ganho de peso. Nas an&#225;lises que consideraram o grupo controle como grupo de refer&#234;ncia, os participantes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o intensiva no estilo de vida que perderam pelo menos 10% do peso corporal tiveram um risco 20% menor do desfecho prim&#225;rio (HR ajustado 0,80, IC 95% 0,65-0,99; p = 0,039) e 21% menor do desfecho secund&#225;rio (HR ajustado 0,79, IC 95% 0,66-0,95; p = 0,011).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>No estudo <italic>Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in People With Overweight or Obesity</italic> (SELECT), que demonstrou a superioridade da semaglutida 2,4 mg em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV em pessoas com obesidade e DCV estabelecida, a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso associada ao benef&#237;cio foi de apenas 9%. An&#225;lises posteriores sugerem que grande parte dos benef&#237;cios sejam independentes da perda de peso, especialmente nas redu&#231;&#245;es de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE) observadas logo ao in&#237;cio do estudo (ou seja, antes de redu&#231;&#245;es significativas de peso terem sido atingidas. Entretanto, n&#227;o se pode descartar que ao menos uma pequena parte desse benef&#237;cio esteja relacionada &#224; perda de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As cirurgias bari&#225;tricas tamb&#233;m demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV e mortalidade em popula&#231;&#245;es com obesidade. O <italic>Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study</italic> , um estudo de coorte prospectivo e n&#227;o randomizado, avaliou 4.047 indiv&#237;duos com obesidade (IMC &#8805; 34 kg/m&#178; para homens e &#8805; 38 kg/m&#178; para mulheres), dentre os quais 2.010 foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica (bandagem g&#225;strica, gastroplastia vertical com anel ou <italic>bypass</italic> g&#225;strico) e 2.037 receberam tratamento convencional para obesidade. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 14,7 anos. A perda de peso m&#233;dia observada no grupo cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s 10 anos foi de 17% (vs. 1% no grupo com terapia convencional). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos CV combinados (IAM fatal e n&#227;o fatal, AVC fatal e n&#227;o fatal, angina de peito e IC), o grupo cir&#250;rgico apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 33%, al&#233;m de 53% na morte por DCV (HR 0,47; IC 95% 0,29-0,76; p = 0,002) vs. o grupo de tratamento convencional. Embora n&#227;o se possa excluir que os benef&#237;cios se devam a efeitos pr&#243;prios da cirurgia, o fato de que mais de 80% dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram restritivos (gastroplastia vertical em banda e banda g&#225;strica, procedimentos nos quais os efeitos hormonais contribuintes para a perda de peso s&#227;o menos relevantes), &#233; poss&#237;vel supor que o principal fator associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de MACE tenha sido a perda de peso significativa (&gt; 15%) e sustentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dessa forma, considerando-se as evid&#234;ncias apresentadas, este painel julgou razo&#225;vel a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de metas de perda de pelo menos 10% do peso m&#225;ximo atingido<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> para pessoas de risco DASCV moderado ou elevado objetivando redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Objetivos de Redu&#231;&#227;o Ponderal para Complica&#231;&#245;es Associadas &#224; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</title>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R7.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADA</bold> a redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada de pelo menos 10% do peso em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica ou permanente, para reduzir o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; FA.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R7):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade tem demonstrado impacto positivo na redu&#231;&#227;o da carga de sintomas e na recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Um ECR controlado, unic&#234;ntrico, parcialmente cego, realizado na Austr&#225;lia, com 150 pessoas com obesidade ou sobrepeso e FA assintom&#225;tica, evidenciou que um programa estruturado de gerenciamento de peso resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da carga de sintomas, da gravidade e do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de FA em 15 meses de seguimento. O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o perdeu mais peso comparado ao grupo controle (14,3 kg vs. 3,6 kg), e teve maior redu&#231;&#227;o no escore relacionado &#224; severidade dos sintomas, al&#233;m de maior redu&#231;&#227;o na espessura septal interventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Outra metan&#225;lise revelou que uma perda de pelo menos 10% do peso est&#225; associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA, redu&#231;&#227;o na carga de FA e melhora na gravidade dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, perdas ponderais ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter reduziram a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s 12 meses de seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>No estudo SOS, a cirurgia bari&#225;trica reduziu o risco de FA de in&#237;cio recente em compara&#231;&#227;o ao cuidado usual. A redu&#231;&#227;o de risco foi mais pronunciada nos indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 3 &#8211; Interven&#231;&#245;es para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Eventos e Fatores de Risco</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Mudan&#231;a de Estilo de Vida</title>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">R8.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADA</bold> a ado&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, incluindo dieta saud&#225;vel e atividade f&#237;sica, para todas as pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade, independentemente do risco CV, com o objetivo de reduzir o peso, melhorar a sa&#250;de, a qualidade de vida e prevenir HAS, diabetes tipo 2, DLP, DASCV e IC.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R8):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida (MEV) no indiv&#237;duo com sobrepeso ou obesidade deve incluir um programa alimentar com distribui&#231;&#227;o adequada de macronutrientes em conjunto com a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico e resistido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A abordagem da MEV dever&#225; ser multiprofissional, com equipe composta por nutricionista, educador f&#237;sico e psic&#243;logo, e conduzida em encontros individuais ou em grupo. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o da MEV n&#227;o dever&#225; postergar o in&#237;cio da terapia antiobesidade, quando esta estiver indicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O aconselhamento nutricional dever&#225; focar na redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das por&#231;&#245;es, no aumento da ingest&#227;o de frutas, verduras e hortali&#231;as, e na redu&#231;&#227;o de consumo de &#225;lcool e alimentos ultraprocessados. Al&#233;m disso, deve visar um d&#233;ficit energ&#233;tico inicial de 500-750 kcal/dia, que precisar&#225; ser ajustado para o peso corporal e atividades individuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) que avaliaram medicamentos com efeito moderado na perda de peso, como sibutramina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> liraglutida<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> e a combina&#231;&#227;o bupropiona + naltrexona,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> demonstraram que a combina&#231;&#227;o com MEV apresentou melhores resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal e de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Com a disponibilidade de f&#225;rmacos antiobesidade de maior pot&#234;ncia como a semaglutida<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> e a tirzepatida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> d&#233;ficits cal&#243;ricos mais expressivos podem ser alcan&#231;ados. Neste contexto, o consumo variado de macronutrientes, especialmente prote&#237;nas, dever&#225; ser monitorado para evitar a sarcopenia e as defici&#234;ncias nutricionais, e permitir o estabelecimento de um h&#225;bito alimentar saud&#225;vel e sustent&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Da mesma forma, este objetivo ser&#225; alcan&#231;ado com padr&#245;es alimentares ricos em alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> e minimamente processados, como aqueles descritos nas dietas Mediterr&#226;nea e DASH ( <italic>Dietary Approach to Stop Hipertension)</italic> , incluem cereais e gr&#227;os integrais, frutas e verduras, carnes brancas e magras e fontes de prote&#237;nas vegetais, como leguminosas e oleaginosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> </sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tais padr&#245;es alimentares demonstraram bons resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhora de risco cardiometab&#243;lico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> e podem ser utilizados como refer&#234;ncia, mas adapta&#231;&#245;es &#224;s prefer&#234;ncias alimentares, aspectos socioecon&#244;micos e culturais brasileiros devem ser realizadas, para melhor ades&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, ricos em gorduras saturadas e a&#231;&#250;cares refinados deve ser limitado pela associa&#231;&#227;o com piora da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e aumento de mortalidade global e CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Manejo da Farmacoterapia para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Eventos e Fatores de Risco</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.1. Obesidade e Risco de DCVA Moderado ou Alto</title>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R9.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o tratamento com um agonista do receptor GLP-1 (AR GLP-1) ou coagonista dos receptores GLP-1/GIP, para indiv&#237;duos adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade e risco DASCV MODERADO ou ALTO, para redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e fatores de risco CV.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R9):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A liraglutida, agonista do receptor pept&#237;deo-1 semelhante ao glucagon (AR GLP-1) com efic&#225;cia na perda de peso na dose de 3,0 mg/dia, teve seus efeitos no tratamento da obesidade e suas complica&#231;&#245;es avaliados no programa SCALE ( <italic>Satiety and Clinical Adiposity &#8211; Liraglutide Evidence</italic> ). O estudo SCALE Obesidade e PreDiabetes randomizou 2.254 pacientes para receber liraglutida 3,0 mg ou placebo. Ap&#243;s 56 semanas, 63,2% e 33,1% dos pacientes perderam, respectivamente, mais de 5% e 10% do peso inicial. Ap&#243;s 3 anos, nos pacientes com pr&#233;-diabetes, o risco de desenvolver diabetes foi reduzido em 79%; os pacientes em uso de liraglutida levaram 2,7 vezes mais tempo para desenvolver diabetes vs. placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> utilizando dados agrupados de 5.908 participantes dos 5 ERC do programa SCALE (liraglutida vs. placebo ou orlistat) demonstrou a seguran&#231;a CV da liraglutida 3,0 mg em pessoas com obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O STEP 1 ( <italic>Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with obesity</italic> ) incluiu 1.961 pacientes com sobrepeso e/ou obesidade sem diabetes tipo 2, seguidos por 68 semanas. Todos os participantes receberam dieta hipocal&#243;rica, com d&#233;ficit de 500 Kcal por dia, e orienta&#231;&#227;o para praticarem 150 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica por semana. Ao final do estudo, os participantes do grupo semaglutida 2,4 mg perderam 16,9% do peso, com nadir ao redor da semana 60, enquanto os do grupo placebo perderam 2,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A tirzepatida tamb&#233;m se mostrou eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de progress&#227;o para diabetes em pacientes com obesidade e pr&#233;-diabetes. Em uma an&#225;lise do estudo SURMOUNT-1, com 1.032 participantes com obesidade e pr&#233;-diabetes tratados com tirzepatida por aproximadamente 3 anos (176 semanas), houve menor incid&#234;ncia de diabetes tipo 2 vs. o grupo placebo (1,3% vs. 13,3%; raz&#227;o de risco 0,07 [IC 95% 0,0-0,1; p &lt; 0,001). Adicionalmente, ap&#243;s 17 semanas de suspens&#227;o da tirzepatida, 2,4% do grupo randomizado para tirzepatida vs. 13,7% do grupo placebo desenvolveram diabetes tipo 2 (raz&#227;o de risco 0,12, IC 95% 0,1-0,2; p &lt; 0,001). Em termos absolutos, quase 99% das pessoas com pr&#233;-diabetes que receberam tirzepatida permaneceram sem diabetes. Os percentuais m&#233;dios de perda de peso dos grupos tirzepatida 5 mg, 10 mg e 15 mg foram de &#8722;12,3%, &#8722;18,7% e &#8722;19,7%, respectivamente, vs. &#8722;1,3% no grupo placebo ap&#243;s 3 anos (p &lt; 0,001 vs. placebo para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es). Ademais, uma perda de peso superior a 20% se associou a uma raz&#227;o de risco de progress&#227;o para diabetes tipo 2 de 0,07, com um NNT de 9 para prevenir um caso de diabetes, e com 92% dos pacientes apresentando revers&#227;o para normoglicemia, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia da perda de peso na preven&#231;&#227;o de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e diabetes, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliou o efeito das medica&#231;&#245;es antidiab&#233;ticas n&#227;o-insul&#237;nicas na perda de peso de pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 em diversos ECRs. Liraglutida, semaglutida e tirzepatida resultaram em maior perda de peso em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras classes terap&#234;uticas (perdas acima de 5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t17">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R10.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>PODE SER CONSIDERADO</bold> o uso de outras medica&#231;&#245;es antiobesidade com comprovada efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a CV, em indiv&#237;duos adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade e risco DASCV MODERADO ou ALTO, na impossibilidade de iniciar ou manter o tratamento com um AR GLP-1 ou coagonista dos receptores GLP-1/GIP, para redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco CV (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Tabela 4</xref> ).</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FF9900">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R10):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O orlistate &#233; um inibidor da lipase g&#225;strica e pancre&#225;tica, que promove redu&#231;&#227;o de peso atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o de absor&#231;&#227;o em 30% da gordura ingerida. O estudo XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) randomizou 3.305 indiv&#237;duos com obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m&#178;) e glicemia normal (79%) ou toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da (21%) para orlistate (120 mg 3x/dia) ou placebo, ambos associados a MEV. Ap&#243;s 4 anos de tratamento, a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de diabetes foi de 9% no grupo placebo vs. 6,2% no grupo orlistate, o que corresponde a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 37,3% (p = 0,0032). Uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria demonstrou que a maior perda de peso foi o principal fator determinante para a preven&#231;&#227;o do diabetes. Ao longo dos 4 anos, os indiv&#237;duos que usaram orlistate perderam mais peso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (5,8 versus 3,0 kg, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Na metan&#225;lise que incluiu quatro ECRs avaliando a efic&#225;cia da combina&#231;&#227;o de naltrexona/bupropiona vs. placebo em um ano, a diferen&#231;a de perda de peso foi de 5,0 kg (5.94-3.96). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo, 55% (48-61%) dos pacientes em uso da medica&#231;&#227;o atingiram pelo menos 5% de perda de peso, e 30% (24-37%) atingiram pelo menos 10% de perda de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> No estudo COR-Diabetes ( <italic>Contrave Obesity Research-Diabetes</italic> ), que avaliou pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, os indiv&#237;duos tratados tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de &#8722;11,2% nos triglic&#233;rides (vs. &#8722;0,8% no grupo placebo) e um aumento de 3,0 &#177; 0,5 mg/dL no colesterol HDL (vs. &#8722;0,3 &#177; 0,6 mg/dL no grupo placebo), sem efeito significativo no colesterol LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A seguran&#231;a CV da naltrexona/bupropiona foi testada no estudo LIGHT (n = 4.454), que foi interrompido prematuramente ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o ao p&#250;blico de dados interinos confidenciais. Por&#233;m, atingiu-se 50% do n&#250;mero de eventos pr&#233;-planejados, e MACE ocorreram em 102 pacientes (2,3%) no grupo placebo e 90 pacientes (2,0%) do grupo naltrexona/bupropiona (HR, 0,88; HR ajustado para o IC 99,7%, 0,57-1,34). Assim, houve demonstra&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a num per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de dois anos, com manuten&#231;&#227;o da perda de peso atingida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise publicada posteriormente tamb&#233;m sinalizou a seguran&#231;a CV da medica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Os medicamentos aprovados no Brasil para o tratamento da obesidade que apresentaram perda de peso e seguran&#231;a CV superiores quando comparados ao placebo est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Tabela 4</xref> . Os eventos adversos e contraindica&#231;&#245;es mais comumente observados est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Tabela 5</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resumo dos principais efeitos dos medicamentos antiobesidade aprovados no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href=""/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Exclu&#237;dos estudos destinados primariamente ao tratamento do diabetes. Adaptado de Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Adaptado de Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t19">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais efeitos colaterais das medica&#231;&#245;es aprovadas para o tratamento da obesidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Medica&#231;&#227;o e dose</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Mais de 10% dos pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Efeitos espec&#237;ficos que merecem aten&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sibutramina (10&#8211;15 mg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Constipa&#231;&#227;o, xerostomia, ins&#244;nia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Taquicardia/aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, aumento da press&#227;o arterial, cefaleia, ansiedade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Orlistate (120 mg, 3x/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Diarreia/esteatorreia/urg&#234;ncia, flatul&#234;ncia, infec&#231;&#245;es do trato respirat&#243;rio superior/gripe, cefaleia, hipoglicemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rea&#231;&#245;es de hipersensibilidade, defici&#234;ncia de vitaminas lipossol&#250;veis no longo prazo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Liraglutida (3,0 mg/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#225;usea e v&#244;mito, diarreia, constipa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rea&#231;&#245;es no local da inje&#231;&#227;o, aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ins&#244;nia, colelit&#237;ase, astenia e fadiga, hipoglicemia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Semaglutida (2,4 mg/semana)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#225;usea e v&#244;mito, diarreia, constipa&#231;&#227;o, dor abdominal, cefaleia, fadiga</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rea&#231;&#245;es no local da inje&#231;&#227;o, aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, colelit&#237;ase, hipoglicemia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tirzepatida (10 e 15 mg/semana)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipoglicemia (quando utilizada com sulfonilureias ou insulina), n&#225;useas, diarreia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rea&#231;&#245;es de hipersensibilidade, aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, rea&#231;&#245;es no local da inje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Bupropiona + Naltrexona (360/32 mg/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#225;usea, constipa&#231;&#227;o, cefaleia, v&#244;mito</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Pensamentos ou a&#231;&#245;es suicidas, convuls&#245;es, risco de dose excessiva com opioides, retirada repentina de opioides, rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas severas, aumento da press&#227;o arterial ou da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hepatite, epis&#243;dios de mania, glaucoma de &#226;ngulo fechado, hipoglicemia (quando utilizada com sulfonilureias ou insulina), s&#237;ndrome serotonin&#233;rgica</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Adaptado de Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.2. Obesidade e Risco de DCVA Estabelecido</title>
          <table-wrap id="t20">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R11.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o tratamento com semaglutida SC 2,4mg em indiv&#237;duos com IMC &#8805;27Kg/m&#178;, sem diabetes, e com doen&#231;a CV estabelecida (PREVEN&#199;&#195;O SECUND&#193;RIA) para redu&#231;&#227;o de morte CV, IAM e AVC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> )</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R11):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo SELECT foi um ECR destinado a avaliar a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos CV que incluiu 17.604 adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, com idade m&#233;dia de 61,6 anos e IMC de 33,34 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada n&#227;o apresentava diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes, e tinha como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a CV estabelecida. Uma perda de peso de 9% do peso original foi obtida, em m&#233;dia. Os resultados mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 20% em MACE (morte CV, IAM n&#227;o fatal e AVC n&#227;o fatal) (6,5% versus 8,0% com placebo, HR 0,80, IC 95% 0,72-0,90, p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R12.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>N&#195;O &#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o uso de sibutramina em pacientes com obesidade e RISCO DASCV ALTO.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#C00000;color:#FFFFFF">III</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R12):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo SCOUT avaliou o uso de sibutramina versus placebo em pessoas com sobrepeso/obesidade, com DCV pr&#233;via e/ou diabetes tipo 2 mais um fator de risco CV. O risco de um evento de desfecho prim&#225;rio (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, ressuscita&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca ou morte CV) foi de 11,4% no grupo da sibutramina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 10,0% no grupo do placebo (raz&#227;o de risco, 1,16; IC 95%, 1,03 a 1,31; p = 0,02). Dessa forma, este painel considera que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de sibutramina em pessoas com obesidade e risco DASCV alto ou DAC cr&#244;nica n&#227;o &#233; recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3. Obesidade com Diabetes Tipo 2</title>
          <table-wrap id="t22">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R13.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com um AR GLP-1 (Liraglutida, Dulaglutida ou Semaglutida SC ou Oral) em pessoas com Diabetes tipo 2, obesidade ou sobrepeso e RISCO DASCV ALTO, para redu&#231;&#227;o de EVENTOS CV.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R13):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Cinco ECRs de desfechos CV &#8211; LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, HARMONY, AMPLITUDE-O e SOUL demonstraram, de forma consistente, a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos AR GLP-1 em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, al&#233;m de evidenciarem um efeito preventivo secund&#225;rio desses f&#225;rmacos em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 2 e DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise de ECRs em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 demonstrou que os AR GLP-1 promovem uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 14% no desfecho composto MACE (morte CV, IAM n&#227;o-fatal e AVC n&#227;o-fatal), al&#233;m de diminuir a mortalidade por todas as causas em 12%. Os AR GLP-1 reduziram igualmente as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC em 11% e os desfechos renais compostos em 21%. Notavelmente, esses benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos ocorrem sem aumento do risco de hipoglicemia grave, retinopatia ou eventos adversos pancre&#225;ticos, refor&#231;ando o perfil de seguran&#231;a desses f&#225;rmacos no manejo da obesidade e do diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise em rede demonstrou que os AR GLP-1 promovem redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade por todas as causas e de mortalidade CV, al&#233;m de diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de IAM, AVC n&#227;o-fatais, insufici&#234;ncia renal e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo SOUL, ECR duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, avaliou a efic&#225;cia CV do semaglutida oral em 9.650 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e DASCV, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) ou ambas. Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 47,5 meses, o uso da semaglutida oral reduziu significativamente o risco de MACE, incluindo morte por causas CV, IAM n&#227;o-fatal e AVC n&#227;o-fatal. A incid&#234;ncia desses eventos foi de 3,1 por 100 pessoas-ano no grupo semaglutida versus 3,7 por 100 pessoas-ano no grupo placebo, resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de 14% (HR 0,86; IC 95%: 0,77-0,96; p = 0,006).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4. Obesidade com Diabetes Tipo 2 e Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</title>
          <table-wrap id="t23">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R14.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DEVE SER CONSIDERADO</bold> o uso de semaglutida 1,0 mg em pacientes com obesidade ou sobrepeso, diabetes tipo 2 e DRC com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &#8805; 25ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, para redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiorrenais.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R14):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo FLOW ( <italic>Effect of semaglutide versus placebo on the progression of renal impairment in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease</italic> ) &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico que incluiu 3.534 participantes com diabetes tipo 2, DRC e sobrepeso/obesidade para investigar o efeito do tratamento com semaglutida na dose de 1,0 mg via subcut&#226;nea semanal na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal. O desfecho prim&#225;rio composto foi o decl&#237;nio persistente da TFGe &#8805; 50% desde o in&#237;cio do estudo, doen&#231;a renal terminal, morte por doen&#231;a renal ou morte por DCV. O estudo foi interrompido precocemente por efic&#225;cia. O estudo alcan&#231;ou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal, bem como da mortalidade CV e renal de 24% para as pessoas tratadas com semaglutida 1,0 mg. Al&#233;m disso, a semaglutida 1,0 mg apresentou impacto positivo em outros desfechos cl&#237;nicos: 21% de redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de morte por causas CV (HR 0,71; IC 95%: 0,56-0,89), 21% de redu&#231;&#227;o nos desfechos renais compostos (HR 0,79; IC 95%: 0,66-0,94), 18% de redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de eventos CV graves (HR 0,82; IC 95%: 0,68-0,98; p = 0,029) e 20% de redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por todas as causas (HR 0,80; IC 95%: 0,67-0,95; p = 0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t24">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">NOTA IMPORTANTE 4 Uso da semaglutida na DRC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">O uso de semaglutida pode ser considerado quando: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>TFG &#8805; 50-75ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> e RAC &gt; 300 a &lt; 5000mg/g.</p></list-item><list-item><p>TFG 25-50 e RAC &gt;100 e &lt; 5000mg/g.</p></list-item><list-item><p>TFG entre 15 e 25ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. Usar com cautela, pois n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Deve ser evitado quando TFG &lt; 15ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>.</p></list-item></list></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5. Obesidade com Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS)</title>
          <table-wrap id="t25">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R15.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADA</bold> a perda de peso para indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada a grave, para melhora ou remiss&#227;o da apneia.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R15):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>As evid&#234;ncias sobre o impacto do tratamento da obesidade sobre a gravidade e remiss&#227;o da apneia obstrutiva do sono tem ganhado crescente aten&#231;&#227;o, mas ainda apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em termos de medidas n&#227;o medicamentosas, estudos randomizados pequenos e com seguimento curto sugerem que estrat&#233;gias interdisciplinares visando a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso podem reduzir a gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono, especialmente nos casos mais leves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A remiss&#227;o (normaliza&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de apneia sem a necessidade de tratamentos espec&#237;ficos tais como o CPAP( <italic>Continuous Positive Airway Pressure</italic> ) pode ocorrer em alguns casos. Importante notar que, para alcan&#231;ar o resultado, alguns dos estudos adotaram medidas muito restritivas de interven&#231;&#227;o, dif&#237;ceis de serem amplamente implementadas a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t26">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R16.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>PODE SER CONSIDERADO</bold> o uso de liraglutida em combina&#231;&#227;o com mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada a grave, para redu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da AOS.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FF9900">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R16):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da obesidade, as evid&#234;ncias derivadas de estudos randomizados s&#227;o limitadas a dois estudos at&#233; o momento com duas medica&#231;&#245;es testadas (liraglutida e tirzepatida).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo SCALE testou a liraglutida na dose de 3,0mg por dia por 32 semanas em pacientes com obesidade sem DM, que tinham AOS moderada ou grave e n&#227;o usavam, ou n&#227;o se adaptaram ao uso de CPAP adjuvante &#224; dieta e exerc&#237;cios. Ap&#243;s 32 semanas, a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do IAH foi maior com liraglutida do que com placebo (-12,2 vs. &#8722;6,1 eventos/ h) em paralelo &#224; maior porcentagem m&#233;dia de perda de peso da liraglutida em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo (-5,7% vs. &#8722;1,6%). Este estudo mostrou que a IAH residual foi relevante, sugerindo que os pacientes em geral n&#227;o tiveram remiss&#227;o da apneia obstrutiva do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t27">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R17.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DEVE SER CONSIDERADO</bold> o uso de <bold>tirzepatida</bold> em combina&#231;&#227;o com mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada a grave, para redu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade ou remiss&#227;o da AOS.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R17):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo SURMOUNT-OSA foi um ECR multic&#234;ntrico, com 469 pacientes com obesidade e apneia moderada a grave, com ou sem uso pr&#233;vio de CPAP, os quais foram randomizados para tratamento com tirzepatida ou placebo. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, o tratamento com tirzepatida nas doses de 10 a 15 mg por semana, durante 52 semanas, resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de peso de 16 a 17% em ambos os subestudos (com ou sem uso pr&#233;vio de CPAP). A perda de peso foi acompanhada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o no IAH de 20 e 24 eventos por hora em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, e uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de eventos, respectivamente de 48 e 56%, em pacientes com e sem CPAP. Uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa atingiu remiss&#227;o da apneia obstrutiva do sono ou uma apneia dita "n&#227;o relevante" (leve ou sem sintomas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t28">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">NOTA IMPORTANTE 5: Tirzepatida na AOS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>O ensaio cl&#237;nico SURMOUNT-OSA, levou a <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) a aprovar a tirzepatida como o primeiro medicamento para o tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada a grave em adultos com obesidade, para ser usada em combina&#231;&#227;o com uma dieta hipocal&#243;rica e aumento da atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>O benef&#237;cio da tirzepatida na redu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono, na redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e de marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos ocorreu em pacientes usando ou n&#227;o a press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua de vias a&#233;reas superiores (CPAP).</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Estudos randomizados e metan&#225;lises mostram que o tratamento da AOS <italic>per se</italic> com CPAP n&#227;o promove redu&#231;&#227;o do peso. Desta forma, medidas adicionais para redu&#231;&#227;o do peso precisam ser implementadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.6. Obesidade com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          <table-wrap id="t29">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R18.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADA</bold> a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso em pessoas com obesidade e IC estabelecida para melhorar a qualidade de vida, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R18):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de 19 ECRs e estudos observacionais, envolvendo 449.882 pacientes com obesidade, mostrou que a perda de peso, apesar de n&#227;o reduzir mortalidade, melhora a qualidade de vida, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de 29 estudos mostrou que a perda de peso intencional atrav&#233;s de interven&#231;&#245;es como a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, pode levar &#224; melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e na qualidade de vida em pacientes com IC e obesidade. A cirurgia bari&#225;trica foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de desenvolver IC e melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e na massa ventricular esquerda. Uma curva em J foi observada entre &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e risco de IC com o risco m&#225;ximo na obesidade grave (IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) de 1,73 (IC 95% 1,30- 2,31), p &lt; 0,001). Embora o paradoxo da obesidade tenha sido observado para mortalidade por todas as causas, o grupo com sobrepeso foi associado &#224; menor mortalidade CV (OR: 0,86 (IC 95% 0,79 a 0,94), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre outras categorias de IMC. A perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bari&#225;trica em pessoas com obesidade sem IC estabelecida, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou DAC conhecida, foi associada com redu&#231;&#227;o da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p &lt; 0,0001), melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p &#8804; 0,0001) e redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (p = 0,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t30">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R19.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201;</bold><bold>RECOMENDADO</bold> o uso da semaglutida SC (2,4 mg/semana) ou da tirzepatida (5-15mg/semana) em pacientes com obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30kg/m&#178;) e IC estabelecida de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), para redu&#231;&#227;o de peso, melhora de qualidade de vida e de sintomas relacionados &#224; IC.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R19):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Em pacientes com ICFEp estabelecida, 3 ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostraram efic&#225;cia na resolu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos relacionados &#224; IC.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dois ECRs avaliaram o uso de semaglutida 2,4 mg uma vez por semana em indiv&#237;duos com IC (ICFEp) e obesidade, demonstrando que o uso do agonista de GLP1 melhorou os sintomas relacionados &#224; IC, capacidade funcional e o peso corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo STEP-HFpEF foi um ECR para compara&#231;&#227;o da semaglutida SC 2,4 mg vs. placebo em 529 indiv&#237;duos com obesidade, IC classe funcional II a IV da classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico (com limiares estratificados de acordo com o IMC no in&#237;cio do estudo), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 45% e evid&#234;ncia de anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. A maioria dos 529 participantes (84%) tinha fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 50%. O tratamento com semaglutida 2,4 mg semanal durante 1 ano diminuiu significativamente o peso corporal (perda de 13,3% vs. 2,6% no grupo placebo) e melhorou o escore do resumo cl&#237;nico do Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical Summary Score (KCCQ) e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos. A diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP encontrada foi aproximadamente 15% maior com semaglutida do que no grupo tratado com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O STEP-HFpEF DM comparou a semaglutida 2,4 mg SC contra placebo em pessoas com obesidade e diabetes tipo 2. Os resultados seguiram a mesma dire&#231;&#227;o do STEP-HFpEF: a semaglutida levou a maiores redu&#231;&#245;es nos sintomas relacionados &#224; IC, de limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, e &#224; maior perda de peso, ap&#243;s 1 ano tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O SUMMIT foi um ECR com dura&#231;&#227;o de 104 semanas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da tirzepatida (titulada at&#233; 15 mg SC semanalmente; n = 364) vs. placebo (n = 367) em pacientes com IC classe II a IV, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% e IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m&#178;. O agravamento dos eventos relacionados &#224; IC ocorreu em 29 pacientes no grupo tirzepatida (8,0%) e em 52 pacientes no grupo placebo (14,2%) (HR, 0,54; IC 95% 0,34-0,85). A morte por causas CV ocorreu em 8 pacientes (2,2%) e 5 pacientes (1,4%), respectivamente (HR, 1,58, IC 95% 0,52-4,83). O tratamento com tirzepatida reduziu o desfecho de morte CV ou agravamento da IC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo e melhorou as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de neste subgrupo de pacientes (escore cl&#237;nico KCCQ, dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos de caminhada, &#237;ndice de estado de sa&#250;de EQ-5D-5L e escore de Impress&#227;o Global de Gravidade do Paciente em Sa&#250;de Geral)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t31">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R20.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o uso de inibidores do <bold>SGLT2</bold> (iSGLT2) em pacientes com sobrepeso/obesidade e IC estabelecida (independentemente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE), para redu&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e morte CV.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R20):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma metan&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada dos estudos DELIVER e EMPEROR-Preserved (n = 12.251) demonstrou que os inibidores do SGLT2 (iSGLT2) reduzem significativamente o risco de morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada ou levemente reduzida (HR 0,80; IC 95% 0,73-0,87).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> Ao incluir os estudos DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced (fra&#231;&#227;o reduzida) e SOLOIST-WHF (fra&#231;&#227;o variada), a an&#225;lise com 21.947 pacientes confirmou redu&#231;&#245;es em morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC: HR 0,77 (IC 95% 0,72-0,82); morte CV: HR 0,87 (IC 95% 0,79-0,95); primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC: HR 0,72 (IC 95% 0,67&#8211;0,78) e morte por todas as causas: HR 0,92 (IC 95% 0,86-0,99). Os benef&#237;cios foram consistentes em todos os subgrupos, incluindo diferentes faixas de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t32">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R21.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>PODE SER CONSIDERADO</bold> o uso de AR GLP-1 em pacientes com obesidade e IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), para redu&#231;&#227;o do peso, com exce&#231;&#227;o da IC em classe IV (NYHA).</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFC000">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R21):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), as evid&#234;ncias para o tratamento da obesidade com AR GLP-1 s&#227;o insuficientes e sua seguran&#231;a ainda &#233; discutida.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>No estudo FIGHT, pacientes com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recente por ICFEr (FE m&#233;dia de 27%) randomizados para liraglutida apresentaram um aumento num&#233;rico, mas n&#227;o significativo, nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic> do mesmo estudo entre os pacientes utilizando liraglutida em pelo menos uma visita de acompanhamento e com desfecho em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o de peso, evidenciou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e segura de peso nesta popula&#231;&#227;o (-4,1 libras, equivalente a aproximadamente &#8722;1,96 kg). A popula&#231;&#227;o tinha uma idade mediana de 61 anos, 21% eram do sexo feminino e 69% apresentavam classe funcional NYHA III ou IV; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mediana de 25% (percentil 25-75 19-32%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>No estudo LIVE, que incluiu pacientes com ICFEr cr&#244;nica alocados para liraglutida, tamb&#233;m houve risco aumentado de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, embora tenha havido apenas uma morte e uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. Cabe ressaltar que o n&#250;mero total de eventos card&#237;acos adversos foi baixo (12 [10%] com liraglutida vs. 3 [3%] com placebo, p = 0,04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Importante destacar que nenhum dos estudos (FIGHT ou LIVE) teve por objetivo o tratamento da ICFEr em pessoas com obesidade, e que a liraglutida n&#227;o foi utilizada em doses para obesidade.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em uma an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic> do estudo SELECT, incluindo 1.347 pacientes com ICFEr (IMC m&#233;dio de 33,4 kg/m&#178;), a semaglutida reduziu o risco de MACE em 35% e do composto de morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou visita hospitalar de urg&#234;ncia por IC em 21%, embora o efeito apenas nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC n&#227;o tenha sido significativo (HR 1,08; p = 0,11). Deve ser destacado que aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam classe funcional NYHA II e pacientes com IC classe funcional NYHA IV foram exclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, a taxa de eventos adversos durante o acompanhamento foi baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em uma an&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada dos estudos STEP-HFpEF e STEP-HFpEFDM, os efeitos da semaglutida nos desfechos prim&#225;rios e no peso corporal foram semelhantes entre os 3 grupos avaliados com base nos diferentes graus de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inicial (45-49%, 50-59% e &#8805; 60%). Da mesma forma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE n&#227;o influenciou o resultado obtido com a semaglutida nos seguintes desfechos secund&#225;rios confirmat&#243;rios: dist&#226;ncia percorrida nos 6 minutos (p de intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,19), desfecho composto hier&#225;rquico (p de intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,43) e prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup> Apesar desses resultados, deve-se observar que todos os AR GLP-1, incluindo a semaglutida, est&#227;o associados a um discreto aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (3-5 bpm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t33">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">NOTA IMPORTANTE 6: Perda de peso em pacientes com ICFEr</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; ECRs avaliando a perda de peso em pacientes com obesidade e ICFEr nas classes funcionais III-IV, em termos de melhora de sobrevida.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Nesses pacientes, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida que inclua restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica deve ser realizada com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cuidadosa, pelo risco potencial de piora do estado catab&#243;lico, habitualmente observado nos est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da ICFEr, bem como o desenvolvimento de caquexia e consequente aumento da mortalidade.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a seguran&#231;a do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antiobesidade em indiv&#237;duos com ICFEr classe funcional NYHA III ou IV, em especial as de alta pot&#234;ncia (semaglutida 2,4 mg e tirzepatida 15 mg).</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.7. Obesidade em Indiv&#237;duos com Alto Risco de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          <table-wrap id="t34">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R22.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADO</bold> o uso da semaglutida SC (2,4 mg/semana) ou da tirzepatida (10-15 mg/semana) em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade grau 3 (IMC &#8805; 40kg/m&#178;) com risco IC alto, para melhora de qualidade de vida e preven&#231;&#227;o do surgimento de sintomas relacionados &#224; IC.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R22):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Com base em opini&#227;o de especialistas, este painel recomenda o uso semanal tanto da semaglutida 2,4 mg como da tirzepatida 10-15 mg para potencial preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos relacionados &#224; IC em pacientes com obesidade grau 3 ou em risco IC alto. O painel baseou-se nos estudos em IC estabelecida<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> </sup> e na plausibilidade de haver benef&#237;cios nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a IC &#233; um processo fisiopatol&#243;gico cont&#237;nuo que evolui por fases interligadas mediadas por fatores de risco, dentre os quais a obesidade exerce papel essencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t35">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R23.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DEVE SER CONSIDERADA</bold> a combina&#231;&#227;o de iSGLT2 com AR GLP-1 em pacientes com obesidade, diabetes tipo 2 e risco alto de IC, para redu&#231;&#227;o adicional de desfechos relacionados &#224; ICFEp, por estar associada a maiores redu&#231;&#245;es, comparativamente &#224; monoterapia com qualquer um dos agentes.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R23):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Estudos de vida real, metan&#225;lises de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e estudos observacionais e estudos retrospectivos apontam para um potencial efeito aditivo da combina&#231;&#227;o iSGLT2/AR GLP-1 sobre a monoterapia com cada um dos agentes. Este efeito, entretanto, ainda precisa ser confirmado em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Este painel avaliou, por opini&#227;o de especialistas, que h&#225; plausibilidade no efeito aditivo desta associa&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que atuam por mecanismos diferenciados e com potencial para serem aditivos. Como os iSGLT2 s&#227;o considerados pilares de tratamento da IC e a perda de peso &#233; necess&#225;ria nos pacientes com obesidade e IC, este painel sugere considerar o uso associado para pacientes com IC ou em risco de IC.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise sugere que os benef&#237;cios cardiorrenais podem ser ampliados com a terapia combinada em compara&#231;&#227;o com a monoterapia. O estudo avaliou o efeito cardiorrenal de combinar o iSGLT2 com o AR GLP-1, comparando com monoterapia com ambas as classes de agentes em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Estudos eleg&#237;veis foram ECRs e observacionais que compararam iSGLT2 ou AR GLP-1 combinados ou em monoterapia. Foram encontrados 5 ECRs e 10 an&#225;lises <italic>post hoc</italic> de estudos observacionais. Comparado com a monoterapia com AR GLP-1, a terapia combinada com iSGLT2 e AR GLP-1 foi associada a menor risco de desfechos relacionados &#224; IC (RR 0,63, IC 95% 0,51-0,77, p &lt; 0,001) e mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 0,66, IC 95% 0,50-0,88, p = 0,004) em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo de vida-real retrospectivo realizado a partir de um banco de dados espanhol, incluiu informa&#231;&#245;es de 15.549 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, de 2018 a 2022, sendo 46% com obesidade, 71% com hipertens&#227;o arterial, 15% com DAC e 10% com IC estabelecida. Tr&#234;s grupos foram estabelecidos de acordo com a terapia em uso: 1) iSGLT2 em monoterapia (n = 12.029; m&#233;dia de uso: 14 meses), 2) AR GLP-1 em monoterapia (n = 1.071; m&#233;dia de uso: 17 meses) ou 3) AR GLP-1 + iSGLT2 (n = 2.449) (m&#233;dia de uso: 14 meses). Os dados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise por escore de propens&#227;o 1:1. A mediana de seguimento foi de 19 (8-33) meses. A terapia combinada vs. iSGLT2 reduziu o risco de eventos por IC (HR 0,69; 95% IC 0,56-0.87) ou mortalidade por todas as causas (HR 0,68; IC 95% 0,54-0,86). A regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, ap&#243;s pareamento com escore de propens&#227;o, confirmou o benef&#237;cio da terapia combinada comparada ao iSGLT2 e ao AR GLP-1 em monoterapia. A terapia combinada de iSGLT2 e AR GLP-1 se associou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos de IC e mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a monoterapia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3 Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3.1. Obesidade Est&#225;gio 2 e Risco de DCVA Moderado/Alto ou Alto Risco de IC</title>
          <table-wrap id="t36">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R24.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>&#201; RECOMENDADA</bold> a indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia bari&#225;trica para indiv&#237;duos com IMC &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; e risco DASCV MODERADO/ALTO ou risco IC ALTO, quando o tratamento cl&#237;nico dispon&#237;vel for insuficiente para promover perda de peso e melhora de fatores de risco CV de forma sustentada.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R24):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de 18 estudos observacionais, baseados em banco de dados populacionais com mais de 1,5 milh&#227;o de pacientes, avaliou a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; obesidade ou mortalidade global, ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#237;nimo de 18 meses, em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica vs. grupo controle. A an&#225;lise identificou que a cirurgia bari&#225;trica est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas (odds ratio [OR] 0,62; IC 95%: 0,55-0,69; p &lt; 0,001) e da mortalidade CV (OR 0,50; IC 95%: 0,35-0,71; p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, houve redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de diabetes tipo 2 (OR 0,39; IC 95%: 0,18-0,83), hipertens&#227;o (OR 0,36; IC 95%: 0,32-0,40) e dislipidemia (OR 0,33; IC 95%: 0,14-0,80).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Um estudo de coorte longitudinal avaliou 1.724 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica (banda g&#225;strica com deriva&#231;&#227;o em Y-de-Roux), comparados com controles pareados para idade, IMC, sexo e escore de Framingham submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico convencional e acompanhados por at&#233; 12 anos (mediana de 6.3 anos). Demonstrou-se que a cirurgia foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 42% no risco de MACE (HR 0,58; IC 95% 0,42-0,82; p = 0,0018), incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e IC congestiva. A redu&#231;&#227;o observada na IC congestiva foi particularmente expressiva (HR 0,38; IC 95% 0,22-0,64; p = 0,0003). A melhora observada nos fatores de risco CV (colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, press&#227;o arterial) ocorreu em at&#233; 1 ano, e em at&#233; 2 anos no escore de Framingham.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em paralelo, um estudo observacional avaliou 20.235 pacientes com obesidade graus 2 ou 3 e diabetes tipo 2 no per&#237;odo de 2005 a 2010 nos EUA, onde 5.301 foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica e 14.934 serviram como controles, sendo pareados para idade, sexo, IMC e HbA1c. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Ap&#243;s 5 anos de seguimento, o grupo submetido &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica teve menor incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o-cir&#250;rgico: 2,1% vs. 4,3% (HR 0,60, IC 95% 0,42-0,86), respectivamente. Houve tamb&#233;m uma menor incid&#234;ncia de DAC no grupo cir&#250;rgico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico: 1,6% vs. 2,8% (HR 0,64, IC 95% 0,42-0,99).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo observacional SOS demonstrou que a cirurgia bari&#225;trica est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de desenvolver IC em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade severa vs. pessoas com obesidade sob cuidado usual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Nesses estudos, os efeitos da cirurgia bari&#225;trica sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV foram observados progressivamente ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, como press&#227;o arterial, perfil lip&#237;dico e controle glic&#234;mico. A redu&#231;&#227;o de MACE n&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da a um efeito direto ou imediato do procedimento cir&#250;rgico sobre o sistema CV, j&#225; que a melhora dos fatores de risco CV ocorreu ap&#243;s perda de peso sustentada, e a compara&#231;&#227;o realizada com tratamento cl&#237;nico de menor efic&#225;cia. Este painel considera que, na aus&#234;ncia de ECRs espec&#237;ficos, a indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia bari&#225;trica na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV dever&#225; ser realizada levando-se em conta o seu benef&#237;cio em longo prazo na melhora de fatores de risco em pacientes com risco CV moderado ou alto e que n&#227;o possuam acesso ou resposta cl&#237;nica eficaz e sustentada &#224;s terapias antiobesidades atualmente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3.2. Obesidade Est&#225;gio 2 e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          <table-wrap id="t37">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R25.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>PODE SER CONSIDERADA</bold> a indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia bari&#225;trica em pacientes com IMC &#8805;35 kg/m&#178; e IC estabelecida para promo&#231;&#227;o de perda de peso, melhora de fatores de risco e sintomas relacionados &#224; IC, devendo ser avaliada com cautela e de acordo com o risco cir&#250;rgico do paciente.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FF9900">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sum&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncias (R25):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Embora a IC grave ou a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica possam ser consideradas contraindica&#231;&#245;es para a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, alguns estudos indicam que a cirurgia pode ser considerada em pacientes com obesidade e com IC est&#225;vel.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise demonstrou que a cirurgia bari&#225;trica est&#225; associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC e benef&#237;cios na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na classe funcional da NYHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A cirurgia bari&#225;trica demonstrou benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco CV e na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo a revers&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco e melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t38">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">NOTA IMPORTANTE 7: Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica em pacientes com IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>A seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia a longo prazo da cirurgia bari&#225;trica em pacientes com IC ainda n&#227;o foram totalmente estabelecidas, e mais estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir quais pacientes possam ser referidos com seguran&#231;a para esse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>A decis&#227;o de realizar cirurgia bari&#225;trica em pacientes com IC deve ser individualizada, considerando o estado cl&#237;nico do paciente, a presen&#231;a de comorbidades e a capacidade de tolerar o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar &#233; recomendada para otimizar os resultados e minimizar os riscos associados.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t39">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">NOTA IMPORTANTE 8: Tratamento da Obesidade em Idosos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No contexto da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, a conduta terap&#234;utica dever&#225; ser individualizada, j&#225; que h&#225; maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade sarcop&#234;nica, fragilidade, m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e polifarm&#225;cia. Todos estes fatores devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o em especial no que se refere ao estabelecimento de metas terap&#234;uticas de perda de peso. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es desta diretriz se basearam nas melhores evidencias cl&#237;nicas dispon&#237;veis (estudos ancilares e estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados controlados bem delineados), nos quais pessoas com idade avan&#231;ada (acima de 75 anos) &#233; subrepresentada. Na suban&#225;lise por subgrupos por faixas et&#225;rias em estudos de desfecho cardiovascular com AR GLP-1 AR, o beneficio cardiovascular foi observado de forma consistente entre todas as faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t40">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">NOTA IMPORTANTE 9: Tratamento da Obesidade no contexto da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Apesar da alta preval&#234;ncia da obesidade no Brasil, ela permanece pouco contemplada em termos de pol&#237;ticas publicas no contexto das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) relacionadas &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco CV proposta nesta diretriz fornece um racional para melhores decis&#245;es na escolha do tratamento antiobesidade. Reconhecendo que o risco cardiovascular nas pessoas com obesidade ocorre em um continuum, a abordagem baseada na classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco CV pode auxiliar gestores formuladores de pol&#237;ticas publicas para a tomada de decis&#245;es na implementa&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos para popula&#231;&#245;es de maior risco CV.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Considerando a crescente incid&#234;ncia da obesidade e sua associa&#231;&#227;o bem estabelecida com a doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e desfechos relacionados, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular deve ser um componente central no planejamento do tratamento da obesidade. Esta diretriz, desenvolvida em colabora&#231;&#227;o entre cinco das principais sociedades m&#233;dicas brasileiras, aborda essa necessidade cr&#237;tica ao fornecer estrat&#233;gias baseadas em evid&#234;ncias para o tratamento da obesidade e a preven&#231;&#227;o da DCV. Importante destacar que a diretriz considera o contexto espec&#237;fico de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, oferecendo recomenda&#231;&#245;es que avaliam cuidadosamente os riscos e benef&#237;cios de cada abordagem terap&#234;utica. Reconhecemos que a ampla implementa&#231;&#227;o destas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira representa um grande desafio. Como atualmente n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum tratamento farmacol&#243;gico antiobesidade dispon&#237;vel no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), entendemos que a prioriza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es com comprovada efic&#225;cia para redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares nos grupos de maior risco CV poder&#225; auxiliar na tomada de decis&#245;es e planejamento de recursos por com foco no controle da obesidade e redu&#231;&#227;o de suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <table-wrap id="t41">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">RASTREAMENTO DE FATORES DE RISCO PARA DASCV E IC</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</bold><break/> Para o rastreamento e diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adultos, deve ser usado o crit&#233;rio de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; <bold>90</bold> mmHg em duas ou mais medi&#231;&#245;es em diferentes ocasi&#245;es. Para pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, considerar press&#227;o sist&#243;lica 130-139 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica <bold>85-89</bold> mmHg.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Dislipidemia</bold><break/> O rastreamento universal para hipercolesterolemia &#233; preconizado para crian&#231;as a partir dos 9 anos de idade e, se houver hist&#243;ria de hipercolesterolemia na fam&#237;lia, ap&#243;s os <bold>2</bold> anos de idade. O rastreamento deve ser realizado com medida de colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Diabetes tipo 2</bold><break/> Todos os indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso ou obesidade devem ser rastreados para diabetes tipo 2, com glicemia em jejum e hemoglobina glicada simultaneamente, a partir dos 35 anos. Antes dos 35 anos, o rastreamento &#233; obrigat&#243;rio se houver pelo menos um dos fatores de risco adicionais para diabetes (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t42">Quadro 1</xref> ). O rastreamento tamb&#233;m poder&#225; ser considerado antes dos 35 anos, caso a caso, a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente e em comum acordo com o paciente.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t42">
        <label>QUADRO 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>FATORES DE RISCO QUE INDICAM RASTREAMENTO PARA DIABETES TIPO 2 EM PACIENTES COM OBESIDADE OU SOBREPESO</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Glicemia de jejum pr&#233;via elevada (&gt;100 mg/dL).</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Diabetes gestacional pr&#233;vio.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>M&#227;e de rec&#233;m-nascido grande para idade gestacional.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes tipo 2 em parente de 1<sup>o</sup>grau.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Hist&#243;ria de DCV cl&#237;nica (SCA/IAM, DAC cr&#244;nica, AVC isqu&#234;mico ou AIT, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o arterial), ou DCV subcl&#237;nica (CAC &gt;0 ou presen&#231;a de placa em art&#233;ria car&#243;tida).</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial, tratada ou n&#227;o.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>HDL &lt; 35 mg/dL.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 250 mg/dL.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>S&#237;ndrome de ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Presen&#231;a de <italic>acantose nigricans.</italic> </p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Sedentarismo.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica (MASLD ou MASH).</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>FINDRISC alto ou muito alto (Ver suplementos).</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</label>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (ABESO), Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) e Academia Brasileira do Sono (ABS)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</label>
        <p>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva (Coordenador), Helena Cramer Veiga Rey, Humberto Graner Moreira, Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Nadine Oliveira Clausell &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2025-2027</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Esta diretriz dever&#225; ser citada como:</label>
        <p>Saraiva JFK, Valerio CM, Rached FH, van de Sande-Lee S, Giraldez VZR, Valente F, et al. Diretriz Brasileira Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias de 2025 para o Manejo da Obesidade e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e Complica&#231;&#245;es Associadas &#224; Obesidade: Uma Declara&#231;&#227;o de Posicionamento de Cinco Sociedades M&#233;dicas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025; 122(9):e20250621</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Nota:</label>
        <p>Estas Diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250621i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guideline</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>2025 Brazilian Evidence-based Guideline on the Management of Obesity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity-Associated Complications: A Position Statement by Five Medical Societies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2292-1735</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valerio</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-1603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sande-Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Van de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4157-664X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Z. Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8207-5521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0973-5065</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Halpern</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4414-6696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Wellington S. da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1987-8348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trujilho</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9549-7634</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dornellas</surname>
            <given-names>Neuton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4369-5137</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ruy Lyra da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3865-5320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eduardo N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6501-1139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assad</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo H. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1278-0406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancini</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5433-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1561-2926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7432-9085</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamounier</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0904-8564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8307-3162</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoluci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione (IEDE-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Controle de Peso do Hospital 9 de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Institui&#231;&#227;o Centro de Diabetes e Endocrinologia da Bahia (CEDEBA), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Obesidade, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Distrito Federal, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (ABESO), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Presidente Ant&#244;nio Carlos (UNIPAC), Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff41">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff42">
          <label>20</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diabetes de Belo Horizonte (CDBH), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff43">
          <label>21</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff44">
          <label>22</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondence:</label> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t43">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">2025 Brazilian Evidence-based Guideline on the Management of Obesity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity-Associated Complications: A Position Statement by Five Medical Societies</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2024/2025.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Expert</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bruno Halpern</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Merck, Novartis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cynthia M. Valerio</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Diabetes and Obesity; Boehringer Ingelheim: Diabetes; Eli Lilly: Diabetes and Obesity; AstraZeneca: Diabetes; EMS: Diabetes and Obesity. <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fabiana H. Rached</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: semaglutide; Novartis: inclisiran; Daiichi Sankyo: bempedoic acid. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: semaglutide; Novartis: inclisiran; Daiichi Sankyo: bempedoic acid.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fabio R. Trujilho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Ach&#233;, Amryt Pharma, Astra Zeneca, BracePharma, EMS, Eurofarma, Lilly, Merck, NovoNordisk, Scitech Medical, Takeda.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernando Valente</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Diabetes and Obesity; Boehringer Ingelheim: Diabetes; Eli Lilly: Diabetes and Obesity, Abbott: CGM, AstraZeneca: Diabetes; Servier: Diabetes; EMS: Diabetes and Obesity; GSK: Vaccines. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Diabetes; NovoNordisk: Diabetes.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Eduardo N. Salles</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, Merck serono Novo Nordisk.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> C - Personal research funding paid by the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: finerinone; Novo Nordisk: semaglutide; AstraZeneca: Zirconium cyclosilicate, dapagliflozin; Amgen: evolocumab; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozin; Lilly: tirzepatide, atorvastatin viatris; Daichii Sankyo: bempedoic acid/Edoxaban; Mantecorp: rosuvastatin. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: finerinone; Novo Nordisk: Semaglutide; AstraZeneca: Zirconium cyclosilicate, dapagliflozin; Amgen: evolocumab; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozin; Lilly: tirzepatide, atorvastatin viatris; Daichii Sankyo: bempedoic acid/edoxaban.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Luciano F. Drager</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Lilly, Novo Nordisk, ResMed. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcello C. Bertoluci</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - AstraZeneca, NovoNordisk, Lilly, Boehringer, Bayer, Servier, Brace Pharma, Roche, AMGEM.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo H. V. Assad</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Forxiga; BAYER: Firialta; Biolab: Repath; Boerhringer Ingelheim: Glyxambi; Daiichy Sankyo: Benicar, Nustendi; EMS: Bramicar; GSK: Shingrix; Libbs: Stanglit; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy; Novartis: Sybrava; Pfizer: Prevenar 20; Viatris: Lipitor, Inspra. <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - AMGEN: Olpasirana. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcio C. Mancini</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Merck: Contrave; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy; EMS: Olyra; Myralis: Mecobe. <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbott: FreeStyle Libre. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Neuton Dornellas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: a meeting (Advisory board) on the SOUL study - Oral Semaglutide. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: registration, travel and accommodation for the European obesity congress.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Paulo A. C. Miranda</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - NovoNordisk, Lilly, Recordat, Ache, Ipsen.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rodrigo N. Lamounier</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbot: FreeStyle Libre; Minimed: Sistema 780G; EMS: Olira; Lilly: Mounjaro. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Ozempic, Wegovy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rodrigo O. Moreira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Libbs, EMS, Eurofarma, Chiesi, Servier. <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Servier, AMRYT Pharma. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Servier.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ruy Lyra da Silva Filho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbott, Biolab, Boheringer, Lilly, Merck Serono, Eurofarma, MSD, Roche, Bayer, Mantecorp. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbott, Mantecorp, Boheringer, Lilly, Biolab, Eurofarma, Novo Nordisk, Bayer.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sergio E. Kaiser</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic e Wegovy; Daiichi Sankyo: Nustendi e Benicar; Astrazeneca: Forxiga, Selozok; Novartis: Sybrava; Libbs: Plenance, Naprix; Biolab: Repatha e Livalo. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Wegovy; Libbs: Naprix; Astrazeneca: Selozok.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Simone Van de Sande-Lee</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbott: Diabetes; Lilly: Obesity and Diabetes; Novo Nordisk: Obesity.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Viviane Z. Rocha Giraldez</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbott: Lipidil; Ach&#233;: Trezete; Biolab: Repatha; Daichii-Sankyo: Nustendi; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novartis: Sybrava; Novo-Nordisk: Wegovy; Ultragenyx: Evkeeza. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novartis: Sybrava; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Wellington S. da Silva Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Abbott, AstraZeneca, Libbs, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Table of contents</title>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Introduction</bold> 8</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Methodology</bold> 8</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Part 1 &#8211; Cardiovascular Risk Definition</bold> 10</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>1.1. Assessment of cardiovascular Risk in individuals with overweight or obesity</bold> 10</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>1.2. Heart failure screening in individuals with overweight or obesity</bold> 11</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Part 2 &#8211; Weight Loss Targets</bold> 13</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>2.1. Weight Loss Targets for Risk Factor Improvement</bold> 13</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>2.2. Weight Loss Targets for Cardiovascular Event Reduction</bold> 13</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>2.3. Weight loss Targets for Atrial Fibrillation-Related Complications</bold> 14</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Part 3 &#8211; Obesity Management</bold> 14</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.1. Lifestyle Modification</bold> 14</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.2. Pharmacotherapy management for reducing events and risk factors</bold> 15</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.1. Obesity and Moderate or High ASCVD risk</bold> 15</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.2. Obesity and Established ASCVD risk</bold> 16</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.3. Obesity and type 2 Diabetes</bold> 16</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.4. Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease</bold> 18</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.5. Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea</bold> 18</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.6. Obesity and Heart Failure</bold> 21</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.2.7. Obesity in Individuals with High Heart Failure Risk</bold> 21</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.3. Bariatric Surgery</bold> 21</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.3.1. Obesity Stage 2 and Moderate/High ASCVD Risk or High HF Risk</bold> 22</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>3.3.2. Obesity Stage 2 and Heart Failure</bold> 22</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Conclusion</bold> 23</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Supllement</bold> 23</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>References</bold> 24</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Global obesity prevalence has nearly tripled since 1975, now affecting over one billion people. Obesity is widely recognised as a condition associated with numerous chronic diseases, significantly impairing quality of life and reducing life expectancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>In 2021, 612 million individuals were affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), accounting for 26.8% of all deaths worldwide. This figure has increased by 0.88% over the past 30 years. Notably, 79.5% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost can be attributed to 11 risk factors, with body mass index (BMI) showing the strongest association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Furthermore, prevalence studies have shown that approximately two-thirds of obesity-related deaths are due to CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> </sup>The Brazilian data from 2025 show that 68% of adults have a BMI of at least 25 kg/m&#178;, with 31% classified as living with obesity. In 2021 alone, 60,913 premature deaths in Brazil were attributed to elevated BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between obesity and CVD is well-established. Prospective epidemiological studies have shown that obesity increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) events and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Obesity contributes to the development of CVD through multiple pathways, either indirectly through increased traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension, or directly through an adiposity-induced inflammatory state that affects cardiac structure and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Multiple epidemiological studies have related obesity to CVD through BMI. A meta-analysis of over 300,000 adults showed that BMI-defined overweight and obesity ranges are associated with increased risk of CAD and CV mortality. Observational and Mendelian randomisation studies have indicated a strong direct link between higher BMI and increased heart failure incidence and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, abdominal obesity is reported as more directly associated with increased risk of cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and CV mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Meta-analyses of large cohort studies showed that abdominal obesity, measured by waist circumference, is a strong independent predictor of morbidity and mortality across all BMI categories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup>Even individuals with a BMI below 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>may present with elevated cardiometabolic risk, particularly when visceral fat accumulation is accompanied by a relative deficiency in gluteofemoral subcutaneous fat and other risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Therefore, alternative measurements to BMI, such as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio are recommended to better identify individuals with potential visceral adiposity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Despite the availability of various treatment options, including lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery, the management of obesity remains challenging. Achieving and maintaining weight loss can be challenging, and the long-term outcomes of obesity treatment are frequently modest. Moreover, the increasing complexity of anti-obesity treatments, some with proven benefits in cardiorenal-metabolic syndrome outcomes, underscores the urgent need for new stratification tools to guide treatment selection in specific clinical situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Accordingly, this guideline aims to structure obesity treatment within the context of CVD prevention, considering both CV risk and obesity stage. It provides evidence-based recommendations to support healthcare professionals in personalizing optimal therapeutic strategies for individuals living with obesity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methodology</title>
        <p>The guideline was developed using the Delphi method,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>a structured process involving successive rounds of expert input, in which participants respond anonymously and are afforded opportunities to revise their responses based on feedback from other participants.</p>
        <p>An initial panel of twenty experts from five medical societies, Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), Brazilian Diabetes Society (SBD), Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM), Brazilian Cardiology Society (SBC), and Brazilian Sleep Academy (ABS), were recruited. From this panel, five members formed the working group (steering committee) responsible for designing the guideline framework, consisting of 25 evidence-based recommendations.</p>
        <p>Each recommendation was designed to address a specific clinical situation and assigned a recommendation grade following full panel voting. Three voting rounds were conducted using an online tool, with results statistically analysed by the steering committee. Following the first round of feedback, the base text was revised and rewritten. Second and third rounds of feedback were sought to refine the text, followed by adjustments to finalise the recommendation grades. Subsequently, the literature review was updated and organised to align with the evidence summaries supporting each recommendation. Finally, the manuscript was prepared for publication.</p>
        <p>Three levels of evidence were considered: A&#8212;Data from more than one randomized clinical trial (RCT) or from meta-analyses of RCTs with low heterogeneity (I2 &lt; 25%). B&#8212;Data from meta-analyses with high heterogeneity (I2 &#8805;25%), a single RCT, prespecified subgroup analysis, large observational studies, or meta-analyses of observational studies. C&#8212;Data from small or nonrandomized studies, exploratory analyses, clinical practice guidelines, or expert consensus statements. The level of agreement determined the strength of the recommendation, as follows: I&#8212;IS RECOMMENDED: &gt;90% agreement among panel members; IIa&#8212;SHOULD BE CONSIDERED: 70-90% agreement; IIb&#8212;MAY BE CONSIDERED: 50&#8211;70% agreement; and III&#8212;IS NOT RECOMMENDED: &lt;50% agreement or majority against. Recommendation grades and levels of evidence were established according to the guideline provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t44">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t45">2</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t44">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendation grade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Term</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Definition</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RECOMMENDED</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805;90% agreement with recommendation among panel members</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="left" valign="middle">SHOULD BE CONSIDERED</td>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle">75&#8211;89% agreement with recommendation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#F3EC19">IIa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MAY BE CONSIDERED</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50&#8211;74% agreement with recommendation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFC00F">IIb</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="left" valign="middle">NOT RECOMMENDED</td>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50% agreement with recommendation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#CD4329">III</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t45">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Level of evidence</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Level of Evidence</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Definition</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Color</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805;2 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or meta-analysis of RCTs with low heterogeneity (I2 &lt; 25%)</td>
                <td style="background-color:#133863" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="left" valign="middle">B</td>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle">Meta-analysis of observational studies, meta-analysis with high heterogeneity (I2 &#8805;25%), a single RCT, large longitudinal observational studies or prespecified subgroup meta-analyses of large RCTs.</td>
                <td style="background-color:#0000FF" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudos transversais, experimentos, estudos de casos e controles, s&#233;rie de casos, an&#225;lises explorat&#243;rias, diretrizes de sociedades, opini&#227;o de experts</td>
                <td style="background-color:#C7DFEC" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 1 &#8211; Cardiovascular Risk Definition</title>
        <sec>
          <title>1.1. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity</title>
          <table-wrap id="t46">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R1.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Assessing and categorising the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and Heart Failure (HF) is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> for all adults with overweight or obesity over the age of 18 years to guide anti-obesity treatment.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R1):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Considering emerging evidence on the CV benefits of medications in reducing the risk of atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD) and HF in individuals with obesity, the selection of anti-obesity treatment should be guided by CV risk stratification. This recommendation is based on expert consensus.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t47">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R2.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Using the PREVENT risk score for CV risk assessment is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> for individuals with overweight or obesity with a BMI &lt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>who are aged 30&#8211;79 years in the primary prevention of CVD, using the mode that includes the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) value and assessing both total ASCVD risk and 10-year heart failure (HF) risk to guide obesity management.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R2):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The Predicting risk of CVD Events (PREVENT) equations was preferred over the older Pooled Cohort Equations due to its greater ethnic representativeness, larger population inclusion, and improved accuracy. However, the PREVENT score is limited in CVD subtype coverage. The PREVENT model incorporates expanded outcomes, including HF and risk factors related to obesity, diabetes, and kidney disease. The risk model demonstrates good prognostic performance with appropriate discrimination and calibration in both general populations and demographic/CV-kidney-metabolic subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Designed for individuals with overweight or obesity, the PREVENT risk score should be applied using the mode that includes HbA1c measurement. Both total ASCVD risk and 10-year HF risk should be evaluated. The PREVENT score has limitations regarding age and BMI levels and should be restricted to patients aged 30 to 79 years with a BMI &lt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Additionally, the PREVENT score was developed for primary prevention patients &#8211; it should not be used for risk stratification in patients with established ASCVD and/or HF.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t48">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R3.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Categorising CV risk in individuals with overweight or obesity as LOW, MODERATE, or HIGH ASCVD risk and HIGH HF risk is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> to guide obesity management. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t49">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Central Illustration</xref> ).</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t49">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">ASCVD RISK</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">DEFINITION</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#92D050">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>LOW</bold><break/> &lt;5% at 10 years</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Individuals with overweight or obesity with BMI &lt;40 kg/m&#178; aged &lt;30 years without CV risk factors (see Important Note 1).</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Individuals with overweight or obesity aged &#8805;30 years with total ASCVD risk by PREVENT score &lt;5% at 10 years.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#FFC000">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>MODERATE</bold><break/> 5% to &lt;20% at 10 years</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Individuals with overweight or obesity with BMI &lt;40 kg/m&#178; without prior CV events, with &#8805;1 risk factor (see Supplement 1 ).</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Individuals with overweight or obesity with BMI &lt;40 kg/m&#178; in primary prevention, with total CV risk by PREVENT score 5% to &lt;20% at 10 years.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#F6C5AC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>HIGH</bold><break/> &#8805;20% at 10 years</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Established coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (MI), ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), peripheral artery disease (PAD), arterial revascularisation in any territory.</p>
                        <list list-type="bullet">
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Primary prevention with total CV risk by PREVENT score &#8805;20% at 10 years.</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Type 2 diabetes duration &gt;10 years.</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Chronic kidney disease stage 3b/4/5 (see Important Note 1).</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score &gt;100 Agatston Units (AU) (without diabetes) or &gt;10 AU (with diabetes), Lp(a) &gt;50 mg/dL or &gt;125 nmol/L, familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), or LDL-C &gt;190 mg/dL.</p>
                          </list-item>
                        </list>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DAE9F7">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>HIGH HF RISK</bold><break/> &#8805;20% at 10 years</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; BMI &gt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, even if asymptomatic.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Individuals with obesity plus diabetes and hypertension.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Atrial fibrillation.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Chronic kidney disease stage 3b/4/5 (see Important Note 1).</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Elevated NT-proBNP or BNP.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; PREVENT HF risk score &#8805;20% at 10 years.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Established ASCVD.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#183; Symptoms suggestive of HF.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p><bold>Note:</bold> For convenience, the moderate risk category encompasses both borderline (5-7.5% over 10 years) and intermediate (7.5 to &lt;20% over 10 years) risk levels.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p><bold>Legends:</bold> Agatston Units: AU; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HF: Heart failure; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CAC: Coronary artery calcium; FH: Familial hypercholesterolaemia; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a); LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f3">
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiovascular risk assessment strategy in adults with overweight or obesity</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <p>The proposed strategy for CV risk assessment in adults with overweight or obesity is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
          <table-wrap id="t50">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 1: When to re-stratify individuals with MODERATE ASCVD RISK</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Individuals at moderate risk according to the PREVENT score who require ASCVD risk re-stratification due to family history of premature CAD should undergo coronary artery calcium scoring via thoracic computed tomography scan.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Those with CAC &gt;100 AU without diabetes or CAC &gt;10 AU with diabetes, should be reclassified as HIGH RISK. Individuals with CAC = 0 and diabetes should remain classified as moderate risk.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Patients with type 2 diabetes for more than 10 years or those with chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] &lt;45 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>and/or albuminuria with a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) &gt;30 mg/g) or BMI &gt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, even if asymptomatic. should be classified as HIGH RISK, regardless of their PREVENT score.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2. Heart Failure Screening in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity</title>
          <table-wrap id="t51">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R4.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Screening for HF using natriuretic peptides (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] or B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP]) or imaging <bold>SHOULD BE CONSIDERED</bold> in individuals with HIGH HF RISK (see thresholds in Important Note 2).</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R4):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Obesity is an important risk factor for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Individuals with obesity are often diagnosed late, by which time significant cardiac dysfunction may already be present. This delay is frequently due to the misattribution of symptoms, particularly in advanced stages, to obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>For individuals with obesity with HIGH HF risk, screening for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obtaining objective evidence of exercise intolerance can identify the need for HF-targeted interventions. Timely HF treatment improves prognosis regarding quality of life and morbidity/mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>&#183;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The association between the apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) and CV mortality is positive but of moderate magnitude. A meta-analysis found a hazard ratio [HR] of 2.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48&#8211;2.91) for CV mortality in patients with severe OSA (AHI &#8805;30 events/hour) versus controls, while another study found a relative risk (RR) of 1.79 (95% CI: 1.47&#8211;2.18) for CV events at this severity level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>Dose-response analyses show that each 10-event/hour increase in AHI is associated with a 9&#8211;17% increase in CV event risk. The strength of this association varies by subgroup: the risk is more prominent in men under 70 years and individuals with excessive daytime sleepiness. The risk is lower or nonsignificant for mild-to-moderate OSA, indicating a dose-response effect with greater impact at higher AHI levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>(see Important Note 3).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> , the flowchart provides a summary of the management of obesity and its complications, guided by cardiovascular risk assessment.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Treatment of Obesity and its Complications Based on Cardiovascular Risk</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <table-wrap id="t52">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 2: Additional testing for HF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Individuals with elevated NT-proBNP or BNP or with HF symptoms should undergo further diagnostic evaluation.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>NT-proBNP and BNP levels must be interpreted in the context of obesity, as lower levels are observed in individuals with obesity compared with individuals without obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>The NT-proBNP exclusion threshold for HF (&lt;125 pg/mL) has low sensitivity (67%) in individuals with a BMI &gt;35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. In these individuals, a lower exclusion threshold (50 pg/L) showed higher sensitivity (93&#8211;98%). Conversely, the inclusion threshold &gt;220 pg/ml achieved higher specificity (82&#8211;89%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Using NT-proBNP or BNP alone to guide HF diagnosis in individuals with obesity requires careful consideration. When the clinical signs and symptoms of HF are present, even with normal values, additional diagnostic testing is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>In conditions such as atrial fibrillation, further investigation with echocardiography, electrocardiography, or 24-hour Holter monitoring may be necessary.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t53">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 3: Classification of obstructive sleep apnoea</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">The AHI is the most widely used measure for classifying OSA severity. It is calculated by summing Aneas and hypopneas (respiratory flow reductions) and dividing by the total sleep hours (or hours of monitoring). <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Normal: AHI &lt;5 events/h.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Mild: AHI 5.0&#8211;14.9 events/h.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Moderate: AHI 15.0&#8211;29.9 events/h.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Severe: AHI &#8805;30 events/h.</p></list-item></list></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 2 &#8211; Weight Loss Targets</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Weight Loss Targets for Risk Factor Improvement</title>
          <table-wrap id="t54">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R5.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sustained weight reduction of at least 5% is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with overweight or obesity at MODERATE ASCVD RISK to reduce CV risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and delay or prevent type 2 diabetes onset.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R5):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Lifestyle modification (LSM) studies including the Diabetes Prevention Programme (DPP) and Look AHEAD study have demonstrated that modest weight loss of at least 5% of body weight significantly reduces cardiometabolic risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The DPP randomised 3,234 individuals with prediabetes or glucose intolerance to receive placebo, metformin (850 mg twice daily), or a lifestyle intervention targeting &#8805;7% weight loss and at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week. After 2.8 years of follow-up, lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence of diabetes by 58% (95% CI: 48&#8211;66%), while metformin reduced it by 31% (95% CI: 17&#8211;43%) compared with that observed with the placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The Look AHEAD study was a RCT that evaluated intensive lifestyle intervention versus diabetes support and education in 5,145 adults with overweight or obesity (mean BMI = 36 kg/m&#178;) and type 2 diabetes. The primary endpoint was a composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalisation for angina. The trial was terminated early due to futility after a median follow-up of 9.6 years. Although the primary endpoint was not met, intensive lifestyle intervention achieved higher weight loss (8.6% vs. 0.7% at 1 year; 6.0% vs. 3.5% at study end) and produced higher reductions in HbA1c and CV risk factors [23]. The magnitude of weight loss at 1 year was strongly associated with improvements in glycaemia, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p&lt;0.0001) but not with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0.79). Compared with stable-weight participants, individuals who lost 5 to &lt;10% (7.25&#177;2.1 kg) of body weight had greater odds of achieving HbA1c reduction (odds ratio [OR] 3.52 [95% CI: 2.81&#8211;4.40]), 5 mmHg reduction in diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.48 [1.20&#8211;1.82]), 5 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure (OR 1.56 [1.27&#8211;1.91]), 40 mg/dL reduction in triglyceride levels (OR 2.20 [1.71&#8211;2.83]), and 5 mg/dL increase in HDL cholesterol (OR 1.69 [1.37&#8211;2.07]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Weight Loss Targets for Cardiovascular Event Reduction</title>
          <table-wrap id="t55">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R6.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sustained reduction of at least 10% from maximum weight <bold>SHOULD BE CONSIDERED</bold> in adults with overweight or obesity at MODERATE or HIGH ASCVD RISK to reduce CV events.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R6):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The Da-Qing study was a Chinese RCT evaluating the effect of 6-year lifestyle intervention outcomes in 577 individuals with prediabetes and overweight (mean BMI = 25.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) on diabetes incidence, CV events, microvascular complications, CV death, all-cause mortality, and life expectancy. After 30 years of follow-up, reductions in CV events (HR 0.74, 95% CI: [0.59&#8211;0.92]), CV death (HR 0.67, 95% CI: [0.48&#8211;0.94], p = 0.022), and all-cause mortality (HR 0.74, 95% CI: [0.61&#8211;0.89], p = 0.0015) were observed, and diabetes diagnosis was delayed by up to 4 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Although the primary endpoint in the Look-AHEAD study was not met, <italic>post hoc</italic> observational analysis suggests an association between initial weight loss magnitude and long-term CV event reduction in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Over a mean follow-up of 10.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 9.5&#8211;10.7), individuals who lost &#8805;10% of body weight in the first year had 21% lower risk of the primary outcome (adjusted HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64&#8211;0.98; p = 0.034) and 24% lower risk of the secondary outcome (adjusted HR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63&#8211;0.91; p = 0.003) compared with that observed with those who had stable weight or weight gain. In the analyses using the control group as reference, participants who received intensive lifestyle intervention and lost &#8805;10% of body weight had 20% lower risk of the primary outcome (adjusted HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65&#8211;0.99; p = 0.039) and 21% lower risk of the secondary outcome (adjusted HR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66&#8211;0.95; p = 0.011).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity (SELECT) trial demonstrated the superiority of semaglutide 2.4 mg subcutaneous (SC) over placebo in reducing CV events in individuals with obesity and established CVD. Notably, the observed CV benefit was associated with a modest weight reduction of 9%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Subsequent analyses indicated that achieving much benefit is weight-loss independent, particularly for major adverse CV event (MACE) reductions observed early in the trial before significant weight loss was achieved. However, the contribution of weight loss to these benefits cannot be ruled out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bariatric surgery has also shown reduction in CV events and mortality in populations with obesity. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study, a prospective, non-randomised cohort study, evaluated 4,047 individuals with obesity (BMI &#8805;34 kg/m&#178; for men and &#8805;38 kg/m&#178; for women), of whom 2,010 underwent bariatric surgery (gastric banding, vertical banded gastroplasty, or gastric bypass) and 2,037 received conventional obesity treatment. The mean follow-up duration was 14.7 years. Mean weight loss in the surgical group at 10 years was 17% (vs. 1% in the conventional treatment group). For composite CV events (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal and nonfatal stroke, angina pectoris, and HF), the surgical group showed a significant 33% reduction, plus 53% reduction in CVD death (HR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29&#8211;0.76; p = 0.002) compared with that observed with conventional treatment. Although surgery-specific effects cannot be excluded, the fact that &gt;80% of the procedures were restrictive (vertical banded gastroplasty and gastric banding, where hormonal effects contributing to weight loss are less relevant) indicates that the main factor associated with MACE reduction was significant (&gt;15%), and it sustained weight loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Based on the available evidence, the panel recommends a weight loss target of at least 10% from maximum lifetime weight<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>for individuals at moderate or high ASCVD risk, as a strategy to reduce CV events.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Weight Loss Targets for Atrial Fibrillation-Related Complications</title>
          <table-wrap id="t56">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R7.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sustained weight reduction of at least 10% is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with obesity and paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) to reduce the risk of AF-related complications.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R7):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Weight reduction in individuals with obesity has demonstrated a positive impact on reducing symptom burden and AF recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A single-centre, partially blinded RCT conducted in Australia that enrolled 150 individuals with obesity or overweight and AF showed that a structured weight management programme significantly reduced symptom burden, severity, and number of AF episodes over 15 months of follow-up. The intervention group compared with the control group lost more weight (14.3 kg vs. 3.6 kg) and had higher reductions in symptom severity scores and interventricular septal thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Another meta-analysis revealed that weight loss of at least 10% is associated with lower AF recurrence, reduced AF burden, and improved symptom severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>Similarly, weight loss following catheter ablation reduced AF recurrence at 12 months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In the SOS study, bariatric surgery reduced the risk of new-onset AF compared with that observed with usual care. Risk reduction was more pronounced in younger individuals and those with elevated diastolic blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 3. Obesity Management</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Lifestyle Modification</title>
          <table-wrap id="t57">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">R8.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Adoption of lifestyle modification measures (LSM) is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> for all individuals with overweight or obesity, regardless of CV risk, to reduce weight, improve health and quality of life, and prevent hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, ASCVD, and HF.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Summary of evidence (R8):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Lifestyle modification measures (LSM) in individuals with overweight or obesity should include a dietary programme with appropriate and healthy macronutrient distribution combined with aerobic and resistance exercises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The LSM approach should be multidisciplinary, with a team including a dietitian, exercise physiologist and psychologist, delivered through individual or group sessions. Incorporation of LSM should not delay the initiation of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, when indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Nutritional counselling should focus on reducing portion sizes, increasing intake of fruits and vegetables, and reducing consumption of alcohol and ultra-processed foods. Moreover, it should target an initial energy deficit of 500&#8211;750 kcal/day, which will need further adjustments based on body weight and individual activity levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>RCTs evaluating medications with moderate weight loss effects, including sibutramine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup>liraglutide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup>and bupropion/naltrexone combination,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>demonstrated that combination with LSM produced superior results for body weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factors.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The advent of more potent anti-obesity medications, such as semaglutide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>and tirzepatide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup>has led to the possibility of greater caloric deficits and, as a result, enhanced weight reduction. In this context, it is essential to closely monitor the consumption of various macronutrients, particularly protein, to avoid sarcopenia and nutritional deficiencies. This approach will ensure the establishment of healthy and sustainable eating habits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Similarly, a healthy diet can be achieved with dietary patterns rich in fresh and minimally processed foods, such as Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diets, which include whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean white meats, and plant protein sources such as legumes and nuts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> </sup>These dietary patterns reduce cardiometabolic risk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup>and may serve as references but should be adapted for Brazilian preferences and contexts to support adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup>Limiting the intake of ultra-processed foods rich in saturated fats and refined sugars is also recommended, as these have been linked to poorer body composition and elevated all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Pharmacotherapy Management for Reducing Events And risk Factors</title>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.1. Obesity and Moderate or High ASCVD Risk</title>
            <table-wrap id="t58">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R9.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Treatment with a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) or GLP-1/Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor co-agonist is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> for adults with overweight or obesity at MODERATE or HIGH ASCVD RISK to reduce weight and CV risk factors.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R9):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Liraglutide, a GLP-1 RA with weight loss efficacy at 3.0 mg/day, had its effects on obesity and complications evaluated in the Satiety and Clinical Adiposity&#8211;Liraglutide Evidence (SCALE) programme. The SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial randomised 2,254 patients to receive liraglutide 3.0 mg or placebo. After 56 weeks, 63.2% and 33.1% of the patients lost &gt;5% and &gt;10% of initial weight, respectively. After 3 years, the risk of developing diabetes was reduced by 79% in patients with prediabetes; patients on liraglutide compared with those on placebo took 2.7 times longer to develop diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis using pooled data from 5,908 individuals across 5 RCTs in the SCALE programme (liraglutide vs. placebo or orlistat) demonstrated the CV safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The Semaglutide Treatment Effect in Individuals with Obesity (STEP 1) trial included 1,961 patients with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes who were followed up for 68 weeks. All individuals received a reduced-calorie diet with 500 kcal/day deficit and counselling for 150 minutes of weekly physical activity. At the end of the study, participants in the semaglutide 2.4 mg group lost 16.9% of body weight, with nadir around week 60, while the placebo group lost 2.4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Tirzepatide, a GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonist, also demonstrated efficacy in reducing progression to diabetes in patients with obesity and prediabetes. In an analysis of SURMOUNT-1 including 1,032 individuals with obesity and prediabetes treated with tirzepatide for approximately 3 years (176 weeks), type 2 diabetes incidence was lower than that observed with the placebo (1.3% vs. 13.3%; HR 0.07 [95% CI: 0.0&#8211;0.1; p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, after 17 weeks of tirzepatide discontinuation, 2.4% of the tirzepatide group vs. 13.7% of the placebo group developed type 2 diabetes (HR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.1&#8211;0.2; p &lt; 0.001). In absolute terms, 99% of individuals with prediabetes who received tirzepatide remained diabetes-free. Mean weight loss in the tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg groups was &#8722;12.3%, &#8722;18.7%, and &#8722;19.7%, respectively, versus &#8722;1.3% in the placebo group at 3 years (p &lt; 0.001 versus placebo for all comparisons). Furthermore, weight loss exceeding 20% was associated with an HR for type 2 diabetes progression of 0.07, with a number need to treat (NNT) of 9 to prevent one case, and with 92% of patients achieving normoglycaemia, reinforcing the importance of weight loss in diabetes prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Regarding individuals with obesity and diabetes, a systematic review evaluated the effect of non-insulin antidiabetic medications on weight loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes across multiple RCTs. Liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide resulted in greater weight loss compared with that observed with other therapeutic classes (weight loss &gt;5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t59">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R10.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of other anti-obesity medications with proven CV safety <bold>MAY BE CONSIDERED</bold> in adults with overweight or obesity at MODERATE or HIGH ASCVD RISK when GLP-1 RA or GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonist are unavailable for treatment (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t60">Table 4</xref> ).</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FF9900">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R10):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Orlistat is a gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor that promotes weight reduction by reducing the absorption of 30% of ingested fat. The &#8216;Xenical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects&#8217; study randomised 3,305 individuals with obesity (BMI &#8805;30 kg/m&#178;) and normal glycaemia (79%) or impaired glucose tolerance (21%) to orlistat (120 mg TID) or placebo, both with LSM. After 4 years of treatment, cumulative diabetes incidence was 9% in the placebo group vs. 6.2% in the orlistat group, corresponding to a risk reduction of 37.3% (p = 0.0032). Exploratory analysis demonstrated that greater weight loss was the primary determinant of diabetes prevention. Over 4 years, individuals using orlistat lost more weight than that observed using placebo (5.8 versus 3.0 kg, respectively; p &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In a meta-analysis of four RCTs evaluating naltrexone/bupropion combination versus placebo at 1 year, the weight loss difference was 5.0 kg (95% CI: 3.96&#8211;5.94). Compared with placebo, 55% (48&#8211;61%) of patients taking the medication achieved &#8805;5% weight loss, and 30% (24&#8211;37%) achieved &#8805;10% weight loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup>In the Contrave Obesity Research-Diabetes study evaluating patients with type 2 diabetes, treated patients had a mean reduction of 11.2% in triglycerides (versus &#8722;0.8% with placebo) and an increase of 3.0&#177;0.5 mg/dL in HDL cholesterol (versus &#8722;0.3&#177;0.6 mg/dL with placebo), with no significant effect on LDL cholesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>CV safety of naltrexone/bupropion was evaluated in the LIGHT trial (n = 4,454), which was terminated early following the public disclosure of confidential interim data. However, 50% of the pre-specified events had occurred. MACEs were reported in 102 patients (2.3%) in the placebo group and 90 patients (2.0%) in the naltrexone/bupropion group (HR 0.88; 99.7% CI 0.57&#8211;1.34). These findings support the CV safety of naltrexone/bupropion over a mean follow-up period of 2 years, during which weight loss was maintained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup>A subsequent systematic review and meta-analysis further confirmed the CV safety profile of the therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Medications approved in Brazil for obesity treatment that have presented superior weight loss and CV safety when compared to placebo are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t60">Table 4</xref> . The most common adverse events and contraindications observed are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t61">Table 5</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t60">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Summary of the main effects of approved anti-obesity medications in Brazil</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <graphic xlink:href=""/>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN8">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>Studies primarily designed for diabetes treatment were excluded</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN9">
                  <p>Adapted from Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t61">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Most common and specific side effects of the anti-obesity pharmacologic agents</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Medication</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">More than 10% of patients</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Specific side effects that deserve attention</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Sibutramine 10-15 mg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Constipation, xerostomia, insomnia</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Tachycardia/increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, headache, anxiety</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Orlistat 120 mg 3 x/day</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Diarrhea/steatorrhea/urgency, flatulence, upper respiratory tract infections/flu, headache, hypoglycemia</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Hypersensitivity reactions, long-term deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Liraglutide 3.0 mg/day</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Injection site reactions, increased heart rate, insomnia, cholelithiasis, asthenia and fatigue, hypoglycemia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Semaglutide 2.4 mg/week</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, headache, fatigue</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Injection site reactions, increased heart rate, cholelithiasis, hypoglycemia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg/week</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Hypoglycemia (when used with sulfonylureas or insulin), nausea, diarrhea</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Hypersensitivity reactions, increased heart rate, injection site reactions</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Naltrexone/Bupropion 360/32 mg/day</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Nausea, constipation, headache, vomiting</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Suicidal thoughts or actions, seizures, risk of opioid overdose, sudden opioid withdrawal, severe allergic reactions, increased blood pressure or heart rate, hepatitis, manic episodes, narrow-angle glaucoma, hypoglycemia (when used with sulfonylureas or insulin), serotonin syndrome</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN10">
                  <p>Adapted from Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.2. Obesity and Established ASCVD Risk</title>
            <table-wrap id="t62">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R11.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Treatment with semaglutide 2.4 mg is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with a BMI &#8805;27 kg/m&#178; without diabetes and with established CVD (secondary prevention) to reduce CV death, myocardial infarction, and stroke ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> ).</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R11):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>The SELECT trial was an RCT including 17,604 individuals, with overweight or obesity with a mean age of 61.6 years and BMI of 33.34 kg/m&#178;, designed to evaluate the secondary prevention of CV events. The study population had no prior diabetes diagnosis, with established CV disease as an inclusion criterion. Mean weight loss of 9% was achieved. The results demonstrated a 20% reduction in MACE (CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke) (6.5% versus 8.0% with placebo, HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72&#8211;0.90, p &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t63">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R12.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of sibutramine is NOT RECOMMENDED in individuals with obesity and high ASCVD risk.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#C00000;color:#FFFFFF">III</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R12):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>The &#8216;Effect of Sibutramine on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Subjects&#8217; (SCOUT) study evaluated sibutramine versus placebo in individuals with overweight/obesity, prior CVD and/or type 2 diabetes plus one CV risk factor. The risk of a primary endpoint event (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, resuscitation after cardiac arrest, or CV death) was 11.4% in the sibutramine group compared with 10.0% in the placebo group (HR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03&#8211;1.31; p = 0.02). Therefore, this panel considers sibutramine use not recommended in individuals with obesity and high ASCVD risk or chronic CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.3. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes</title>
            <table-wrap id="t64">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R13.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Pharmacological treatment with a GLP-1 RA (liraglutide, dulaglutide, or semaglutide SC or oral) is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with type 2 diabetes, obesity or overweight and HIGH ASCVD risk to reduce CV events.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R13):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Six CV outcome RCTs&#8212;LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, HARMONY, AMPLITUDE-O, and SOUL&#8212;consistently demonstrated the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 RAs in individuals with type 2 diabetes, additionally showing secondary protective effects in individuals with type 2 diabetes and CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A systematic review with meta-analysis of RCTs in patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated that GLP-1 RAs significantly reduce composite MACE (CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke) by 14% and all-cause mortality by 12%. GLP-1 RAs also reduced HF hospitalisations by 11% and composite kidney outcomes by 21%. Notably, these clinical benefits occur without increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia, retinopathy, or pancreatic adverse events, reinforcing the safety profile of these agents in managing obesity and type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A systematic review with network meta-analysis demonstrated that GLP-1 RAs significantly reduced all-cause and CV mortality, as well as incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, kidney failure, and HF hospitalisations in individuals with type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The SOUL trial is a double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT that evaluated the CV efficacy of oral semaglutide in 9,650 patients with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or both. After a mean follow-up of 47.5 months, oral semaglutide significantly reduced MACE risk, including CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. Event incidence was 3.1 per 100 person-years in the semaglutide group versus 3.7 per 100 person-years in the placebo group, yielding a 14% relative risk reduction (HR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.77&#8211;0.96; p = 0.006).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.4. Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease</title>
            <table-wrap id="t65">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R14.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of semaglutide 1.0 mg SC once a week <bold>SHOULD BE CONSIDERED</bold> in patients with obesity or overweight, type 2 diabetes, and CKD with eGFR &#8805; 25 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>to reduce cardiorenal events.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R14):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>The &#8216;Effect of semaglutide versus placebo on the progression of renal impairment in individuals with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease&#8217; (FLOW) trial was a multicentre study that included 3,534 participants with type 2 diabetes, CKD, and overweight or obesity to investigate the effect of weekly SC semaglutide on kidney disease progression. The composite primary endpoint was persistent eGFR decline of &#8805;50% from baseline, end-stage kidney disease, death from kidney disease, or CV death. The trial was stopped early for efficacy. The trial achieved a significant 24% reduction in kidney disease progression and CV and kidney mortality for individuals treated with semaglutide 1.0 mg. Additionally, semaglutide 1.0 mg had positive impacts on other clinical outcomes: 21% reduction in CV death risk (HR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.56&#8211;0.89), 21% reduction in composite renal outcomes (HR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66&#8211;0.94), 18% reduction in the risk of severe CV events (HR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68&#8211;0.98; p = 0.029), and a 20% reduction in all-cause mortality (HR 0.80; 95% CI: 0,67&#8211;0,95; p = 0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t66">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 4 Use of Semaglutide in chronic kidney disease</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Semaglutide use can be considered when: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>eGFR &#8805; 50&#8211;75 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>and ACR &gt; 300 to &lt;5,000 mg/g.</p></list-item><list-item><p>eGFR = 25&#8211;50 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>and ACT &gt;100 and &lt;5,000 mg/g.</p></list-item><list-item><p>eGFR = 15&#8211;25 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>(use with caution as evidence is lacking).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Should be avoided when eGFR &lt;15 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.</p></list-item></list></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.5. Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea</title>
            <table-wrap id="t67">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R15.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight loss <bold>IS RECOMMENDED</bold> for individuals with obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea to improve its severity and/or achieve remission.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R15):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Evidence regarding the impact of obesity treatment on obstructive sleep apnoea severity and remission has gained increasing attention but still presents significant limitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Regarding non-pharmacological measures, small, randomised studies with short follow-up durations have indicated that interdisciplinary weight reduction strategies can reduce obstructive sleep apnoea severity, particularly in milder cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> </sup>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remission (normalisation of the apnoea-hypopnea index without need for specific treatments, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)), may occur in some cases. Importantly, to achieve these results, some studies have adopted highly restrictive intervention measures that are difficult to implement broadly in the long-term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t68">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R16.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of liraglutide combined with lifestyle modification <bold>MAY BE CONSIDERED</bold> in individuals with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea to reduce its severity.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FF9900">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R16):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Regarding pharmacological obesity treatment, randomised trial evidence is currently limited to two studies that have tested two medications (liraglutide and tirzepatide).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> </sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The SCALE study tested liraglutide 3.0 mg daily for 32 weeks in individuals with obesity without diabetes who had moderate or severe OSA and were not using or had not tolerated CPAP adjunctive to diet and exercise. After 32 weeks, mean AHI reduction was greater with liraglutide than with placebo (-12.2 vs. &#8722;6.1 events/h), paralleling greater mean weight loss with liraglutide versus placebo (-5.7% vs. &#8722;1.6%). This study showed that residual AHI remained significant, suggesting that patients did not achieve OSA remission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t69">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R17.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of tirzepatide combined with LSM <bold>SHOULD BE CONSIDERED</bold> in individuals with obesity and moderate-to-severe OSA to reduce its severity and/or achieve remission.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R17):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>The SURMOUNT-OSA trial was a multicentre RCT including 469 patients with obesity and moderate-to-severe OSA, with or without prior CPAP use, randomised to the tirzepatide or placebo group. Compared with the placebo, tirzepatide treatment at 10&#8211;15 mg weekly for 52 weeks resulted in 16&#8211;17% weight reduction in both sub studies (with or without prior CPAP use). Weight loss was accompanied by AHI reductions of 20 and 24 events per hour compared with that observed with the placebo, and relative event reductions of 48% and 56% in patients with and without CPAP, respectively. A significant proportion achieved OSA remission or &#8216;non-clinically relevant&#8217; apnoea (mild or asymptomatic).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t70">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 5: Tirzepatide in OSA</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">The SURMOUNT-OSA clinical trial led the Food and Drug Administration to approve tirzepatide as the first medication for treating moderate-to-severe OSA in individuals with obesity, to be used with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> <break/> The benefits of tirzepatide in reducing OSA severity, body weight, and cardiometabolic markers were observed in individuals, regardless of CPAP use. <break/> Randomised studies and meta-analyses have shown that OSA treatment with CPAP alone does not promote weight reduction. Therefore, additional weight reduction measures should be implemented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.6. Obesity and Heart Failure</title>
            <table-wrap id="t71">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R18.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight reduction is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with obesity and established HF to improve quality of life, cardiac function, and exercise capacity.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R18):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>A meta-analysis of 19 RCTs and observational studies involving 449,882 individuals with obesity showed that weight loss, although it does not reduce mortality, improves quality of life, ventricular function, and exercise capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A meta-analysis of 29 studies showed that intentional weight loss through interventions, such as bariatric surgery, can improve cardiac function and quality of life in patients with HF and obesity. Bariatric surgery was associated with reduced risk of developing HF and improvements in diastolic function and left ventricular mass. A J-curve was observed between BMI and HF risk, with maximum risk in severe obesity (BMI &gt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.30&#8211;2.31), p &lt; 0.001). Although the obesity paradox was observed for all-cause mortality, the overweight group was associated with lower CV mortality (OR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79&#8211;0.94), with no significant difference among other BMI categories. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss in individuals with obesity without established HF, atrial fibrillation, or known CAD was associated with reduced left ventricular mass (p &lt; 0.0001), improved left ventricular diastolic function (p &#8804; 0.0001), and reduced left atrial size (p = 0.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t72">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R19.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of semaglutide (2.4 mg weekly) or tirzepatide (5&#8211;15 mg weekly) is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with obesity (BMI &#8805;30 kg/m&#178;) and established HFpEF to reduce weight and improve quality of life and HF-related symptoms.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R19):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>In individuals with established HFpEF, three clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy in improving HF-related outcomes.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Two RCTs evaluated semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly in individuals with HFpEF and obesity, demonstrating that the GLP-1 agonist improved HF-related symptoms, functional capacity, and body weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> </sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The STEP-HFpEF trial was an RCT comparing semaglutide SC 2.4 mg versus placebo in 529 individuals with obesity, NYHA class II&#8211;IV HF, elevated natriuretic peptide levels (with BMI-stratified thresholds at the start of the study), left ventricular ejection fraction &gt;45%, and evidence of echocardiographic abnormalities. Most participants (84%) had left ventricular ejection fraction &#8805;50%. Treatment with semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly for 1 year resulted in a significant reduction in body weight (13.3% vs. 2.6% with placebo) and improvements in the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical Summary Score (KCCQ-CSS) and 6-minute walk distance. Additionally, the reduction in NT-proBNP levels was approximately 15% greater with semaglutide than with the placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The STEP-HFpEF DM trial compared semaglutide 2.4 mg SC with placebo in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The results paralleled that of the STEP-HFpEF: semaglutide led to greater reductions in HF-related symptoms and physical limitations and higher weight loss after 1 year of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The SUMMIT trial was a 104-week RCT evaluating tirzepatide (titrated to 15 mg SC weekly; n = 364) versus placebo (n = 367) in patients with NYHA class II&#8211;IV HF, ejection fraction &#8805;50%, and BMI &#8805;30 kg/m&#178;. Worsening HF events occurred in 29 patients in the tirzepatide group (8.0%) and 52 patients in the placebo group (14.2%) (HR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.34&#8211;0.85). CV death occurred in 8 patients (2.2%) and 5 patients (1.4%), respectively (HR 1.58; 95% CI: 0.52&#8211;4.83). Treatment with tirzepatide, compared with placebo, reduced the composite endpoint of CV or HF worsening and improved multiple health status measures in this population, including the KCCQ-CSS, 6-minute walk distance, health status index, and Patient Global Impression of Severity Overall Health Score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t73">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R20.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in patients with overweight/obesity and established HF (regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction) to reduce hospitalisation and CV death.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#153D63;color:#FFFFFF">A</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R20):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>A pre-specified meta-analysis of the DELIVER and EMPEROR-Preserved trials (n = 12,251) demonstrated that SGLT2i significantly reduced the risk of CV death or HF hospitalisation in individuals with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73&#8211;0.87).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup>In the DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced (reduced ejection fraction), and SOLOIST-WHF (varied ejection fraction) trials, the analysis of 21,947 individuals confirmed reductions in CV death or HF hospitalisation (HR 0.77 [95% CI: 0.72&#8211;0.82]); CV death (HR 0.87 [95% CI: 0.79&#8211;0.95]); first HF hospitalisation (HR 0.72 [95% CI: 0.67&#8211;0.78]); and all-cause mortality (HR 0.92 [95% CI: 0.86&#8211;0.99]). The benefits were consistent across all subgroups, including different ejection fraction ranges.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t74">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R21.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">The use of GLP-1 RAs <bold>MAY BE CONSIDERED</bold> in individuals with obesity and HF with reduced ejected fraction (HFrEF) for weight reduction, with the aim of improving quality of life and HF-related symptoms, except in NYHA class IV HF.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFC000">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R21):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>In patients with HFrEF, evidence for obesity treatment with GLP-1 RAs is insufficient, and their safety remains debated.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In the FIGHT study, individuals with recent HFrEF hospitalisation (mean ejection fraction, 27%) randomised to receive liraglutide showed a numerical but nonsignificant increase in HF hospitalisations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis of the same study among individuals who received liraglutide for at least one follow-up visit showed significant and safe weight reduction in this population (-1.96 kg, approximately &#8722;4.1 pounds). The population had a median age of 61 years, 21% were female, 69% had NYHA class III or IV, and the median ejection fraction was 25% (IQR 19&#8211;32%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In the LIVE study including individuals with chronic HFrEF allocated to the liraglutide group, there was also an increased risk of adverse cardiac events, although only one death and one HF hospitalisation occurred. Notably, the total number of adverse cardiac events was low (12 [10%] with liraglutide vs. 3 [3%] with placebo, p = 0.04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Importantly, neither study (FIGHT or LIVE) aimed to treat HFrEF in individuals with obesity, and liraglutide was not used at obesity treatment doses.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In a <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis of SELECT including 1,347 individuals with HFrEF (mean BMI 33.4 kg/m&#178;), semaglutide reduced MACE risk by 35% and the composite of CV death and HF hospitalisation/urgent visit by 21%, although the effect on HF hospitalisations alone was not significant (HR 1.08; p = 0.11). Notably, approximately 60% of included individuals had NYHA class II, and individuals with NYHA class IV HF were excluded. Additionally, the adverse event rate during follow-up was low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In a pre-specified analysis of STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM, semaglutide effects on primary outcomes and body weight were similar across three groups based on baseline ejection fraction (45&#8211;49%, 50&#8211;59%, and &#8805;60%). Similarly, left ventricular ejection fraction did not influence semaglutide results for the following confirmatory secondary endpoints: 6-minute walk distance (interaction p = 0.19), hierarchical composite endpoint (interaction p = 0.43), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup>Despite these results, all GLP-1 RAs, including semaglutide, are associated with a modest increase in heart rate (3&#8211;5 bpm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t75">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 6: Weight loss in patients with HFrEF</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">There are no RCTs evaluating weight loss in individuals with obesity and HFrEF with NYHA class III&#8211;IV in terms of survival improvement. <break/> For these patients, LSM recommendations including caloric restriction should be implemented with careful clinical monitoring. This is due to the potential risk of worsening the catabolic state of the patient, which is often observed in advanced HFrEF and could lead to the development of cachexia and subsequent increased mortality. <break/> Further studies are needed to assess the safety of anti-obesity medications in individuals with HFrEF and NYHA class III or IV, particularly high-potency agents (semaglutide 2.4 mg and tirzepatide 15 mg).</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.7. Obesity in Individuals with High Heart Failure Risk</title>
            <table-wrap id="t76">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R22.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of semaglutide SC (2.4 mg weekly) or tirzepatide (10&#8211;15 mg weekly) is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> in individuals with class 3 obesity (BMI &#8805;40 kg/m&#178;) at high HF risk to improve quality of life and prevent HF-related symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#DAE9F7">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R22):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Based on expert opinion, this panel recommends weekly use of either semaglutide 2.4 mg SC or tirzepatide 10&#8211;15 mg for potential prevention of HF-related outcomes in patients with class 3 obesity or at high HF risk. The panel based its recommendation on studies conducted in patients with established HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> </sup>as well as on the plausible benefits in this population, given that HF represents a continuous pathophysiological progress through interconnected stages driven by various risk factors, among which obesity plays a central role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t77">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R23.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">The combination of an SGLT2i and a GLP-1 RA <bold>MAY BE CONSIDERED</bold> for individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and HF (or at high HF risk) to achieve additional reduction of HFpEF-related outcomes.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FFFF00">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R23):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Real-world studies, meta-analyses of RCTs, observational studies, and retrospective studies have indicated a potential additive effect of SGLT2i/GLP-1 RA combination over monotherapy with either agent. This effect, however, requires confirmation in RCTs. This panel assessed by expert opinion that there is plausibility for additive effects of this combination, as these agents act through different mechanisms, with potential for additive benefit. This panel indicates that the SGLT2i/GLP-1 RA combination should be considered for patients with obesity and HFpEF or at HF risk as it has been associated with greater improvement of HFpEF-related outcomes when compared with monotherapy alone.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A systematic review with meta-analysis indicates that cardiorenal benefits may be enhanced with combination therapy compared with monotherapy. The study evaluated the cardiorenal effects of combining SGLT2i with GLP-1 RA compared with monotherapy with each agent class in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eligible studies were RCTs and observational studies comparing SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA in combination or as a monotherapy. Five RCTs and 10 <italic>post hoc</italic> observational analyses were identified. Compared with GLP-1 RA monotherapy, combination therapy with SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA was associated with lower risk of HF-related outcomes (RR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.51&#8211;0.77, p &lt; 0.001) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50&#8211;0.88, p = 0.004) in patients with type 2 diabetes [ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> ].</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A retrospective real-world study from a Spanish database included 15,549 individuals with type 2 diabetes from 2018 to 2022, with 46% having obesity, 71% having hypertension, 15% having CAD, and 10% established HF. Three groups were established according to the therapy used: 1) SGLT2i monotherapy (n = 12,029; mean duration: 14 months), 2) GLP-1 RA monotherapy (n = 1,071; mean duration: 17 months), or 3) GLP-1 RA + SGLT2i (n = 2,449; mean duration: 14 months). Data were analysed using 1:1 propensity score matching. The median follow-up duration was 19 (8&#8211;33) months. Combination therapy versus SGLT2i reduced the risk of HF events (HR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.56&#8211;0.87) and all-cause mortality (HR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54&#8211;0.86). Multivariate Cox regression after propensity score matching confirmed the benefit of combination therapy compared with SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA monotherapy. Combined SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA therapy was associated with reduced risk of HF events and all-cause mortality compared with that observed with monotherapy in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Bariatric Surgery</title>
          <sec>
            <title>3.3.1. Obesity Stage 2 and Moderate/High ASCVD Risk or High HF Risk</title>
            <table-wrap id="t78">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R24.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Bariatric surgery is <bold>RECOMMENDED</bold> for individuals with a BMI &#8805;35 kg/m&#178; at MODERATE or HIGH ASCVD risk or at HIGH HF risk, when patients fail to achieve sustained weight loss and CV risk factor improvement with the available anti-obesity treatment.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#21AF51">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R24):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 observational studies from population databases including over 1.5 million patients evaluated obesity-related disease incidence and overall mortality after a minimum 18-month follow-up in bariatric surgery versus control groups. The analysis identified that bariatric surgery is associated with reduced all-cause mortality (OR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.55&#8211;0.69; p &lt; 0.001) and CV mortality (OR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.35&#8211;0.71; p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, there was reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18&#8211;0.83), hypertension (OR 0.36; 95% CI: 0.32&#8211;0.40), and dyslipidaemia (OR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14&#8211;0.80).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A longitudinal cohort study evaluated 1,724 patients undergoing bariatric surgery (gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass), compared with controls matched for age, BMI, sex, and Framingham score receiving conventional medical treatment and followed up for up to 12 years (median 6.3 years). Surgery was associated with a 42% reduction in MACE risk (HR 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42&#8211;0.82; p = 0.0018), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive HF. The reduction in congestive HF was particularly marked (HR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.22&#8211;0.64; p = 0.0003). Improvements in CV risk factors (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and blood pressure) occurred within 1 year and Framingham score improvements within 2 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Concurrently, an observational study evaluated 20,235 individuals with class 2 or 3 obesity and type 2 diabetes from 2005 to 2010 in the United States, where 5,301 underwent bariatric surgery and 14,934 served as controls, matched for age, sex, BMI, and HbA1c. The primary outcome was incidence of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass grafting. After 5 years of follow-up, the bariatric surgery group had lower incidence of the primary outcome compared with the non-surgical group: 2.1% vs. 4.3% (HR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42&#8211;0.86), respectively. There was also lower CAD incidence in the surgical group compared with the non-surgical control group: 1.6% vs. 2.8% (HR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42&#8211;0.99).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The SOS study demonstrated that bariatric surgery is associated with reduced risk of developing HF in individuals with severe obesity versus those with obesity under usual care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In these studies, the effects of bariatric surgery on CV event reduction were observed progressively following normalisation of metabolic parameters including blood pressure, lipid profile, and glycaemic control. MACE reduction cannot be attributed to direct or immediate surgical effects on the CV system, as CV risk factor improvements occurred after sustained weight loss, and comparisons were made with less effective anti-obesity pharmacotherapy treatment. This panel considers that, in the absence of specific RCTs, the indication of bariatric surgery for CV event prevention should be considered based on its long-term benefits in improving risk factors, particularly in patients at moderate or high CV risk who either lack access to or do not achieve a sustained response with currently available anti-obesity therapies.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.3.2. Obesity Stage 2 and Heart Failure</title>
            <table-wrap id="t79">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">R25.</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Class of recommendation</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Bariatric surgery <bold>MAY BE CONSIDERED</bold> cautiously, according to surgical risk, in individuals with established HF and a BMI &#8805;35 kg/m&#178; to promote weight loss and improve risk factors and HF-related symptoms.</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#FF9900">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#0202F4;color:#FFFFFF">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Summary of evidence (R25):</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Although severe HF or marked systolic dysfunction may be considered as a contraindication to bariatric surgery, emerging evidence has indicated that the procedure may be appropriate for select patients with obesity and stable HF.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A systematic review with meta-analysis demonstrated that bariatric surgery is associated with reduced HF-related hospitalisations, as well as improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA functional class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Bariatric surgery has also shown benefits in reducing CV risk factors and improving cardiac function, including reversal of cardiac remodelling and improvements in both systolic and diastolic performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t80">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 7: Bariatric surgery in patients with HF</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">The long-term safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in patients with HF remain insufficiently established. Further prospective studies are needed to identify patients who can be safely referred for this intervention. <break/> The decision to proceed with bariatric surgery in patients with HF should be individualised, considering the patient's clinical status, comorbid conditions, and ability to tolerate the procedure. A multidisciplinary approach is strongly recommended to optimise outcomes and minimise associated risks.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t81">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 8: Obesity management in elderly</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>In the context of the elderly population, the therapeutic approach should be individualized, since there is a higher prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, frailty, multiple comorbidities, and polypharmacy. All these factors must be considered, especially regarding the establishment of therapeutic weight loss goals.</p>
                          <p>The recommendations of this guideline were based on the best available clinical evidence (well-designed ancillary studies and randomized controlled trials), in which people of advanced age (over 75 years) are underrepresented. Nevertheless, in the post hoc sub-analysis of GLP-1 RA cardiovascular outcomes trials, significant reduction in MACE was observed across age subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t82">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Important Note 9: Obesity management in the context of Brazilian public health system</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
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                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Although obesity is highly prevalent in Brazil, it has often been overlooked within the broader context of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) related to cardiovascular disease. The CV risk stratification proposed in the guideline provides a rationale for better decisions in the choice of anti-obesity treatment.</p>
                          <p>Recognizing that cardiovascular risk in people with obesity occurs on a continuum, the approach based on CV risk classification can assist policymakers in decision-making and implementation of treatments for populations at higher CV risk.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Considering the increasing incidence of obesity and its well-established association with CVD and related outcomes, CV risk assessment must be a central component in obesity treatment planning. This guideline, developed through a collaboration among five leading Brazilian medical societies, addresses this critical need by providing evidence-based strategies for the treatment of obesity and prevention of CVD. Importantly, the guideline considers the specific public health context of the Brazilian population, offering recommendations that carefully considers the risks and benefits of each therapeutic approach. Subsistir por: We acknowledge that implementing these recommendations for the Brazilian population presents a great challenge. Given there are currently no anti-obesity pharmacological therapies available in the Unified Health System (SUS), it is essential to prioritize interventions with proven efficacy to reduce cardiovascular events in the groups with highest CV risk. This approach may support policymakers in cost-effective resource plans to control obesity and reduce associated complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <table-wrap id="t83">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">SCREENING FOR RISK FACTORS FOR ASCVD AND HF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Hypertension</bold><break/> For the screening and diagnosis of hypertension in adults, a systolic pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic &#8805; <bold>90</bold> mmHg, confirmed in two or more measurements on separate occasions should be used as the diagnostic criterion. Individuals with systolic pressure between 130-139 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure <bold>85-89</bold> mmHg should be considered as having pre-hypertension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Dyslipidemia</bold><break/> Universal screening for hypercholesterolaemia is recommended starting at 9 and. In cases with a family history of hypercholesterolaemia, screening should begin after age of <bold>2</bold> . Assessment should include measurements of both cholesterol and triglyceride levels.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Type 2 diabetes</bold><break/> All individuals who are overweight or obese should be screened for type 2 diabetes beginning at age 35, using both fasting blood glucose and HbA1c tests. Before the age of 35, screening is mandatory if at least one of the additional risk factors for diabetes is present (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t84">Table 1</xref> ). Screening may also be considered before the age of 35, on a case-by-case basis, at the discretion of the healthcare provider and in consultation with the patient.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t84">
          <label>TABLE 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RISK FACTORS THAT INDICATE SCREENING FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES IN PATIENTS WITH OVERWEIGHT OR OBESITY</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Previously elevated fasting glucose (&gt;100 mg/dL).</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Previous gestational diabetes.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Mother of a large-for-gestational-age newborn.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>History of clinical CVD (ACS/AMI, chronic CAD, ischemic stroke or TIA, arterial revascularisation), or subclinical CVD (CAC &gt;0 or presence of plaque in the carotid artery).</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Presence of hypertension, treated or not.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>HDL &lt;35 mg/dL.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Triglycerides &gt; 250 mg/dL.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Presence of acanthosis nigricans.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Sedentary lifestyle.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Metabolic steatotic liver disease (MASLD or MASH).</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>FINDRISC high or very high.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Development:</label>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (ABESO), Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) e Academia Brasileira do Sono (ABS)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</label>
          <p>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva (Coordenador), Helena Cramer Veiga Rey, Humberto Graner Moreira, Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Nadine Oliveira Clausell &#8211; Period 2025-2027</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>How to cite this Guideline</label>
          <p>Saraiva JFK, Valerio CM, Rached FH, van de Sande-Lee S, Giraldez VZR, Valente F, et al. 2025 Brazilian Evidence-based Guideline on the Management of Obesity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity-Associated Complications: A Position Statement by Five Medical Societies. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025; 122(9):e20250621</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Note:</label>
          <p>These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of aphysician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
