<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="clinical-instruction" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vDsCdQWGHyWfqZfVVbFB7Sh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000901301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250615</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica ao Longo do Ciclo de Vida da Mulher &#8211; 2025</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2292-1735</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#233;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia Melissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5566-8070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giuffrida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-8184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Celi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8161-9400</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Japhet da Matta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4455-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pallandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1336-6517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2455-5612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6720-8151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Aurelio de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2106-309X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Bauermann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9018-8489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8957-7193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0803-8535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nahas</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Aguiar Petri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Regina Giunco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6352-3330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1090-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Imara Correia de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8588-8074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kulak</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3865-5320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eduardo Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>37</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3115-5606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0774-9404</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>38</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8500-9244</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Zytynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>39</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>40</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7084-037X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pompei</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>41</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6501-1139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assad</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Heitor Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>42</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0969-4614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1473-9223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Albanez Albuquerque de Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>44</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
            <sup>46</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
            <sup>47</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8722-7504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>48</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>49</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
            <sup>50</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51">
            <sup>51</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>52</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>53</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7136-3536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Thais de Carvalho Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54">
            <sup>54</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4414-6696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Wellington Santana da</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55">
            <sup>55</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-3976-8914</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nazima</surname>
            <given-names>Willyan Issamu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>56</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9088-6700</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff57">
            <sup>57</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9085-4605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Celeste Osorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Jo&#227;o XXIII</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Jo&#227;o XXIII, Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte (UNIBH), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione (IEDE-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado da Bahia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal de Salvador</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Salvador, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211;Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Joana Recife</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede Am&#233;ricas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana Recife &#8211; Rede Am&#233;ricas, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Bar&#227;o de Lucena &#8211; SUS/PE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Bar&#227;o de Lucena &#8211; SUS/PE, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP)</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor)</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA), Bel&#233;m PA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocare-Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica Ltda</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare-Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica Ltda, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>23</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>24</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UNB), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>25</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital DFStar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital DFStar, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>26</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>27</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>28</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>29</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Medicina Vascular</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Vascular &#8211; Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>30</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital PUC Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital PUC Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>31</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>32</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>33</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">RitmoCheck</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">RitmoCheck, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>34</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>35</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>36</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>37</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>38</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>39</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>40</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Unesulbahia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Unesulbahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff41">
          <label>41</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff42">
          <label>42</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff43">
          <label>43</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff44">
          <label>44</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff45">
          <label>45</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff46">
          <label>46</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiointerve</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiointerve, Natal, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff47">
          <label>47</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff48">
          <label>48</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff49">
          <label>49</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff50">
          <label>50</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff51">
          <label>51</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff52">
          <label>52</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CEMISE Oncocl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CEMISE Oncocl&#237;nicas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff53">
          <label>53</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Prefeitura Municipal de Aracaju</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Prefeitura Municipal de Aracaju, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff54">
          <label>54</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff55">
          <label>55</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff56">
          <label>56</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff57">
          <label>57</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250615</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="60"/>
        <table-count count="56"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="448"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Posicionamento sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica ao Longo do Ciclo de Vida da Mulher &#8211; 2025</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2024/2025.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Especialista</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Alexandre Jorge Gomes de Lucena</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Antonio Aurelio de Paiva Fagundes Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Lokelma; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Metalyse; Novartis: Sybrava; Abbot: Ritmonorm; Mundipharma: Rezzayo; Libbs: Plenance. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novartis: insufici&#234;ncia renal; Eli lilly: Lipoprote&#237;na A.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Instituto de Vita.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Pfizer: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e amiloidose; Jannsen: leucemia. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Japhet da Matta Albuquerque</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Celi Marques Santos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Cristiane Bauermann Leit&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Lilly.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Cynthia Melissa Valerio</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Diabetes e Obesidade; Boehringer Ingelheim: Diabetes; Eli Lilly: Diabetes e Obesidade; AstraZeneca: Diabetes; EMS: Diabetes e Obesidade. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Daniel Souto Silveira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Dalton Bertolim Precoma</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Janssen: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; Astrazeneca: dislipidemia e inibidores da aldosterona; Novonordisk: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Arrowhead: dislipidemia; Vertrix: antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Daiichi Sankyo: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; GSK: vacinas; Astrazeneca: cardiometabolismo.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Elaine dos Reis Coutinho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novartis: Sybrava; Biolab: Livalo e Repatha; Daichii sankyo: Nustendi. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novartis, Daichii, Biolab.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Eliana Aguiar <break/> Petri Nahas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Libbs: Yumi, Iziz, Libiam, Natifa; Theramex: Estreva Gel, linha Systen; Exeltis: Gynpro; Gedeon: Lenzetto; Besins: Oestrogel; Astellas: Veoza.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Servier: Vastarel MR; Lilly: Mounjaro; Libbs: Ebatz e Stanglitz, NovoNordisk: Ozempic; Astra Zeneca: Breztri; Boehringer-Ingelhein: Glyxambi; Mantecorpp: Nesina/Addera. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Lilly.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Erika Maria <break/> Gon&#231;alves Campana</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Servier, Brace Pharma, Biolab, Momenta. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Servier, Biolab: hipertens&#227;o.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">&#201;rika Olivier <break/> Vilela Bragan&#231;a</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Biolab: Dozoito. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Merck.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Ache: material educacional e aulas Astra. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Pfizer: amiloidose.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernanda Marciano Consolim Colombo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Servier; AstraZeneca. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Daiichi Sankyo; Servier.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernando M. A. Giuffrida</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Imara Correia de Queiroz Barbosa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Forxiga, Selozok); Servier: hipertens&#227;o (Triplixam).</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ivan Romero Rivera</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jaime Kulak Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: Mirena; Besins: Vagifem; Biolab: Qlaira; Theramex: Systen, Estreva; Merck: Glifage XR; Astellas: Fezolinetanto. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Astellas: Congresso da International Menopause Society; Besins: Congresso da FIGO e Congresso da International Menopause Society.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Eduardo <break/> Nunes Salles</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Roberto de S&#225;</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Francisco <break/> Kerr Saraiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> C - Financiamento de pesquisa (pessoal), cujas receitas tenham sido provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: finerinona; Novo Nordisk: semaglutida; AstraZeneca: ciclosilicato de Zirconio, dapagliflozina; Amgen: evolocumabe; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozina; Lilly: tirzepatida, viatris atorvastatina; Daichii Sankyo: &#225;cido bempedoico/Edoxabana; Mantecorp: rosuvastatina. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: finerinona; Novo Nordisk: Semaglutida; AstraZeneca: ciclosilicato de Zirconio, dapagliflozina; Amgen: evolocumabe; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozina; Lilly: tirzepatida, viatris atorvastatina; Daichii Sankyo: &#225;cido bempedoico/edoxabana.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Maria Soares J&#250;nior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Pfizer: Abrysvo; Libbs: Zaila.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Larissa de Almeida Dourado</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - EMS: Xakilis; Novartis: Sybrava.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Larissa Neto Esp&#237;ndola Macedo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Servier: Trimetazidina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Lidia Zytynski Moura</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Viatris. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC: <break/> - Novo Nordisk, Astra.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da Costa Paiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - BAYER: diu mirena; Astellas Fezolinetanto; Theramex Systen e Estreva Gel, Besisn Vagifem. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Astellas; Congresso da International Menopaus Society 2024.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Luciano de Melo Pompei</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott, Ach&#233;, Astellas, Bayer, Besins, Biolab, Mantecorp, Libbs, Theramex. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Besins.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Luiz Guilherme Passaglia</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Conselho M&#233;dico Consultivo da DASA em Minas Gerais. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Participa&#231;&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os governamentais de regula&#231;&#227;o, ou de defesa de direitos na &#225;rea de cardiologia: <break/> - Membro do Comit&#234; de Cardiologia do CRM MG e membro da Comiss&#227;o Municipal de Cardiologia da Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de BH.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Heitor <break/> Vieira Assad</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Forxiga; BAYER: Firialta; Biolab: Repatha; Boerhringer Ingelheim: Glyxambi; Daiichy Sankyo: Benicar, Nustendi; EMS: Bramicar; GSK: Shingrix; Libbs: Stanglit; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy e Wegov: Rybelusus e Ozempic; Novartis: Sybrava; Pfizer: Prevenar 20; Viatris: Lipitor, Inspra. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AMGEN: Olpasirana. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito Rodrigues</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Besins, Theramex.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Antonieta Albanez Albuquerque de Medeiros Lopes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Boston, Medtronic, Daiichi Sankyo. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Boston.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Celeste Osorio Wender</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Amgen: Repatha; Amryt Pharma: Lojuxta; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina; Ach&#233;: Trezor, Trezete; Biolab: Livalo, Posicor, Repatha; Abbott: Lipidil; EMS: Rosuvastatina; Eurofarma: Rosuvastatina; Sanofi: Praluent, Zympass, Zympass Eze, Efluelda; Libbs: Plenance, Plenance Eze; NovoNordisk: Ozempic; Servier: Acertamlo, Acertalix; PTCBio: Waylivra; Ultragenyx: Evkeeza; Alnylam: AMVUTTRA; GSK: Shingrix, Arexvy. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - PTCBio: Waylivra; Amgen: Repatha; Novartis: Inclisiran, Pelacarsen; NovoNordisk: Ziltivekimab. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novo Nordisk: Diabetes, Ziltivekimabe; GSK: vacinas. <break/> Possui qualquer outro interesse (financeiro ou a qualquer outro t&#237;tulo) que deva ser declarado tendo em vista o cargo ocupado na SBC, ainda que n&#227;o expressamente elencado anteriormente: <break/> - Membro do Comit&#234; Gestor da Rede Hipertri Brasil.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano Costa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Libbs: Plenance Enze; Servier: Vastarel. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Libbs; Servier: Participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira Paiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros relacionamentos <break/> Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC: <break/> - Cardiologia.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marildes Luiza de Castro</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartana; Pfizer: Patisiran; Merck: Vericiquat; Amgen.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Milena dos Santos Barros Campos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Olga Ferreira de Souza</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Orlando Ot&#225;vio de Medeiros</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rafaela Andrade Penalva Freitas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: diabetes; NovoNordisk: diabetes, obesidade; Daiichi Sankyo Brasil: dislipidemia; Servier: doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica; Libbs: diabetes; Mantecorp: diabetes. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: diabetes; Novartis: dislipidemia; Novo Nordisk: diabetes, obesidade.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: diabetes; NovoNordisk: diabetes, obesidade; Daiichi Sankyo Brasil: dislipidemia; Servier: doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica; Libbs: diabetes; Mantecorp: diabetes. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: diabetes; Novartis: dislipidemia; Novo Nordisk: diabetes, obesidade.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Thais de Carvalho Vieira Rodrigues</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Viviana de Mello Guzzo Lemke</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Walkiria Samuel Avila</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Wellington Santana da Silva J&#250;nior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Abbott, AstraZeneca, Brace Pharma, Libbs, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Willyan Issamu Nazima</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold> 16</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>2. Highlights</bold> 19</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>3. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e suas Implica&#231;&#245;es no Sistema Cardiovascular</bold> 24</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.1. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Aterosclerose</bold> 24</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.2. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Mulher</bold> 25</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.3. Aspectos Hormonais na Inflama&#231;&#227;o</bold> 26</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.4. Inflama&#231;&#227;o na Cardio-oncologia</bold> 26</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>3.5. Inflama&#231;&#227;o na Gravidez e Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</bold> 27</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>4. Implica&#231;&#227;o dos Esteroides Sexuais na Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</bold> 29</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>4.1. Origem e Metabolismo dos Esteroides Sexuais</bold> 29</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>4.2. Classifica&#231;&#227;o Qu&#237;mica dos Estrog&#234;nios</bold> 29</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.2.1. Estrog&#234;nios Naturais</bold> 29</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.2.2. Estrog&#234;nios Sint&#233;ticos</bold> 29</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>4.3. Classifica&#231;&#227;o Qu&#237;mica dos Progestag&#234;nios</bold> 29</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.3.1. Progesterona Natural</bold> 29</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.3.2. Progestag&#234;nios</bold> 29</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>4.4. Indica&#231;&#245;es Comuns de Terap&#234;uticas com Estrog&#234;nios, Progestag&#234;nios e Testosterona na Mulher</bold> 30</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.4.1. S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos</bold> 30</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.4.2. Contracep&#231;&#227;o Hormonal</bold> 31</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.4.3. Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa: Regimes, Doses e Vias, com Foco na Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular</bold> 33</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>4.5. Riscos: Efeitos Metab&#243;licos, Tromboembolismo e C&#226;ncer de Mama</bold> 33</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.5.1. Efeitos Metab&#243;licos</bold> 33</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.5.2. Tromboembolismo</bold> 33</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>4.5.3. C&#226;ncer de Mama</bold> 34</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>5. Indicadores de Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</bold> 34</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>5.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Fatores de Risco Reprodutivos com Implica&#231;&#245;es na Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</bold> 34</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.1.1. Puberdade e Per&#237;odo Pr&#233;-gestacional</bold> 34</p>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.1.1. Idade da Menarca</italic></bold> 34</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.1.2. Caracter&#237;sticas do Ciclo Menstrual</italic></bold> 34</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.1.2. Gesta&#231;&#227;o e Per&#237;odo P&#243;s-parto</bold> 34</p>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es de Peso na Gesta&#231;&#227;o</italic></bold> 34</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.2. Disglicemia Gestacional</italic></bold> 35</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.3. Dislipidemia Gestacional</italic></bold> 36</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.4. Comportamento P&#243;s-parto</italic></bold> 36</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.1.3. Transi&#231;&#227;o da Menopausa</bold> 36</p>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.3.1. Idade da Menopausa</italic></bold> 36</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.3.2. Sintomas Vasomotores</italic></bold> 36</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.3.3. Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa</italic></bold> 36</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.1.4. Sa&#250;de Metab&#243;lica P&#243;s-menopausa</bold> 37</p>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.4.1. Mudan&#231;as Metab&#243;licas na Menopausa</italic></bold> 37</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.4.2. Diabetes Mellitus</italic></bold> 37</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p><bold><italic>5.1.4.3. Dislipidemia</italic></bold> 37</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>5.2. Indicadores Antropom&#233;tricos</bold> 37</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.2.1. &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea</bold> 37</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.2.2. Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura &#8211; Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</bold> 37</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.2.3. Raz&#227;o Cintura/Quadril</bold> 37</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.2.4. Percentual de Gordura Corporal</bold> 38</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.2.5. Raz&#227;o Cintura/Estatura</bold> 38</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>5.3. Biomarcadores</bold> 38</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.3.1. Perfil Lip&#237;dico (Colesterol Total e Fra&#231;&#245;es LDL e HDL; Triglicer&#237;deos)</bold> 38</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.3.2. Glicemia e Hemoglobina Glicada</bold> 38</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.3.3. Prote&#237;na C Reativa</bold> 38</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.3.4. Fibrinog&#234;nio</bold> 38</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.3.5. Homociste&#237;na</bold> 39</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>5.3.6. Adipocinas</bold> 39</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>6. Cardiometabolismo no Per&#237;odo Infanto-juvenil</bold> 39</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>6.1. Defini&#231;&#245;es e Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos</bold> 40</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.1.1. Fisiopatologia</bold> 40</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.1.2. Menarca Precoce, Menarca Tardia e Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico</bold> 40</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>6.2. Irregularidades Menstruais e Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico</bold> 40</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.2.1. Mecanismos Fisiopatol&#243;gicos</bold> 41</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.2.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biomarcadores</bold> 41</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.2.3. Interven&#231;&#245;es Terap&#234;uticas</bold> 41</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>6.3. Obesidade, Transtornos Alimentares e Risco Cardiovascular: Impactos a Longo Prazo</bold> 42</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.3.1. Transtornos Alimentares e Obesidade</bold> 42</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.3.2. Fatores Heredit&#225;rios e Progn&#243;stico dos Transtornos Alimentares</bold> 42</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.3.3. Consequ&#234;ncias Futuras dos Transtornos Alimentares</bold> 42</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.3.4. Obesidade Infantil e Desfechos Cardiovasculares</bold> 42</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>6.3.5. Transtornos Alimentares e Risco Cardiovascular</bold> 43</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>7. Continuum Cardiometab&#243;lico e Idade Reprodutiva</bold> 43</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>7.1 S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos 43</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.2. Infertilidade e seu Tratamento</bold> 44</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.3. Modifica&#231;&#245;es do Peso na Gesta&#231;&#227;o</bold> 45</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.3.1. Impacto Materno do Ganho de Peso Gestacional Excessivo</bold> 45</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.3.2. Impacto Fetal do Ganho de Peso Gestacional Excessivo</bold> 46</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.4. Disglicemia Gestacional</bold> 46</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.5. Dislipidemia Gestacional</bold> 47</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.5.1. Impacto da Dislipidemia na Gravidez</bold> 48</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.5.2. Impacto da Gravidez em Pacientes com Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</bold> 49</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.6. Endometriose e Risco Cardiovascular</bold> 49</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.6.1. Fatores de Risco</bold> 50</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.7. Psor&#237;ase</bold> 50</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.8. Dist&#250;rbios Hipertensivos da Gesta&#231;&#227;o e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial ap&#243;s a Menopausa</bold> 50</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>7.9. Altera&#231;&#245;es Metab&#243;licas no Per&#237;odo P&#243;s-parto</bold> 50</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.9.1. Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico no P&#243;s-parto</bold> 51</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.9.2. Impacto de Diabetes Gestacional e Dislipidemia no P&#243;s-parto</bold> 51</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>7.9.3. Prolactina e Metabolismo no P&#243;s-parto</bold> 51</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>8. Transi&#231;&#227;o Menopausal, Menopausa e P&#243;s-menopausa e Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</bold> 52</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>8.1. Gravidade dos Sintomas e suas Implica&#231;&#245;es na Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular</bold> 52</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>8.2. Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular e Menopausa</bold> 52</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>8.3. Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal da Menopausa, Implantes Hormonais e Impacto Cardiometab&#243;lico</bold> 54</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>8.4. Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico na Menopausa</bold> 55</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>9. Dist&#250;rbios Cardiometab&#243;licos nas Mulheres</bold> 55</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>9.1. Obesidade e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</bold> 56</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>9.2. Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</bold> 56</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>9.3. Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica</bold> 57</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>9.4. Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold> 59</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>10. Estrat&#233;gias para Abordar os Dist&#250;rbios Cardiometab&#243;licos nas Mulheres</bold> 60</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.1. Medidas N&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gicas</bold> 60</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.2. Interven&#231;&#245;es Nutricionais</bold> 60</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.3. Atividade F&#237;sica</bold> 60</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.4. Interven&#231;&#245;es Psicossociais</bold> 60</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.5. Tabagismo e Consumo de &#193;lcool</bold> 60</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.6. Condi&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas Espec&#237;ficas</bold> 61</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.7. Estrat&#233;gias Farmacol&#243;gicas</bold> 61</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.1. Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</bold> 61</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.2. Manejo das Dislipidemias</bold> 61</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.3. Hipolipemiantes Orais</bold> 62</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.4. Controle do Diabetes Mellitus</bold> 64</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.5. Manejo da Obesidade</bold> 64</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.6. Manejo da Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica</bold> 65</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.7. Manejo da Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold> 65</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.8. Papel dos An&#225;logos de GLP-1 no Tratamento Cardiometab&#243;lico em Mulheres</bold> 66</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.9. Especificidades em Mulheres</bold> 66</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.10. Semaglutida</bold> 66</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.11. Tirzepatida</bold> 66</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.7.12. Perspectivas Futuras</bold> 67</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.8. Considera&#231;&#245;es Farmacol&#243;gicas Espec&#237;ficas</bold> 67</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.8.1. Intera&#231;&#245;es Medicamentosas</bold> 67</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.8.2. Import&#226;ncia do Controle de Peso</bold> 67</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.8.3. Abordagem Individualizada</bold> 67</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>10.9. Tratamento Cir&#250;rgico</bold> 67</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>10.8.1. Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica</bold> 67</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>11. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o Manejo dos Dist&#250;rbios Cardiometab&#243;licos nas Mulheres</bold> 67</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Agradecimentos 69</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Suplemento 74</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Refer&#234;ncias 85</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title/>
      <fig id="f1">
        <p>Ciclo de vida da mulher e o continuum cardiometab&#243;lico: fatores de risco e estrat&#233;gias. Espiral representando o ciclo de vida da mulher (fases) e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o continuum cardiometab&#243;lico. Os eventos reprodutivos est&#227;o escritos em azul, marcando cada fase em que se apresentam, como idade da menarca (precoce ou tardia), SOP, DG, etc. Os principais fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico, como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, dislipidemia, obesidade central e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, est&#227;o representados ao redor da espiral, onde se destacam ainda os principais pontos de interven&#231;&#227;o ao longo da vida, incluindo rastreamento precoce, terapias farmacol&#243;gicas, mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e abordagem multidisciplinar, visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a cardiovascular na mulher. DG: diabetes gestacional; SOP: s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos; IOP: insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura; SVM: sintomas vasomotores; MEV: mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida.</p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica pode ser caracterizada por n&#237;veis ideais de glicose e lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos e de press&#227;o arterial (PA), associados com adiposidade e risco cardiovascular (RCV) baixos. Usualmente, a sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica caracter&#237;stica de doen&#231;as, que incluem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2 (DM2) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM). A m&#225; sa&#250;de metab&#243;lica &#233; respons&#225;vel por uma carga populacional substancial de incapacidade, doen&#231;a e morte por causas cardiovasculares e neopl&#225;sicas e por todas as causas. &#201; cada vez mais reconhecido que diferentes caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas &#224; reprodu&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o associadas a doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas com base na epidemiologia do curso de vida, que postula que fatores biol&#243;gicos, comportamentais e sociais durante est&#225;gios sens&#237;veis da vida, mediados pela flutua&#231;&#227;o hormonal, agem de forma independente, cumulativa e interativa para influenciar o risco posterior de sa&#250;de e doen&#231;a<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> </sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1.1</xref> ).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>O espectro da sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura/quadril; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura/estatura.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos est&#225; aumentando em todo o mundo, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres, e foi associada com maiores taxas de obesidade e seus fatores de risco (FR), como hipertens&#227;o e DM2. Adicionalmente, evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que horm&#244;nios sexuais, mecanismos moleculares espec&#237;ficos do sexo e g&#234;nero podem influenciar o metabolismo da glicose e dos lip&#237;dios, impactando, assim, nos FR cardiometab&#243;licos. H&#225; tamb&#233;m uma predomin&#226;ncia emergente de tipos comuns de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC), que diferem entre pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino. Varia&#231;&#245;es significativas espec&#237;ficas do sexo foram relatadas nos perfis de risco, ressaltando-se especialmente sua import&#226;ncia nas mulheres, nas quais os escores de risco s&#227;o inadequados tanto para predizer as doen&#231;as aterotromb&#243;ticas, quanto para os desfechos relacionados, como morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), IC, arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares, e necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Se considerarmos o <italic>ranking</italic> das taxas de mortes e DALYs ( <italic>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</italic> - Anos de Vida Ajustados por Incapacidade, uma medida que representa a carga de doen&#231;a numa popula&#231;&#227;o) por 100 mil habitantes por DCV, atribu&#237;veis aos FR em homens e mulheres no Brasil em 2021, poderemos observar que os FR metab&#243;licos representam os cinco primeiros elencados nas mulheres para as mortes, e os quatro primeiros para os DALYs. Destaca-se que o aumento da PA sist&#243;lica, do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c), da massa corporal e da glicose s&#233;rica, nessa ordem, &#233; comum para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e carga de DCV na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina brasileira. Al&#233;m disso, a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal se apresenta como importante FR metab&#243;lico em homens e mulheres. &#201; importante notar o aumento da massa corporal e da glicose s&#233;rica nos &#250;ltimos 21 anos, representando um incremento relevante de obesidade e diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (DM) em homens e mulheres<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1.2</xref> f e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">1.3</xref> ).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 1.2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ranking das taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes por doen&#231;a cardiovascular atribu&#237;vel aos fatores de risco, em homens e mulheres, no Brasil, em 2021.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 1.3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ranking das taxas de DALYs por 100 mil habitantes por doen&#231;a cardiovascular atribu&#237;vel aos fatores de risco, em homens e mulheres, no Brasil, em 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que as caracter&#237;sticas reprodutivas femininas podem estar relacionadas com FR que contribuem para a disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica posterior com ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV na menopausa. Essas caracter&#237;sticas reprodutivas incluem: idade da menarca, irregularidade menstrual por causas end&#243;crinas, desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos (SOP), ganho de peso excessivo na gesta&#231;&#227;o, disglicemia e dislipidemia gestacionais, dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o, gravidade e momento dos sintomas da menopausa e o efeito do hipoestrogenismo sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Esses FR podem ser marcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o futura ou podem ser explicados por etiologias subjacentes compartilhadas que promovem o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a a longo prazo. Identificar caracter&#237;sticas potencialmente modific&#225;veis t&#234;m uma influ&#234;ncia importante nas estrat&#233;gias para implementa&#231;&#227;o de estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, de terapias medicamentosas e cir&#250;rgicas que podem aliviar a carga metab&#243;lica a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>O <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico, sequ&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares que decorrem de intera&#231;&#245;es gene-ambientais, influ&#234;ncias de estilos de vida pouco saud&#225;veis e doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, como DM e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), ocorre de forma predominante ao longo do ciclo de vida das mulheres ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1.4</xref> ). Em estudo recente, o <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico foi investigado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre sexo e popula&#231;&#227;o em duas coortes distintas: o UK Biobank (17.700 participantes) e o Estudo Longitudinal Brasileiro de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, com 7.162 participantes). Os autores estudaram o <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico, empregando <italic>machine learning</italic> , e identificaram cinco padr&#245;es. Descreveram desvantagem feminina em termos do tempo de surgimento do <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico. Na coorte do UK Biobank, quando a HAS foi a primeira doen&#231;a no <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico e foi diagnosticada isoladamente, ela ocorreu mais rapidamente entre as mulheres. Na coorte ELSA-Brasil, n&#227;o apenas o DM ocorreu com mais frequ&#234;ncia como a primeira doen&#231;a no <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico entre mulheres, mas tamb&#233;m foi diagnosticado mais rapidamente quando seguido pela HAS. Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de HAS e DM isolados, e uma porcentagem menor delas foi classificada como saud&#225;vel. Os autores destacam o acesso desigual a tratamento e diagn&#243;stico adequados para o <italic>continuum</italic> cardiometab&#243;lico nas mulheres e enfatizam que pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de diferenciadas por sexo s&#227;o particularmente mais necess&#225;rias no Brasil para reduzir as desigualdades existentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> </p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 1.4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Continuum cardiometab&#243;lico nas diversas fases da vida da mulher.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O sistema cardiovascular, os rins e o f&#237;gado partilham FR, como dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, DM e obesidade central/troncal, e dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e funcionais compartilhados levam a danos nesses &#243;rg&#227;os por meio de vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas sobrepostas, nas quais s&#227;o adicionadas as influ&#234;ncias hormonais derivadas dos diversos ciclos de vida das mulheres. O crescimento dos FR metab&#243;licos ao longo dos anos alerta para a necessidade de se aprimorarem o reconhecimento e o tratamento da doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica em mulheres, em especial por serem subdiagnosticadas e subtratadas, al&#233;m de sua pequena participa&#231;&#227;o nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos que norteiam as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas atualmente dispon&#237;veis, que incluem modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, farmacoterapia e cirurgia. Ademais, o car&#225;ter inflamat&#243;rio, notadamente maior nas mulheres com dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, e as novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas farmacol&#243;gicas e cir&#250;rgicas, que oferecem abordagens baseadas em mecanismos que podem atingir m&#250;ltiplas vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas que sofrem influ&#234;ncias hormonais, precisam ser mais estudados no sexo feminino. H&#225; necessidade de programas espec&#237;ficos em n&#237;vel social para incentivar dieta saud&#225;vel e atividade f&#237;sica, al&#233;m da melhora do acesso a pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas voltadas para mulheres com dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Desse modo, o <italic>Posicionamento Sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica ao Longo do Ciclo de Vida das Mulheres</italic> &#233; um esfor&#231;o conjunto do Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DCM/SBC), da Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia (FEBRASGO) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) para diminuir a lacuna de conhecimento sobre os dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos nas mulheres.</p>
      <p>A seguir apresentamos os <italic>Highlights</italic> desse posicionamento distribu&#237;dos por seus respectivos cap&#237;tulos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Highlights</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 3</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Na mulher, a menopausa e as complica&#231;&#245;es da gravidez (particularmente pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia/ecl&#226;mpsia) ativam a inflama&#231;&#227;o e aceleram a aterosclerose coronariana, promovendo rigidez vascular, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e isquemia microvascular;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas entre mulheres e homens decorrem de diferen&#231;as na express&#227;o g&#234;nica dos cromossomos sexuais moduladas por influ&#234;ncias hormonais e ambientais, que resultam em condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares associadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e card&#237;aca;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres com ciclos irregulares por causas end&#243;crinas frequentemente exibem estados pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios com eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios que atuam como intermediadores na g&#234;nese ateroscler&#243;tica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco nas mulheres, como obesidade, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, associados aos efeitos da menopausa, parecem explicar a maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e adiposidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada parece estar relacionada a adipocinas no peric&#225;rdio e epic&#225;rdio, levando a inflama&#231;&#227;o na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, fibrose card&#237;aca e altera&#231;&#227;o do enchimento diast&#243;lico fisiol&#243;gico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O hipoestrogenismo da p&#243;s-menopausa promove altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, como o aumento da adiposidade central, piora do metabolismo glic&#237;dico e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total, LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos, apolipoprote&#237;nas e lipoprote&#237;na a.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 4</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Os horm&#244;nios esteroides sexuais ligam-se aos receptores hormonais presentes em diversos tecidos, exercendo seus m&#250;ltiplos efeitos biol&#243;gicos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Terapias com uso de diferentes horm&#244;nios esteroides s&#227;o indica&#231;&#245;es frequentes para tratamento de condi&#231;&#245;es como s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, contracep&#231;&#227;o e terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal da menopausa, condi&#231;&#245;es que podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es no risco cardiometab&#243;lico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os contraceptivos orais combinados n&#227;o est&#227;o recomendados para mulheres com hist&#243;rico pessoal de tabagismo acima de 35 anos, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e tromboembolismo venoso, diabetes com complica&#231;&#227;o vascular, enxaqueca com sinais neurol&#243;gicos, hepatopatia grave, tumores hep&#225;ticos, c&#226;ncer de mama e l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os efeitos cardiovasculares da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal da menopausa s&#227;o influenciados por tipo e dose utilizados, via de administra&#231;&#227;o e momento do in&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; menopausa ("janela de oportunidade"). Sugerem-se maiores benef&#237;cios e menores efeitos adversos quando iniciada em mulheres com at&#233; 10 anos de p&#243;s-menopausa;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os fatores que determinam a escolha do tipo e da dose da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal da menopausa s&#227;o a prefer&#234;ncia da paciente, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do &#250;tero, necessidade contraceptiva, intensidade dos sintomas e comorbidades associadas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 5</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do ciclo menstrual pode ser usada como um dado adicional na investiga&#231;&#227;o do estado de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica das mulheres;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Idade da menarca (precoce ou tardia), irregularidades do ciclo menstrual e s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos est&#227;o associadas a maior risco futuro de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Na gravidez, ganho de peso anormal e altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico e na glicemia podem estar associados a desfechos adversos na gesta&#231;&#227;o e no p&#243;s-parto, tanto para a mulher como para o concepto;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hiperlipidemia durante a gravidez est&#225; associada a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, parto prematuro e diabetes gestacional, apresentando os conceptos propens&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o aumentada de estrias de gordura e risco aumentado de aterosclerose progressiva;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A gravidez &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina por si s&#243; (40% a 50% de aumento) e essa resist&#234;ncia pode ser agravada em mulheres com obesidade pr&#233;-gravidez, que tamb&#233;m apresentam maior risco de desenvolverem diabetes gestacional;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose na gesta&#231;&#227;o correm risco de desfechos gestacionais adversos, mesmo que n&#227;o tenham desenvolvido diabetes;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Na menopausa precoce e na presen&#231;a de sintomas vasomotores de moderada a grave intensidade, existe maior propens&#227;o a um perfil lip&#237;dico mais aterog&#234;nico, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, maior eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, maior risco de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, bem como piora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos, assim como os biomarcadores (perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico, prote&#237;na C reativa, fibrinog&#234;nio, homociste&#237;na e adipocina), fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a composi&#231;&#227;o e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, refletindo o risco cardiometab&#243;lico.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 6</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Idade precoce ou tardia da menarca e irregularidades menstruais de causas end&#243;crinas s&#227;o importantes marcadores de risco metab&#243;lico e cardiovascular, cuja identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce direciona para medidas preventivas, visando reduzir risco metab&#243;lico e carga de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A obesidade e os transtornos alimentares na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia envolvem aspectos gen&#233;ticos, metab&#243;licos, comportamentais e ambientais e impactam de forma expressiva a sa&#250;de cardiovascular e mental ao longo da vida adulta;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, o monitoramento cont&#237;nuo e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas desde a inf&#226;ncia s&#227;o essenciais para interromper o ciclo vicioso de obesidade, transtornos alimentares e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, minimizando os desfechos adversos a longo prazo.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 7</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres com s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos podem apresentar resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e dislipidemia, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pelo excesso de androg&#234;nios, al&#233;m do ganho de peso, com ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral e processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A endometriose est&#225; associada a processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico com aumento do estresse oxidativo e eleva&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular, aumento do risco de tromboembolismo venoso, doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tratamento para infertilidade pode acarretar repercuss&#245;es no cardiometabolismo, como a s&#237;ndrome de hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o ovariana, com eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes gestacional e dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o, aumentando os eventos cardiovasculares em longo prazo;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A psor&#237;ase &#233; doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica sist&#234;mica associada a obesidade, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, doen&#231;as cardio- e cerebrovasculares, arritmias card&#237;acas, apneia do sono, entre outras;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia &#233; considerada como marcador de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ao longo da vida, que parece aumentar ap&#243;s a menopausa, com piora do perfil cardiometab&#243;lico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A reten&#231;&#227;o excessiva de peso no p&#243;s-parto est&#225; associada a maior risco de dislipidemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres com hist&#243;rico de diabetes gestacional t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentar dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto e por toda a vida, independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 8</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis end&#243;genos de estradiol durante a transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa associa-se a risco aumentado de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, como adiposidade abdominal, dislipidemia, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, estando relacionada a desregula&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o e maior sensibilidade ao s&#243;dio;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura e menopausa precoce apresentam risco maior de evento cardiovascular n&#227;o fatal antes dos 60 anos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal da menopausa &#233; utilizada para aliviar os sintomas da menopausa, n&#227;o sendo indicada para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de dist&#250;rbio cardiometab&#243;lico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona n&#227;o est&#225; indicada para a melhora de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica ou musculoesquel&#233;tica, sintomas vasomotores ou altera&#231;&#245;es de humor;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os implantes hormonais na menopausa, notadamente os de testosterona, n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados por n&#227;o se conhecerem seus efeitos cardiometab&#243;licos nem o risco de c&#226;ncer de mama e de endom&#233;trio.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 9</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O ganho de peso nas gesta&#231;&#245;es e sua manuten&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-parto, assim como a s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, s&#227;o fatores de risco para obesidade e aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e dos outros componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As mulheres com diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2 apresentam maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares comparadas aos homens;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Menopausa, hist&#243;ria de menarca precoce e s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos est&#227;o associadas ao aumento da suscetibilidade das mulheres &#224; doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica, cuja taxa de mortalidade por cirrose &#233; mais alta do que a dos homens, sendo a principal causa de transplante de f&#237;gado em mulheres sem carcinoma hepatocelular;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Na doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, as mulheres mostram maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a dial&#237;tica e maior velocidade de perda da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, especialmente as mais idosas e no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 10</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A crescente preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos em mulheres representa um dos maiores desafios da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devido ao forte v&#237;nculo entre obesidade e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A reeduca&#231;&#227;o nutricional &#233; o pilar central na preven&#231;&#227;o dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, sendo que a associa&#231;&#227;o de planos nutricionais &#224; pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica potencializa os efeitos ben&#233;ficos, favorecendo a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e diminuindo a morbimortalidade nas mulheres;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres que participam de programas integrados de suporte psicol&#243;gico apresentam melhora significativa no estilo de vida e melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como redu&#231;&#227;o de peso, controle glic&#234;mico e perfil lip&#237;dico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O tabagismo &#233; importante fator inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico, particularmente acentuado em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A atua&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar tem se mostrado eficaz em gerar mudan&#231;as sustent&#225;veis no estilo de vida, reduzindo a morbimortalidade por dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A hipertens&#227;o constitui o fator de risco mais prevalente para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em mulheres, incidente em todas as fases da vida, com aumento progressivo ao avan&#231;ar da idade. A escolha e a condu&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas devem considerar as fases do ciclo reprodutivo, incluindo a perimenopausa e a p&#243;s-menopausa. O uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil exige cautela devido ao risco teratog&#234;nico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A menopausa associa-se a eleva&#231;&#245;es significativas do colesterol total, LDL-c, apolipoprote&#237;na B, triglicer&#237;deos e lipoprote&#237;na a, al&#233;m da poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito protetor antiaterog&#234;nico do HDL-c. Apesar de n&#237;veis de HDL-c acima de 50 mg/dL serem desej&#225;veis em mulheres, a prioridade terap&#234;utica permanece na redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres apresentam progress&#227;o distinta do pr&#233;-diabetes para o diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2, frequentemente associada a maiores &#237;ndices de obesidade e risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. As mulheres podem apresentar maior risco de hipoglicemia com sulfonilureias e resposta distinta &#224;s glitazonas, relacionada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Quanto ao tratamento com an&#225;logos de GLP-1, especial cuidado deve ser tomado em mulheres em uso de contracep&#231;&#227;o oral;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Existem diversos tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos para obesidade com efeitos vari&#225;veis sobre o peso corporal, mas apenas tratamentos mais recentes associaram-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O tratamento da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica consiste em modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida com foco na redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 5% do peso corporal, uma vez que a perda de peso &#233; a medida mais eficaz na melhora histol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A gravidez &#233; uma das principais causas de les&#227;o renal aguda em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil e, junto com a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, pode levar a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica subsequente. A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica tem um efeito negativo na gravidez, mesmo em est&#225;gios muito iniciais, e os riscos aumentam com sua progress&#227;o e com a concomit&#226;ncia de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A cirurgia bari&#225;trica &#233; recomendada para mulheres com &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; e hist&#243;rico de diabetes, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica ou alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares, assim como para aquelas com &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178;, independentemente de comorbidades, para a melhoria dos par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos (perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico) e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 11</title>
        <fig id="f6">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 11</title>
        <fig id="f7">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cap&#237;tulo 11</title>
        <fig id="f8">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e suas Implica&#231;&#245;es no Sistema Cardiovascular</title>
      <p>Inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo de defesa do organismo ativado por agentes infecciosos, doen&#231;as autoimunes e inflamat&#243;rias, sendo influenciado pelos FR cl&#225;ssicos como DM, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, obesidade e tabagismo. Associadas a esses fatores cardiorrenais metab&#243;licos, h&#225; tamb&#233;m as altera&#231;&#245;es do envelhecimento, chamado imunossenesc&#234;ncia ou <italic>immuno-aging.</italic> </p>
      <p>Na mulher, a menopausa e a gravidez, particularmente pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia /ecl&#226;mpsia, ativam a inflama&#231;&#227;o e aceleram a aterosclerose coronariana, promovendo rigidez vascular, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e isquemia microvascular. S&#227;o exemplos relevantes do papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o nas DCV notadamente nas mulheres: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) com seu fen&#243;tipo inflamat&#243;rio; e isquemia/infarto com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais (INOCA/MINOCA).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Aterosclerose</title>
        <p>As DCV, em particular a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, s&#227;o a causa de morte mais importante nas mulheres, principalmente entre 45 anos e 75 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup> Apesar de as diferen&#231;as sexuais no RCV estarem bem estabelecidas, n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, &#233; imperativo um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos que contribuem para o agravamento dos perfis de risco em mulheres a fim de reduzir a morbimortalidade por essas doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Muitos fatores contribuem para a desigualdade entre os sexos no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das DCV. H&#225; consenso que as mulheres s&#227;o sub-representadas nos grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos, como evidenciado no Estudo VIGO, que analisou 2.349 mulheres e 1.152 homens com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com menos de 55 anos de idade, na presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais FR. O estudo demonstrou que as mulheres eram menos propensas a receber orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup> Esse cen&#225;rio pode comprometer a capacidade de avaliar com precis&#227;o a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a das diferentes terapias nas mulheres, dificultando, assim, estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos FR cl&#225;ssicos, diversas condi&#231;&#245;es emergentes devem ser consideradas no RCV feminino, como depress&#227;o, viol&#234;ncia dom&#233;stica, perfil socioecon&#244;mico e cultural, hist&#243;rico obst&#233;trico e ginecol&#243;gico, hipertens&#227;o gestacional, diabetes gestacional (DG), parto prematuro, menopausa prematura e SOP, c&#226;ncer de mama, dentre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, esses fatores refletem diferen&#231;as substanciais entre os sexos em termos de fisiopatologia, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e desfechos. A INOCA &#233; mais frequente nas mulheres, especificamente entre 45 anos e 65 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> assim como MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Embora o espasmo dos vasos epic&#225;rdicos seja mais comum em homens, at&#233; 70% dos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana ocorrem em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea coronariana, embora rara, &#233; causa de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em mulheres com menos de 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O processo ateroscler&#243;tico &#233; conhecido h&#225; d&#233;cadas e foi inicialmente associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o por Rudolph Virchow, que demonstrou que a forma&#231;&#227;o e a evolu&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas, tanto na obstru&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica quanto na ruptura da placa, t&#234;m a inflama&#231;&#227;o como elemento central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A aterosclerose inicia-se precocemente com o ac&#250;mulo de lipoprote&#237;nas modificadas no endot&#233;lio vascular, agravando-se com a idade. Nas mulheres, al&#233;m dos efeitos metab&#243;licos da menopausa, o envelhecimento contribui para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, principalmente pelo aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS) associadas &#224; senesc&#234;ncia. Citocinas e c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias exercem efeitos pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos ao comprometer a integridade da barreira endotelial, reduzir a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, induzir a express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e quimiocinas e facilitar o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos para as les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas entre mulheres e homens decorrem de diferen&#231;as na express&#227;o g&#234;nica dos cromossomos sexuais, moduladas por influ&#234;ncias hormonais e ambientais que resultam na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares associadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Fatores epigen&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m desempenham papel relevante, em especial nas mulheres, cuja express&#227;o &#233; amplamente modulada pela menopausa. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem influenciar a transcri&#231;&#227;o e tradu&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica por meio de mecanismos, como metila&#231;&#227;o do DNA, modifica&#231;&#227;o das histonas e regula&#231;&#227;o de RNAs n&#227;o codificantes. Um fen&#244;meno relacionado, a hematopoiese clonal de potencial indeterminado (CHIP, na sigla em ingl&#234;s), refere-se &#224; presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas em c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas sem evolu&#231;&#227;o para malignidades hematol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup> Essas muta&#231;&#245;es aumentam com a idade, s&#227;o detectadas em cerca de 10% das pessoas acima dos 70 anos e est&#227;o associadas ao conceito de "inflama&#231;&#227;o do envelhecimento" ( <italic>inflamm-aging</italic> ), termo proposto por Franceschi <italic>et al</italic> . que explica o aumento do processo inflamat&#243;rio pela imunossenesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Portanto, as diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas e a fisiopatologia subjacente espec&#237;fica do sexo feminino para as DCV n&#227;o est&#227;o bem elucidadas, sendo necess&#225;rias novas pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas e terap&#234;uticas mais eficazes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Mulher</title>
        <p>O processo inflamat&#243;rio local ou sist&#234;mico participa na patog&#234;nese da IC, com remodelamento e fibrose card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de anormalidades na macro e microcircula&#231;&#227;o. A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixa intensidade est&#225; associada a diferentes FR, como obesidade, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI), DM2, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) e envelhecimento, al&#233;m de levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON), alterando a fisiologia diast&#243;lica ventricular, promovendo miopatia atrial esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> </sup> O aumento da preval&#234;ncia desses FR nas mulheres, associados aos efeitos da menopausa, parecem explicar a maior preval&#234;ncia de ICFEp. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e adiposidade na ICFEp decorre de evid&#234;ncias que apontam para o papel da libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias produzidas pelo tecido adiposo visceral (adipocinas), particularmente localizado em volta do peric&#225;rdio e do epic&#225;rdio, levando a inflama&#231;&#227;o na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, fibrose card&#237;aca e altera&#231;&#227;o do enchimento diast&#243;lico fisiol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Nas mulheres, a menopausa induz altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, decorrentes da queda da produ&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio e consequente redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o do ON. Essa defici&#234;ncia hormonal acarreta altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e na fisiologia da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Clinicamente, a ICFEp pode se apresentar com diferentes fen&#243;tipos, sendo dois deles comuns em mulheres: o fen&#243;tipo cardiometab&#243;lico, no qual obesidade e DM est&#227;o associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e miopatia atrial, presentes em mulheres idosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, condi&#231;&#245;es como obesidade, DM e dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o exacerbam o risco de ICFEp em mulheres, provavelmente devido a mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios associados. Apesar da maior preval&#234;ncia dessas condi&#231;&#245;es em mulheres, a maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o as inclui na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o que leva ao menor conhecimento sobre a efic&#225;cia do tratamento no sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Marcadores biol&#243;gicos de inflama&#231;&#227;o, como a prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us) acima de 2 mg/L, t&#234;m se mostrado &#250;teis na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com ICFEp de fen&#243;tipo cardiometab&#243;lico, geralmente associado a pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia tem sido reconhecida como uma condi&#231;&#227;o que leva a altera&#231;&#245;es na ativa&#231;&#227;o imune e da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, com consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, podendo se manifestar ao longo das d&#233;cadas seguintes e aumentar o risco de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Nas mulheres, as doen&#231;as autoimunes, em particular o l&#250;pus eritematosos sist&#234;mico, podem ocasionar inflama&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, peric&#225;rdio, endoc&#225;rdio valvar e da macro e microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Portanto, &#233; fundamental que se compreendam as anormalidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas e os aspectos cl&#237;nicos da doen&#231;a, a fim de estabelecer medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o e detec&#231;&#227;o precoce das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Diversas evid&#234;ncias destacam o papel da IC nas mulheres. Estudos como o PURSUIT-HFpEF e an&#225;lises do TOPCAT demonstraram que mulheres com ICFEp apresentam maior disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com homens. Compreender os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos por sexo &#233; essencial para avan&#231;ar no manejo e na conduta da ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic> do estudo TOPCAT revelou diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas basais entre homens e mulheres com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Mulheres (55,5% da coorte) tinham menos comorbidades cardiovasculares (infarto pr&#233;vio: 18,7% vs. 30,9% em homens, p &lt; 0,001), pior fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (classe NYHA III/IV: 38,5% vs. 31,5%, p = 0,003) e maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (63,3% vs. 58,9%, p = 0,001). As mulheres eram mais idosas, tinham maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e HAS, enquanto os homens apresentavam mais doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hist&#243;rico de tabagismo. Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as, ambos os grupos tinham sintomas semelhantes de IC e uso compar&#225;vel de medicamentos cardioprotetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os resultados mostraram que as mulheres tiveram menor mortalidade cardiovascular (8,9% vs. 14,8%, p &lt; 0,001) e menos hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC (13,4% vs. 18,2%, p = 0,008). Ap&#243;s ajuste, o sexo feminino foi fator protetor para mortalidade cardiovascular (HR: 0,53; IC 95%: 0,40&#8211;0,73). Entretanto, as mulheres apresentaram pior qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de e maior limita&#231;&#227;o funcional. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento com espironolactona, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade global em mulheres (HR: 0,68; IC 95%: 0,48&#8211;0,96), mas n&#227;o em homens (p para intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,190), sugerindo poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio sexo-espec&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>O estudo PURSUIT-HFpEF, um registro multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo no Leste Asi&#225;tico, investigou diferen&#231;as sexuais na disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com ICFEp. Mulheres representaram 55,2% da coorte (481 de 871 pacientes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> O estudo mostrou que mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (52,8% vs. 32,0% em homens, p &lt; 0,001), independentemente de comorbidades como HAS e DM2. Anemia e obesidade foram fatores associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apenas em mulheres. Apesar da pior fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, mulheres tiveram taxa similar de eventos combinados (morte/hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC) em an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada. Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s ajuste multivari&#225;vel, o sexo feminino foi independentemente associado a maior risco de eventos cl&#237;nicos (HR: 1,54; IC 95%: 1,14&#8211;2,07), principalmente por hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Ambos os estudos refor&#231;am que, do ponto de vista metab&#243;lico, a ICFEp &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o distinta em mulheres, com:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Maior disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica associada a fatores como obesidade e anemia, sendo importante o rastreio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Melhor sobrevida global apesar da pior sintomatologia, possivelmente devido a menos comorbidades isqu&#234;micas.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Resposta diferencial a terapias, como a espironolactona, que pode ser mais eficaz em mulheres.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. Aspectos Hormonais na Inflama&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A sa&#250;de cardiovascular da mulher &#233; influenciada por uma complexa intera&#231;&#227;o de fatores hormonais e inflamat&#243;rios, que se manifestam de forma particular em diferentes fases da vida, como puberdade, gravidez e menopausa. As flutua&#231;&#245;es hormonais, especialmente os n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio e progesterona, desempenham um papel importante na manuten&#231;&#227;o da integridade vascular e na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tornando essencial a compreens&#227;o de como essas mudan&#231;as se relacionam com o aumento do risco de DCV.</p>
        <p>Em mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas, o hipoestrogenismo promove altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas importantes, como o aumento da adiposidade central, piora do metabolismo glic&#237;dico e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total, LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos, apolipoprote&#237;nas e lipoprote&#237;na a (Lp(a).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> </sup> Tamb&#233;m se observa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco de DIC.</p>
        <p>O estrog&#234;nio exerce seus efeitos por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o com diferentes receptores, como ER&#945;, ER&#946; e GPER, ativando vias gen&#244;micas e n&#227;o gen&#244;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Essa a&#231;&#227;o resulta na modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, reduzindo a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como a interleucina 6 (IL-6),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> e aumentando a express&#227;o de citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Um mecanismo chave envolve a inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade do fator nuclear kappa B (NF-&#954;B), reduzindo a transcri&#231;&#227;o de genes inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o estrog&#234;nio aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais, o que contribui para a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e inibe a express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, diminuindo a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos na parede vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; beneficiada pelo estrog&#234;nio ao induzir a express&#227;o da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS), aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de ON e promovendo a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, estimula a regenera&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais e inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares, prevenindo a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os processos inflamat&#243;rios cr&#244;nicos representam outro mecanismo subjacente crucial. Mulheres com ciclos irregulares frequentemente exibem estados pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios caracterizados por eleva&#231;&#245;es de marcadores, como prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), IL-6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;). Conforme demonstrado, essa inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica atua como intermedi&#225;ria entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o menstrual e a g&#234;nese ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.4. Inflama&#231;&#227;o na Cardio-oncologia</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos FR tradicionais e a SM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3.1</xref> ), as mulheres com c&#226;ncer possuem aumento do RCV devido a efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos de terapias oncol&#243;gicas, como antraciclina e trastuzumabe. Essas terapias podem levar a complica&#231;&#245;es como IC, IAM e AVC, mesmo anos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do tratamento oncol&#243;gico.</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 3.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica sist&#234;mica desempenha um papel central na interse&#231;&#227;o entre c&#226;ncer e DCV. O microambiente inflamat&#243;rio tumoral e os efeitos colaterais do tratamento oncol&#243;gico contribuem de maneira sin&#233;rgica para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, remodelamento vascular e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, especialmente em mulheres. Por exemplo, a radioterapia tor&#225;cica tem sido associada a altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias coronarianas detectadas por biomarcadores e pelo &#237;ndice de atenua&#231;&#227;o da gordura perivascular (FAI), refletindo atividade inflamat&#243;ria vascular persistente. Al&#233;m disso, o uso prolongado de inibidores de aromatase em sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama foi associado &#224; piora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, com maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Em mulheres em tratamento oncol&#243;gico, &#233; essencial uma abordagem multidisciplinar que inclua avalia&#231;&#227;o basal do risco card&#237;aco antes do in&#237;cio da terapia do c&#226;ncer, que deve ser otimizada para minimizar a cardiotoxicidade, al&#233;m de ferramentas para interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e manuten&#231;&#227;o da vigil&#226;ncia cardiovascular de longo prazo. &#201; importante tamb&#233;m abordar as disparidades raciais e &#233;tnicas nos cuidados de sa&#250;de, pois mulheres negras e hisp&#226;nicas apresentam maior risco de cardiotoxicidade e piores desfechos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres brancas devido a fatores socioecon&#244;micos e acesso desigual aos cuidados de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.5. Inflama&#231;&#227;o na Gravidez e Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</title>
        <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia &#233; uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica da gravidez, cuja fisiopatologia n&#227;o &#233; completamente compreendida. No entanto, acredita-se que uma perfus&#227;o placent&#225;ria reduzida, resultante de invas&#227;o trofobl&#225;stica deficiente da parede uterina materna, aliada &#224; secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e fatores angiog&#234;nicos, esteja por tr&#225;s da doen&#231;a. Esses fatores contribuem para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e m&#225; perfus&#227;o materna. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tem sido apontada como um dos principais fen&#244;menos respons&#225;veis por pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e hipertens&#227;o gestacional.</p>
        <p>A isquemia placent&#225;ria est&#225; ligada &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de fatores circulantes antiangiog&#234;nicos, como fator sol&#250;vel tipo tirosinaquinase-1 (sFlt-1) e endoglina sol&#250;vel (sEng), que causam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial generalizada, comprometimento da via do ON, estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o excessiva, desequil&#237;brio nos fatores angiog&#234;nicos e perda de reguladores end&#243;genos protetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Gestantes com FR associados a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica (doen&#231;as autoimunes, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;-gestacional, DM e dislipidemia) t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desenvolver pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. &#201; prov&#225;vel que mediadores inflamat&#243;rios possam ter efeitos aut&#243;crinos ou par&#225;crinos locais, al&#233;m de levarem &#224; amplifica&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos dos fatores antiangiog&#234;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A gravidez, mesmo em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, &#233; um estado de estresse oxidativo devido ao aumento do metabolismo materno e da atividade placent&#225;ria. Contudo, na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, os mecanismos compensat&#243;rios falham, levando &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de fatores patog&#234;nicos e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular subsequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Diversos estudos observacionais e experimentais demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Uma caracter&#237;stica importante da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia &#233; a predomin&#226;ncia da imunidade do tipo Th1 e a aus&#234;ncia de tend&#234;ncia para Th2. Ao contr&#225;rio, a gravidez normal &#233; caracterizada por uma mudan&#231;a para a imunidade do tipo Th2. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis circulantes de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como IL-6, TNF-&#945; e as quimiocinas IL-8, IP-10 (prote&#237;na 10 induz&#237;vel por interferon gama) e MCP-1 (prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;tica de mon&#243;citos 1), est&#227;o elevados na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, McCarthy <italic>et al</italic> . investigaram o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial como facilitador de estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o, apoptose e altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas &#8211; todos intermedi&#225;rios patog&#234;nicos fundamentais da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A obesidade aumenta o risco de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. O tecido adiposo branco secreta mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios que contribuem para o estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico e as complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas da obesidade. A adiposidade visceral tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a FR metab&#243;licos e complica&#231;&#245;es como DG e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> O sFlt-1, forma sol&#250;vel do receptor do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), &#233; sabidamente secretado pelos adip&#243;citos em n&#227;o gestantes. Huda <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> demonstraram que desregula&#231;&#227;o das vias inflamat&#243;rias ocorre predominantemente no tecido adiposo visceral, com a ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos e o aumento da express&#227;o de TNF-&#945; e IL-6 nesse tecido, mas n&#227;o na gordura subcut&#226;nea, refor&#231;ando que, na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, a desregula&#231;&#227;o das vias inflamat&#243;rias ocorre predominantemente no tecido adiposo visceral.</p>
        <p>Uma metan&#225;lise conduzida por Guan <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores pr&#243;- e anti-inflamat&#243;rios e suas mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas ao longo da progress&#227;o da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. As mulheres com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de PCR, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 e TNF-&#945;. Os n&#237;veis de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias foram mais altos do que os anti-inflamat&#243;rios. Mulheres com idade gestacional maior do que 34 semanas apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de IL-6 e TNF-&#945;. Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais alta foi associada a n&#237;veis maiores de IL-8, IL-10 e PCR. Esses achados sugerem que o desequil&#237;brio inflamat&#243;rio &#233; um FR independente para pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e a falha na autorregula&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria leva &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Por fim, estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado que a neuroinflama&#231;&#227;o com a participa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo pode estar presente na indu&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias associadas a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Al&#233;m disso, a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica reduzida em pacientes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pode estar envolvida em uma matura&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica fetal tardia, com d&#233;ficits cognitivos e dist&#250;rbios mentais. Esses achados revelam um elo entre inflama&#231;&#227;o materna na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e seus impactos na sa&#250;de fetal e no neurodesenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os fatores associados com inflama&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres s&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3.2.</xref> </p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 3.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores associados com inflama&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Implica&#231;&#227;o dos Esteroides Sexuais na Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Origem e Metabolismo dos Esteroides Sexuais</title>
        <p>Os principais esteroides sexuais que atuam no organismo da mulher s&#227;o os estrog&#234;nios, a progesterona e a testosterona. Esses horm&#244;nios s&#227;o produzidos pelo organismo feminino nos ov&#225;rios, no c&#243;rtex da suprarrenal e atrav&#233;s de convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Os esteroides sexuais possuem em comum um anel ciclopentanofenantreno derivado do colesterol e s&#227;o divididos em tr&#234;s grupos principais, de acordo com o n&#250;mero de &#225;tomos de carbono que possuem. A s&#233;rie de 21 carbonos inclui os corticoides e os progestag&#234;nios, tendo o n&#250;cleo pregnano como estrutura b&#225;sica. A s&#233;rie de 19 carbonos inclui todos os androg&#234;nios e &#233; baseada no n&#250;cleo androstano, enquanto os estrog&#234;nios s&#227;o esteroides de 18 carbonos baseados no n&#250;cleo estrano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A partir do colesterol, que &#233; obtido diretamente do sangue circulante, a esteroidog&#234;nese origina os esteroides sexuais naturais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Fisiologicamente nas mitoc&#244;ndrias, um sistema enzim&#225;tico de hidroxila&#231;&#227;o e uma desmolase continuam o processo formando o primeiro esteroide, a pregnenolona. A partir dessa fase, a esteroidog&#234;nese pode seguir atrav&#233;s da via delta 5, que predomina no fol&#237;culo, para s&#237;ntese de estrog&#234;nios, ou atrav&#233;s da via delta 4, que predomina no corpo l&#250;teo, para s&#237;ntese de progesterona. A pregnenolona e a progesterona s&#227;o convertidas em androg&#234;nios, androstenediona e testosterona, nas c&#233;lulas da teca. A androstenediona, por a&#231;&#227;o das enzimas 17&#946;-desidrogenases, pode ser convertida em testosterona e, por aromatiza&#231;&#227;o nas c&#233;lulas da granulosa, resulta na forma&#231;&#227;o de estrona e estradiol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Uma vez sintetizados, esses horm&#244;nios s&#227;o transportados atrav&#233;s do plasma ligados a SHBG ( <italic>sexual-hormone-binding-globulin</italic> ), CBG ( <italic>cortisol-binding-globulin</italic> ) ou albumina, sendo que uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o se encontra livre no plasma. Dessa forma, os esteroides sexuais ligam-se aos receptores hormonais presentes em diversos tecidos, exercendo seus diversos efeitos biol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Esses esteroides s&#227;o metabolizados no f&#237;gado e excretados atrav&#233;s da urina ou da bile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os esteroides sexuais tamb&#233;m podem ser extra&#237;dos de vegetais pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, formando produtos para uso cl&#237;nico, cujas mol&#233;culas t&#234;m estrutura id&#234;ntica &#224; dos horm&#244;nios naturalmente produzidos pelo organismo feminino (isomoleculares), sendo, por isso, chamados de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos, cujos efeitos s&#227;o iguais aos dos horm&#244;nios end&#243;genos.</p>
        <p>Os esteroides sexuais chamados sint&#233;ticos s&#227;o produzidos em laborat&#243;rio atrav&#233;s de um processo que envolve v&#225;rias etapas qu&#237;micas e de engenharia farmac&#234;utica, originando mol&#233;culas que possuem diferentes caracter&#237;sticas e pot&#234;ncias biol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Classifica&#231;&#227;o Qu&#237;mica dos Estrog&#234;nios</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.1. Estrog&#234;nios Naturais</title>
          <p>Os estrog&#234;nios naturais presentes na circula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o o estradiol, a estrona, o estriol e o estetrol. O estradiol &#233; o principal e mais potente estrog&#234;nio secretado pelo ov&#225;rio humano. O estradiol surge em grande parte da androstenediona, sendo a pr&#243;pria estrona secretada pelos ov&#225;rios em quantidades di&#225;rias significativas. O estriol &#233; o metab&#243;lito perif&#233;rico da estrona e do estradiol e n&#227;o um produto secret&#243;rio do ov&#225;rio. A forma&#231;&#227;o de estriol &#233; t&#237;pica da "desintoxica&#231;&#227;o" metab&#243;lica geral, ou seja, a convers&#227;o de material biologicamente ativo em formas menos ativas. O estetrol &#233; produzido apenas na vida intrauterina pelo f&#237;gado fetal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.2. Estrog&#234;nios Sint&#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Os estrog&#234;nios sint&#233;ticos s&#227;o classificados como esteroidais e n&#227;o esteroidais. Seus principais representantes s&#227;o:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Esteroidais &#8211; etinilestradiol, mestranol, valerato de estradiol</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>N&#227;o esteroidais &#8211; dietilestilbestrol, hexestrol, dienestrol</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Desses, os de maior import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica atual s&#227;o certamente o valerato de estradiol e o etinilestradiol.</p>
          <p>O valerato de estradiol &#233; um &#233;ster de estradiol, um pr&#243;-f&#225;rmaco que &#233; rapidamente metabolizado em 17&#946;-estradiol e &#225;cido val&#233;rico. A esterifica&#231;&#227;o do estradiol visa melhorar a absor&#231;&#227;o e a biodisponibilidade ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o oral. Depois da absor&#231;&#227;o, os &#233;steres s&#227;o clivados, resultando na libera&#231;&#227;o de estradiol end&#243;geno ou 17&#946;-estradiol. Os pr&#243;-f&#225;rmacos &#233;steres de estradiol s&#227;o, portanto, considerados formas bioid&#234;nticas de estradiol.<sup>54.55</sup> Seu uso isolado ou em composi&#231;&#245;es combinadas com progestag&#234;nios est&#225; relacionado principalmente &#224; terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal da menopausa (THM) e &#224; contracep&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O etinilestradiol, um agonista dos receptores de estrog&#234;nio, &#233; mais resistente ao metabolismo, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao estradiol, e tem melhor biodisponibilidade quando usado por via oral. Essas diferen&#231;as favorecem o uso do etinilestradiol em p&#237;lulas anticoncepcionais combinadas, embora tamb&#233;m resultem em aumento do risco de tromboembolismo e alguns outros efeitos adversos raros<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4.1</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 4.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica dos estrog&#234;nios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Classifica&#231;&#227;o Qu&#237;mica dos Progestag&#234;nios</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.1. Progesterona Natural</title>
          <p>A progesterona originalmente secretada pelos ov&#225;rios atua nos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo dependentes de horm&#244;nios, em especial o endom&#233;trio e o tecido mam&#225;rio. Mas seus efeitos v&#227;o al&#233;m, pois agem tamb&#233;m na imunidade, no sistema nervoso central e no sistema cardiovascular, entre outros. Do ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico, a progesterona atua em tecidos que foram previamente impregnados com estradiol. Al&#233;m disso, existe um estereois&#244;mero da progesterona, a didrogesterona, dispon&#237;vel para uso oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.2. Progestag&#234;nios</title>
          <p>Os progestag&#234;nios s&#227;o um amplo grupo de mol&#233;culas sint&#233;ticas que diferem quanto &#224; sua estrutura qu&#237;mica e quanto &#224; mol&#233;cula a partir da qual s&#227;o criados, o que lhes confere um perfil de efeito diferente, baseado na afinidade e pot&#234;ncia em diferentes receptores de esteroides. Existem tr&#234;s grandes grupos: os derivados da testosterona (noretindrona, levonorgestrel, norgestimato, desogestrel, etonogestrel, gestodeno, dienogeste), os derivados da progesterona (medroxiprogesterona, ciproterona, megestrol) e os derivados da espironolactona (drospirenona) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4.2</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 4.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos progestag&#234;nios.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os progestag&#234;nios s&#227;o caracterizados pela alta afinidade pelo receptor de progesterona, mas podem, de acordo com sua origem, ter afinidade por outros receptores, levando a efeitos como atividade androg&#234;nica/antiandrog&#234;nica, antiestrog&#234;nica/estrog&#234;nica, antimineralocorticoide e glicocorticoide. Esse perfil farmacodin&#226;mico dos progestag&#234;nios deve orientar sua sele&#231;&#227;o com base nos benef&#237;cios esperados, bem como no perfil de seguran&#231;a e de efeitos indesej&#225;veis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> </sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 4.3</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 4.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos biol&#243;gicos da progesterona end&#243;gena e outros progestag&#234;nios. Adaptado de Kuhl et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> AMP: acetato de medroxiprogesterona; NETA: acetato de noretisterona; LNG: levonorgestrel.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf13.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os progestag&#234;nios possuem diferentes pot&#234;ncias progestacionais, determinadas por sua capacidade de transformar o endom&#233;trio animal. Considerando-se como 1 a pot&#234;ncia da progesterona, a ordem decrescente de pot&#234;ncia progestacional dos progestag&#234;nios &#233; a seguinte: desogestrel, levonorgestrel, nomegestrol, medroxiprogesterona, noretisterona, drospirenona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Do ponto de vista farmacocin&#233;tico, a progesterona e os progestag&#234;nios diferem quanto &#224;s apresenta&#231;&#245;es farmac&#234;uticas e vias de administra&#231;&#227;o. Por exemplo, progesterona micronizada pode ser usada tanto por via oral quanto vaginal. Por via vaginal apresenta boa absor&#231;&#227;o, inclusive com menores flutua&#231;&#245;es na sua concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do que por via oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Os progestag&#234;nios tamb&#233;m diferem na sua liga&#231;&#227;o &#224;s prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas, sendo que a progesterona micronizada se liga &#224; albumina e &#224; CBG, mas n&#227;o &#224; SHBG. Enquanto a noretindrona, o desogestrel e o norgestrel se ligam &#224; albumina e &#224; SHBG, o acetato de medroxiprogesterona se liga principalmente &#224; albumina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as na liga&#231;&#227;o &#224;s prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas somadas &#224; depura&#231;&#227;o e &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o com estrog&#234;nios determinam diferen&#231;as na meia-vida plasm&#225;tica dos progestag&#234;nios. A maioria deles &#233; de administra&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Indica&#231;&#245;es Comuns de Terap&#234;uticas com Estrog&#234;nios, Progestag&#234;nios e Testosterona na Mulher</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4.1. S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>A SOP &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o frequente de terap&#234;utica com horm&#244;nios esteroides. Trata-se de dist&#250;rbio ginecol&#243;gico associado a dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos frequentes nas mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Al&#233;m disso, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos est&#227;o presentes, elevando o RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>As mulheres com SOP podem desenvolver RI e dislipidemia, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de DCV, como aterosclerose, HAS e/ou IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas s&#227;o impulsionadas pelo excesso de androg&#234;nios e o ganho de peso, que podem promover ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral e processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico. Esses fatores combinados criam um ambiente metab&#243;lico prop&#237;cio ao desenvolvimento de DCV mesmo em mulheres jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>O manejo do RCV na SOP requer abordagens multidisciplinares, incluindo modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, como dieta equilibrada e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, al&#233;m de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas quando necess&#225;rio. Os contraceptivos orais combinados (COC) s&#227;o muito utilizados no tratamento da SOP para controle das altera&#231;&#245;es menstruais e do hirsutismo, sendo muito eficazes por reduzirem os n&#237;veis circulantes de andr&#243;genos, regular os ciclos e proteger o endom&#233;trio. No entanto, esse tratamento n&#227;o melhora a RI, podendo at&#233; pior&#225;-la, dependendo do tipo de progestag&#234;nio utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> Sensibilizadores da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina, como metformina ou alternativas como pioglitazona<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> e o mio-inositol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> </sup> diminuem a RI, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana. As estatinas podem ser indicadas para controle da dislipidemia e os anti-hipertensivos s&#227;o essenciais para mulheres com HAS. Os tratamentos para obesidade podem ser empregados, como o uso dos an&#225;logos do pept&#237;deo semelhante ao glucagon 1 (GLP-1: liraglutida e semaglutida) e outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dessas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e o tratamento adequado s&#227;o fundamentais para reduzir o RCV em mulheres com SOP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4.2. Contracep&#231;&#227;o Hormonal</title>
          <p>Os esteroides sexuais s&#227;o muito utilizados na contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal. Os COCs cont&#234;m dois tipos de horm&#244;nios (estrog&#234;nio + progestag&#234;nio) em diferentes formula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> O componente estrog&#234;nico fornece estabilidade endometrial c&#237;clica e potencializa o efeito supressor do progestag&#234;nio sobre o eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-ovariano. O componente estrog&#234;nico mais comumente utilizado &#233; o etinilestradiol, em doses atuais entre 15&#956;g e 30&#956;g. Novos COCs com estrog&#234;nios naturais &#8211; estradiol (17&#946;-estradiol e valerato de estradiol) e mais recentemente o estetrol &#8211; surgiram como alternativas, com potencial para menor impacto hep&#225;tico e cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Nos diferentes COCs, esses estrog&#234;nios s&#227;o combinados a um progestag&#234;nio. O componente progestag&#234;nico exerce seu principal efeito contraceptivo suprimindo a secre&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio luteinizante (LH) e a ovula&#231;&#227;o. Nas formula&#231;&#245;es atuais, v&#225;rios progestag&#234;nios s&#227;o empregados. S&#227;o progestag&#234;nios sint&#233;ticos respons&#225;veis por inibir a ovula&#231;&#227;o/gravidez, tendo os mais modernos sido desenvolvidos para causarem menos efeitos secund&#225;rios/adversos. As taxas de gravidez no primeiro ano de uso de um COC variam, sendo de 0,3% com uso consistente e correto. Com uso t&#237;pico, pode chegar a 9%, demonstrando a efic&#225;cia do m&#233;todo durante o uso real,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup> refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia do aconselhamento contraceptivo. Os COCs n&#227;o est&#227;o recomendados para mulheres com idade acima de 35 anos e hist&#243;rico pessoal de tabagismo, DCV, tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), HAS, DM com complica&#231;&#227;o vascular, enxaqueca com sinais neurol&#243;gicos, hepatopatia grave, tumores hep&#225;ticos, c&#226;ncer de mama e l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico. A seguran&#231;a do m&#233;todo contraceptivo est&#225; muito bem estabelecida pelos Crit&#233;rios de Elegibilidade M&#233;dica para Uso de Contraceptivos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 4.4</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 4.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de contraceptivo oral combinado. LES: l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf14.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os contraceptivos hormonais somente de progestag&#234;nios cont&#234;m apenas um progestag&#234;nio sint&#233;tico, como desogestrel, norestisterona ou drospirenona. Contraceptivos somente de progestag&#234;nio de longa dura&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem ser usados sob a forma de implantes na regi&#227;o subd&#233;rmica do antebra&#231;o, sendo que, no Brasil, o &#250;nico implante (etonogestrel) aprovado para contracep&#231;&#227;o &#233; o Implanon NXT<sup>&#174;</sup>, que apresenta alta efic&#225;cia contraceptiva por 3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> O sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (DIU-LNG) &#233; um DIU hormonal que libera 20 &#181;g de levonorgestrel por dia com a&#231;&#227;o intrauterina local e alta efic&#225;cia contraceptiva por 8 anos. Tamb&#233;m h&#225; o DIU de libera&#231;&#227;o de 8 &#181;g de levonorgestrel e dura&#231;&#227;o de 3 anos. Os contraceptivos somente de progestag&#234;nio de longa dura&#231;&#227;o apresentam a vantagem de ter alta efic&#225;cia por tempo prolongado com taxas de gravidez de menos de 1% ao ano sem depender do uso correto e da motiva&#231;&#227;o da usu&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4.3. Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa: Regimes, Doses e Vias, com Foco na Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Em mulheres, a flutua&#231;&#227;o hormonal que se inicia na transi&#231;&#227;o menopausal seguida pela redu&#231;&#227;o gradual e irrevers&#237;vel da produ&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio na menopausa, embora fisiol&#243;gica, cria uma "janela de vulnerabilidade" e marca ponto de inflex&#227;o no risco cardiometab&#243;lico, com impacto negativo na sa&#250;de vascular, no metabolismo glic&#237;dico e lip&#237;dico e na distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> </sup> Nesse contexto, a THM, especialmente o estrog&#234;nio, pode interferir nesse risco, desde que prescrita com crit&#233;rio e individualiza&#231;&#227;o. A THM deve ser sempre associada a medidas integrais &#224; sa&#250;de, com estrat&#233;gias sobre estilo de vida, dieta e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A THM &#233; o tratamento mais efetivo no al&#237;vio dos sintomas vasomotores (SVM) e geniturin&#225;rios e preven&#231;&#227;o da perda &#243;ssea em mulheres na peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> Deve ser iniciada quando os sintomas da menopausa come&#231;am a interferir na vida di&#225;ria. Entretanto, para mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura (menopausa &lt; 40 anos) ou menopausa precoce (entre 40 e 45 anos), recomenda-se iniciar a THM o mais cedo poss&#237;vel, para reduzir o risco &#224; sa&#250;de a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> Os efeitos cardiovasculares da THM s&#227;o fortemente influenciados pelo tipo e dose utilizados, via de administra&#231;&#227;o e momento do in&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; menopausa ("janela de oportunidade"), sugerindo maiores benef&#237;cios e menores taxas de efeitos adversos com o in&#237;cio da THM em at&#233; 10 anos p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> Os fatores que determinam a escolha do tipo e da dose da THM s&#227;o: prefer&#234;ncia da paciente, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do &#250;tero, necessidade contraceptiva, intensidade dos sintomas e comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Os regimes terap&#234;uticos incluem o estrog&#234;nio isolado (para mulheres histerectomizadas) e a terapia combinada de estrog&#234;nio associado ao progestag&#234;nio (mulheres com &#250;tero).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> No regime combinado, o uso cont&#237;nuo &#233; indicado para mulheres h&#225; mais de 12 meses em amenorreia na p&#243;s-menopausa, enquanto o sequencial &#233; mais indicado na perimenopausa. A THM deve ser prescrita na menor dose eficaz para controle dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> O estrog&#234;nio mais utilizado na THM &#233; o 17&#946;-estradiol, podendo ser administrado por via oral, transd&#233;rmica (adesivo, gel, <italic>spray</italic> ) ou vaginal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> Para atingir o al&#237;vio adequado dos SVM e prote&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, em geral, baixas doses de estradiol (aproximadamente 1 mg de estradiol oral ou equivalentes em outras vias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> </sup> Em mulheres saud&#225;veis sem fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV), a THM pode ser prescrita por qualquer via, incluindo a oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> Contudo, diferentemente da via oral, a transd&#233;rmica evita o metabolismo hep&#225;tico da primeira passagem, resultando em menor impacto nos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o, triglicer&#237;deos e PCR, o que pode reduzir o risco de TEV e eventos cardiovasculares, sendo prefer&#237;vel em mulheres com FR, como obesidade, SM, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e risco de TEV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A THM com horm&#244;nios "bioid&#234;nticos manipulados" n&#227;o &#233; recomendada devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a qualidade, regula&#231;&#227;o, seguran&#231;a, efic&#225;cia e falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos produtos utilizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>A testosterona na p&#243;s-menopausa tem como &#250;nica indica&#231;&#227;o o tratamento do transtorno do desejo sexual hipoativo, excluindo-se outras causas. Embora dados sobre os efeitos da terapia androg&#234;nica na sa&#250;de cardiovascular de mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com desejo sexual hipoativo ainda sejam limitados, evid&#234;ncias indicam que, em doses fisiol&#243;gicas, a testosterona via transd&#233;rmica n&#227;o aumenta significativamente o RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Abordagem individualizada com decis&#227;o baseada na melhor evid&#234;ncia deve ser utilizada. Manuten&#231;&#227;o da THM e o n&#227;o in&#237;cio da THM em mulheres &#8805; 60 anos parece associar-se a melhor perfil de risco-benef&#237;cio para eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> A via transd&#233;rmica de estrog&#234;nio em baixas doses combinada a progestag&#234;nios com perfil seguro representa op&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel quanto ao RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Riscos: Efeitos Metab&#243;licos, Tromboembolismo e C&#226;ncer de Mama</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.1. Efeitos Metab&#243;licos</title>
          <p>A THM diminui a gordura visceral, a RI e a rela&#231;&#227;o LDL-c:HDL-c, por&#233;m com pequeno aumento dos triglicer&#237;deos quando usado por via oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Uma revis&#227;o tamb&#233;m confirmou menores n&#237;veis de glicemia, insulinemia e RI entre usu&#225;rias de THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> O estudo <italic>Women&#8217;s Health Initiative</italic> (WHI) encontrou menor risco significativo de DM entre as usu&#225;rias de THM em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas em uso do placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o tipo de progestag&#234;nio empregado na THM pode interferir nos efeitos metab&#243;licos. Sabe-se que medroxiprogesterona tem mais efeitos glicocorticoides do que noretisterona ou progesterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> Estudos sugerem que progesterona e didrogesterona interferem menos nos benef&#237;cios promovidos pelos estrog&#234;nios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> </sup> enquanto noretisterona, dependendo da dose, pode levar a alguma perda desses benef&#237;cios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.2. Tromboembolismo</title>
          <p>Etinilestradiol, estrog&#234;nio sint&#233;tico amplamente utilizado em associa&#231;&#227;o a um progestag&#234;nio em COCs, associa-se a aumento de risco de TEV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> Esse risco &#233; influenciado por fatores como a dose de estrog&#234;nio e o tipo de progestag&#234;nio presente na formula&#231;&#227;o. Os COCs contendo levonorgestrel (progestag&#234;nio de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o) est&#227;o associados a um risco menor de TEV em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que cont&#234;m desogestrel, gestodeno, drospirenona ou ciproterona (progestag&#234;nios de terceira e quarta gera&#231;&#227;o).</p>
          <p>Quando o COC cont&#233;m estrog&#234;nios naturais ao inv&#233;s do etinilestradiol, o risco apresenta incremento menor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o etinilestradiol dos COCs pode exacerbar a produ&#231;&#227;o de angiotensinog&#234;nio hep&#225;tico, que, por sua vez, causa eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA pelo sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</p>
          <p>Quando administrados por via oral, podem levar a aumento do risco de trombose venosa, <italic>odds ratio</italic> 1,58 (1,52&#8211;1,64), enquanto a via transd&#233;rmica n&#227;o se associa a aumento do risco, <italic>odds ratio</italic> 0,93 (0,87&#8211;1,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, metan&#225;lise recente concluiu que THM com combina&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios conjugados equinos e progestag&#234;nios aumentou a PA sist&#243;lica e o risco de hipertens&#227;o, enquanto outras formula&#231;&#245;es, como estradiol oral ou transd&#233;rmico com progestag&#234;nio, estradiol isolado e tibolona, n&#227;o apresentaram efeitos significativos sobre a PA, mostrando, portanto, que tais efeitos podem ser influenciados por diferentes vias e formula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.3. C&#226;ncer de Mama</title>
          <p>Sabe-se que o c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; uma neoplasia horm&#244;nio-dependente, sendo os efeitos proliferativos dos esteroides sexuais no tecido mam&#225;rio conhecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A THM pode se associar a aumento de risco para o desenvolvimento de c&#226;ncer de mama. O estudo WHI encontrou que a THM com estrog&#234;nios conjugados e acetato de medroxiprogesterona se associou a acr&#233;scimo de 8 casos extras de c&#226;ncer de mama a cada 10 mil mulheres-ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Entretanto, os efeitos s&#227;o diferentes a depender do progestag&#234;nio presente na formula&#231;&#227;o. Estudos observacionais n&#227;o mostraram aumento de risco quando a associa&#231;&#227;o na THM era com progesterona micronizada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> ou didrogesterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Dessa forma, diferentes formula&#231;&#245;es e doses da THM tamb&#233;m parecem ter diferentes efeitos no risco de c&#226;ncer de mama.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Indicadores de Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Fatores de Risco Reprodutivos com Implica&#231;&#245;es na Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Este cap&#237;tulo contempla os FR com relev&#226;ncia no perfil cardiometab&#243;lico das mulheres nas fases da puberdade, per&#237;odo pr&#233;-gestacional, gestacional e p&#243;s-gestacional, al&#233;m da transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa, que ser&#227;o abordados mais detalhadamente nos cap&#237;tulos 7 e 9.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.1. Puberdade e Per&#237;odo Pr&#233;-gestacional</title>
          <p>Sugere-se que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do ciclo menstrual possa ser usada como um sinal vital adicional na investiga&#231;&#227;o do estado geral de sa&#250;de das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, a idade da menarca (precoce ou tardia), as irregularidades do ciclo menstrual de causas end&#243;crinas e a SOP t&#234;m sido associadas a maior risco futuro de DCV, em especial a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> </sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.1.1. Idade da Menarca</title>
            <p>O estudo CARDIA ( <italic>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults</italic> ), que iniciou o seguimento de 2.788 mulheres de 18-30 anos em 1985-1986 e acompanhou-as durante 35 anos (idades entre 50 anos e 65 anos), observou que a menarca precoce se associou tardiamente a n&#237;veis adversos de glic&#237;dios e lip&#237;dios e que cada ano de precocidade da menarca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de 12 anos associou-se a maior &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e adiposidade visceral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Outros estudos mostraram que a menarca precoce est&#225; associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de glicose, insulina, PA e gordura corporal e ao maior risco futuro de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Em estudo de coorte de 648 mulheres estratificadas segundo a idade da menarca (&#8804; 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, &#8805; 15 anos) e utilizando a m&#233;dia de 12 anos como refer&#234;ncia, observou-se que menarca precoce ou tardia se associou a maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros, representados por morte por todas as causas, IAM n&#227;o fatal, AVC n&#227;o fatal ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Em uma coorte de 1,2 milh&#227;o de mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 56&#177;5 anos, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e seguidas por 12 anos, aquelas com menarca precoce (&#8804; 10 anos) e tardia (&#8805; 17 anos) apresentaram risco mais elevado de DIC, AVC e HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Entretanto, uma metan&#225;lise de 12 estudos de coorte realizados at&#233; 2018, com 2.341.769 participantes e 79.363 &#243;bitos, demonstrou que para cada aumento de um ano na idade da menarca h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de mortalidade por todas as causas, de mortalidade cardiovascular por cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e por AVC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup> evidenciando a necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais estudos sobre o impacto da idade da menarca na DCV futura.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.1.2. Caracter&#237;sticas do Ciclo Menstrual</title>
            <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais realizados at&#233; 2022 analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o de oligomenorreia e irregularidade menstrual com o RCV, observando que essas altera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o associadas a DCV, DIC e IAM, mas n&#227;o a AVC como documentado em mulheres com SOP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> </sup> (vide cap&#237;tulo 7).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.2. Gesta&#231;&#227;o e Per&#237;odo P&#243;s-parto</title>
          <p>A gravidez &#233; um per&#237;odo de in&#250;meras transforma&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, hormonais e metab&#243;licas, fundamentais para garantir o adequado desenvolvimento fetal e a adapta&#231;&#227;o do organismo materno &#224;s novas demandas. Ganho de peso anormal e altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico, por&#233;m, podem estar associados a desfechos adversos na gesta&#231;&#227;o e no p&#243;s-parto, tanto para a mulher como para o concepto.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.2.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es de Peso na Gesta&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias de que tanto o ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) baixo quanto o excessivo est&#227;o associados a desfechos fetais e neonatais negativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>A obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional favorece o risco de hipertens&#227;o gestacional e DG, ces&#225;rea e alto peso ao nascer, sendo tamb&#233;m reconhecida como FR significativo para aborto espont&#226;neo, parto prematuro, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos que complicam a gravidez e maiores taxas de partos anormais, natimortos e morte neonatal. Por outro lado, a desnutri&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para o menor peso neonatal, anomalias placent&#225;rias e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, maiores taxas de partos operat&#243;rios e maior mortalidade fetal e neonatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>As diretrizes recomendam valores do GPG, mas an&#225;lises de estudos mais recentes sugerem que esse ganho seja personalizado considerando as tr&#234;s classes de obesidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 5.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 5.1</xref> ). Ver detalhes no cap&#237;tulo 7.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 5.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ganho de peso na gravidez de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes do Instituto de Medicina 2009</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 18,5</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">18,5&#8211;24,9</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">25,0&#8211;29,9</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 30</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Ganho de peso (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">12,5&#8211;18,0</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">11,5&#8211;18,0</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">7&#8211;11,5</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">5&#8211;9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Ganho de peso (kg) semanal nos 2&#186; e 3&#186; trimestres</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0,44&#8211;0,58</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35&#8211;0,50</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23&#8211;0,33</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0,17&#8211;0,27</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <fig id="f15">
              <label>Figura 5.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es para a sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica do ganho de peso na gesta&#231;&#227;o. GPG: ganho de peso gestacional; CT: colesterol total, LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; VLDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; RN: rec&#233;m-nascido; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf15.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.2.2. Disglicemia Gestacional</title>
            <p>A gravidez &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de RI por si s&#243;, potencialmente agravada pelo aumento da RI pr&#233;-gravidez em mulheres com obesidade. H&#225; um aumento de 40% a 50% na RI durante a gravidez e, portanto, aumento no risco de DG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Mulheres com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose na gesta&#231;&#227;o correm risco de desfechos gestacionais adversos, mesmo que n&#227;o tenham desenvolvido DG.</p>
            <p>A fisiopatologia subjacente prim&#225;ria que leva &#224; hiperglicemia est&#225; relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de RI, defici&#234;ncia de insulina ou fisiopatologia mista. Estudos mostraram que a intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose na gesta&#231;&#227;o resistente &#224; insulina &#233; um subtipo de alto risco para resultados adversos na gravidez, como peso ao nascer grande para a idade gestacional, admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, hipertens&#227;o arterial gestacional e parto ces&#225;reo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>A intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose na gesta&#231;&#227;o confere um risco aumentado de diabetes no futuro. Portanto, o reconhecimento de portadoras de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose na gesta&#231;&#227;o pode benefici&#225;-las ao possibilitar um melhor rastreamento e preven&#231;&#227;o do DM (vide dados complementares no cap&#237;tulo 7).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.2.3. Dislipidemia Gestacional</title>
            <p>Evid&#234;ncias recentes mostram que o aumento de colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e seus metab&#243;litos associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiometab&#243;lica parece ter consequ&#234;ncias vasculares maternas e fetais significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Historicamente, a dislipidemia na gravidez tem sido considerada fisiol&#243;gica e, portanto, sem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Esse aumento fisiol&#243;gico desempenha um papel essencial durante a gravidez. No entanto, n&#237;veis elevados de lip&#237;dios em mulheres predispostas ou com formas familiares de hiperlipidemia podem acarretar risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es materno-fetais. A hiperlipidemia durante a gravidez est&#225; associada a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, parto prematuro e DG, e os filhos dessas m&#227;es apresentam propens&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o aumentada de estrias de gordura nos vasos e maior risco de aterosclerose progressiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.2.4. Comportamento P&#243;s-parto</title>
            <p>No puerp&#233;rio, a recupera&#231;&#227;o ponderal &#233; frequentemente incompleta e a recupera&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas nem sempre ocorre de forma plena. A reten&#231;&#227;o de peso p&#243;s-gestacional constitui FR para HAS, dislipidemia e SM. Al&#233;m disso, estudos indicam que mulheres que apresentaram pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia possuem pior perfil cardiometab&#243;lico at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o parto.</p>
            <p>A lacta&#231;&#227;o, embora represente um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica por estimular o gasto energ&#233;tico e melhorar o controle glic&#234;mico e lip&#237;dico, depende de fatores emocionais, sociais e de suporte adequado. A aus&#234;ncia de orienta&#231;&#227;o especializada nesse per&#237;odo pode favorecer a persist&#234;ncia de quadros como obesidade, RI e dislipidemia, al&#233;m de aumentar o risco de SM e HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.3. Transi&#231;&#227;o da Menopausa</title>
          <p>A falta do estradiol observada na menopausa determina in&#250;meras modifica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, hormonais, inflamat&#243;rias e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, cuja associa&#231;&#227;o favorece a r&#225;pida progress&#227;o do processo ateroscler&#243;tico em todos os territ&#243;rios arteriais. Desse modo, mulheres a partir da quinta d&#233;cada passam a apresentar RCV mais elevado que os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>O manuseio adequado (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e tratamento adequado) dos FR que contribuem ao longo da vida para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose &#233; crucial para o retardo do adoecimento cardiovascular em mulheres na peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa, bem como para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria dos eventos que levam &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup> Essa orienta&#231;&#227;o para a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular deve ocorrer em todas as etapas de vida anteriores &#224; menopausa, ganhando ainda maior import&#226;ncia a partir do climat&#233;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> </sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.3.1. Idade da Menopausa</title>
            <p>Na grande maioria das mulheres (90%), a menopausa natural ocorre em torno dos 51 anos (variando entre 45 anos e 55 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> Em 5% das mulheres, a menopausa pode ocorrer de forma espont&#226;nea entre 40 anos e 45 anos (menopausa precoce) e em 1% pode acontecer antes dos 40 anos, caracterizando a insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> Mulheres submetidas a ooforectomia bilateral e a tratamentos quimio- ou radioter&#225;picos podem evoluir para menopausa em consequ&#234;ncia desses tratamentos, independentemente da idade em que s&#227;o realizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>O RCV torna-se ainda mais acentuado em mulheres que iniciam a menopausa precocemente (de forma natural ou secund&#225;ria a algum tratamento), nas que apresentam SVM de moderada a grave intensidade e nas que fazem uso de THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> Na menopausa precoce, cada ano antecipado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; menopausa natural aumenta em 3% o risco de DCV (DIC, AVC e mortalidade cardiovascular).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Esse risco mais elevado parece associado a uma maior propens&#227;o desse grupo a apresentar perfil lip&#237;dico mais aterog&#234;nico, maior RI, HAS, maior risco de SM, bem como piora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, quando comparado a mulheres que apresentam menopausa natural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.3.2. Sintomas Vasomotores</title>
            <p>Os SVM da menopausa, caracterizados por ondas de calor e suor geralmente noturnos, podem estar presentes em at&#233; 80% das mulheres e durar 7-9 anos. Por&#233;m, quando aparecem mais precocemente, sua dura&#231;&#227;o pode ser mais longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> A intensidade dos SVM varia entre leve, moderada e grave e seu diagn&#243;stico associa-se a preju&#237;zo na qualidade de vida e ao aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>In&#250;meros estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que mulheres com SVM de grave intensidade, quando comparadas a mulheres sem SVM ou com SVM leves, apresentam pior perfil cardiometab&#243;lico, maior hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, pior fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e maior incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.3.3. Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa</title>
            <p>V&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos demonstraram que a THM com estr&#243;genos aumenta o RCV (cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, AVC, tromboembolismo) em mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas, parecendo haver atenua&#231;&#227;o desse risco quando utilizada em mulheres mais jovens (50 a 59 anos), ou seja, que se encontram no in&#237;cio da menopausa ou dentro de 10 anos do seu diagn&#243;stico. O risco &#233; descrito como atenuado tamb&#233;m com o uso de baixas doses e outras formas de administra&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o a oral, notadamente a transd&#233;rmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>As diretrizes atuais estabelecem que a THM tem indica&#231;&#227;o baseada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas apenas para o tratamento dos SVM em mulheres que n&#227;o apresentam contraindica&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o devendo ser usada naquelas com DCV estabelecida ou com RCV elevado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.4. Sa&#250;de Metab&#243;lica P&#243;s-menopausa</title>
          <p>A menopausa est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais que resultam em uma altera&#231;&#227;o no equil&#237;brio entre estrog&#234;nio e testosterona. Os ov&#225;rios, apesar de cessarem a produ&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio, ainda produzem testosterona a uma taxa menor, o que leva a seu excesso relativo. A testosterona est&#225; associada ao aumento da gordura visceral e da PA em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de flutua&#231;&#245;es hormonais e altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas relacionadas ao envelhecimento configuram um estado metab&#243;lico comprometido, caracterizado por RI, aumento de gordura corporal total, sarcopenia e ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.1. Mudan&#231;as Metab&#243;licas na Menopausa</title>
            <p>A RI &#233; definida como a resposta inadequada &#224; insulina nos tecidos (adiposo, m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico), sistema nervoso central e f&#237;gado, sendo um dos principais fatores que levam &#224; hiperglicemia e ao DM2, juntamente com a secre&#231;&#227;o prejudicada de insulina.</p>
            <p>Evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas sugerem prote&#231;&#227;o significativa contra a RI em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, sendo essas mais sens&#237;veis &#224; insulina em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Essa vantagem metab&#243;lica, por&#233;m, desaparece gradualmente ap&#243;s a menopausa ou quando a RI progride para hiperglicemia e DM. Portanto, a menopausa est&#225; associada a um maior risco de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, aumento da PA e dos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos, assim como do risco de SM, com consequente acelera&#231;&#227;o do RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.2. Diabetes Mellitus</title>
            <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es descritas tornam as mulheres propensas ao desenvolvimento de DM2. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que mulheres que apresentam SVM na menopausa t&#234;m maior risco de desenvolver DM2 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s que n&#227;o apresentam tais sintomas. Em uma an&#225;lise de dados do WHI, o risco de desenvolvimento de DM2 foi 18% maior em mulheres com SVM, aumentando paralelamente &#224; gravidade desses sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Mulheres que desenvolvem DM antes dos 20 anos tendem a ter menopausa precoce, enquanto a menopausa &#233; retardada em mulheres com DM2 de in&#237;cio tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Uma publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo SWAN acompanhado por 20 anos concluiu que mulheres com m&#250;ltiplos sintomas f&#237;sicos, psicol&#243;gicos e os da menopausa de intensidade moderada a grave tiveram in&#237;cio mais precoce de DM e SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>A THM foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolvimento de DM2 em mulheres anteriormente sem a doen&#231;a e, nas portadoras de DM2, &#224; melhora do controle glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.3. Dislipidemia</title>
            <p>O estrog&#234;nio exerce um papel protetor no sistema cardiovascular, sendo sua produ&#231;&#227;o ovariana realizada por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c como substrato. Na menopausa, o LDL-c circulante n&#227;o pode ser utilizado para sintetizar estrog&#234;nio, resultando assim na redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o desse horm&#244;nio e no discreto aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-c. O tamanho e a densidade das part&#237;culas de LDL-c tamb&#233;m mudam com a menopausa. Estudos mostram que os n&#237;veis de part&#237;culas de LDL-c pequenas e densas aumentam de 10-13% em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa para 30-49% ap&#243;s a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>A defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio na menopausa prejudica as fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas e intestinais relacionadas ao metabolismo e transporte de lip&#237;dios, o que pode aumentar os n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios plasm&#225;ticos e acelerar a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>O estudo SWAN sugere que a fun&#231;&#227;o antiaterog&#234;nica do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c), ou seja, a capacidade de promover o transporte reverso de colesterol, pode diminuir durante a menopausa, cursando, portanto, com n&#237;veis menos elevados de HDL-c associados a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Indicadores Antropom&#233;tricos</title>
        <p>A sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica &#233; um pilar importante do bem-estar, englobando a integridade do sistema cardiovascular e do metabolismo. Nas mulheres, esse aspecto &#233; influenciado por mudan&#231;as hormonais, eventos reprodutivos e fatores biol&#243;gicos que se manifestam ao longo do ciclo de vida, da inf&#226;ncia &#224; velhice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos s&#227;o medidas corporais que fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a composi&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, refletindo o risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Simples e acess&#237;veis, essas medidas s&#227;o fundamentais para o rastreamento em larga escala populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref> </sup> Portanto, devem ser realizadas rotineiramente, com aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mudan&#231;as ao longo do ciclo de vida.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.1. &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea</title>
          <p>O IMC, calculado como peso (kg)/altura&#178; (m), classifica o estado nutricional: &lt; 18,5 (baixo peso); 18,5-24,9 (normal); 25-29,9 (sobrepeso); e &#8805; 30 (obesidade). Um IMC elevado est&#225; associado a HAS, dislipidemia e DM. No entanto, sua limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; n&#227;o diferenciar massa magra de gordura nem avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o adiposa, o que reduz sua precis&#227;o em mulheres idosas ou atletas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.2. Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura &#8211; Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</title>
          <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura mede a gordura visceral, um preditor mais robusto de risco cardiometab&#243;lico que o IMC. A gordura visceral est&#225; associada &#224; RI e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, fatores centrais na patog&#234;nese da DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref> </sup> Em mulheres, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt; 88 cm indica alto risco, conforme diretrizes da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.3. Raz&#227;o Cintura/Quadril</title>
          <p>A raz&#227;o cintura/quadril (RCQ) compara a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril, refletindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura. Uma RCQ &gt; 0,85 em mulheres sugere ac&#250;mulo central de gordura, associado a maior risco de SM. Estudos indicam que a RCQ &#233; superior ao IMC na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, especialmente ap&#243;s a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.4. Percentual de Gordura Corporal</title>
          <p>O percentual de gordura corporal &#233; um par&#226;metro importante para avaliar o risco cardiometab&#243;lico, especialmente porque as mulheres tendem a apresentar maior propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura subcut&#226;nea em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais, como as ocorridas na puberdade, gesta&#231;&#227;o e menopausa, impactam diretamente na distribui&#231;&#227;o e no ac&#250;mulo de gordura, podendo aumentar o risco de RI, dislipidemias e inflama&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.5. Raz&#227;o Cintura/Estatura</title>
          <p>A raz&#227;o cintura/estatura (RCE) destaca-se como uma medida preditora de adiposidade central e risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Valores acima de 0,5 s&#227;o fortemente associados a maior risco de HAS, DM2 e eventos cardiovasculares. Esse marcador &#233; particularmente relevante na transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa, quando h&#225; tend&#234;ncia ao ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Biomarcadores</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.1. Perfil Lip&#237;dico (Colesterol Total e Fra&#231;&#245;es LDL e HDL; Triglicer&#237;deos)</title>
          <p>O LDL-c promove inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e deposi&#231;&#227;o de colesterol na &#237;ntima arterial, enquanto o HDL-c disfuncional (comum em mulheres com RI ou SM) perde capacidade antioxidante e de transporte reverso, favorecendo ac&#250;mulo de placas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref></sup> Triglicer&#237;deo elevado (&gt; 150 mg/dL) associa-se a part&#237;culas de LDL-c pequenas e densas, al&#233;m de part&#237;culas semelhantes a remanescentes, que intensificam instabilidade de placas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> Como comentado anteriormente neste cap&#237;tulo, a menopausa traz altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil metab&#243;lico pelo decl&#237;nio estrog&#234;nico, elevando o LDL-c (&#8764; 10-15%) e reduzindo o HDL-c, assim como sua fun&#231;&#227;o protetora, agravando a dislipidemia, especialmente em mulheres com obesidade visceral ou DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> Portanto, estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, como dieta mediterr&#226;nea e exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, melhoram a funcionalidade do HDL-c e modulam os triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.2. Glicemia e Hemoglobina Glicada</title>
          <p>A hiperglicemia cr&#244;nica e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) na mulher aumentam o RCV por mecanismos como glica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas vasculares, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias inflamat&#243;rias, que aceleram a aterosclerose e a instabilidade de placas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup> A RI, comum em condi&#231;&#245;es como SOP e DG pr&#233;via, induz dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica (HDL-c reduzido, triglicer&#237;deo elevado) e estresse oxidativo, exacerbando o dano vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Na p&#243;s-menopausa, o decl&#237;nio estrog&#234;nico reduz a sensibilidade &#224; insulina e amplia a disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, correlacionando-se com maior rigidez arterial e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref></sup> Conforme demonstrado nos estudos SUSTAIN e EMPA-REG OUTCOME,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref> </sup> as diretrizes recomendam para a maioria das mulheres com DM2: HbA1c &lt;7%; e f&#225;rmacos com benef&#237;cio cardiovascular comprovado para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, como os agonistas do GLP-1 (ex.: semaglutida) e os inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose tipo 2 (SGLT2, ex.: empagliflozina), que reduzem eventos cardiovasculares e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica (ex.: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano) e o manejo agressivo de comorbidades (HAS, dislipidemia) s&#227;o essenciais. Estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, como dieta mediterr&#226;nea e exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, modulam a inflama&#231;&#227;o e melhoram a sensibilidade insul&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.3. Prote&#237;na C Reativa</title>
          <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR-us na mulher est&#225; associada ao aumento do RCV devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular cr&#244;nica, que promove disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, instabilidade de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e ativa&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup> Fatores hormonais modulam essa rela&#231;&#227;o, como na menopausa, em que, com o decl&#237;nio estrog&#234;nico, h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR-us (&#8764; 15-25%), que se correlaciona com maior rigidez arterial e resposta inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Comorbidades, como doen&#231;as autoimunes (ex.: l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico), e a THM oral podem aumentar a PCR-us.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref></sup> O uso de estatinas (ex.: rosuvastatina) em pacientes com PCR-us elevada reduziu eventos cardiovasculares independentemente do LDL-c, conforme evidenciado no estudo JUPITER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias adjuvantes incluem dieta e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, que modulam a inflama&#231;&#227;o, em especial em mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> Portanto, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da PCR-us deve integrar o contexto hormonal, comorbidades e estilo de vida, direcionando o tratamento para mitigar o RCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.4. Fibrinog&#234;nio</title>
          <p>O fibrinog&#234;nio &#233; uma glicoprote&#237;na plasm&#225;tica sol&#250;vel, sintetizada pelo f&#237;gado, envolvida na agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, les&#227;o endotelial e viscosidade plasm&#225;tica e desempenha um papel central na forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. &#201; tamb&#233;m uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda da inflama&#231;&#227;o induzida principalmente pela IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>As mulheres apresentam n&#237;veis circulantes mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio independentemente de idade e n&#237;veis mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio funcional, conforme determinado por estimativas tromboelastogr&#225;ficas da contribui&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio para a resist&#234;ncia do co&#225;gulo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as funcionais e dos n&#237;veis circulantes de fibrinog&#234;nio entre homens e mulheres definem um comportamento denominado "dimorfismo sexual". Essas diferen&#231;as est&#227;o associadas aos horm&#244;nios sexuais, sendo o estradiol um importante mediador mecanicista na indu&#231;&#227;o da coagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos demonstraram o importante papel preditivo do fibrinog&#234;nio na DIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> e um estudo publicado em 2025 com 5.690 participantes mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre altos n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio e mortalidade por toda as causas, sugerindo que o fibrinog&#234;nio seja um potencial biomarcador para risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.5. Homociste&#237;na</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na aceleram o desenvolvimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias por meio de mecanismos como aumento do estresse oxidativo, oxida&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c, deple&#231;&#227;o de ON, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, processos inflamat&#243;rios, modifica&#231;&#245;es epigen&#233;ticas e regula&#231;&#227;o de microRNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Modifica&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas e de estilo de vida, atividade f&#237;sica regular, cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de &#225;lcool s&#227;o essenciais para o controle da hiperhomocisteinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.6. Adipocinas</title>
          <p>Adipocinas s&#227;o pept&#237;deos secretados pelos adip&#243;citos, sendo leptina e adiponectina as mais conhecidas e estudadas. Seus n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos normais s&#227;o essenciais para manter a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular adequada.</p>
          <p>A leptina promove a saciedade e regula o gasto energ&#233;tico. Situa&#231;&#245;es de hiperleptinemia est&#227;o presentes na obesidade e DM2, refletindo um estado de resist&#234;ncia &#224; leptina associado a processos aterog&#234;nicos, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau e disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular. Existem claras diferen&#231;as entre os sexos nos n&#237;veis circulantes de leptina, com as mulheres apresentando n&#237;veis 3 a 4 vezes maiores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>A adiponectina exerce efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, antiaterog&#234;nicos e insulinotr&#243;picos. Sua a&#231;&#227;o inclui a melhora da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, a redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo e a modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria endotelial. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de adiponectina t&#234;m sido inversamente associados ao risco de DCV, sendo considerado um biomarcador de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. As mulheres t&#234;m n&#237;veis significativamente mais altos de adiponectina circulante total em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis. As diferen&#231;as sexuais nos n&#237;veis de adiponectina n&#227;o s&#227;o bem caracterizadas, mas as diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o regional de gordura (subcut&#226;nea vs. visceral) entre homens e mulheres podem contribuir para as diferen&#231;as sexuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pode ser resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 5.2.</xref> </p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 5.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf16.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Cardiometabolismo no Per&#237;odo Infanto-juvenil</title>
      <p>A idade de in&#237;cio da puberdade tem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas significativas, pois varia&#231;&#245;es no <italic>timing</italic> do evento est&#227;o associadas a diversos desfechos metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares. A menarca, definida como a primeira menstrua&#231;&#227;o, sinaliza a matura&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-gonadal, marcando o in&#237;cio da capacidade reprodutiva feminina. Estudos apontam uma tend&#234;ncia secular de antecipa&#231;&#227;o da menarca, com redu&#231;&#227;o de cerca de tr&#234;s meses por d&#233;cada nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos, reflexo de melhorias nutricionais e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup> Atualmente, a idade m&#233;dia da menarca situa-se entre 12 anos e 13 anos em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, enquanto em regi&#245;es de baixa renda esse evento ocorre mais tardiamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref></sup> Compreender os determinantes dessa variabilidade e seus impactos metab&#243;licos &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Defini&#231;&#245;es e Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos</title>
        <p>Considera-se <bold>puberdade precoce</bold> quando o in&#237;cio do desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais ocorre antes dos 8 anos de idade nas meninas. A <bold>menarca precoce</bold> &#233; definida como o in&#237;cio da menstrua&#231;&#227;o antes dos 9,5 anos de idade. A menarca ocorre em m&#233;dia dois anos depois do aparecimento das mamas sendo que a menarca precoce apresenta maior preval&#234;ncia em meninas negras e hisp&#226;nicas. Contudo, o consenso brasileiro enfatiza a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica individual, levando em conta o contexto de cada paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a <bold>menarca tardia</bold> ocorre quando o primeiro sangramento menstrual &#233; observado ap&#243;s os 15 anos de idade ou na aus&#234;ncia de menarca at&#233; tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento sexual secund&#225;rio completo. Suas causas incluem altera&#231;&#245;es hipotal&#226;micas, hipofis&#225;rias e gonadais, bem como d&#233;ficits energ&#233;ticos significativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.1. Fisiopatologia</title>
          <p>A puberdade depende da ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-gonadal, regulado pela libera&#231;&#227;o puls&#225;til do horm&#244;nio liberador de gonadotrofinas (GnRH). Esse processo estimula a produ&#231;&#227;o de LH e horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo-estimulante (FSH) pela hip&#243;fise, que, por sua vez, ativa os ov&#225;rios para a secre&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios.</p>
          <p>Na <bold>puberdade precoce</bold> , a ativa&#231;&#227;o ocorre de forma antecipada, geralmente associada &#224; alta sensibilidade hipotal&#226;mica &#224;s adipocinas, em particular &#224; leptina. Esse horm&#244;nio, produzido pelo tecido adiposo, sinaliza ao hipot&#225;lamo a exist&#234;ncia de reservas energ&#233;ticas adequadas para a reprodu&#231;&#227;o. Em meninas obesas, n&#237;veis elevados de leptina podem exacerbar esse gatilho, acelerando o in&#237;cio da puberdade. Al&#233;m disso, a exposi&#231;&#227;o precoce a disruptores end&#243;crinos, como bisfenol A e ftalatos, pode interferir nos sinais hormonais naturais e precipitar a ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo reprodutivo.</p>
          <p>J&#225; na <bold>puberdade tardia</bold> , a ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo &#233; frequentemente retardada por d&#233;ficits energ&#233;ticos cr&#244;nicos comuns em atletas ou em pacientes com dist&#250;rbios alimentares. O baixo estoque energ&#233;tico reduz a secre&#231;&#227;o de leptina e outras adipocinas, prejudicando a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o para o hipot&#225;lamo. Em alguns casos, h&#225; resist&#234;ncia aos sinais metab&#243;licos de insulina e leptina ou altera&#231;&#245;es na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da kisspeptina, um neuropept&#237;deo hipotal&#226;mico essencial para a secre&#231;&#227;o de GnRH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Esses mecanismos ilustram como o estado nutricional e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal influenciam diretamente o momento da menarca e suas repercuss&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Por exemplo, a obesidade pode induzir disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas que aceleram a matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, enquanto d&#233;ficits cal&#243;ricos intensos, observados nas atletas ou meninas com dist&#250;rbios alimentares como anorexia nervosa, retardam esse processo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.2. Menarca Precoce, Menarca Tardia e Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico</title>
          <p>A menarca precoce est&#225; fortemente associada a desfechos metab&#243;licos adversos. Um dos principais impactos &#233; o aumento do IMC e da adiposidade central, com risco de obesidade na vida adulta cerca de 30-60% superior em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres com menarca em idade m&#233;dia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 6.1</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f17">
            <label>Figura 6.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular com idade da menarca. Os extremos de idade da menarca associam-se a um risco futuro de disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiometab&#243;lica e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, devendo ser pensados como potencializadores de risco cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: Dastmalchi e Gulati.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup> </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf17.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Outro desdobramento relevante &#233; a RI, frequentemente identificada nesse perfil, sendo caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados de insulina de jejum e altera&#231;&#245;es precoces no metabolismo da glicose, muitas vezes independentes do IMC.</p>
          <p>Mudan&#231;as desfavor&#225;veis no perfil lip&#237;dico tamb&#233;m s&#227;o comuns, incluindo eleva&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos e LDL-c, bem como redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-c. Esses fatores configuram um quadro de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica, que amplifica o RCV.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; aumento de 1,5 a 2,5 vezes no risco de SM, associada a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de obesidade central, HAS, RI e dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> Mesmo ap&#243;s ajustes para fatores confundidores, como n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, o impacto metab&#243;lico da menarca precoce mant&#233;m relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica.</p>
          <p>Na <bold>menarca tardia</bold> , os desfechos metab&#243;licos s&#227;o mais heterog&#234;neos. De modo geral, observa-se menor IMC e adiposidade nas pacientes, o que reflete um perfil metab&#243;lico mais favor&#225;vel. No entanto, em casos relacionados a d&#233;ficits energ&#233;ticos, como nos dist&#250;rbios alimentares, a desnutri&#231;&#227;o torna-se um fator cr&#237;tico, influenciando negativamente o metabolismo e a sa&#250;de &#243;ssea<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 6.1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>A sensibilidade &#224; insulina &#233; melhor em mulheres com menarca tardia em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com menarca precoce.</p>
          <p>A sa&#250;de &#243;ssea frequentemente &#233; comprometida na menarca tardia, com risco aumentado de osteopenia e fraturas na vida adulta. A densidade mineral &#243;ssea reduzida nesses casos ressalta a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas e monitoramento cont&#237;nuo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Por fim, os extremos de idade da menarca correlacionam-se a um padr&#227;o de RCV em formato de "U". Na menarca precoce, observa-se aumento da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, espessamento da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea e maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Em contraste, na menarca tardia, desregula&#231;&#245;es hormonais e nutricionais elevam a probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Irregularidades Menstruais e Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico</title>
        <p>Os dist&#250;rbios menstruais relacionados a causas hormonais e, portanto, exclu&#237;das as causas estruturais como miomatose e p&#243;lipos, constituem manifesta&#231;&#245;es comuns durante a vida reprodutiva feminina, acometendo cerca de 14-25% das mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil, com picos de incid&#234;ncia nos extremos da vida reprodutiva, como menarca e perimenopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es, classificadas como oligomenorreia, polimenorreia, amenorreia, menorragia e metrorragia, v&#227;o al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es ginecol&#243;gicas e emergem como importantes indicadores de vulnerabilidade cardiometab&#243;lica. Investiga&#231;&#245;es contempor&#226;neas evidenciam correla&#231;&#245;es robustas entre anomalias do ciclo menstrual e o desenvolvimento de DCV, ressaltando a necessidade de uma abordagem integrativa na avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.1. Mecanismos Fisiopatol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>A interrela&#231;&#227;o entre ciclos menstruais irregulares e riscos cardiometab&#243;licos envolve m&#250;ltiplos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos interconectados. O eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-ovariano exerce fun&#231;&#227;o primordial nessa associa&#231;&#227;o, pois desequil&#237;brios hormonais impactam simultaneamente as fun&#231;&#245;es reprodutiva e cardiovascular. As oscila&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio e progesterona modulam diretamente a sensibilidade insul&#237;nica, o metabolismo de lip&#237;dios, a funcionalidade endotelial e a homeostase press&#243;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>A RI desponta como elemento central na fisiopatologia de condi&#231;&#245;es como a SOP, promovendo tanto irregularidades menstruais quanto dislipidemia, HAS e adiposidade visceral. Estudos de acompanhamento longitudinal revelam que mulheres com RI apresentam risco substancialmente elevado para DM2 e eventos cardiovasculares ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biomarcadores</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com irregularidades menstruais requer uma abordagem abrangente dos FRCV. O hist&#243;rico menstrual detalhado constitui componente essencial na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, necessitando complementa&#231;&#227;o com an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, aferi&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica e investiga&#231;&#227;o de FR convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.3. Interven&#231;&#245;es Terap&#234;uticas</title>
          <p>O manejo de adolescentes com irregularidades menstruais e risco cardiometab&#243;lico elevado demanda estrat&#233;gias multidimensionais. As modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida constituem o alicerce terap&#234;utico, incluindo atividade f&#237;sica regular, padr&#245;es alimentares cardioprotetores, controle ponderal e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> As interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas requerem personaliza&#231;&#227;o conforme o perfil individual de risco.</p>
          <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os significativos, persistem importantes lacunas no conhecimento sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre irregularidades menstruais e riscos cardiometab&#243;licos.</p>
          <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, recomendam-se incorporar a avalia&#231;&#227;o menstrual detalhada na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de RCV, implementar rastreamento cardiometab&#243;lico precoce em adolescentes com irregularidades menstruais persistentes, adotar abordagem multidisciplinar no manejo e diagn&#243;stico precoce de condi&#231;&#245;es, como SOP frequentemente diagnosticada no in&#237;cio da puberdade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> </sup> e desenvolver programas educacionais sobre a interrela&#231;&#227;o entre sa&#250;de reprodutiva e cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref> </sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o detalhadas no cap&#237;tulo 7.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Obesidade, Transtornos Alimentares e Risco Cardiovascular: Impactos a Longo Prazo</title>
        <p>A obesidade na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia est&#225; associada a uma s&#233;rie de desfechos adversos tanto f&#237;sicos quanto psicol&#243;gicos. Do ponto de vista f&#237;sico, observa-se um aumento significativo no risco de desenvolvimento de comorbidades cr&#244;nicas, como DCV, HAS, dislipidemia, RI, DM2 e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica (DHEM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> Psicologicamente, a obesidade est&#225; relacionada &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de emocional, incluindo maior preval&#234;ncia de estresse, sintomas depressivos e baixa autoestima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.1. Transtornos Alimentares e Obesidade</title>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e transtornos alimentares &#233; reconhecidamente bidirecional. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes com obesidade apresentam maior risco de desenvolver transtornos alimentares, em especial bulimia nervosa e transtorno da compuls&#227;o alimentar peri&#243;dica. Esses transtornos, por sua vez, podem agravar as consequ&#234;ncias f&#237;sicas e psicol&#243;gicas j&#225; associadas &#224; obesidade, estabelecendo um ciclo patol&#243;gico de ganho ponderal e comportamentos alimentares desordenados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A <italic>American Academy of Pediatrics</italic> destaca a import&#226;ncia da triagem precoce de comportamentos alimentares desordenados e da implementa&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es oportunas. Tais medidas podem promover significativa melhora nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> Atitudes alimentares disfuncionais identificadas durante a inf&#226;ncia intermedi&#225;ria correlacionam-se com o surgimento de obesidade e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas no futuro, justificando a necessidade de monitoramento precoce e longitudinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.2. Fatores Heredit&#225;rios e Progn&#243;stico dos Transtornos Alimentares</title>
          <p>Diversos fatores gen&#233;ticos e heredit&#225;rios influenciam o risco e o progn&#243;stico dos transtornos alimentares na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> Os principais incluem:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Loci</italic> Gen&#233;ticos e Herdabilidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Estudos apontam <italic>loci</italic> espec&#237;ficos associados &#224; anorexia nervosa (regi&#227;o 1p33&#8211;36) e &#224; bulimia nervosa (10p14), com herdabilidade estimada entre 48% e 74%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Genes Espec&#237;ficos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es em genes como <italic>ESRRA, HDAC4</italic> , <italic>AGRP, GHRL</italic> e <italic>BDNF</italic> t&#234;m sido associadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o do apetite e ao risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hist&#243;rico Familiar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Antecedentes familiares de transtornos alimentares ou dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos elevam significativamente o risco individual, como evidenciado por estudos com g&#234;meos monozig&#243;ticos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Transtornos Psiqui&#225;tricos Com&#243;rbidos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Existe sobreposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica entre os transtornos alimentares e outras condi&#231;&#245;es psiqui&#225;tricas, como transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e depress&#227;o, agravando o curso cl&#237;nico.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Doen&#231;as Autoimunes e Autoinflamat&#243;rias</p>
              <p>Evid&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m apontam que a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as autoimunes no hist&#243;rico familiar pode contribuir para o risco de desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares, sugerindo um poss&#237;vel envolvimento do sistema imunol&#243;gico.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.3. Consequ&#234;ncias Futuras dos Transtornos Alimentares</title>
          <p>Transtornos alimentares que se iniciam na inf&#226;ncia apresentam repercuss&#245;es duradouras. Estudos longitudinais indicam que padr&#245;es alimentares inadequados precoces est&#227;o associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de transtornos diagnostic&#225;veis na adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Por exemplo, a hiperfagia infantil est&#225; ligada ao risco aumentado de compuls&#227;o alimentar e transtorno da compuls&#227;o alimentar peri&#243;dica, enquanto a seletividade alimentar extrema e a subalimenta&#231;&#227;o persistente elevam o risco de anorexia nervosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>As consequ&#234;ncias estendem-se para al&#233;m da adolesc&#234;ncia. Indiv&#237;duos acometidos por transtornos alimentares na juventude apresentam risco elevado de desenvolver transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos, como depress&#227;o, transtornos de ansiedade e abuso de subst&#226;ncias il&#237;citas na fase adulta jovem. Comportamentos autolesivos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o mais prevalentes nesse grupo. Ademais, sintomas alimentares precoces est&#227;o associados a desfechos de peso desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo obesidade ou magreza extrema, e &#224; persist&#234;ncia dos comportamentos alimentares desordenados at&#233; a idade adulta.</p>
          <p>A atua&#231;&#227;o precoce associada a estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, como terapia cognitivo-comportamental, interven&#231;&#245;es familiares e tratamento das comorbidades psiqui&#225;tricas, &#233; fortemente recomendada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.4. Obesidade Infantil e Desfechos Cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>Conforme destacado pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> , crian&#231;as com obesidade severa com frequ&#234;ncia apresentam m&#250;ltiplos FRCV simultaneamente, como hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e RI, desde tenra idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A obesidade infantil tem implica&#231;&#245;es substanciais para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular na vida adulta. Trata-se de um fator fortemente associado ao desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, RI, DM2 e DHEM. Esses fatores persistem e evoluem, elevando a morbimortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A revis&#227;o de Sommer e Twig aponta aumento da incid&#234;ncia de DCV, como IM e AVC, entre aqueles que foram obesos na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> Manter a obesidade desde a inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a idade adulta est&#225; associada a RCV significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos que normalizaram o peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>O cl&#225;ssico <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> demonstrou que essas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas est&#227;o relacionadas ao aumento da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e rigidez arterial, que s&#227;o marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas, como aumento da massa ventricular esquerda e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, s&#227;o comuns nesses indiv&#237;duos e correlacionam-se com piores desfechos cardiovasculares futuros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.5. Transtornos Alimentares e Risco Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Transtornos alimentares iniciados na inf&#226;ncia, como a anorexia nervosa, tamb&#233;m implicam em altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares persistentes. Mesmo ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, indiv&#237;duos podem apresentar rigidez aumentada da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, menor distensibilidade da aorta, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e hiperatividade vagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, atitudes alimentares desadaptativas durante a inf&#226;ncia est&#227;o associadas ao desenvolvimento de obesidade e HAS na adolesc&#234;ncia, ambos FRCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> destaca que crian&#231;as obesas com comportamentos alimentares desordenados tendem a apresentar aumento da massa ventricular esquerda, rigidez arterial e PA elevada, fatores que persistem at&#233; a idade adulta e contribuem para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e outras DCV cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. <italic>Continuum</italic> Cardiometab&#243;lico e Idade Reprodutiva</title>
      <p>O continuum cardiometab&#243;lico refere-se a um processo progressivo de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares interligadas, iniciado frequentemente na inf&#226;ncia. Nas mulheres, as fases da vida reprodutiva &#8211; menarca, gravidez, puerp&#233;rio - e menopausa, influenciam diretamente esse risco. A gesta&#231;&#227;o &#233; um estado fisiol&#243;gico que imp&#245;e profundas altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas, necess&#225;rias para sustentar o crescimento fetal e adaptar o organismo materno &#224;s novas demandas. Entre essas mudan&#231;as, destacam-se o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, expans&#227;o do volume plasm&#225;tico, redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico, maior resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica &#224; insulina, ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e remodelamento vascular. Essas adapta&#231;&#245;es podem descompensar condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;vias ou revelar vulnerabilidades cardiometab&#243;licas latentes, com implica&#231;&#245;es tanto para a sa&#250;de materna imediata quanto para o RCV futuro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Reconhecer essa rela&#231;&#227;o nas diferentes fases da vida da mulher &#233; fundamental para desenvolver estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e rastreamento ao longo da vida.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 7.1</xref> ilustra as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas na gravidez.</p>
      <fig id="f18">
        <label>Figura 7.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas na gravidez.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf18.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1 S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>A SOP &#233; a endocrinopatia reprodutiva mais comum, presente em 6&#8211;10% das mulheres. &#201; fortemente associada a obesidade central, RI, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e dislipidemia (aumento de LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos, redu&#231;&#227;o de HDL-c), assim como a maior risco de HAS e aterosclerose precoce,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> esteatose hep&#225;tica e dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono, com maior incid&#234;ncia de apneia obstrutiva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> </sup> al&#233;m de depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia da SOP &#233; complexa e envolve desregula&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-ovariano, redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de SHBG hep&#225;tica e hiperandrogenismo ovariano funcional, uma disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria das c&#233;lulas da teca do ov&#225;rio, al&#233;m dos elevados n&#237;veis do horm&#244;nio anti-M&#252;lleriano, que exacerba ainda mais a disfun&#231;&#227;o ovariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Atualmente, existem quatro fen&#243;tipos reconhecidos de SOP, cada um com diferentes implica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e de sa&#250;de a longo prazo: 1) hiperandrogenismo + oligoanovula&#231;&#227;o + morfologia de ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico; 2) hiperandrogenismo + oligoanovula&#231;&#227;o; 3) hiperandrogenismo + morfologia de ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico; e 4) oligoanovula&#231;&#227;o + morfologia de ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup> Os fen&#243;tipos com hiperandrogenismo t&#234;m o pior perfil metab&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As principais altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas relacionadas &#224; SOP s&#227;o: obesidade, presente em cerca de 50% dos casos; RI, que ocorre em 60-95% dos casos, levando &#224; intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose em 31-35% dos casos; e DM2 presente em 7,5-20% dos casos.</p>
        <p>A RI desempenha papel central nas complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares. A hiperinsulinemia resultante estimula a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de triglicer&#237;deos e reduz os n&#237;veis de HDL-c, favorecendo o ac&#250;mulo de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. Al&#233;m disso, promove neoglicog&#234;nese, aumentando a quantidade de glicose dispon&#237;vel (disglicemia), reduzindo tamb&#233;m as prote&#237;nas ligadoras dos esteroides sexuais e dos fatores de crescimento insulinoides, o que piora o quadro cl&#237;nico e aumenta o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> Isso leva a n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, que tamb&#233;m aceleram o dano vascular e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A dislipidemia &#233; a anormalidade mais frequente na SOP, apresentando-se geralmente com baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-c e altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de triglicer&#237;deos, podendo tamb&#233;m cursar com aumento de LDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O sobrepeso e a obesidade, presentes em muitas mulheres com SOP, pioram o risco uma vez que o tecido adiposo visceral libera &#225;cidos graxos livres e adipocinas inflamat&#243;rias, exacerbando a RI e a dislipidemia. Al&#233;m disso, a hiperandrogenemia na SOP est&#225; associada a um perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico, com aumento de LDL-c oxidado e redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-c, ampliando o risco de eventos cardiovasculares precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise de 39 revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises publicadas at&#233; 2019 demonstrou que mulheres com SOP apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> Esse risco se manteve quando avaliados AVC e DIC separadamente, mas n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com IC. Observou-se que o risco de eventos cardiovasculares foi maior em mulheres jovens com SOP na idade reprodutiva comparadas a controles normais, mas nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com SOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> Atualmente, a maior parte da terapia &#233; centrada na queixa principal da paciente, na redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de hiperandrogenismo, no restabelecimento da regularidade menstrual e na obten&#231;&#227;o da concep&#231;&#227;o em mulheres.</p>
        <p>A atualiza&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes Internacionais Baseadas em Evid&#234;ncias de 2023 reintegrou o <italic>International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</italic> de 2018, abrangendo uma extensa s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias e recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a SOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> As principais atualiza&#231;&#245;es incluem:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>fortalecimento do reconhecimento de caracter&#237;sticas mais amplas da SOP, incluindo FR metab&#243;licos, DCV, apneia do sono, preval&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas psicol&#243;gicas e o alto risco para resultados adversos durante a gravidez;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#234;nfase na carga diversificada e pouco reconhecida da doen&#231;a e na necessidade de maior educa&#231;&#227;o profissional de sa&#250;de;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#234;nfase mantida no estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, no bem-estar emocional e na melhoria da qualidade de vida;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#234;nfase na terapia m&#233;dica baseada em evid&#234;ncias.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A perda de peso deve ser priorizada precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es da SOP associadas ao aumento do RCV podem ser sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 7.2.</xref> </p>
        <fig id="f19">
          <label>Figura 7.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es da s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos associadas ao aumento do risco cardiovascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf19.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Infertilidade e seu Tratamento</title>
        <p>A infertilidade, definida como a aus&#234;ncia de gravidez cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s 12 meses de rela&#231;&#245;es regulares e desprotegidas, afeta 8-12% dos casais em idade reprodutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref> </sup> As causas femininas incluem disfun&#231;&#245;es ovulat&#243;rias, fatores tub&#225;rios e uterinos, baixa reserva ovariana, obesidade e dist&#250;rbios hormonais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup> As causas mais frequentes s&#227;o endometriose, que &#233; uma patologia inflamat&#243;ria, e SOP, que reconhecidamente causa eleva&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios androg&#234;nicos e SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> </sup> Mulder <italic>et al.</italic> avaliaram mulheres com e sem infertilidade da mesma faixa et&#225;ria e demonstraram que as inf&#233;rteis s&#227;o mais propensas a FR cardiometab&#243;licos espec&#237;ficos, com aumento de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, como obesidade e dislipidemia (colesterol total, LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos), n&#227;o tendo encontrado, entretanto, altera&#231;&#245;es da glicemia de jejum, da RI e da PA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 7.3</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f20">
          <label>Figura 7.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causas frequentes de infertilidade feminina. SOP: s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf20.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A endometriose tem uma preval&#234;ncia de at&#233; 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina e &#233; uma causa frequente de infertilidade, que ser&#225; abordada separadamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>O tratamento para infertilidade tamb&#233;m traz repercuss&#245;es no cardiometabolismo. A estimula&#231;&#227;o ovariana com clomifeno, letrozol e gonadotrofinas pode induzir s&#237;ndrome de hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o ovariana com risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref></sup> A fertiliza&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> leva a maior risco de TEV, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e eventos cardiovasculares em longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, mulheres que engravidam ap&#243;s tratamento para infertilidade apresentam maior risco de DG e dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, como dieta balanceada, atividade f&#237;sica e modifica&#231;&#245;es comportamentais, podem n&#227;o apenas melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular, mas tamb&#233;m aumentar o sucesso no tratamento da infertilidade. A perda de peso em mulheres obesas &#233; recomendada para melhorar a sa&#250;de reprodutiva e reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es durante a gravidez. As evid&#234;ncias de que a perda de peso melhora os desfechos da fertiliza&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> ainda s&#227;o limitadas. O controle do peso, entretanto, &#233; considerado ben&#233;fico para a fertilidade, assim como para o cardiometabolismo como um todo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.3. Modifica&#231;&#245;es do Peso na Gesta&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es de peso durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o intrinsecamente ligadas &#224;s adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e metab&#243;licas que visam atender &#224;s demandas do feto. O monitoramento do GPG &#233; parte importante da consulta pr&#233;-natal e merece aten&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar. O IMC pr&#233;-gestacional e o GPG impactam significativamente os desfechos maternos e infantis, como descrito no cap&#237;tulo 5. Tanto o excesso quanto a insufici&#234;ncia de peso est&#227;o associados a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas para a m&#227;e e o beb&#234;, como parto prematuro e beb&#234;s pequenos para a idade gestacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Pesquisadores brasileiros desenvolveram curvas e recomenda&#231;&#245;es de GPG espec&#237;ficas para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira adotadas pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de a partir de 2022.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Quadro 7.1</xref> mostra a orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre GPG ajustado para o IMC pr&#233;-gestacional em gesta&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica e gemelar e a distribui&#231;&#227;o do ganho fisiol&#243;gico de peso em mulheres com IMC normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Quadro 7.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do ganho fisiol&#243;gico de peso em mulheres com IMC normal (&gt; 18 e &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre ganho de peso gestacional ajustado para o IMC de acordo com Institute of Medicine, LifeCycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group e FEBRASGO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> </sup> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Ganho de Peso</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC (&lt; 18,5 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC (&gt; 18,5 e &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC (&#8805; 25 e &lt; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEBRASGO</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 a 12,2 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,0 a 12 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 a 9 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 a 7 kg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IOM:gesta&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas gesta&#231;&#227;o gemelar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,7 a 18 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,5 a 16 kg <break/> 6,8 a 24,5 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 a 11,5 kg <break/> 14,1 a 22,7 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 a 9 kg <break/> 11,4 a 19,1 kg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lifecycle Project-Maternal Obesity And Childhood Outcomes Study Group</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 a &lt; 16 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 a &lt; 18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 a &lt; 16 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IMC de 30 a 34,9 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: <break/> 2 a &lt; 6 kg <break/> IMC de 35 a 39,9 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: <break/> 0 a &lt; 4kg <break/> IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: <break/> 0 a &lt; 5kg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Distribui&#231;&#227;o do peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Feto: 3,2 a 3,6 kg <break/> Gordura materna: <break/> 2,7 a 3,6 kg <break/> Volume sangu&#237;neo: <break/> 1,4 a 1,8 kg <break/> Volume de l&#237;quido extravascular: 0,9 a 1,4 kg <break/> L&#237;quido amni&#243;tico: 0,9 kg <break/> Mamas: 0,45 a 1,4 kg <break/> Hipertrofia uterina: 0,9 kg <break/> Placenta: 0,7 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; IOM: Institute of Medicine.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3.1. Impacto Materno do Ganho de Peso Gestacional Excessivo</title>
          <p>Quase 50% das mulheres iniciam a gesta&#231;&#227;o com sobrepeso ou obesidade e 51% ganham peso acima do recomendado. No p&#243;s-parto, as mulheres ret&#234;m, em m&#233;dia, de 0,5 kg a 3 kg por gravidez. O sobrepeso e a obesidade no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-concepcional est&#227;o associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fertilidade e atraso na concep&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, aumentam o risco de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es maternas, tais como GPG excessivo, DG, dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo da gesta&#231;&#227;o, cesariana de emerg&#234;ncia, doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas, parto prematuro, &#243;bito fetal e risco futuro de DM e DCV. Estudos indicam que gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade tendem a apresentar n&#237;veis elevados de leptina, colesterol total, LDL-c, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-c), triglicer&#237;deos, glicemia de jejum e insulina, al&#233;m de maior HOMA-IR ( <italic>homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance</italic> ) e PA diast&#243;lica mais elevada no terceiro trimestre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3.2. Impacto Fetal do Ganho de Peso Gestacional Excessivo</title>
          <p>A obesidade materna est&#225; associada a aumento no risco de macrossomia fetal, malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas e morte intrauterina. Al&#233;m disso, a exposi&#231;&#227;o intrauterina a um ambiente hiperglic&#234;mico pode predispor o rec&#233;m-nascido a desenvolver obesidade e SM na vida adulta, devido a altera&#231;&#245;es na programa&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica fetal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Em estudo com 16 milh&#245;es de nascimentos nos EUA, gestantes com IMC saud&#225;vel tiveram as menores taxas de morbidade e mortalidade neonatais, enquanto aquelas com obesidade grau III apresentaram os maiores riscos desses desfechos adversos, independentemente do GPG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 7.4</xref> , est&#227;o descritas as orienta&#231;&#245;es para monitoramento do GPG.</p>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 7.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Orienta&#231;&#245;es para monitoramento do ganho de peso gestacional. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf21.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.4. Disglicemia Gestacional</title>
        <p>A hiperglicemia &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica mais comum da gesta&#231;&#227;o, impulsionada pela epidemia de obesidade, maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e DM2 em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil e gravidezes tardias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup> Na gravidez, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum pela capta&#231;&#227;o fetal e placent&#225;ria de glicose e discreta hiperglicemia p&#243;s-prandial decorrente da a&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios placent&#225;rios diabetog&#234;nicos, mesmo em mulheres com metabolismo normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A disglicemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o &#233; classificada como diabetes pr&#233;-gestacional, diagnosticada na gesta&#231;&#227;o ou DG. O pr&#233;-natal oferece oportunidade de diagn&#243;stico do DM previamente n&#227;o identificado, com base nos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos de glicemia, teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (TOTG) ou HbA1c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup> A forma mais prevalente de hiperglicemia gestacional &#233; o DG, que afeta at&#233; 25% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e &#233; definido como intoler&#226;ncia aos carboidratos iniciada na gesta&#231;&#227;o, sem preencher crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para DM fora desse per&#237;odo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Quadro 7.2</xref> ).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Quadro 7.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para diabetes gestacional e diabetes pr&#233;-gestacional</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Normal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DG</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DM</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia de jejum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 92 mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 92 mg/dl e &lt; 126 mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 126 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia ao acaso</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 200 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TOTG entre 24&#170; e 28&#170; semana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Jejum: &#8805; 92 e &lt; 126 mg/dL <break/> 1&#176; hora &#8805; 180 mg/dL <break/> 2&#176; hora &#8805; 153 e &lt; 200 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2&#176; hora &#8805; 200 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HbA1c</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 5,7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 6,5%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DG: diabetes gestacional; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; TOTG: teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A HbA1c, embora menos sens&#237;vel para diagn&#243;stico de DG, pode identificar risco aumentado quando &#8805; 5,7% no primeiro trimestre, indicando necessidade de triagem precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> A HbA1c &#233; um bom exame para orientar a mulher diab&#233;tica que deseja engravidar e valores &lt; 6% reduzem o risco de malforma&#231;&#245;es fetais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref></sup> Os principais FR para DG s&#227;o idade materna avan&#231;ada, sobrepeso, obesidade, hist&#243;ria familiar de DM, RI, hipertrigliceridemia, hipertens&#227;o, GPG excessivo e DG pr&#233;vio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O DG aumenta o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas e neonatais, como aborto, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, prematuridade, macrossomia, anomalias e morte fetal, hipoglicemia e desconforto respirat&#243;rio neonatal. A adequada interven&#231;&#227;o melhora desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup> Seus efeitos estendem-se ao longo da vida materna, quadruplicando o risco de DM2 e duplicando o risco de eventos cardiovasculares j&#225; na primeira d&#233;cada p&#243;s-parto, aumento que permanece por toda vida, parecendo ser independente do desenvolvimento do DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref></sup> Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao feto, h&#225; maior risco de SM, obesidade, DM e HAS ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>O tratamento inicial baseia-se em orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional e atividade f&#237;sica. Se a glicemia n&#227;o for controlada em at&#233; 14 dias, deve-se iniciar terapia farmacol&#243;gica, obrigat&#243;ria em gestantes com DM1 ou DM2 pr&#233;-gestacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> </sup> Nesses casos, recomenda-se aspirina (100&#8211;150 mg/dia) a partir da 12&#170;-16&#170; semana para preven&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> A insulina &#233; o f&#225;rmaco de escolha por sua efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e baixa transfer&#234;ncia placent&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A automonitoriza&#231;&#227;o glic&#234;mica &#233; fundamental, especialmente p&#243;s-prandial, para ajuste terap&#234;utico, preven&#231;&#227;o de hipoglicemia e menor risco de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> </sup> As metas glic&#234;micas incluem valores pr&#233;-prandiais de 65-95 mg/dL, 1&#170; hora p&#243;s-prandial &lt; 140 mg/dL e 2&#170; hora &lt; 120 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o do DG deve ser iniciada antes da concep&#231;&#227;o, com controle do peso, dieta saud&#225;vel e pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.5. Dislipidemia Gestacional</title>
        <p>Durante a gravidez o organismo materno realiza adapta&#231;&#245;es para ajustar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento fetal. Assim, o aumento dos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios e lipoprote&#237;nas nessa fase &#233; importante. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o estimuladas pelo lactog&#234;nio placent&#225;rio, estrog&#234;nio e progesterona e eleva&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de leptina e insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> O colesterol &#233; essencial para o desenvolvimento embrion&#225;rio e fetal, por ser um componente indispens&#225;vel das membranas celulares e respons&#225;vel por diversas fun&#231;&#245;es de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular. Al&#233;m disso, esse aumento do colesterol &#233; necess&#225;rio para suprir a demanda elevada por esteroides maternos e placent&#225;rios, que se acumulam no corpo da m&#227;e desde a 7&#170; semana, com pico no segundo e terceiro trimestres. No fim da gravidez, lip&#237;dios armazenados servem como reservat&#243;rio para s&#237;ntese de &#225;cidos graxos na placenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> As adapta&#231;&#245;es dos lip&#237;dios &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o consistem em um aumento do colesterol total e do LDL-c em cerca de 30-50% e do HDL-c em 20-40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup> Os triglicer&#237;deos se elevam mais significativamente, atingindo 2 a 4 vezes o valor pr&#233;-gestacional no terceiro trimestre, pois s&#227;o, junto com a glicose, uma das principais fontes de energia fetal. O LDL-c altera n&#227;o s&#243; seus n&#237;veis, mas aumenta as part&#237;culas pequenas e densas, mais aterog&#234;nicas, gerando maior impacto em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia familiar. Esse efeito desfavor&#225;vel &#233; atenuado por n&#237;veis elevados de HDL-c e de apolipoprote&#237;na A-I, que atingem seu pico durante o segundo trimestre e podem oferecer prote&#231;&#227;o contra as fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas aterog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Na gesta&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) aproximadamente dobram, sendo os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pouco compreendidos. As hip&#243;teses incluem influ&#234;ncia do estrog&#234;nio na s&#237;ntese e depura&#231;&#227;o, atua&#231;&#227;o como prote&#237;na de fase aguda frente a les&#227;o endotelial e poss&#237;vel papel no desenvolvimento placent&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos na gesta&#231;&#227;o e a magnitude dessas altera&#231;&#245;es durante a gravidez s&#227;o influenciados por diversos fatores, incluindo n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos pr&#233;-gestacionais, IMC, idade, dieta e etnia.</p>
        <p>A amamenta&#231;&#227;o melhora o perfil lip&#237;dico, com maior redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos do que de HDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.5.1. Impacto da Dislipidemia na Gravidez</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no primeiro trimestre pode prover informa&#231;&#245;es de valor para resultados futuros de curto e longo prazo para a m&#227;e e a crian&#231;a, al&#233;m de identificar grupos de risco espec&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup> A dislipidemia (eleva&#231;&#227;o de apolipoprote&#237;na B, colesterol total, LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos), especialmente no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o, est&#225; associada a desfechos adversos para a m&#227;e e para o rec&#233;m-nascido. Demonstrou-se que um perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico aumenta o risco de les&#227;o endotelial por meio de mecanismos de estresse oxidativo na parede arterial. Os riscos maternos incluem prematuridade, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, HAS, DG, SM e perfis lip&#237;dicos desfavor&#225;veis. Os riscos para os rec&#233;m-nascidos incluem parto prematuro, macrossomia, desenvolvimento de les&#245;es pr&#233;-ateroscler&#243;ticas e perfis lip&#237;dicos desfavor&#225;veis. Mulheres com prematuridade t&#234;m duas vezes mais risco de desenvolverem DCV tardiamente. As placentas exibem altera&#231;&#245;es, como aterosclerose, infarto de vilosidades e trombose. Talvez a abordagem das anormalidades lip&#237;dicas na gravidez possa ajudar a reduzir risco de prematuridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico na gravidez tamb&#233;m foi relacionado com desenvolvimento de SM anos depois, podendo ser usado como marcador precoce de sa&#250;de cardiovascular da mulher, como descrito no cap&#237;tulo 5. Al&#233;m disso, pode prever o perfil lip&#237;dico de crian&#231;as, sendo tamb&#233;m usado como preditor de sa&#250;de de crian&#231;as em longo prazo. Monitorar essa fase pode ser uma janela de oportunidade para iniciar interven&#231;&#227;o precoce e, possivelmente, reduzir RCV na vida futura. Lip&#237;dios aumentados t&#234;m sido associados com faixas de gorduras na aorta e r&#225;pida progress&#227;o de aterosclerose na inf&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da Lp(a), uma prote&#237;na inflamat&#243;ria, pode influenciar negativamente os desfechos gestacionais, aumentando o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es como pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, DM, parto prematuro e baixo peso ao nascer. Essas condi&#231;&#245;es representam risco no curto prazo de morbimortalidade materna e fetal, al&#233;m de estarem associadas a um aumento do RCV a longo prazo, incluindo IM, AVC e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Assim, a triagem lip&#237;dica no primeiro trimestre pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre desfechos de curto e longo prazo para a m&#227;e e o rec&#233;m-nascido, al&#233;m de identificar grupos de risco espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.5.2. Impacto da Gravidez em Pacientes com Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</title>
        <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o autoss&#244;mica semidominante, causada por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes relacionados ao metabolismo lip&#237;dico, resultando em n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c e risco de DIC precoce.</p>
        <p>Mulheres com hipercolesterolemia familiar heterozig&#243;tica apresentam n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-c aproximadamente duas vezes maiores que aquelas sem a condi&#231;&#227;o. Em um estudo noruegu&#234;s, observou-se que, embora o aumento relativo de colesterol total e LDL-c entre a 17&#170; e a 36&#170; semana gestacional fosse semelhante entre os grupos, o aumento absoluto foi significativamente maior nas mulheres com hipercolesterolemia familiar. Os triglicer&#237;deos tamb&#233;m se mostraram mais elevados nesse grupo embora ainda dentro da faixa de normalidade, com padr&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o relativo semelhante. J&#225; os n&#237;veis de HDL-c permaneceram inalterados em ambos os grupos. Apesar de se especular sobre poss&#237;veis efeitos epigen&#233;ticos da exposi&#231;&#227;o fetal a altos n&#237;veis de colesterol, os mecanismos envolvidos permanecem incertos diante de dados ainda conflitantes na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia gestacional e desfechos adversos materno-fetais, as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) restringem-se a uma breve men&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso de estatinas e desencorajam seu uso em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil que pretendem engravidar. O Centro de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as dos Estados Unidos (CDC &#8211; <italic>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</italic> ) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o oferece recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas. A orienta&#231;&#227;o &#233; evitar medicamentos hipolipemiantes durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e a lacta&#231;&#227;o, exceto em casos graves, como hipercolesterolemia familiar, onde se consideram sequestrantes de &#225;cidos biliares (n&#227;o absorvidos) ou af&#233;rese de LDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> A escassez de dados sobre tratamento decorre, em grande parte, da exclus&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de gestantes em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, o que limita o conhecimento sobre a seguran&#231;a de medicamentos hipolipemiantes. Metan&#225;lises e revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas sobre o tema t&#234;m dados controversos e com vieses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.6. Endometriose e Risco Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Foi demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o de endometriose com FR para DCV, como HAS e dislipidemia com perfil aterog&#234;nico, assim como com aumento do risco de TEV, DIC, IC e AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref></sup> A endometriose, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica e estrog&#234;nio-dependente, &#233; a principal causa de dor p&#233;lvica cr&#244;nica em mulheres jovens e uma das principais causas de infertilidade. Est&#225; associada a um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico mediado por subst&#226;ncias, como mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular, IL-1 e IL-6, TNF-&#945; e VEGF, que induzem o aumento do estresse oxidativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com 254.929 participantes revelou que a condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a maior risco de DIC (HR 1,50) e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (HR 1,17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>O espectro completo da patog&#234;nese e fisiopatologia da endometriose &#233; reconhecido como uma condi&#231;&#227;o multifatorial envolvendo processos hormonais, pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, pr&#243;-angiog&#234;nicos, imunol&#243;gicos e gen&#233;ticos. Estudos gen&#233;ticos identificaram variantes associadas a doen&#231;as complexas, como a DIC, ampliando o conhecimento sobre sua fisiopatologia e sugerindo novos alvos terap&#234;uticos, especialmente no metabolismo lip&#237;dico. Al&#233;m de fatores hormonais e inflamat&#243;rios, h&#225; um componente gen&#233;tico relevante, com desregula&#231;&#227;o do inflamossomo, promovendo prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. Esse processo inflamat&#243;rio contribui para um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, favorecendo aterosclerose e sustentando a hip&#243;tese de que endometriose seja um FRCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref> </sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.6.1. Fatores de Risco</title>
            <p>Na endometriose, ocorre uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de FR bem estabelecidos de DCV, como hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia com perfil aterog&#234;nico maior, al&#233;m de aumento do risco de TEV, DIC, IC e AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup> Estudos populacionais indicam associa&#231;&#227;o entre endometriose e HAS, com risco relativo (RR) de 1,14 para HAS em mulheres com endometriose e RR de 1,29 para endometriose em hipertensas, sugerindo media&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria comum. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia, dados do <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study II</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup> demonstraram risco 25% maior de hipercolesterolemia entre mulheres com endometriose, al&#233;m de maior preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em mulheres com perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico. Altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo de fosfolip&#237;dios e esfingolip&#237;dios desempenham papel relevante na fisiopatologia.</p>
            <p>Embora os dados sobre tabagismo, diabetes e polui&#231;&#227;o sejam inconclusivos, uma metan&#225;lise recente apontou risco aumentado de 23% para DCV e 13% para hipertens&#227;o em mulheres com endometriose. Tamb&#233;m foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos coronarianos (RR 1,62), apesar da heterogeneidade metodol&#243;gica entre os estudos. Histerectomia antes dos 50 anos, com ou sem ooforectomia, foi correlacionada a maior risco de DIC, possivelmente devido a um perfil cardiometab&#243;lico adverso. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento hormonal para endometriose pode impactar negativamente o RCV por efeitos sobre peso e metabolismo lip&#237;dico. Estilo de vida e fatores comportamentais, como sedentarismo e dieta inadequada, contribuem para a interrela&#231;&#227;o entre endometriose e DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Torna-se premente o reconhecimento da endometriose como potencial FR para DCV para que, a partir disso, sejam abordadas estrat&#233;gias de mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida e interven&#231;&#227;o precoce, visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o do RCV nessas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref> </sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 7.5</xref> descreve os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e as DCV associadas com endometriose.</p>
            <fig id="f22">
              <label>Figura 7.5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares associadas com endometriose. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ROS: esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio; VEGF: fator de crescimento endotelial vascular; ICAM: mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral; IL-1: interleucina-1; IL-6: interleucina-6.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf22.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.7. Psor&#237;ase</title>
          <p>A psor&#237;ase &#233; tradicionalmente conhecida por causar placas inflamat&#243;rias na pele. Evid&#234;ncias crescentes, entretanto, mostram que se trata de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica sist&#234;mica associada a diversas comorbidades cardiovasculares, como obesidade, SM e DCV, doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, arritmias card&#237;acas, apneia do sono, dentre outras. Embora a fisiopatologia ainda n&#227;o esteja totalmente esclarecida, acredita-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica da psor&#237;ase se relacione a estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, com participa&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, como TNF-&#945;, IL-6, leptina e outras adipocinas.</p>
          <p>O estudo das enfermeiras americanas demonstrou, entre aquelas com psor&#237;ase, risco aumentado de desenvolver DM (RR 1,63) e HAS (RR 1,17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref></sup> Recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o de psor&#237;ase e DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.8. Dist&#250;rbios Hipertensivos da Gesta&#231;&#227;o e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial ap&#243;s a Menopausa</title>
          <p>Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o afetam at&#233; 10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e representam importantes preditores de RCV ao longo da vida, sendo identificados como FR exclusivo do sexo feminino. Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que mulheres com hist&#243;rico de dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es persistentes na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mesmo d&#233;cadas ap&#243;s a gesta&#231;&#227;o, contribuindo para maior risco de DCV na p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup> Em todos os temas abordados nas outras sess&#245;es, j&#225; observamos o grande impacto na sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica futura das mulheres que apresentaram dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, caracterizada por redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de ON e aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos, &#233; um evento precoce na aterog&#234;nese. Estudos longitudinais demonstraram que mulheres com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de endotelina-1, disfun&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida anos ap&#243;s o parto. Esse impacto parece amplificar-se ap&#243;s a menopausa, com piora do perfil cardiometab&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, biomarcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial, como VCAM-1 (mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o celular vascular) e E-selectina, permanecem elevados no p&#243;s-parto tardio, sugerindo inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau. A interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce da exposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica, comum em mulheres com parto prematuro por pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, tamb&#233;m pode antecipar a perda da prote&#231;&#227;o vasculog&#234;nica hormonal. A inclus&#227;o do hist&#243;rico obst&#233;trico na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de RCV &#233; fundamental para estrat&#233;gias preventivas individualizadas, especialmente no climat&#233;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Portanto, a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia deve ser considerada n&#227;o apenas uma complica&#231;&#227;o gestacional isolada, mas um marcador de suscetibilidade vascular feminina ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup> A recente diretriz da ESC aponta para os fatores espec&#237;ficos por sexo como potenciais reclassificadores de RCV para uma categoria de risco mais elevado. Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o devem ser considerados na estratifica&#231;&#227;o individualizada de RCV, embora poucos tenham demonstrado melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o ou a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de risco al&#233;m dos fatores tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>O principal nessas mulheres &#233; intensificar a abordagem dos oito pilares da preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular precocemente desde o p&#243;s-parto, como o controle de PA, glicemia, dislipidemia e peso, incentivar atividade f&#237;sica, qualidade do sono, interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.9. Altera&#231;&#245;es Metab&#243;licas no Per&#237;odo P&#243;s-parto</title>
          <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve um significativo avan&#231;o nos protocolos de assist&#234;ncia &#224; gravidez e ao parto. No entanto, o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto continua sendo negligenciado, apesar de sua import&#226;ncia cr&#237;tica para a sa&#250;de materna a longo prazo. Nessa fase, as mulheres enfrentam mudan&#231;as significativas, tanto na recupera&#231;&#227;o do aparelho reprodutivo quanto nos aspectos metab&#243;licos, end&#243;crinos e nutricional.</p>
          <p>Uma das mudan&#231;as mais evidentes &#233; a varia&#231;&#227;o no peso corporal. Em m&#233;dia, a perda de peso ocorre a uma taxa de 0,6-0,8 kg/m&#234;s nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s o parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref></sup> Entretanto, muitas mulheres ret&#234;m ou at&#233; ganham peso, o que pode levar a obesidade e aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas. A reten&#231;&#227;o de peso ap&#243;s o parto tem implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular, como ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 7.4.</xref> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.9.1. Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico no P&#243;s-parto</title>
            <p>Estudos recentes indicam que fatores como ra&#231;a/etnia, condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica e hist&#243;rico de DG s&#227;o fortes preditores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico no p&#243;s-parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> </sup> Para minimizar esses riscos algumas estrat&#233;gias devem ser consideradas:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Lacta&#231;&#227;o</bold>:  a amamenta&#231;&#227;o atua como fator protetor contra a obesidade materna, auxiliando no metabolismo lip&#237;dico por meio da lip&#243;lise hep&#225;tica e da a&#231;&#227;o combinada da prolactina e da insulina;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Dieta</bold>:  a alimenta&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-parto deve focar na redu&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica e na qualidade nutricional. Recomenda-se um adicional de 500 kcal/dia nos primeiros seis meses e 400 kcal nos meses subsequentes para garantir um equil&#237;brio metab&#243;lico adequado;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>:  O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhora a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, preserva a massa magra e auxilia na perda de peso, reduzindo o risco metab&#243;lico;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Sono</bold>:  A priva&#231;&#227;o de sono (&lt; 5 horas/dia) tem impacto negativo no metabolismo da glicose e favorece a obesidade e a RI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.9.2. Impacto de Diabetes Gestacional e Dislipidemia no P&#243;s-parto</title>
            <p>A reten&#231;&#227;o excessiva de peso no p&#243;s-parto est&#225; associada a maior risco de dislipidemia e RI. Mulheres com hist&#243;rico de DG t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentar dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos no p&#243;s-parto, incluindo hiperinsulinemia e hipertrigliceridemia. Esses efeitos parecem ser influenciados pelo IMC e pela idade gestacional em que surgiram as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Estudos mostram que, mesmo anos ap&#243;s o parto, mulheres com DG mant&#234;m n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total e LDL-C, independentemente de outros FRCV tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref></sup> Essas mulheres tendem a apresentar n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos e LDL-c, independentemente do IMC at&#233; meses ap&#243;s o parto. A RI e a hiperglicemia na gesta&#231;&#227;o contribuem para persist&#234;ncia da dislipidemia no p&#243;s-parto, impactando a sa&#250;de cardiovascular a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.9.3. Prolactina e Metabolismo no P&#243;s-parto</title>
            <p>Al&#233;m de sua fun&#231;&#227;o na lacta&#231;&#227;o, a prolactina exerce um papel relevante no metabolismo materno. Embora a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de prolactina e o DG ainda n&#227;o esteja totalmente esclarecida, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que, no p&#243;s-parto, em especial durante a lacta&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;veis elevados de prolactina estejam associados a menores n&#237;veis de insulina circulante, maior fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas beta e aumento da sensibilidade &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>O sobrepeso e a obesidade materna, o GPG excessivo e sua reten&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-parto s&#227;o FR bem estabelecidos para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas. Nesse contexto, o p&#243;s-parto deve ser visto como uma janela de oportunidades para interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas, enfatizando-se uma dieta equilibrada e de qualidade, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular, controle do peso corporal, sono adequado e amamenta&#231;&#227;o. A ado&#231;&#227;o dessas estrat&#233;gias pode contribuir para a preserva&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de cardiovascular materna e a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos ao longo da vida.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Transi&#231;&#227;o Menopausal, Menopausa e P&#243;s-Menopausa e Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica</title>
      <p>Os dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, como o DM2 e as DCV com seus fatores associados, como obesidade, RI, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade e carga de doen&#231;as em ambos os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> No entanto, homens e mulheres vivenciam trajet&#243;rias diferentes de risco cardiometab&#243;lico ao longo da vida influenciadas pelas flutua&#231;&#245;es hormonais. A fase reprodutiva das mulheres constitui-se em uma janela de oportunidade para preven&#231;&#227;o e abordagem dos FRCV e dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos que ser&#227;o magnificados na transi&#231;&#227;o para a menopausa, durante a menopausa e no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis end&#243;genos de estradiol durante a transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa foi associada a um risco aumentado de problemas de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica, incluindo adiposidade abdominal, dislipidemia, DM2 e hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Em geral, o &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo menstrual acontece em 90% das mulheres entre 45 anos e 55 anos de idade e, de forma paralela, o RCV aumenta na quinta d&#233;cada de vida, 10 anos ap&#243;s o que se observa no sexo masculino. A idade do in&#237;cio da menopausa parece n&#227;o ser apenas um marcador do envelhecimento reprodutivo, com o decl&#237;nio do estrog&#234;nio, mas tamb&#233;m do aumento das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A menopausa antes dos 40 anos &#233; considerada prematura, hoje denominada insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura, sendo sua preval&#234;ncia de cerca de 1%. Quando acontece entre 40 anos e 45 anos, a menopausa &#233; classificada como precoce, atingindo cerca de 7,3% das mulheres. As evid&#234;ncias demonstram que as mulheres com menopausa prematura natural ou cir&#250;rgica t&#234;m maior chance de desenvolvimento de DCV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 8.1</xref> ). No estudo de Honigberg <italic>et al</italic> ., que avaliou 144.260 mulheres, a menopausa prematura natural foi associada de forma independente a estenose a&#243;rtica, TEV, AVC isqu&#234;mico, DIC e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. J&#225; a menopausa cir&#250;rgica foi relacionada principalmente a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, tromboembolismo pulmonar, IC e DIC. A idade mais jovem na menopausa permaneceu independentemente associada ao tempo at&#233; o primeiro diagn&#243;stico de DCV incidente (HR, 1,02/ano de idade precoce na menopausa [IC 95%, 1,01&#8211;1,03]; p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> </p>
      <fig id="f23">
        <label>Figura 8.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Conceitua&#231;&#227;o de menopausa e aumento do risco cardiovascular. RCV: risco cardiovascular; IOP: insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf23.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura na menopausa prematura e menopausa precoce apresentam risco substancialmente maior de um evento cardiovascular n&#227;o fatal, em especial de DIC e AVC antes dos 60 anos, possivelmente relacionados aos n&#237;veis baixos de estrog&#234;nios que est&#227;o vinculados &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Um estudo que reuniu dados individuais de 301.438 mulheres em cinco pa&#237;ses relatou um risco 30% maior de DCV em mulheres com menopausa precoce do que em mulheres que entraram na menopausa aos 50&#8211;51 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A literatura descreve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da idade precoce na menopausa natural com o risco de mortalidade por causas gerais e cardiovasculares, enquanto a idade mais avan&#231;ada gera expectativa de vida mais longa, maior densidade mineral &#243;ssea e menor risco de fraturas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref> </sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Gravidade dos Sintomas e suas Implica&#231;&#245;es na Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular</title>
        <p>A gravidade das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas na transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres. S&#227;o caracterizadas principalmente por SVM, suores noturnos, queixas neurol&#243;gicas como dist&#250;rbios de sono, humor, cogni&#231;&#227;o e mem&#243;ria, bem como altera&#231;&#245;es das fun&#231;&#245;es geniturin&#225;rias e sexuais. Prejudicam a qualidade de vida, produtividade, sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Os SVM constituem as principais queixas, acometendo at&#233; 80% das mulheres durante a transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa, com pico em torno do per&#237;odo menstrual final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup> Foram associados &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA e ao aumento do risco de DCV, como AVC e DIC. Os principais fatores causais envolvidos incluem desregula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica com exacerba&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, interrup&#231;&#227;o do sono, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e maior aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> </sup> As evid&#234;ncias sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o de in&#237;cio precoce, dura&#231;&#227;o e gravidade dos SVM com o risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup> Os dist&#250;rbios do sono, por sua vez, s&#227;o relatados por 40% a 60% das mulheres na menopausa, interferindo negativamente na qualidade de vida, bem como na sa&#250;de mental e f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura e menopausa precoce ou prematura, bem como da gravidade dos sintomas, &#233; fundamental para reconhecer o aumento do RCV em mulheres de meia-idade. Essa abordagem permite avaliar a janela terap&#234;utica para a reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal e intensificar modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, otimizando o controle de outros fatores importantes para a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, como PA, colesterol, glicemia, peso corporal, qualidade do sono, estresse mental, aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular e Menopausa</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um dos principais FRCV em mulheres e tem associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte que em homens com o risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup> Globalmente, estima-se que a taxa de controle da PA seja de 23% em mulheres com HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup> Com o envelhecimento e ap&#243;s a menopausa, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumenta e a taxa de controle da PA diminui.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup> Fatores como estilo de vida e dieta desfavor&#225;veis, obesidade e envelhecimento contribuem para o aumento da PA, assim como caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas &#224; menarca, reprodu&#231;&#227;o e menopausa.</p>
        <p>Concomitante com a menopausa, observa-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio e de andr&#243;genos circulantes. Ocorre desregula&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o e maior sensibilidade ao s&#243;dio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> </sup> Isso leva a um r&#225;pido e acentuado aumento da PA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref></sup> alta preval&#234;ncia de HAS na p&#243;s-menopausa, com consequente aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, como IAM, ICFEp, AVC, d&#233;ficit cognitivo e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, em geral com PA sist&#243;lica 10 mmHg menor que em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup> Mais ainda, as mulheres com HAS cursam mais frequentemente com DRC, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e disfun&#231;&#227;o de microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Na abordagem da HAS, o monitoramento da PA fora do consult&#243;rio &#233; importante devido &#224; alta incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o do avental branco e hipertens&#227;o mascarada. Entre as medidas n&#227;o medicamentosas, destaca-se a restri&#231;&#227;o de sal. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico reduz a PA e a rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup> Para o tratamento medicamentoso, n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de classes de anti-hipertensivos para mulheres na menopausa. Eventos adversos podem ser mais frequentes em mulheres, provavelmente relacionados &#224;s propriedades farmacocin&#233;ticas e farmacodin&#226;micas dos anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos lip&#237;dios, estudos mostraram que, em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-c s&#227;o maiores e as taxas de tratamento e controle da dislipidemia mais baixas do que em homens da mesma idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref> </sup> Os n&#237;veis de HDL-c s&#227;o menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup> Estudos indicam que a fun&#231;&#227;o antiaterog&#234;nica do HDL-c pode estar comprometida e, nesse caso, n&#237;veis elevados de HDL-c podem se associar a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) tende a aumentar durante a menopausa e n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) s&#227;o mais comuns em mulheres do que em homens ap&#243;s os 50 anos, agravando o risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Essas particularidades no comportamento da PA e nos dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos sugerem que as diretrizes existentes para o manejo dessas condi&#231;&#245;es podem ser inadequadas para atender &#224;s necessidades espec&#237;ficas das mulheres. Portanto, interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas, incluindo medidas n&#227;o medicamentosas e medicamentosas, s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar o cuidado cardiovascular em mulheres na menopausa. Vale lembrar que as mulheres s&#227;o sub-representadas em estudos cl&#237;nicos, o que determina escassez de informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas robustas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Na menopausa, o decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana resulta em um impacto significativo n&#227;o apenas sobre a PA, mas tamb&#233;m sobre outros FR cardiometab&#243;licos, incluindo ganho de peso, adiposidade central, perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico e aumento da glicemia associado &#224; RI, um conjunto que constitui amea&#231;a significativa &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular da mulher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Fatores, como ra&#231;a/etnia, fatores reprodutivos, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, estilo de vida, gen&#233;tica e sa&#250;de cardiovascular pr&#233;-menopausa, podem afetar a menopausa natural e est&#227;o associados ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Em um estudo de coorte incluindo 3.639 mulheres holandesas menopausadas naturalmente, aquelas que vivenciaram menopausa natural precoce apresentaram um risco 2,4 vezes maior de DM2 em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com in&#237;cio tardio da menopausa, viveram menos e passaram menos anos sem DM2 do que mulheres que vivenciaram menopausa normal ou tardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Por outro lado, um estudo envolvendo 177.131 mulheres de quatro pa&#237;ses diferentes constatou que aquelas com um evento cardiovascular antes dos 35 anos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres sem DCV, apresentaram risco duas vezes maior de menopausa precoce, levantando a hip&#243;tese de que as associa&#231;&#245;es podem ser bidirecionais. Desse modo, um pior perfil de sa&#250;de cardiovascular na pr&#233;-menopausa pode influenciar o in&#237;cio da menopausa natural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A menopausa &#233; acompanhada por diversas adapta&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, relacionadas &#224; RI, ao aumento da massa gorda corporal total e ao ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal central, predispondo as mulheres ao desenvolvimento de DM2. A SM tem alta preval&#234;ncia em mulheres menopausadas, indicando a perda da prote&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica na sa&#250;de metab&#243;lica e cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, menopausa precoce foi relacionada ao aumento do risco de DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, a alta exposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, como em caso de gravidez, foi associada a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas adversas (hiperglicemia ou aumento da PA) que poderiam impactar o risco de desenvolver DM2 e HAS mais tarde na vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Fatores ambientais e relacionados ao estilo de vida, incluindo dieta, consumo de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica, sobrepeso e obesidade, tabagismo, exposi&#231;&#227;o a t&#243;xicos ambientais, fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, psicol&#243;gicos e sociocognitivos, entre outros, est&#227;o associados tanto ao risco de menopausa natural precoce quanto ao risco de doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica. Fatores ambientais e relacionados ao estilo de vida podem desencadear mecanismos subjacentes &#224; doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica associada &#224; menopausa, incluindo sua influ&#234;ncia na metila&#231;&#227;o do DNA e na express&#227;o g&#234;nica, indu&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau e estresse oxidativo, interferindo possivelmente na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o relacionada aos horm&#244;nios na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal da Menopausa, Implantes Hormonais e Impacto Cardiometab&#243;lico</title>
        <p>A THM &#233; utilizada como a interven&#231;&#227;o mais efetiva para aliviar os sintomas da menopausa oferecendo benef&#237;cios significativos, ainda que n&#227;o possa ser empregada para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica. Com a administra&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio e, em alguns casos, progesterona, a THM busca aliviar os sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida. A THM pode ser administrada de diversas formas, incluindo comprimidos, adesivos, g&#233;is ou spray. Fatores como in&#237;cio e momento da terapia, dura&#231;&#227;o, dose e via de administra&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o determinantes de seus benef&#237;cios e malef&#237;cios. A escolha do tipo de THM depende de v&#225;rios fatores, como riscos associados, indica&#231;&#245;es e contraindica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>O in&#237;cio da THM durante os primeiros dez anos da menopausa acarreta mais seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, resultando em um menor risco absoluto de TEV, DCV e AVC nos primeiros anos da menopausa, devendo ser administrada pelo menor prazo e com a menor dose, tendo a via transd&#233;rmica menos efeitos metab&#243;licos. As prepara&#231;&#245;es orais de THM em mulheres com risco tromboemb&#243;lico basal podem aumentar o risco de TEV e AVC de forma dose-dependente; por outro lado, o estradiol transd&#233;rmico (isoladamente ou com progesterona micronizada) &#233; considerado mais seguro. A via vaginal pode ser uma abordagem complementar, indicada apenas para tratamento dos sintomas geniturin&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados sugeriram que a THM poderia reduzir a RI e a incid&#234;ncia de DM2, melhorar o metabolismo da glicose, aumentar a supress&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de glicose, tendo as prepara&#231;&#245;es orais maior potencial para melhorar o metabolismo da glicose e diminuir o risco de desenvolver DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> </sup> O 17&#946;-estradiol oral geralmente &#233; preferido em mulheres com DM2, pois essa via apresenta efeitos mais ben&#233;ficos no metabolismo da glicose. Estrog&#234;nios orais tamb&#233;m s&#227;o sugeridos em mulheres na perimenopausa ou recentemente menopausadas com baixo risco de DCV. Progesterona micronizada ou didrogesterona por via oral e noretisterona oral ou transd&#233;rmica s&#227;o os progestag&#234;nios mais usados em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com DM2 e &#250;tero intacto. A administra&#231;&#227;o de THM em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com DM2 pode ser segura e eficaz, desde que o regime terap&#234;utico tenha sido adequadamente selecionado. No entanto, o uso da THM n&#227;o &#233; recomendado para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de DM2 ou dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona n&#227;o est&#225; indicada para a melhora de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica ou musculoesquel&#233;tica, SVM ou altera&#231;&#245;es de humor. N&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis estudos robustos suficientes sobre o impacto dos andr&#243;genos na sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica. Tamb&#233;m existem poucos estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre implantes hormonais para uso em THM, sendo, em sua maioria, sobre implantes de testosterona. Esses estudos apresentam casu&#237;stica pequena e/ou metodologia com baixo grau de evid&#234;ncia (estudos retrospectivos ou observacionais), o que n&#227;o permite conhecer os efeitos cardiometab&#243;licos desses implantes, nem o risco de c&#226;ncer de mama e de endom&#233;trio, n&#227;o sendo, portanto, recomendados para uso na THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4. Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico na Menopausa</title>
        <p>Durante a menopausa e no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa, h&#225; uma queda abrupta nos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio, horm&#244;nio fundamental para a prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular feminina. Entre outras altera&#231;&#245;es, essa defici&#234;ncia hormonal promove: aumento de LDL-c, colesterol total, apolipoprote&#237;na B e triglicer&#237;deos; disfuncionalidade do HDL-c, com redu&#231;&#227;o de sua capacidade de promover efluxo de colesterol, levando a perda de parte de sua prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular; intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e aumento do risco de DM2; ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral e dep&#243;sitos ect&#243;picos no f&#237;gado e cora&#231;&#227;o, exacerbando a inflama&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica; e aumento simult&#226;neo de obesidade abdominal, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e hiperglicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Nos Estados Unidos, entre 2013 e 2017, observou-se um aumento de 7% nas taxas de DCV entre mulheres de meia-idade, atribu&#237;do principalmente ao crescimento da obesidade e da preval&#234;ncia de FR cardiometab&#243;lico. Notavelmente, mulheres com hist&#243;rico de DM2, HAS e tabagismo apresentam risco relativo significativamente maior para DCV em compara&#231;&#227;o a homens com os mesmos FRCV. Em especial, o DM2 aumenta o RCV em 3 a 7 vezes nas mulheres, contra 2 a 3 vezes nos homens, possivelmente devido a um IMC mais elevado, maior inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, controle glic&#234;mico mais deficiente e maior carga de FR no momento do diagn&#243;stico feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A perda estrog&#234;nica tamb&#233;m afeta a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a integridade vascular com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que promove a redu&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo, rigidez arterial aumentada refletida pelo aumento da velocidade da onda de pulso, espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea, que &#233; um marcador de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, aumento do escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (CAC) e presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial mam&#225;ria. O CAC obtido por tomografia sem contraste &#233; atualmente reconhecido como um marcador robusto da carga ateroscler&#243;tica e importante preditor de risco de DIC, reclassificando o RCV aferido pelos FR tradicionais. Estudos demonstram que, embora mulheres tenham menos calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana do que homens da mesma idade, a presen&#231;a ou o aumento do CAC associa-se a risco relativo maior em mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, mesmo em mulheres consideradas de "baixo risco" pelo escore de Framingham, um CAC detect&#225;vel (&gt;0) aumenta em at&#233; cinco vezes o RCV. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial mam&#225;ria detectada incidentalmente em mamografias tamb&#233;m emerge como marcador independente de risco para DCV, com risco aumentado de 2,4 vezes. Sua detec&#231;&#227;o justifica, em muitos casos, a intensifica&#231;&#227;o do rastreio de FR e a avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar com CAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os biomarcadores t&#234;m papel relevante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiometab&#243;lico nas mulheres no per&#237;odo de transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa, na menopausa e na p&#243;s-menopausa. Dentre os biomarcadores destacamos: PCR-us que &#233; um preditor independente de RCV (geralmente acima de 3 mg/L ou 0,3 mg/dL), mesmo em mulheres com n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos normais, integrando o Reynolds Risk Score; n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglicer&#237;deos (&#8805; 175 mg/dL), Lp(a) (&#8805; 50 mg/dL ou &#8805; 125 nmol/L) e apolipoprote&#237;na B elevados (&#8805; 130 mg/dL), que s&#227;o fatores agravantes; e as troponinas de alta sensibilidade e pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, que possuem valor progn&#243;stico para eventos cardiovasculares futuros, embora ainda n&#227;o recomendados rotineiramente pelas diretrizes da ACC/AHA para rastreio populacional de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Antes de iniciar a THM, &#233; essencial considerar o RCV total da paciente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial inclui: perfil lip&#237;dico completo (colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos), glicemia de jejum, HbA1c e mamografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> Na aus&#234;ncia de escores espec&#237;ficos na perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa, utilizam-se os escores tradicionais, podendo ser refinados pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de FR potencializadores e marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Pacientes com DM2, DRC, hipercolesterolemia familiar ou HAS grave s&#227;o consideradas automaticamente de alto ou muito alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> </sup> Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial atrav&#233;s do escore de RCV &#233; importante para definir se a THM poder&#225; ser prescrita e a melhor via de administra&#231;&#227;o, visto que, nos casos de RCV moderado, deve-se optar preferencialmente pela via transd&#233;rmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Fatores como idade do in&#237;cio da menopausa, estresse, ansiedade, depress&#227;o e qualidade do sono precisam ser considerados para a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV, embora sua mensura&#231;&#227;o possa ser comprometida pelos sintomas pr&#243;prios da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, o sedentarismo na p&#243;s-menopausa leva a pior condicionamento f&#237;sico e menor controle cardiometab&#243;lico, al&#233;m de maior incid&#234;ncia de fraturas e de mortalidade. O tabagismo aumenta o risco de menopausa precoce e a probabilidade de DCV, AVC, osteoporose, DM2 e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Deve-se buscar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV, seguida de aconselhamento diet&#233;tico e de estilo de vida. O manejo dos FR cardiometab&#243;lico na menopausa deve sempre ser individualizado, com foco em hipertens&#227;o, DM2 e dislipidemia. A THM, quando prescrita para o controle dos sintomas da menopausa ou para a preven&#231;&#227;o da osteoporose, tamb&#233;m pode ter um efeito ben&#233;fico, ainda que indireto, sobre os FR cardiometab&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Dist&#250;rbios Cardiometab&#243;licos nas Mulheres</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de DM2 e obesidade vem aumentando consideravelmente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Proje&#231;&#245;es indicam que haver&#225; mais de 600 milh&#245;es de pessoas com DM2 em 2045.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup> Obesidade e DM2 s&#227;o associados a diversos outros dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos. Embora ambos os sexos sejam afetados por obesidade e DM2, alguns estudos indicam diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres quanto a sua preval&#234;ncia, diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e complica&#231;&#245;es. As evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sobre essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o implicam em recomenda&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e diagn&#243;sticas espec&#237;ficas por sexo. No entanto, sua adequada compreens&#227;o &#233; importante no manuseio cl&#237;nico das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B253">253</xref> </sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1. Obesidade e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; causa direta ou contribui para o desenvolvimento de diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como DM2, DHEM, apneia do sono, doen&#231;as articulares, v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer, HAS e IC, al&#233;m de aumentar o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B254">254</xref></sup> O aumento de mortalidade cardiovascular est&#225; associado a obesidade de forma independente, mesmo nos indiv&#237;duos sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref></sup> O peso corporal &#233; mantido por um balan&#231;o entre a energia ingerida e a gasta pelo indiv&#237;duo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B256">256</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B257">257</xref> </sup> e, quando o balan&#231;o resulta em excesso de energia, essa &#233; armazenada sob forma de gordura em c&#233;lulas adiposas, usualmente no tecido subcut&#226;neo. Existem fatores que limitam o dep&#243;sito fisiol&#243;gico de gordura e essa come&#231;a a se acumular em outros tecidos, como f&#237;gado, p&#226;ncreas, rins, m&#250;sculos e tecido epic&#225;rdico, de forma ect&#243;pica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B258">258</xref></sup> A obesidade tem uma forte carga gen&#233;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref> </sup> e influ&#234;ncia dos h&#225;bitos de vida; sua preval&#234;ncia, por&#233;m, vem aumentando mundialmente em homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B261">261</xref></sup> No Brasil, dados do VIGITEL de 2023 apontam uma preval&#234;ncia de 24,8% em mulheres e 23,8% em homens<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref></sup> e, se considerados indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso, 59,6% das mulheres e 63,4% dos homens apresentam essa condi&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Figura 9.1</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f24">
          <label>Figura 9.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Obesidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias cardiometab&#243;licas na mulher.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf24.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Mulheres usualmente t&#234;m maior percentual de gordura corporal e tend&#234;ncia de ac&#250;mulo da gordura no tecido subcut&#226;neo dos membros inferiores, enquanto homens apresentam maiores quantidades de gordura visceral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B263">263</xref></sup> Essas diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal s&#227;o associadas aos horm&#244;nios sexuais e variam ao longo da vida reprodutiva da mulher. Assim, mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa apresentam redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, com aumento de gordura visceral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B264">264</xref></sup> O RCV acompanha essas diferen&#231;as hormonais e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, ou seja, a prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular classicamente apresentada pelas mulheres durante a menacme desaparece na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, o ganho de peso nas gesta&#231;&#245;es e sua manuten&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-parto s&#227;o um importante FR para a presen&#231;a de obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref></sup> A SOP est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a de obesidade, de aumento da RI, assim como dos outros componentes da SM.</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de obesidade pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o IMC, independentemente do g&#234;nero, sendo ainda subdividida em grau 1 (IMC: 30,0&#8211;34,99 kg/m&#178;), grau 2 (IMC: 35,0&#8211;39,99 kg/m&#178;) e grau 3 (IMC acima de 40,0 kg/m&#178;). Recentemente uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico e estadiamento da obesidade foi proposta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref></sup> dividindo-a em pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica e cl&#237;nica e considerando o IMC um m&#233;todo inadequado para seu diagn&#243;stico de forma isolada. Entretanto, essa n&#227;o foi totalmente aceita pelas sociedades cient&#237;ficas. No nosso entendimento, o IMC &#233; adequado para o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade em indiv&#237;duos com IMC acima de 30 kgm/m&#178;. Naqueles com IMC mais baixo (abaixo de 30 ou at&#233; mesmo abaixo de 25 kg/m&#178;), por&#233;m, pode ocorrer excesso de adiposidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas. Nesses casos &#233; mais importante o uso de outras ferramentas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do excesso de gordura como as medidas simples da cintura e as raz&#245;es cintura/quadril e cintura/estatura, como descrito no cap&#237;tulo 5. As medidas de cintura variam entre homens e mulheres, sendo 88 cm o ponto de corte de cintura para mulheres no Brasil. O ponto de corte da RCQ &#233; 0,85 para mulheres e o da RCE &#233; 0,5, sendo esse &#250;ltimo similar para homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref></sup> Outra forma mais precisa da medida de adiposidade &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal por bioimped&#226;ncia ou DEXA ( <italic>dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry</italic> &#8211; absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia), mas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos que comprovem que seu uso sistematizado altere a conduta e traga benef&#237;cios mensur&#225;veis no manejo dos pacientes com obesidade. As medidas antropom&#233;tricas abordadas no cap&#237;tulo 5 s&#227;o importantes para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico do excesso de adiposidade corporal e estudar a gravidade da doen&#231;a, al&#233;m de serem par&#226;metros de resposta ao tratamento institu&#237;do.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.2. Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> Tipo 2</title>
        <p>Existem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos no que se refere ao diagn&#243;stico e &#224; epidemiologia do DM2, que podem refletir fatores biol&#243;gicos, sociais e comportamentais. Em geral, homens s&#227;o diagnosticados mais precocemente e com menores valores de IMC, enquanto mulheres tendem a desenvolver a doen&#231;a mais tardiamente, com frequ&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a menopausa, quando a prote&#231;&#227;o hormonal dos estrog&#234;nios diminui.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as mulheres podem permanecer mais tempo com hiperglicemia subdiagnosticada devido a padr&#245;es distintos de sintomas e menor sensibilidade de alguns crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, como a glicemia de jejum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B278">278</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DM2 foi estimada em 8,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial em 2017, sendo ligeiramente maior em homens do que em mulheres (9,1% <italic>versus</italic> 8,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup> Apesar dessa diferen&#231;a, as mulheres com DM2 apresentam maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, como doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, e mortalidade precoce, o que pode estar relacionado a desigualdades no acesso a diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B279">279</xref></sup> Fatores socioecon&#244;micos e culturais tamb&#233;m influenciam essas disparidades, afetando o rastreamento e a busca por atendimento em mulheres de diferentes regi&#245;es. Assim, compreender as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos no diagn&#243;stico e na preval&#234;ncia do DM2 &#233; essencial para implementar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e cuidado mais equitativas e eficazes.</p>
        <p>Diferen&#231;as na fisiopatologia do DM2 envolvendo fatores hormonais, gen&#233;ticos e metab&#243;licos influenciam a susceptibilidade &#224; doen&#231;a e sua progress&#227;o. Em geral, mulheres apresentam maior RI, especialmente no tecido muscular esquel&#233;tico, enquanto homens tendem a ter maior deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura visceral, o que est&#225; fortemente associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> </sup> Ap&#243;s a menopausa, a queda dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio em mulheres contribui para o aumento da adiposidade central e piora da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, alterando o perfil inflamat&#243;rio e lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> Nos homens, a redu&#231;&#227;o da testosterona tamb&#233;m se associa &#224; RI, embora com mecanismos distintos, envolvendo menor massa muscular e altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo hep&#225;tico da glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as na express&#227;o de genes relacionados ao transporte de glicose, inflama&#231;&#227;o e metabolismo energ&#233;tico sugerem uma base biol&#243;gica para essas disparidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas com metan&#225;lise demonstraram heterogeneidade entre os sexos na contribui&#231;&#227;o de cada FR para desfechos cardiovasculares. Enquanto PA, colesterol e IMC parecem contribuir de forma equivalente para o risco de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e cerebrovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B278">278</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref> </sup> o DM2 confere maior risco &#224;s mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref></sup> O risco de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria &#233; geralmente mais baixo em mulheres, mas, no contexto do DM2, essas diferen&#231;as desaparecem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref></sup> O DM2 confere &#224;s mulheres risco relativo de 44% de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e 27% de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, mas elas apresentam risco absoluto semelhante aos homens com DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref></sup> Uma maior carga de comorbidades, incluindo o agrupamento de FR, al&#233;m de quest&#245;es hormonais e comportamentais, pode contribuir para essa diferen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B287">287</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B288">288</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Estudos indicam que as mulheres frequentemente apresentam menor ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e ao autocuidado, o que pode estar relacionado a barreiras psicossociais, menor apoio social e maior preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B289">289</xref> </sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que mulheres s&#227;o menos propensas a atingir metas de controle glic&#234;mico, PA e lip&#237;dios, mesmo com tratamento semelhante ao dos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as farmacocin&#233;ticas e farmacodin&#226;micas afetam a resposta aos medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos</p>
        <p>Devemos ressaltar os aspectos psicossociais e comportamentais do DM2 no sexo feminino. A capacidade cognitiva deve ser monitorada ao longo da vida de todos os pacientes com DM2, sendo o sexo feminino um dos FR para disfun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas. Depress&#227;o tamb&#233;m se apresenta com maior frequ&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos com DM2, com predomin&#226;ncia no sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref> </sup> Mulheres com DM2 apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, cuja ocorr&#234;ncia &#233; influenciada tanto por fatores org&#226;nicos (como neuropatia auton&#244;mica) como comportamentais.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">figura 9.2</xref> sumariza algumas diferen&#231;as entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DM2.</p>
        <fig id="f25">
          <label>Figura 9.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as no DM2 entre os sexos: diagn&#243;stico mais precoce nos homens e maior risco cardiovascular e psicossocial nas mulheres. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf25.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.3. Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>A DHEM &#233; a hepatopatia mais prevalente mundialmente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref> </sup> sendo caracterizada pelo ac&#250;mulo excessivo de gordura nos hepat&#243;citos. Compreende um espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas associadas a dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares, como obesidade e/ou distribui&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel de gordura, RI, HAS, dislipidemia e DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup> A DHEM &#233; reconhecida como a manifesta&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica da SM, estando fortemente associada a DIC, que constitui a principal causa de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o com DHEM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A hist&#243;ria natural da DHEM compreende est&#225;gios como a esteatose (quando h&#225; apenas excesso de gordura no f&#237;gado, ultrapassando 5% do par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico, com m&#237;nima inflama&#231;&#227;o) e a esteato-hepatite (quando h&#225; inflama&#231;&#227;o lobular e baloniza&#231;&#227;o de hepat&#243;citos, com ou sem fibrose).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup> Independentemente do sexo, pessoas com esteato-hepatite metab&#243;lica (EHM) podem evoluir com diferentes graus de fibrose, progredir para cirrose e apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es como hipertens&#227;o portal ou carcinoma hepatocelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Estima-se que a DHEM acometa pelo menos 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o ocidental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref></sup> Em pessoas com excesso de peso e obesidade, a preval&#234;ncia global da DHEM &#233; de 50,7%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref></sup> e, naquelas com DM2, a preval&#234;ncia estimada &#233; de 65,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref></sup> Embora a obesidade seja mais comum nas mulheres, a DHEM &#233; mais prevalente nos homens, sendo que o risco dessa condi&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres aumenta ap&#243;s a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> Estima-se que, na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, as mulheres tenham um risco 19% menor de esteatose hep&#225;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens; as taxas de esteato-hepatite s&#227;o semelhantes entre os sexos e as mulheres t&#234;m 37% mais risco de fibrose avan&#231;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref></sup> Esse maior risco de progress&#227;o ocorre especialmente nas mulheres acima de 50 anos, destacando-se a poss&#237;vel participa&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios sexuais na etiopatogenia da DHEM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Menopausa, hist&#243;ria de menarca precoce<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B303">303</xref></sup> e SOP est&#227;o associadas ao aumento da suscetibilidade feminina &#224; DHEM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup> As mulheres apresentam uma taxa de mortalidade por cirrose mais alta do que os homens, sendo que a DHEM constitui a principal causa de transplante de f&#237;gado em mulheres sem carcinoma hepatocelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Uma das justificativas para as diferen&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia da DHEM ao longo das fases da vida da mulher consiste na influ&#234;ncia dos horm&#244;nios sexuais femininos, particularmente o estrog&#234;nio, no metabolismo hep&#225;tico e no padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de estrog&#234;nio alfa (ER&#945;) no f&#237;gado promove redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese, capta&#231;&#227;o e armazenamento de triglicer&#237;deos, ao mesmo tempo que favorece o catabolismo e a exporta&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios, efeitos que, em conjunto, protegem as mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas contra a DHEM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o padr&#227;o geoide de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, caracterizado por maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura gluteofemoral e menor deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura visceral, constitui a distribui&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica das mulheres no menacme<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> e est&#225; associado a menor risco de DHEM e SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref> </sup> Por outro lado, ap&#243;s a menopausa, o decl&#237;nio do estrog&#234;nio promove redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, favorecendo a centraliza&#231;&#227;o, que tem como consequ&#234;ncia um padr&#227;o mais androide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> sabidamente associado a DHEM e SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DHEM consiste na presen&#231;a de esteatose hep&#225;tica associada a pelo menos um crit&#233;rio para SM, na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias de esteatose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> A esteatose pode ser inferida por m&#233;todos de imagem tradicionais, como ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o capazes de evidenciar sinais de cirrose e hipertens&#227;o portal. Entretanto, ressalta-se que esses m&#233;todos n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de identificar EHM e fibrose em est&#225;gios iniciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica diferencia com precis&#227;o os pacientes com esteatose daqueles com EHM, mas, por se tratar de m&#233;todo invasivo, &#233; reservada sobretudo para situa&#231;&#245;es em que h&#225; d&#250;vidas sobre a etiologia da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico na DHEM &#233; baseado na identifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose. Para tal, algumas ferramentas s&#227;o &#250;teis, como os escores cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais de risco para fibrose avan&#231;ada e as elastografias. Dentre esses escores, destaca-se o <italic>Fibrosis-4</italic> (FIB-4), calculado a partir da idade e dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de plaquetas e aminotransferases, sendo que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do resultado independe do sexo do indiv&#237;duo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> Quando aplicamos o ponto de corte de 1,3, a partir do qual s&#227;o identificados os pacientes com maior risco de fibrose avan&#231;ada, esse teste tem alta sensibilidade e excelente valor preditivo negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup> Isso significa, por exemplo, que uma mulher com FIB-4 &#8804; 1,3 tem probabilidade muito baixa de apresentar fibrose avan&#231;ada.</p>
        <p>As elastografias (ultrass&#244;nicas e por resson&#226;ncia) s&#227;o m&#233;todos capazes de estimar a rigidez do f&#237;gado e, consequentemente, a presen&#231;a e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose, incluindo seus est&#225;gios iniciais. A elastografia transit&#243;ria pelo m&#233;todo de Fibroscan<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; a mais validada na literatura e recomendada por diretrizes nacionais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup> e internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B309">309</xref></sup> Recomenda-se que a DHEM seja rastreada ativamente nas pessoas sob maior risco de ac&#250;mulo de gordura no f&#237;gado e de progress&#227;o para formas mais graves da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, visando identificar aquelas com fibrose significativa. Fazem parte dos grupos de risco as mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, as pessoas com altera&#231;&#245;es da homeostase glic&#234;mica (pr&#233;-diabetes ou DM2), excesso de peso, SM ou hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. Uma forma racional de realizar o rastreamento populacional &#233; calcular o FIB-4 nas pessoas sob risco e, naquelas com escore maior do que 1,3, realizar a elastografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B309">309</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Cabe ressaltar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de aminotransferases tem baixa acur&#225;cia para identificar pacientes com EHM e fibrose, mas a eleva&#231;&#227;o dessas enzimas indica a necessidade de rastreio de outras doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, com destaque para as hepatites virais cr&#244;nicas e a hepatopatia alco&#243;lica (considera-se excessivo o consumo alco&#243;lico acima de 20 g/dia para as mulheres e acima de 30 g/dia para os homens).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.4. Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</title>
        <p>A DRC, com destaque para a doen&#231;a renal diab&#233;tica (DRD), &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial que afeta milh&#245;es de pessoas. Neste t&#243;pico, abordaremos resumidamente as diferen&#231;as potenciais entre os g&#234;neros, sendo as mulheres uma popula&#231;&#227;o de especial interesse devido &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas e sociais.</p>
        <p>A DRC &#233; definida como um dano renal ou redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal por um per&#237;odo superior a tr&#234;s meses, que pode progredir para a necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da DRC &#233; frequentemente insidiosa. Estima-se que 425 milh&#245;es de pessoas sejam diab&#233;ticas, sendo que cerca de 30% daquelas com DM1 e 40% daquelas com DM2 desenvolver&#227;o DRC em diferentes est&#225;gios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref></sup> O DM &#233; a principal causa mundial de terapia renal substitutiva, sendo a HAS a segunda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup> e sua incid&#234;ncia vem aumentando.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref></sup> Dados norte-americanos mostram maior preval&#234;ncia de DRD em mulheres (14,8% x 12,6% em homens).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup> Apesar disso, parece que os homens t&#234;m maior risco para agudiza&#231;&#227;o de DRC e progress&#227;o para est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a comparados &#224;s mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B326">326</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref> </sup> Esses dados s&#227;o heterog&#234;neos na literatura e podem estar relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais, como na menopausa, &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o e idade de in&#237;cio do DM2 e a crit&#233;rios utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B329">329</xref></sup> Estudos mostram maior velocidade de perda da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada em mulheres mais idosas e menopausadas, assim como inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados relacionados &#224; THM e &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B330">330</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que os homens t&#234;m maior probabilidade para desenvolver DRD albumin&#250;rica comparados &#224;s mulheres, nas quais a forma mais comum &#233; a n&#227;o albumin&#250;rica. Em uma grande coorte da It&#225;lia, 29,8% dos homens apresentavam albumin&#250;ria moderada a grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com 18,3% das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Apesar da descri&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres quanto &#224; hemodin&#226;mica renal no DM e nos mecanismos associados, como por exemplo uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o da arter&#237;ola eferente do glom&#233;rulo no sexo feminino, sua signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica permanece incerta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B332">332</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Os dados de literatura atuais n&#227;o permitem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios diferentes entre homens e mulheres para triagem, seguimento e tratamento da DRD. Assim, devemos utilizar as seguintes recomenda&#231;&#245;es para ambos os sexos:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup> </p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Sugere-se que o primeiro rastreamento da DRD seja feito com amostra de urina aleat&#243;ria para determina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina e estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular determinada pela creatinina s&#233;rica, a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI de 2021 ou a equa&#231;&#227;o de Schwartz para crian&#231;as. No DM2, o rastreamento deve ser iniciado no momento do diagn&#243;stico. No DM1, deve come&#231;ar a partir da puberdade ou dos 10 anos de idade, em pacientes com pelo menos 5 anos de diagn&#243;stico, sendo repetido anualmente. Todo teste anormal da raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina deve ser confirmado em, pelo menos, duas de tr&#234;s amostras repetidas no per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s a seis meses por causa da variabilidade di&#225;ria.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com DM1 ou DM2, sugere-se buscar a meta de HbA1c de 6,5-7% quando a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada for maior que 60 mL/min/1,73 m&#178; e a raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina maior que 30mg/g, para reduzir a progress&#227;o da albumin&#250;ria e da DRD a longo prazo. Deve-se manter a meta de HbA1c de 7-7,9% em indiv&#237;duos com DM1 ou DM2 quando a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada for menor que 45 mL/min/1,73 m&#178; ou o paciente estiver em di&#225;lise, para evitar excesso de mortalidade.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Concluindo, considerando as diferen&#231;as descritas entre homens e mulheres, bem como as intera&#231;&#245;es observadas com a presen&#231;a de diabetes com ou sem DRD, &#233; prov&#225;vel que os horm&#244;nios sexuais contribuam para as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na fisiopatologia do in&#237;cio e da progress&#227;o da DRD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Estrat&#233;gias para Abordar os Dist&#250;rbios Cardiometab&#243;licos nas Mulheres</title>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1. Medidas N&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gicas</title>
        <p>A crescente preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos em mulheres representa um dos maiores desafios da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, dado o forte v&#237;nculo entre obesidade e DCV. Globalmente, obesidade &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 4,7 milh&#245;es de mortes anuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B339">339</xref> </sup> O ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal contribui para altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e RI, favorecendo aterosclerose, IM e AVC. No Brasil, as DCV somam aproximadamente 28% dos &#243;bitos femininos, conforme dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B340">340</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>No Brasil, 24,8% das mulheres apresentam obesidade e 38,7% apresentam sobrepeso, totalizando mais de 63% das mulheres com peso acima do recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref></sup> O estudo ELSA-Brasil revelou taxas elevadas de obesidade abdominal entre mulheres pretas (62%) e pardas (59,5%), com preval&#234;ncia geral de sobrepeso de 61,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B343">343</xref> </sup> Esses dados demonstram a urg&#234;ncia em investimentos e interven&#231;&#245;es que ajudem a reverter esses processos patol&#243;gicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.2. Interven&#231;&#245;es Nutricionais</title>
        <p>A reeduca&#231;&#227;o nutricional &#233; central na preven&#231;&#227;o dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, principalmente quando personalizada conforme as condi&#231;&#245;es e os h&#225;bitos das pacientes. Protocolos que reduzem carboidratos simples e gorduras saturadas, ao mesmo tempo que aumentam o consumo de fibras, t&#234;m mostrado efic&#225;cia na melhora da glicemia, dislipidemia e RI. A dieta com padr&#227;o mediterr&#226;neo &#233; amplamente reconhecida por seus efeitos protetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B344">344</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>No Brasil, essa abordagem pode ser adaptada com alimentos locais como azeite de oliva, castanhas-do-par&#225;, frutas, como mam&#227;o e abacate, peixes de &#225;gua doce e leguminosas, como feij&#227;o e gr&#227;o-de-bico. O guia alimentar para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira refor&#231;a o consumo de alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> e o respeito &#224;s culturas alimentares regionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B345">345</xref></sup> A ades&#227;o a planos nutricionais supervisionados por profissionais especializados resulta n&#227;o apenas em perda de peso, mas tamb&#233;m em melhorias sustent&#225;veis nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, contribuindo para preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B346">346</xref></sup> A personaliza&#231;&#227;o da abordagem permite que as prefer&#234;ncias culturais e regionais sejam respeitadas, pois s&#227;o fatores relevantes no Brasil, dada a grande varia&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares no pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.3. Atividade F&#237;sica</title>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica desempenha papel complementar essencial no tratamento dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos, principalmente durante a transi&#231;&#227;o menopausal e a menopausa. A combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos com treinamento resistido promove melhorias significativas na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, na sensibilidade &#224; insulina e no controle glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, contribui para a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico e redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B348">348</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de planos nutricionais individualizados &#224; pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica potencializa os efeitos ben&#233;ficos, favorecendo a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e diminuindo a morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> Ademais, tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a menor incid&#234;ncia de HAS, dislipidemia e DM2, al&#233;m de reduzir o risco de desenvolvimento de depress&#227;o e dem&#234;ncia e melhorar a densidade mineral &#243;ssea e a qualidade do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B349">349</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual &#233; de pelo menos 150 minutos semanais de atividade aer&#243;bica de intensidade moderada ou 75 minutos de atividade vigorosa, associados a exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia muscular em pelo menos dois dias por semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref> </sup> A prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser individualizada, considerando o condicionamento f&#237;sico, limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais e o contexto de vida da mulher, garantindo ades&#227;o e efeitos sustent&#225;veis a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> </sup> Dados recentes indicam que, quando mulheres praticam a mesma quantidade de atividade f&#237;sica que os homens, os benef&#237;cios em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade total e cardiovascular s&#227;o mais pronunciados nelas do que em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.4. Interven&#231;&#245;es Psicossociais</title>
        <p>O estresse psicossocial, incluindo fatores como solid&#227;o, perdas significativas e transtornos mentais, contribui diretamente para o RCV, prejudicando a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e favorecendo comportamentos de risco como tabagismo e sedentarismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B352">352</xref></sup> Mulheres que participam de programas integrados de suporte psicol&#243;gico apresentam melhora significativa no estilo de vida, resultando em melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e controle glic&#234;mico e do perfil lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias, como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental, s&#227;o especialmente eficazes nesse contexto, com estudos indicando sua capacidade de reduzir sintomas de ansiedade e depress&#227;o, melhorar a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular e aumentar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A terapia cognitivo-comportamental est&#225; associada a menor taxa de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e melhora da autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em mulheres com DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup> Ademais, a terapia cognitivo-comportamental aplicada ao gerenciamento de estresse foi associada a mudan&#231;as sustent&#225;veis no comportamento, maior frequ&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica, alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e abandono do tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.5. Tabagismo e Consumo de &#193;lcool</title>
        <p>O tabagismo &#233; importante fator inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico, sobretudo acentuado em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B355">355</xref></sup> O cigarro eletr&#244;nico, em particular, representa nova amea&#231;a, especialmente entre jovens e gestantes, que muitas vezes consideram esses dispositivos menos prejudiciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup> Seu uso pode levar a n&#237;veis de nicotina at&#233; seis vezes superiores aos dos cigarros convencionais, aumentando o risco de depend&#234;ncia, estresse oxidativo, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o consumo de &#225;lcool afeta significativamente a sa&#250;de feminina e est&#225; associado &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de SM, dislipidemias e hiperinsulinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica da menopausa aumenta a suscetibilidade inflamat&#243;ria e ateroscler&#243;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, rigidez arterial e altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, contribuindo para o estado pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nico e pr&#243;-coagulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o do fator inflamat&#243;rio do tabagismo na fase da p&#243;s-menopausa acelera o processo ateroscler&#243;tico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.6. Condi&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas Espec&#237;ficas</title>
        <p>A SOP e a endometriose est&#227;o frequentemente associadas a desequil&#237;brios hormonais que exacerbam a RI, aumentam o risco do desenvolvimento de DM2 e promovem inflama&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B355">355</xref></sup> Na SOP, a desregula&#231;&#227;o hormonal afeta o metabolismo das glicoprote&#237;nas e intensifica o armazenamento de gordura, contribuindo para um perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel e elevando o risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup> Na endometriose, a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica associada &#224; presen&#231;a ect&#243;pica do tecido endometrial agrava os sintomas locais e impacta negativamente o ambiente sist&#234;mico, afetando os mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B360">360</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Concluindo, as interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas t&#234;m demonstrado clara efic&#225;cia no manejo dos FRCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica regular com interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais para controle do peso, al&#233;m de suporte psicossocial, resulta em melhorias expressivas nos par&#226;metros vasculares e metab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A atua&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar tem se mostrado eficaz, permitindo a personaliza&#231;&#227;o e a adapta&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias &#224;s necessidades individuais, gerando mudan&#231;as sustent&#225;veis no estilo de vida e reduzindo a morbimortalidade por dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.7. Estrat&#233;gias Farmacol&#243;gicas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.1. Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o constitui um dos FR mais prevalentes para DCV em mulheres, incide em todas as fases da vida e tem aumento progressivo com o avan&#231;ar da idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref></sup> A escolha e a condu&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas devem considerar as fases do ciclo reprodutivo, incluindo perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa. Determinadas condi&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; HAS secund&#225;ria apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia entre mulheres, como a doen&#231;a renovascular decorrente de displasia fibromuscular, a s&#237;ndrome de Cushing de origem end&#243;gena, al&#233;m dos dist&#250;rbios tireoidianos e paratireoidianos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B363">363</xref></sup> </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina: Apresentam efic&#225;cia comprovada na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. Oferecerem benef&#237;cios adicionais, como nefroprote&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. S&#227;o recomendados como primeira linha, especialmente em mulheres com diabetes, DRC na presen&#231;a de albumin&#250;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, ou DIC, al&#233;m de poderem ser utilizados com seguran&#231;a em pacientes sem comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref> </sup> O uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA) em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil exige cautela devido ao risco teratog&#234;nico, sendo fundamental excluir a possibilidade de gesta&#231;&#227;o antes do in&#237;cio do uso e garantir a contracep&#231;&#227;o durante a terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio: Amplamente recomendados no manejo da HAS em mulheres, s&#227;o uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica vi&#225;vel durante os per&#237;odos de perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa em pacientes sem comorbidades significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> &#201; importante destacar que os bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio podem estar associados &#224; piora dos SVM, como ondas de calor e sudorese noturna em mulheres na menopausa. Essas medica&#231;&#245;es podem intensificar tais sintomas, com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos: eficazes no controle da HAS em mulheres com sobrepeso ou obesidade, especialmente quando h&#225; edema associado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> Entre os principais representantes, a indapamida destaca-se por seu efeito vasodilatador adicional e a&#231;&#227;o prolongada, proporcionando controle press&#243;rico sustentado e menor impacto metab&#243;lico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; hidroclorotiazida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup> Essa, embora amplamente utilizada e acess&#237;vel, tem efic&#225;cia menos duradoura e maior risco de dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos e metab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup> A escolha deve ser individualizada, considerando-se o perfil cl&#237;nico e os objetivos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Espironolactona: antagonista da aldosterona, &#233; eficaz na <bold>HAS resistente</bold> , quando h&#225; maior ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; indicada em casos de hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio e na SOP, devido &#224; sua a&#231;&#227;o antiandrog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref> </sup> Apresenta perfil metab&#243;lico favor&#225;vel, com baixo impacto sobre glicemia e lip&#237;dios, relevante em mulheres com RCV aumentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> &#201; necess&#225;rio monitorar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e os n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio, sobretudo em pacientes idosas ou com DRC, devido ao risco de hipercalemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o foram discutidos no cap&#237;tulo 7, bem como sua abordagem terap&#234;utica. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f26">Figura 10</xref> , salientamos as implica&#231;&#245;es desses dist&#250;rbios ao longo do ciclo de vida das mulheres.</p>
          <fig id="f26">
            <label>Figura 10.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es dos dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o ao longo do ciclo de vida das mulheres. Fonte: Davis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DM: diabetes mellitus.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf26.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.2. Manejo das Dislipidemias</title>
          <p>A dislipidemia &#233; particularmente marcante na transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa. A queda dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio est&#225; relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas relevantes como RI, redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal com predom&#237;nio de ac&#250;mulo abdominal e altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref></sup> A menopausa associa-se a eleva&#231;&#245;es significativas de colesterol total, LDL-c, apolipoprote&#237;na B, triglicer&#237;deos e Lp(a), al&#233;m da poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito protetor antiaterog&#234;nico do HDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> Valores de LDL-c &#8805; 130 mg/dL s&#227;o considerados elevados, enquanto n&#237;veis de HDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL representam FR adicional para DCV, especialmente quando associados a outros componentes da SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> Esse aumento do RCV deve ser considerado na abordagem terap&#234;utica individualizada, devendo o tratamento da dislipidemia ser baseado n&#227;o apenas nos valores de LDL-c, HDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos, mas tamb&#233;m no perfil de RCV global da paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.3. Hipolipemiantes Orais</title>
          <p>As estatinas s&#227;o a terapia de primeira linha na dislipidemia, eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e regress&#227;o da aterosclerose em mulheres de alto risco, com benef&#237;cios compar&#225;veis aos observados em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup> Devem ser indicadas tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quanto secund&#225;ria, com metas de LDL-c definidas conforme o RCV: &lt; 100 mg/dL para risco intermedi&#225;rio, &lt; 70 mg/dL para alto risco e &lt; 50 mg/dL para risco muito alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref> </sup> Em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil, o uso deve ser individualizado em casos de alto risco, sendo contraindicado durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e lacta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A ezetimiba, quando associada &#224;s estatinas, potencializa a redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c e contribui na regress&#227;o da aterosclerose e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mantendo seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia semelhantes entre os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup> &#201; particularmente &#250;til em mulheres com intoler&#226;ncia a doses elevadas de estatinas ou com resposta insuficiente &#224; monoterapia.</p>
          <p>Apesar de n&#237;veis de HDL-c acima de 50 mg/dL serem desej&#225;veis em mulheres, a prioridade terap&#234;utica permanece na redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup> A hipertrigliceridemia, frequente especialmente na menopausa, deve ser tratada quando os triglicer&#237;deos ultrapassam 200 mg/dL e obrigatoriamente acima de 500 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup> O fenofibrato &#233; a op&#231;&#227;o preferencial entre os fibratos, por seu perfil de seguran&#231;a e benef&#237;cios metab&#243;licos adicionais em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Inibidores da PCSK9, como alirocumabe, evolocumabe e inclisirana, s&#227;o indicados para pacientes com LDL-c elevado que n&#227;o atingem metas com estatinas ou s&#227;o intolerantes a elas, incluindo casos de hipercolesterolemia familiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> A inclisirana, um silenciador de RNA, destaca-se pela posologia semestral ap&#243;s a dose de indu&#231;&#227;o, com boa ades&#227;o e efic&#225;cia sustentada. Essas medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o devem ser usadas durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o ou lacta&#231;&#227;o e apresentam efic&#225;cia semelhante em homens e mulheres na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Os impactos materno e fetal associados a perfis lip&#237;dicos aterog&#234;nicos na gesta&#231;&#227;o foram descritos no cap&#237;tulo 7 e est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f27">Figura 10.2.</xref> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a abordagem das dislipidemias na gesta&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f28">Figura 10.3.</xref> </p>
          <fig id="f27">
            <label>Figura 10.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Impactos materno e fetal associados a perfis lip&#237;dicos aterog&#234;nicos na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf27.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f28">
            <label>Figura 10.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a abordagem das dislipidemias na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf28.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.4. Controle do Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> </title>
          <p>Por mais que as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o sejam suficientes para recomenda&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas para o sexo feminino, devem-se levar em conta fatores hormonais, comportamentais e sociais espec&#237;ficos de cada sexo no manejo do DM2 e de suas complica&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; fundamental promover a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre essas diferen&#231;as entre profissionais de sa&#250;de e pacientes a fim de garantir um atendimento mais equitativo e eficaz.</p>
          <p>Portanto, o manejo do DM2 em mulheres exige abordagem abrangente, contemplando a heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica e metab&#243;lica. O objetivo central &#233; atingir metas espec&#237;ficas que reduzam a morbimortalidade cardiovascular e metab&#243;lica. Entre as mais relevantes est&#227;o: HbA1c abaixo de 7%, al&#233;m do controle do peso corporal e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, fatores intimamente ligados a RI e RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Mulheres apresentam progress&#227;o distinta do pr&#233;-diabetes para DM2, frequentemente associada a maiores &#237;ndices de obesidade e risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Diante disso, o manejo deve contemplar n&#227;o apenas o controle glic&#234;mico, mas tamb&#233;m estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas para reduzir a RI e prevenir comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos f&#225;rmacos usados no tratamento do DM2, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es merecem ser abordadas: mulheres podem apresentar maior risco de hipoglicemia com sulfonilureias e resposta distinta &#224;s glitazonas, relacionada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup> Por outro lado, os homens podem apresentar maior resposta &#224; perda de peso induzida por inibidores do SGLT2, em parte devido &#224; diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal. Al&#233;m disso, os inibidores do SGLT2 est&#227;o associados a maior taxa de infec&#231;&#245;es f&#250;ngicas genitais, especialmente em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref></sup> Quanto ao tratamento com an&#225;logos de GLP-1, especial cuidado deve ser tomado em mulheres em uso de contracep&#231;&#227;o oral. A Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Diabetes recomenda que mulheres em uso dessa classe de medicamento devem optar por um m&#233;todo anticoncepcional n&#227;o oral ou adicionar um m&#233;todo de barreira durante as primeira quatro semanas do uso de tirzepatida (an&#225;logo de GLP-1), devido aos seus efeitos sobre esvaziamento g&#225;strico, tendo potenciais consequ&#234;ncias sobre a farmacocin&#233;tica do anticoncepcional oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> Outras considera&#231;&#245;es merecem destaque, conforme descrito abaixo, por&#233;m n&#227;o implicam em recomenda&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas por sexo.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Metformina: permanece como a primeira escolha no tratamento do DM2, especialmente em casos assintom&#225;ticos, na SOP, em casos sem evid&#234;ncias de DCV ou renal estabelecida e naquelas com baixo RCV global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inibidores do SGLT2: demonstram benef&#237;cios importantes na redu&#231;&#227;o da glicemia, mas tamb&#233;m oferecem prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e renal em mulheres com RCV elevado, ICFEp e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, e DRC associada a albumin&#250;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pioglitazona: uma tiazolidinediona particularmente &#250;til em mulheres com RI, como na SOP, e pr&#233;-diabetes ou DM2 com perfil metab&#243;lico aterog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m de melhorar a sensibilidade &#224; insulina, apresenta benef&#237;cios sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico e a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular. No entanto, seu uso deve ser criterioso, considerando riscos como ganho de peso, perda de massa &#243;ssea e reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica, especialmente em mulheres com alto risco de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.5. Manejo da Obesidade</title>
          <p>O manejo da obesidade &#233; desafiador, complexo e idealmente deve ser realizado por equipe multiprofissional. O tratamento deve considerar minimizar o estigma relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a, sendo esse aspecto merecedor de especial aten&#231;&#227;o em mulheres devido &#224; sua maior vulnerabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> &#201; importante estabelecer com a paciente alvos terap&#234;uticos fact&#237;veis e associados a benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos, podendo-se utilizar estrat&#233;gias de abordagem para perda de peso, como as usadas no combate ao tabagismo (5 As, do ingl&#234;s <italic>ask, assess, advice, agree, assist).</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup> A Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (ABESO) prop&#244;s uma classifica&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com base no peso corporal ao longo da vida e metas terap&#234;uticas derivadas dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, tendo assim como alvo a propor&#231;&#227;o de perda de peso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC m&#225;ximo da vida, n&#227;o sendo recomendado o alvo pouco real&#237;stico de normaliza&#231;&#227;o do IMC para &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref></sup> Os alvos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 10.1.</xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 10.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta de obesidade "reduzida" e "controlada" com base no IMC m&#225;ximo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">IMC M&#225;ximo</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Inalterado <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Reduzido <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Controlado <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">30&#8211;40 kg/m&#178;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 5%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5&#8211;9,9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 10%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">40&#8211;50 kg/m&#178;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10&#8211;14,9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 15%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Redu&#231;&#245;es percentuais no peso corporal a partir do IMC m&#225;ximo alcan&#231;ado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref></sup> </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Como visto acima, as medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, como dieta com restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica, pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e programas que incluem abordagem psicossocial, s&#227;o fundamentais no manejo das doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, notadamente da obesidade. A restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica &#233; mais relevante para a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso, mas a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; fundamental para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da perda de peso e preven&#231;&#227;o da perda de massa muscular que usualmente acompanha o emagrecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup> No entanto, os benef&#237;cios das medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas tendem a diminuir com o tempo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B272">272</xref></sup> n&#227;o sendo encontrados benef&#237;cios em desfechos cardiovasculares em longo prazo com essa interven&#231;&#227;o, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo do estudo <italic>Look Ahead</italic> com pacientes que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 10% do peso no primeiro ano mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio (eventos cardiovasculares maiores e interna&#231;&#227;o por angina) em 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Existem diversos tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos para obesidade com efeitos vari&#225;veis sobre peso corporal, por&#233;m apenas tratamentos mais recentes se associaram &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos. O estudo SELECT foi o primeiro a demonstrar benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares nesse cen&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup> O uso do agonista do GLP-1 semaglutida, por via subcut&#226;nea na dose semanal de 2,4 mg em pacientes com sobrepeso e DCV estabelecida por aproximadamente 3 anos, reduziu o peso corporal em 8,51% e resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em 28%. A an&#225;lise de subgrupo das mulheres inclu&#237;das (n = 4.872, 28% da amostra) mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de HR 0,84 (IC 95%: 0,66&#8211;1,07), enquanto os homens apresentaram 0,79 (IC 95%: 0,70&#8211;0,90), sem relato se houve resultado estatisticamente significativo entre os grupos na an&#225;lise. As diferen&#231;as num&#233;ricas encontradas provavelmente s&#227;o relacionadas ao menor poder da an&#225;lise do subgrupo das mulheres pelo reduzido tamanho amostral. V&#225;rios outros medicamentos antiobesidade mais potentes, apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal de at&#233; 25%, est&#227;o sendo estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref></sup> No entanto, os resultados dos estudos de fase 3 com desfechos cardiovasculares ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.6. Manejo da Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica</title>
          <p>O tratamento da DHEM consiste em modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida com foco na redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 5% do peso corporal, uma vez que a perda de peso &#233; a medida mais eficaz na melhora histol&#243;gica da DHEM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> O consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas deve ser limitado, bem como a ingest&#227;o da frutose utilizada no preparo de alimentos ultraprocessados e bebidas a&#231;ucaradas. Al&#233;m da modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, mulheres com formas mais avan&#231;adas da DHEM podem se beneficiar de terapias farmacol&#243;gicas que atuam sobre a EHM e/ou fibrose hep&#225;tica. S&#227;o exemplos desses medicamentos: resmetirom, semaglutida, pioglitazona, tirzepatida, vitamina E e inibidores do SGLT2.</p>
          <p>O resmetirom, um agonista seletivo do receptor &#946; do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano (THR- &#946;), foi o primeiro medicamento a obter a aprova&#231;&#227;o de uma ag&#234;ncia regulat&#243;ria para o tratamento da EHM n&#227;o cirr&#243;tica, com fibrose moderada a avan&#231;ada (compat&#237;vel com os est&#225;gios F2 e F3). No MAESTRO-NASH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref></sup> estudo de fase 3 que incluiu 966 participantes com EHM tratados por 52 semanas (322 no grupo de 80 mg de resmetirom, 323 no grupo de 100 mg de resmetirom e 321 no grupo placebo), a medica&#231;&#227;o foi associada &#224; melhora da fibrose em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo. N&#227;o houve an&#225;lise de subgrupos referentes ao sexo. A semaglutida, um agonista do receptor do GLP-1, tamb&#233;m promoveu melhora de resultados histol&#243;gicos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com EHM e fibrose F2-F3. Na an&#225;lise interina do ESSENCE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref></sup> estudo de fase 3 incluindo 800 participantes tratados por 70 semanas (57,1% eram mulheres e 55,9% com DM2) houve melhora significativa da EHM sem piora da fibrose e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fibrose sem piora da EHM (desfechos prim&#225;rios) com a semaglutida na dose semanal de 2,4 mg <italic>versus</italic> placebo.</p>
          <p>A pioglitazona, um agonista seletivo do receptor gama ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma (PPAR&#947;), &#233; recomendada como tratamento para EHM e/ou fibrose em pessoas com DM2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup> uma vez que a maioria dos estudos que comparam a pioglitazona com placebo demonstra benef&#237;cios na inflama&#231;&#227;o e nas altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve, por&#233;m, suban&#225;lise referente ao sexo na maioria deles. Importante salientar que a medica&#231;&#227;o pode piorar sintomas de IC, em fun&#231;&#227;o de reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica e, especificamente nas mulheres, a pioglitazona est&#225; associada ao aumento de risco de fraturas &#243;sseas e ganho de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>A tirzepatida, um co-agonista dos receptores do polipept&#237;deo insulinotr&#243;pico dependente de glicose (GIP) e do GLP-1 j&#225; aprovado em alguns pa&#237;ses como agente antidiab&#233;tico e antiobesidade, tamb&#233;m foi testada no tratamento das pessoas com EHM e fibrose F2-F3. No SYNERGY-NASH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref></sup> um estudo de fase 2b controlado por placebo, a medica&#231;&#227;o promoveu resolu&#231;&#227;o da EHM sem piora da fibrose em 61% dos indiv&#237;duos avaliados ap&#243;s 52 semanas de tratamento (57% dos pacientes eram mulheres, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi realizada suban&#225;lise nesse grupo).</p>
          <p>No estudo PIVENS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B315">315</xref></sup> conduzido em pessoas com EHM e sem DM2, o uso da vitamina E (800 UI/dia) por dois anos promoveu melhora da atividade da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, estimada na histologia pelo &#237;ndice NAS ( <italic>Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Activity Score</italic> ), sem aumento na fibrose em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (43% vs. 19%; p &lt; 0,001). Por fim, embora estudos de desfechos histol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; DHEM com os inibidores do SGLT2 sejam escassos, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de redu&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas, de gordura hep&#225;tica e de rigidez hep&#225;tica aferida por elastografia com esses agentes na popula&#231;&#227;o com DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B318">318</xref> </sup> Assim, algumas diretrizes sobre o manejo da DHEM preconizam que o tratamento com inibidores do SGLT2 deve ser considerado em pessoas com DM2 que apresentam EHM e/ou fibrose, sem diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Nos casos de insucesso da combina&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida e farmacoterapia, pessoas com DHEM associada a fibrose e obesidade a partir de classe II devem ser consideradas para cirurgia bari&#225;trica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref></sup> Os benef&#237;cios dessa cirurgia para a DHEM s&#227;o consistentes em diversos estudos avaliando t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias distintas e, embora a redu&#231;&#227;o da EHM j&#225; seja evidente ao final do primeiro ano p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, benef&#237;cios significativos na fibrose demandam mais tempo, como demonstrado em estudos com tempos de seguimento de 5 a 6 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B320">320</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.7. Manejo da Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</title>
          <p>Os dados atuais da literatura n&#227;o permitem que utilizemos crit&#233;rios diferentes para triagem, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da DRC, em especial a DRD, e, portanto, orientamos que os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes sejam utilizados. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para identificar diferen&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas clinicamente relevantes entre os sexos, com o objetivo de identificar novas terapias que modifiquem os desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as na albumin&#250;ria entre homens e mulheres podem influenciar o tratamento, com terapias direcionadas para reduzir a protein&#250;ria, incluindo bloqueio do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, inibidores do SGLT2 e antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Os grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados utilizando os inibidores do SGLT2 mostraram que homens e mulheres parecem ter benef&#237;cios iguais, embora apenas 28,5% a 36,9% dos participantes fossem mulheres nesses estudos. Uma an&#225;lise agrupada dos ensaios EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS, DECLARE TIMI-58 e CREDENCE mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores ou de eventos adversos dos inibidores do SGLT2, incluindo amputa&#231;&#227;o, fratura e infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio, entre homens e mulheres, por&#233;m as mulheres s&#227;o mais propensas a infec&#231;&#227;o genital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Apesar do benef&#237;cio igual dos inibidores do SGLT2 independentemente do sexo, mulheres s&#227;o menos propensas a receber prescri&#231;&#227;o de um inibidor do SGLT2, mesmo com diagn&#243;sticos de DRD, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida ou DCV ateroscler&#243;tica, privando assim muitas mulheres dos benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e renais.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 10.2</xref> apresenta um resumo relacionada &#224;s classes de tratamento e diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 10.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;as baseadas no sexo em terapias para doen&#231;a renal diab&#233;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Terapia</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Diferen&#231;as Baseadas no Sexo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores do SGLT2</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a no benef&#237;cio cardiovascular ou renal. Risco aumentado de cetoacidose diab&#233;tica em mulheres com DM1 em uso off-label, talvez relacionado a maior cetog&#234;nese em mulheres. Risco aumentado de infec&#231;&#245;es mic&#243;ticas genitais em mulheres.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Agonistas do receptor GLP-1 e inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase-4</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre os sexos. Diferen&#231;a te&#243;rica de sexo na resposta vascular ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antagonistas do receptor de mineralocorticoide</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre os sexos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antagonistas do receptor de endotelina</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diferen&#231;as baseadas no sexo na express&#227;o do receptor de endotelina. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a em estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Metformina</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Maiores efeitos adversos gastrointestinais em mulheres, com potencial melhora em menores doses.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Bloqueio do RAAS</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Em mulheres, o estrog&#234;nio diminui a renina, ECA, Ang II e aumenta angiotensinog&#234;nio e Ang1-7. Contraindicado na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Terapia hormonal na menopausa</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol, progesterona e terapia hormonal combinada reduzem a albumin&#250;ria em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa. Dados controversos.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Adaptado de Sridhar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref></sup> Ang1-7: angiotensina 1-7; Ang II: angiotensina II; DM1: diabetes mellitus tipo 1; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; GLP-1: pept&#237;deo semelhante ao glucagon 1; RAAS: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; SGLT2:, cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose-2.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.8. Papel dos An&#225;logos de GLP-1 no Tratamento Cardiometab&#243;lico em Mulheres</title>
          <p>Os an&#225;logos de GLP-1 promovem secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina de forma glicose-dependente, reduzem o apetite e retardam o esvaziamento g&#225;strico. Contribuem para controle glic&#234;mico eficaz e para melhora de marcadores de RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.9. Especificidades em Mulheres</title>
          <p>Fatores hormonais femininos e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal contribuem para a express&#227;o mais agressiva da s&#237;ndrome cardiometab&#243;lica. Estudos indicam que os an&#225;logos de GLP-1 exercem efeitos particularmente ben&#233;ficos, com maior impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e na melhora de par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios e lip&#237;dicos quando em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado por respostas hormonais diferenciadas e maior sensibilidade aos efeitos anorex&#237;genos desses f&#225;rmacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B372">372</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.10. Semaglutida</title>
          <p>Agonista do receptor de GLP-1, tem efic&#225;cia consolidada no controle glic&#234;mico e na redu&#231;&#227;o de peso. Em pacientes com sobrepeso ou obesidade, demonstrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no peso corporal e na HbA1c, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> Em pacientes com DM2, reduziu em 26% o risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref></sup> Nos indiv&#237;duos com DCV ateroscler&#243;tica pr&#233;via e IMC &#8805; 27, sem hist&#243;rico de DM2, reduziu em 20% o risco combinado de eventos cardiovasculares maiores e a mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados efeitos renais significativos em pacientes com DM2 e DRC. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 24% no risco de eventos renais graves e morte por causas renais ou cardiovasculares no grupo tratado com semaglutida apresentando menor decl&#237;nio anual da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que seu uso por via oral em pacientes com diabetes tamb&#233;m contribui para a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo &#250;til em contextos cl&#237;nicos onde o uso injet&#225;vel &#233; menos vi&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.11. Tirzepatida</title>
          <p>Agonista duplo dos receptores de GIP e GLP-1, representa um avan&#231;o no manejo da doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica. Seu uso demonstrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de HbA1c (at&#233; 2,4%) e no peso corporal (at&#233; 20%), al&#233;m de melhorias no perfil lip&#237;dico e redu&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B375">375</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref> </sup> Essas caracter&#237;sticas posicionam este agonista duplo GIP/GLP1 como alternativa promissora, especialmente em mulheres com obesidade central e RI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7.12. Perspectivas Futuras</title>
          <p>Um recente estudo avaliando a efic&#225;cia do uso semanal de 2,4 mg de semaglutida em rela&#231;&#227;o a 5-15 mg de tirzepatida para tratamento da obesidade demonstrou superioridade da tirzepatida tanto na perda ponderal quanto no controle metab&#243;lico, com efeitos cardiovasculares e perfil de seguran&#231;a compar&#225;veis. Ainda assim, o subgrupo de mulheres tratadas com semaglutida obteve maior perda proporcional de peso em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens e melhora de FR cardiometab&#243;licos ap&#243;s as 72 semanas de tratamento. De qualquer forma, o planejamento e a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica final dever&#227;o ser sempre individuais e feitos com base nas caracter&#237;sticas fisiol&#243;gicas, hormonais e metab&#243;licas espec&#237;ficas de cada paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.8. Considera&#231;&#245;es Farmacol&#243;gicas Espec&#237;ficas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.8.1. Intera&#231;&#245;es Medicamentosas</title>
          <p>Mulheres com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas como osteoporose, depress&#227;o e ansiedade est&#227;o frequentemente expostas a polifarm&#225;cia, ampliando o risco de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas relevantes, devido a menor depura&#231;&#227;o renal e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal. Entre as intera&#231;&#245;es de maior impacto, destacam-se os inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina, que podem inibir o CYP3A4 e interferir no metabolismo de estatinas lipof&#237;licas, elevando o risco de miopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.8.2. Import&#226;ncia do Controle de Peso</title>
          <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es que promovam a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal possuem impacto direto na melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico, controle press&#243;rico e sensibilidade &#224; insulina. Dentre essas interven&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se a classe dos agonistas GLP-1 que t&#234;m demonstrado efeitos consistentes na redu&#231;&#227;o ponderal, com benef&#237;cios adicionais na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores. O manejo da obesidade deve ser compreendido como componente fundamental da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.8.3. Abordagem Individualizada</title>
          <p>A heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica entre mulheres exige que o manejo das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas seja pautado por abordagens personalizadas, que considerem n&#227;o apenas par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos, como idade e presen&#231;a de comorbidades, mas tamb&#233;m fatores psicossociais, hist&#243;rico reprodutivo e prefer&#234;ncias individuais. A individualiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, portanto, representa um pilar essencial para o cuidado centrado na mulher, promovendo interven&#231;&#245;es mais eficazes e seguras ao longo de sua trajet&#243;ria de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B377">377</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.9. Tratamento Cir&#250;rgico</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.9.1. Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica</title>
          <p>A cirurgia bari&#225;trica &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia consagrada em todo o mundo, com mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria variando entre 0,03% e 0,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref></sup> No Brasil, cerca de 70% dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento s&#227;o mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> Seus benef&#237;cios englobam melhora significativa da doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica e de comorbidades associadas, como DM2, apneia obstrutiva do sono, HAS, dislipidemia, s&#237;ndrome de Pickwick, DHEM e doen&#231;a do refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup> A indica&#231;&#227;o segue diretrizes que preconizam cirurgia em pacientes com IMC &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; e comorbidades associadas, ou IMC &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178; isolado, independentemente da presen&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup> A cirurgia bari&#225;trica esteve associada a menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em pacientes com DCV e obesidade em uma coorte de 2.638 pacientes seguida por 4,6 anos, tendo seu benef&#237;cio principal no grupo com IC e DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B383">383</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, as mulheres apresentam perda ponderal discretamente menor que os homens. A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso pode levar a aumento abrupto da SHBG, queda dos n&#237;veis de testosterona e eleva&#231;&#227;o do FSH, melhorando a disfun&#231;&#227;o ovulat&#243;ria e a irregularidade menstrual e favorecendo a concep&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea em idade f&#233;rtil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B384">384</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>S&#227;o contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica: doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica grave sem controle; dem&#234;ncias moderadas a graves; depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool ou drogas il&#237;citas; DIC grave ou outras cardiopatias graves; e hipertens&#227;o portal com varizes esof&#225;gicas. Em pacientes com IMC &gt; 50 kg/m&#178;, o risco cir&#250;rgico &#233; elevado devido &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de comorbidades e &#224; complexidade anat&#244;mica, refletindo-se em tempo operat&#243;rio prolongado, maior morbidade perioperat&#243;ria e interna&#231;&#245;es mais longas em alguns estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f29">Figura 10.4</xref> resume as estrat&#233;gias de abordagem dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos nas mulheres, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia da abordagem multidisciplinar centrada na mulher, envolvendo a promo&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis, rastreamento individualizado de FR e seu controle, manejo cl&#237;nico integrado e inclus&#227;o de aspectos psicossociais na avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiometab&#243;lica.</p>
          <fig id="f29">
            <label>Figura 10.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estrat&#233;gias para abordar os dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos nas mulheres. ARM: antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; CV: cardiovascular; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DM: diabetes mellitus; DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; DHEM: doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica; DLP: dislipidemia; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; GLP-1: pept&#237;deo semelhante ao glucagon 1; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; iECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidor do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose tipo 2; MACE: eventos cardiovasculares maiores; RCV: risco cardiovascular; SOP: s&#237;ndrome do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico; SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; SVM: sintomas vasomotores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf29.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o Manejo dos Dist&#250;rbios Cardiometab&#243;licos nas Mulheres</title>
      <p>Para a elabora&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es listadas no final deste cap&#237;tulo, procedemos a uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (Anexo 1) com dez perguntas PICO. Nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, foram inclu&#237;dos revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, metan&#225;lises, estudos multic&#234;ntricos controlados e randomizados, al&#233;m de diretrizes. Utilizamos as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACS e BVS. Empregamos a metodologia GRADE ( <italic>Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation</italic> ), que &#233; um sistema utilizado para avaliar a certeza da evid&#234;ncia e a for&#231;a das recomenda&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas. O GRADE classifica a evid&#234;ncia em n&#237;veis (alta, moderada, baixa ou muito baixa) e, com base nessa classifica&#231;&#227;o, determina a dire&#231;&#227;o (CONTRA ou a FAVOR) e a for&#231;a de uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o (FORTE ou FRACA), conforme descrito a seguir.</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Alta: H&#225; alta confian&#231;a de que o efeito estimado esteja pr&#243;ximo do efeito verdadeiro.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Moderada: H&#225; moderada confian&#231;a no efeito estimado. &#201; prov&#225;vel que estudos futuros possam impactar a confian&#231;a na estimativa.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Baixa: A confian&#231;a no efeito estimado &#233; limitada.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Muito baixa: H&#225; grande incerteza na estimativa do efeito.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f30">Figura 11.1</xref> resume a estrutura da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que norteou este posicionamento.</p>
      <fig id="f30">
        <label>Figura 11.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estrutura da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que norteou este posicionamento. RCTs: estudos multic&#234;ntricos controlados e randomizados.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf30.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Apesar do crescente reconhecimento da import&#226;ncia dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos em mulheres, h&#225; uma falta significativa de evid&#234;ncias provenientes de estudos multic&#234;ntricos controlados e randomizados que abordem especificamente o tratamento dessas condi&#231;&#245;es no sexo feminino. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o compromete a elabora&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas baseadas em evid&#234;ncias robustas e adaptadas &#224;s particularidades das mulheres. Cabe ressaltar que as mulheres continuam sendo sub-representadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cardiometab&#243;licas. Em an&#225;lises relativamente recentes, a participa&#231;&#227;o feminina em grandes estudos multic&#234;ntricos controlados e randomizados variou entre 27% e 38% dos participantes, propor&#231;&#227;o inferior &#224; preval&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B385">385</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B386">386</xref> </sup> Apenas cerca de um ter&#231;o dos estudos publica an&#225;lises de resultados espec&#237;ficas para mulheres, dificultando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos tratamentos nesse grupo. Adicionalmente, a car&#234;ncia de estudos multic&#234;ntricos controlados e randomizados focados em mulheres faz com que muitas recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sejam baseadas em evid&#234;ncias indiretas ou extrapoladas de estudos com maioria masculina, o que pode n&#227;o refletir a melhor conduta para mulheres com dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B387">387</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Existe uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos e condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias nas mulheres ao longo de seu ciclo de vida, como SOP, DG ou pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, que predisp&#245;em ao aumento do risco de IAM, AVC e DIC, al&#233;m de repercuss&#227;o sobre o bin&#244;mio materno-fetal posteriormente, na inf&#226;ncia e na juventude do concepto. Estudo recente com 12.480 pares m&#227;e-filho demonstrou que os FR cardiometab&#243;lico maternos foram significativamente associados ao aumento de 4,88% e 1,90% nas press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dos filhos, respectivamente. Uma combina&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gravidez com obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional ou DG foi significativamente associada a uma PA mais alta entre 2 e 18 anos de idade, ratificando a import&#226;ncia da abordagem precoce das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas na inf&#226;ncia, na adolesc&#234;ncia e no per&#237;odo reprodutivo das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B388">388</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as sexuais observadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos e as doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sugerem que os horm&#244;nios sexuais regulem as vias inflamat&#243;rias nas mulheres. Existem altera&#231;&#245;es na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria em mulheres que podem sustentar diferen&#231;as na hipertens&#227;o, aterosclerose, obesidade, DRC e DHEM. O conhecimento dos mecanismos espec&#237;ficos que impulsionam as condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas que afetam as mulheres, como SOP, DG e hipertens&#227;o p&#243;s-menopausa, auxiliar&#225; na abordagem multidisciplinar necess&#225;ria &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da carga das DCV nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>V&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es apresentam efeito combinado para as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, especialmente as cardiometab&#243;licas. Estudo recente testou as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o padr&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica e a incid&#234;ncia de 678 condi&#231;&#245;es em 89.573 participantes (62 &#177; 8 anos de idade; 56% mulheres) do estudo de coorte prospectivo UK Biobank, que usaram um aceler&#244;metro por uma semana entre junho de 2013 e dezembro de 2015. Foi observado que tanto a atividade f&#237;sica concentrada em 1 ou 2 dias quanto os padr&#245;es de atividade mais regulares estavam associados a um risco similarmente menor de mais de 200 doen&#231;as, em particular com menor risco de condi&#231;&#245;es <bold>cardiometab&#243;licas</bold> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B389">389</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Apresentamos a seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es onde existem evid&#234;ncias relativamente robustas para os dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos nas mulheres.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>RECOMENDA&#199;&#213;ES ATUAIS PARA OS DIST&#218;RBIOS CARDIOMETAB&#211;LICOS NAS MULHERES</title>
      <p>DIETA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B398">398</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Recomendam-se interven&#231;&#245;es abrangentes no estilo de vida para mulheres com sobrepeso, obesidade, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica e DM2 empregando dietas mediterr&#226;nea, DASH, de restri&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica intermitente, com alto teor de prote&#237;na e restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica com objetivo de reduzir em m&#233;dia 5&#8211;10% do peso corporal.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>ATIVIDADE F&#205;SICA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B399">399</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B408">408</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda-se para mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, DM2, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e no per&#237;odo de perimenopausa a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular com meta inicial de 150 minutos por semana de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e treinamento de for&#231;a duas a tr&#234;s vezes por semana. Deve-se aumentar para 300 minutos por semana para perda de peso &#8805; 5%, dado que a redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o com melhora nos desfechos cardiometab&#243;licos no curto e m&#233;dio prazo.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERADA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>CONSUMO DE &#193;LCOOL E TABACO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B409">409</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B417">417</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t9">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">O consumo de &#225;lcool aumenta o risco de anemia e diabetes gestacional, enquanto o uso de tabaco duplica a chance de baixo peso ao nascer e aumenta as chances de infertilidade e menopausa precoce. O consumo de &#225;lcool por mulheres, mesmo em quantidades moderadas, e o tabagismo podem elevar a press&#227;o arterial, aumentar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos, diminuir o HDL-c s&#233;rico e aumentar o risco de AVC, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e DM2. Recomenda-se que mulheres n&#227;o fumem e consumam &lt; 140 g de &#225;lcool por semana fora do per&#237;odo de gravidez.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>OBESIDADE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B418">418</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B425">425</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t10">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda-se mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida associada ao uso dos agonistas do GLP-1 e dos inibidores do SGLT2 para tratamento de obesidade e DM2 em mulheres, com efeitos ben&#233;ficos na redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e em par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>RECOMENDA&#199;&#213;ES ATUAIS PARA OS DIST&#218;RBIOS CARDIOMETAB&#211;LICOS NAS MULHERES</title>
      <p>DIABETES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B420">420</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B426">426</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B432">432</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t11">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda-se interven&#231;&#227;o no estilo de vida associada ao uso de an&#225;logos do GLP1 e dos inibidores do SGLT2 para tratamento do DM2 em mulheres, com efeitos ben&#233;ficos na redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e em par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, como redu&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina glicada. Metformina n&#227;o deve ser utilizada como agente de primeira linha para o manejo do diabetes na gravidez e, quando utilizada para tratar a s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos e induzir ovula&#231;&#227;o, deve ser descontinuada at&#233; o final do primeiro trimestre, pois atravessa a barreira placent&#225;ria.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>DISLIPIDEMIA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref></sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t12">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Em mulheres com muito alto risco cardiovascular em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, al&#233;m das mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, devem-se empregar estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia isoladas ou combinadas com ezetimiba, com o objetivo de reduzir LDL-c &#8805; 50% com alvo de LDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL e N&#195;O-HDL-c &lt; 80 mg/dL, independentemente do valor basal de LDL-c.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Em mulheres de alto risco cardiovascular em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, al&#233;m das mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, devem-se empregar estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia isoladas ou combinadas com ezetimiba, com o objetivo de reduzir a LDL-c &#8805; 50% com alvo de LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL e N&#195;O-HDL-c &lt; 100 mg/dL, independentemente do valor basal de LDL-c.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t13">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda-se o controle do peso corporal para alcan&#231;ar valores saud&#225;veis de IMC (cerca de 20&#8211;25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (&lt;80 cm em mulheres), visando reduzir a PA e o risco cardiovascular. Recomenda-se a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios de baixa a moderada intensidade em todas as gestantes sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es para reduzir o risco de hipertens&#227;o gestacional e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Em mulheres com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica ou gestacional, recomenda-se iniciar o tratamento medicamentoso para aquelas com PA sist&#243;lica confirmada &#8805; 140 mmHg ou PA diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>SOP: s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos; DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>DOEN&#199;A HEP&#193;TICA ESTEAT&#211;TICA METAB&#211;LICA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B309">309</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B414">414</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B433">433</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B434">434</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t14">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Em mulheres com DHEM, recomenda-se a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida (perda de peso, mudan&#231;as na dieta, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, cessa&#231;&#227;o do uso de tabaco e &#225;lcool), manejo otimizado das comorbidades &#8211; incluindo o uso de terapias a base de incretinas (ex: semaglutida, tirzepatida) para DM2 ou obesidade (se indicado) &#8211; e cirurgia bari&#225;trica na presen&#231;a de obesidade severa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERADA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <p>DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; DHEM: doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>RECOMENDA&#199;&#213;ES ATUAIS PARA OS DIST&#218;RBIOS CARDIOMETAB&#211;LICOS NAS MULHERES</title>
      <p>DOEN&#199;A RENAL CR&#212;NICA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B435">435</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B441">441</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t15">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A gravidez &#233; uma das principais causas de les&#227;o renal aguda em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil e junto com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pode levar a DRC subsequente. A DRC tem efeito negativo na gravidez, mesmo em est&#225;gios muito iniciais, e os riscos aumentam com a progress&#227;o da DRC e com a concomit&#226;ncia de DM2. Recomenda-se monitoramento dos marcadores de fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a gravidez e nos anos subsequentes.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERADA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>TERAPIA CIR&#218;RGICA* - CIRURGIA BARI&#193;TRICA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B442">442</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B448">448</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>* ( <italic>bypass</italic> g&#225;strico em Y de Roux, gastrectomia vertical, banda g&#225;strica ajust&#225;vel laparosc&#243;pica, revestimento de bypass duodenal-jejunal/desvio biliopancre&#225;tico)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t16">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A cirurgia bari&#225;trica &#233; recomendada para mulheres com IMC &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; e hist&#243;rico de diabetes, DHEM ou alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares, assim como para aquelas com IMC &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178;, independentemente de comorbidades, para a melhoria dos par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos (perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico) e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ALTA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <p>DHEM: doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>S&#205;NDROME DOS OV&#193;RIOS POLIC&#205;STICOS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B444">444</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t17">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A SOP est&#225; associada a anovula&#231;&#227;o, hiperandrogenismo e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, aumentando o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e DM2. Mulheres com SOP devem realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico completo e do estado glic&#234;mico no momento do diagn&#243;stico. O tratamento inclui, al&#233;m de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, agentes sensibilizadores de insulina, como metformina ou mioinositol, e, para casos de hirsutismo e ciclos irregulares, contraceptivos orais combinados. Medicamentos antiobesidade, como liraglutida, semaglutida e agonistas do GLP-1 e orlistate, tamb&#233;m podem ser indicados no controle do peso.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FORTE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERADA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <p>SOP: s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos; DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>ENDOMETRIOSE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref> </sup> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t18">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; A FAVOR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">For&#231;a de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Certeza da Evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A endometriose est&#225; associada a um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico com aumento do estresse oxidativo e eleva&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular, maior risco de hipertens&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e AVC. Tratamento com terapias hormonais e estimula&#231;&#227;o ovariana para fertiliza&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> tamb&#233;m podem elevar o risco de tromboembolismo. Interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas no estilo de vida podem auxiliar na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FRACA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">FRACA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t19">
        <label>1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quais biomarcadores auxiliam no diagn&#243;stico das anormalidades cardiometab&#243;licas na mulher?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Biomarkers"[Mesh] OR "biological markers"[tiab] OR biomarkers[tiab] OR "molecular markers"[tiab] OR "diagnostic markers"[tiab] OR "metabolic markers"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic biomarkers"[tiab]) AND ("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR "cardiometabolic risk"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities"[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia*[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR "cardiovascular disease"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('biological marker'/exp OR 'biomarker'/exp OR 'biological marker':ti, ab OR biomarkers:ti, ab OR 'molecular marker':ti, ab OR 'diagnostic marker':ti, ab OR 'metabolic marker':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic biomarker':ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'glucose intolerance'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'cardiometabolic risk':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic abnormalit*':ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR 'glucose intolerance':ti, ab OR dyslipidemi*:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular disease':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Biomarkers"] OR "biological markers":ti, ab OR biomarkers:ti, ab OR "molecular markers":ti, ab OR "diagnostic markers":ti, ab OR "metabolic markers":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic biomarkers":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"] OR "cardiometabolic risk":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities":ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia*:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR "cardiovascular disease":ti, ab) <break/> AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Biomarcadores" OR "Biomarkers" OR "Biomarcadores" OR "Marcadores Biol&#243;gicos" OR "Biological Markers" OR "Marcadores Biol&#243;gicos" OR "Marcadores moleculares" OR "Molecular Markers" OR "Marcadores diagn&#243;sticos" OR "Diagnostic Markers" OR "Marcadores metab&#243;licos" OR "Metabolic Markers" OR "Marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "Cardiometabolic Biomarkers") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose" OR "Glucose Intolerance" OR "Intolerancia a la Glucosa" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Diabetes tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes tipo 2" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t20">
        <label>2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa influencia os par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>MEDLINE/PubMed</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Hormone Replacement Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"[Mesh] OR "menopausal hormone therapy"[tiab] OR "hormone replacement therapy"[tiab] OR HRT[tiab] OR "estrogen therapy"[tiab] OR "estradiol therapy"[tiab] OR "postmenopausal hormone therapy"[tiab]) AND ("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Blood Pressure"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Lipid Metabolism"[Mesh] OR "Cholesterol"[Mesh] OR "Triglycerides"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Metabolism Disorders"[Mesh] OR "cardiometabolic parameters"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic profile"[tiab] OR "insulin sensitivity"[tiab] OR "lipid profile"[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR "glucose levels"[tiab] OR "cholesterol levels"[tiab] OR triglycerides[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('hormone replacement therapy'/exp OR 'estrogen replacement therapy'/exp OR 'menopausal hormone therapy':ti, ab OR 'hormone replacement therapy':ti, ab OR HRT:ti, ab OR 'estrogen therapy':ti, ab OR 'estradiol therapy':ti, ab OR 'postmenopausal hormone therapy':ti, ab) AND ('metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'blood pressure'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'lipid metabolism'/exp OR 'cholesterol'/exp OR 'triglyceride'/exp OR 'glucose metabolism disorder'/exp OR 'cardiometabolic parameter*':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic profile':ti, ab OR 'insulin sensitivity':ti, ab OR 'lipid profile':ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR 'glucose level*':ti, ab OR 'cholesterol level*':ti, ab OR triglyceride*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Hormone Replacement Therapy"] OR [mh "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"] OR "menopausal hormone therapy":ti, ab OR "hormone replacement therapy":ti, ab OR HRT:ti, ab OR "estrogen therapy":ti, ab OR "estradiol therapy":ti, ab OR "postmenopausal hormone therapy":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR [mh "Blood Pressure"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Lipid Metabolism"] OR [mh "Cholesterol"] OR [mh "Triglycerides"] OR [mh "Glucose Metabolism Disorders"] OR "cardiometabolic parameters":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic profile":ti, ab OR "insulin sensitivity":ti, ab OR "lipid profile":ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR "glucose levels":ti, ab OR "cholesterol levels":ti, ab OR triglycerides:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa" OR "Menopausal Hormone Therapy" OR "Terapia Hormonal de la Menopausia" OR "Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal" OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR "Terapia de Reemplazo Hormonal" OR "Terapia Estrog&#234;nica" OR "Estrogen Therapy" OR "Terapia con Estr&#243;genos" OR "Terapia com Estradiol" OR "Estradiol Therapy" OR "Terapia con Estradiol" OR HRT) AND ("Par&#226;metros Cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "Cardiometabolic Parameters" OR "Par&#225;metros Cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "Perfil Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Profile" OR "Perfil Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Sensibilidade &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Sensitivity" OR "Sensibilidad a la Insulina" OR "Perfil Lip&#237;dico" OR "Lipid Profile" OR "Perfil Lip&#237;dico" OR "Press&#227;o Arterial" OR "Blood Pressure" OR "Presi&#243;n Arterial" OR "N&#237;veis de Glicose" OR "Glucose Levels" OR "Niveles de Glucosa" OR "Colesterol" OR "Cholesterol" OR "Colesterol" OR "Triglicer&#237;deos" OR "Triglycerides" OR "Triglic&#233;ridos" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t21">
        <label>3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>As mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida melhoram as anormalidades cardiometab&#243;licas nas mulheres?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Life Style"[Mesh] OR "Lifestyle"[tiab] OR "lifestyle change"[tiab] OR "behavior change"[tiab] OR "lifestyle intervention"[tiab] OR "behavioral intervention"[tiab]) AND ("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR "Physical Activity"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR "Motor Activity"[Mesh] OR "Diet"[Mesh] OR "Nutrition Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Healthy Diet"[tiab] OR "Physical Activity"[tiab] OR exercise[tiab] OR "psychosocial intervention"[tiab] OR "smoking cessation"[tiab] OR smoking[tiab] OR tobacco[tiab] OR alcohol[tiab] OR "alcohol consumption"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic risk"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('life style'/exp OR 'lifestyle change':ti, ab OR 'behavior change':ti, ab OR 'lifestyle intervention':ti, ab OR 'behavioral intervention':ti, ab) AND ('metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'glucose intolerance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'physical activity'/exp OR 'exercise'/exp OR 'diet'/exp OR 'nutrition therapy'/exp OR 'healthy diet':ti, ab OR 'psychosocial intervention':ti, ab OR 'smoking cessation':ti, ab OR smoking:ti, ab OR tobacco:ti, ab OR alcohol:ti, ab OR 'alcohol consumption':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic risk':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic abnormalit*':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("lifestyle" OR "lifestyle change" OR "lifestyle intervention" OR "behavior change" OR "behavioral intervention") AND ("cardiometabolic abnormalities" OR "cardiometabolic risk" OR "metabolic syndrome" OR "insulin resistance" OR "glucose intolerance" OR "dyslipidemia" OR "obesity" OR "hypertension" OR "type 2 diabetes" OR "cardiovascular disease" OR "physical activity" OR "exercise" OR "diet" OR "nutrition" OR "healthy diet" OR "psychosocial intervention" OR "smoking" OR "smoking cessation" OR "tobacco" OR "alcohol" OR "alcohol consumption") AND (women OR woman OR female OR females)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Mudan&#231;a de Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle Change" OR "Cambio de Estilo de Vida" OR "Interven&#231;&#227;o de Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle Intervention" OR "Intervenci&#243;n de Estilo de Vida" OR "Mudan&#231;a Comportamental" OR "Behavior Change" OR "Cambio de Comportamiento" OR "Interven&#231;&#227;o Comportamental" OR "Behavioral Intervention" OR "Intervenci&#243;n Conductual") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose" OR "Glucose Intolerance" OR "Intolerancia a la Glucosa" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares" OR "Atividade F&#237;sica" OR "Physical Activity" OR "Actividad F&#237;sica" OR "Exerc&#237;cio" OR "Exercise" OR "Ejercicio" OR "Dieta" OR "Diet" OR "Dieta" OR "Nutri&#231;&#227;o" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrici&#243;n" OR "Dieta Saud&#225;vel" OR "Healthy Diet" OR "Dieta Saludable" OR "Interven&#231;&#227;o Psicossocial" OR "Psychosocial Intervention" OR "Intervenci&#243;n Psicosocial" OR "Tabagismo" OR "Smoking" OR "Tabaquismo" OR "Cessa&#231;&#227;o do Tabagismo" OR "Smoking Cessation" OR "Cese del Tabaquismo" OR "&#193;lcool" OR "Alcohol" OR "Alcohol") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t22">
        <label>4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quais medicamentos auxiliam no tratamento das anormalidades cardiometab&#243;licas nas mulheres com obesidade e diabetes?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Pharmaceutical Preparations"[Mesh] OR "Hypoglycemic Agents"[Mesh] OR "Antihyperglycemic Agents"[Mesh] OR "Antihypertensive Agents"[Mesh] OR "Lipid Regulating Agents"[Mesh] OR medication*[tiab] OR drug*[tiab] OR pharmacotherapy[tiab] OR "glucose-lowering agents"[tiab] OR "antidiabetic drugs"[tiab] OR "insulin sensitizers"[tiab] OR "weight loss drugs"[tiab]) AND (("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "cardiometabolic risk"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR cholesterol[tiab] OR "lipid profile"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab])) AND ("Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Obesity, Morbid"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR "morbid obesity"[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR T2DM[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('drug therapy'/exp OR 'pharmaceutical preparation'/exp OR 'hypoglycemic agent'/exp OR 'antihyperglycemic agent'/exp OR 'antihypertensive agent'/exp OR 'lipid regulating agent'/exp OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab OR 'glucose lowering agent':ti, ab OR 'antidiabetic drug':ti, ab OR 'insulin sensitizer':ti, ab OR 'weight loss drug':ti, ab) AND (('metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'glucose intolerance'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'cardiometabolic risk':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic abnormalit*':ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR cholesterol:ti, ab OR 'lipid profile':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)) AND ('obesity'/exp OR 'morbid obesity'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR 'morbid obesity':ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR T2DM:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Drug Therapy"] OR [mh "Pharmaceutical Preparations"] OR [mh "Hypoglycemic Agents"] OR [mh "Antihyperglycemic Agents"] OR [mh "Antihypertensive Agents"] OR [mh "Lipid Regulating Agents"] OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab OR "glucose-lowering agents":ti, ab OR "antidiabetic drugs":ti, ab OR "insulin sensitizers":ti, ab OR "weight loss drugs":ti, ab) AND (([mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR "cardiometabolic risk":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR cholesterol:ti, ab OR "lipid profile":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)) AND ([mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Obesity, Morbid"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR "morbid obesity":ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR T2DM:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Medicamentos" OR "Drugs" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Terapia Medicamentosa" OR "Drug Therapy" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Prepara&#231;&#245;es Farmac&#234;uticas" OR "Pharmaceutical Preparations" OR "Preparaciones Farmac&#233;uticas" OR "Agentes Hipoglicemiantes" OR "Hypoglycemic Agents" OR "Agentes Hipoglucemiantes" OR "Agentes Antihipertensivos" OR "Antihypertensive Agents" OR "Agentes Antihipertensivos" OR "Agentes Reguladores de Lip&#237;dios" OR "Lipid Regulating Agents" OR "Agentes Reguladores de L&#237;pidos" OR "Sensibilizadores de Insulina" OR "Insulin Sensitizers" OR "Sensibilizadores de Insulina" OR "Medicamentos para Emagrecimento" OR "Weight Loss Drugs" OR "Medicamentos para Adelgazar") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t23">
        <label>5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>O tratamento da infertilidade se associa com anormalidades cardiometab&#243;licas na mulher?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Infertility, Female"[Mesh] OR "Infertility"[Mesh] OR infertility[tiab] OR "fertility treatment*"[tiab] OR "Assisted Reproductive Techniques"[Mesh] OR "assisted reproductive technolog*"[tiab] OR ART[tiab] OR "In Vitro Fertilization"[Mesh] OR "in vitro fertilization"[tiab] OR IVF[tiab] OR "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection"[Mesh] OR ICSI[tiab] OR "Ovulation Induction"[Mesh] OR "ovulation induction"[tiab] OR clomiphene[tiab] OR letrozole[tiab] OR gonadotropin*[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "cardio-metabolic"[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperlipidemia[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR BMI[tiab] OR "body mass index"[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR diabetes[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('female infertility treatment'/exp OR 'infertility'/exp OR 'assisted reproductive technology'/exp OR 'in vitro fertilization'/exp OR 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection'/exp OR 'ovulation induction'/exp OR infertility:ti, ab OR 'fertility treatment*':ti, ab OR 'assisted reproductive technolog*':ti, ab OR ART:ti, ab OR 'in vitro fertilization':ti, ab OR IVF:ti, ab OR 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection':ti, ab OR ICSI:ti, ab OR 'ovulation induction':ti, ab OR clomiphene:ti, ab OR letrozole:ti, ab OR gonadotropin*:ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'cardio metabolic':ti, ab OR dyslipidemia*:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR BMI:ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR diabetes:ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Infertility, Female"] OR [mh "Infertility"] OR infertility:ti, ab OR "fertility treatment*":ti, ab OR [mh "Assisted Reproductive Techniques"] OR "assisted reproductive technolog*":ti, ab OR ART:ti, ab OR [mh "In Vitro Fertilization"] OR "in vitro fertilization":ti, ab OR IVF:ti, ab OR [mh "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection"] OR ICSI:ti, ab OR [mh "Ovulation Induction"] OR "ovulation induction":ti, ab OR clomiphene:ti, ab OR letrozole:ti, ab OR gonadotropin*:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "cardio-metabolic":ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR BMI:ti, ab OR "body mass index":ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR diabetes:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Infertilidade" OR "Infertility" OR "Infertilidad" OR "Tratamento da Infertilidade" OR "Infertility Treatment" OR "Tratamiento de la Infertilidad" OR "Tecnologias de Reprodu&#231;&#227;o Assistida" OR "Assisted Reproductive Technologies" OR "Tecnolog&#237;as de Reproducci&#243;n Asistida" OR "Fertiliza&#231;&#227;o in vitro" OR "In Vitro Fertilization" OR "Fertilizaci&#243;n in vitro" OR "Inje&#231;&#227;o Intracitoplasm&#225;tica de Espermatozoides" OR "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection" OR "Inyecci&#243;n intracitoplasm&#225;tica de espermatozoides" OR "Indu&#231;&#227;o da Ovula&#231;&#227;o" OR "Ovulation Induction" OR "Inducci&#243;n de la Ovulaci&#243;n" OR Clomifeno OR Clomiphene OR Clomifeno OR Letrozol OR Letrozole OR Letrozol OR Gonadotrofinas OR Gonadotropins OR Gonadotropinas) AND ("Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares") AND ("Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t24">
        <label>6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quais os medicamentos para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da dislipidemia influenciam as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas nas mulheres?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Drugs"[Mesh] OR "Antihypertensive Agents"[Mesh] OR "Hypolipidemic Agents"[Mesh] OR medication*[tiab] OR drug*[tiab] OR "pharmacologic treatment"[tiab] OR pharmacotherapy[tiab]) AND ("Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Antihypertensive Agents"[Mesh] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "high blood pressure"[tiab] OR "blood pressure control"[tiab] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hyperlipidemias"[Mesh] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperlipidemia[tiab] OR "lipid-lowering"[tiab] OR statins[tiab] OR "ACE inhibitors"[tiab] OR ARBs[tiab] OR "beta blockers"[tiab] OR diuretics[tiab] OR "calcium channel blockers"[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('drug therapy'/exp OR 'drug'/exp OR 'antihypertensive agent'/exp OR 'hypolipidemic agent'/exp OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR 'pharmacologic treatment':ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab) AND ('hypertension'/exp OR 'antihypertensive agent'/exp OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'high blood pressure':ti, ab OR 'blood pressure control':ti, ab OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hyperlipidemia'/exp OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR 'lipid lowering':ti, ab OR statins:ti, ab OR 'ACE inhibitors':ti, ab OR ARBs:ti, ab OR 'beta blockers':ti, ab OR diuretics:ti, ab OR 'calcium channel blockers':ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR 'glucose intolerance':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Drug Therapy"] OR [mh "Drugs"] OR [mh "Antihypertensive Agents"] OR [mh "Hypolipidemic Agents"] OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR "pharmacologic treatment":ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Antihypertensive Agents"] OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "high blood pressure":ti, ab OR "blood pressure control":ti, ab OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hyperlipidemias"] OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR "lipid-lowering":ti, ab OR statins:ti, ab OR "ACE inhibitors":ti, ab OR ARBs:ti, ab OR "beta blockers":ti, ab OR diuretics:ti, ab OR "calcium channel blockers":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND <break/> ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Medicamentos" OR "Drugs" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Terapia Medicamentosa" OR "Drug Therapy" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Agentes Anti-hipertensivos" OR "Antihypertensive Agents" OR "Agentes Antihipertensivos" OR "Agentes Hipolipemiantes" OR "Hypolipidemic Agents" OR "Agentes Hipolipemiantes" OR "Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Pharmacologic Treatment" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico") AND TW: ("Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Press&#227;o Alta" OR "High Blood Pressure" OR "Presi&#243;n Alta" OR "Controle da Press&#227;o Arterial" OR "Blood Pressure Control" OR "Control de la Presi&#243;n Arterial" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hiperlipidemia" OR "Hyperlipidemia" OR "Hiperlipidemia" OR "Redu&#231;&#227;o de Lip&#237;dios" OR "Lipid-Lowering" OR "Reducci&#243;n de L&#237;pidos" OR Estatinas OR Statins OR Estatinas OR "Inibidores da ECA" OR "ACE Inhibitors" OR "Inhibidores de la ECA" OR BRA OR ARBs OR BRA OR "Betabloqueadores" OR "Beta Blockers" OR "Betabloqueadores" OR Diur&#233;ticos OR Diuretics OR Diur&#233;ticos OR "Bloqueadores dos Canais de C&#225;lcio" OR "Calcium Channel Blockers" OR "Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Disorders" OR "Trastornos Cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Risco Cardiovascular" OR "Cardiovascular Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiovascular") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t25">
        <label>7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A cirurgia bari&#225;trica deve ser indicada para o tratamento das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas nas mulheres?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Bariatric Surgery"[Mesh] OR "Gastric Bypass"[Mesh] OR "Gastrectomy"[Mesh] OR "bariatric surgery"[tiab] OR "gastric bypass"[tiab] OR "sleeve gastrectomy"[tiab] OR "Roux-en-Y"[tiab] OR "metabolic surgery"[tiab] OR "weight loss surgery"[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperlipidemia[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('bariatric surgery'/exp OR 'gastric bypass'/exp OR 'gastrectomy'/exp OR 'bariatric surgery':ti, ab OR 'gastric bypass':ti, ab OR 'sleeve gastrectomy':ti, ab OR 'roux-en-y':ti, ab OR 'metabolic surgery':ti, ab OR 'weight loss surgery':ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Bariatric Surgery"] OR [mh "Gastric Bypass"] OR [mh "Gastrectomy"] OR "bariatric surgery":ti, ab OR "gastric bypass":ti, ab OR "sleeve gastrectomy":ti, ab OR "Roux-en-Y":ti, ab OR "metabolic surgery":ti, ab OR "weight loss surgery":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica" OR "Bariatric Surgery" OR "Cirug&#237;a Bari&#225;trica" OR "Bypass G&#225;strico" OR "Gastric Bypass" OR "Bypass G&#225;strico" OR "Gastrectomia Vertical" OR "Sleeve Gastrectomy" OR "Gastrectom&#237;a Vertical" OR "Roux-en-Y" OR "Roux-en-Y" OR "Cirurgia Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Surgery" OR "Cirug&#237;a Metab&#243;lica" OR "Cirurgia para Perda de Peso" OR "Weight Loss Surgery" OR "Cirug&#237;a para P&#233;rdida de Peso") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Risco Cardiovascular" OR "Cardiovascular Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiovascular") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t26">
        <label>8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quais interven&#231;&#245;es melhoram as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas nas mulheres com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Life Style"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR "Diet Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR intervention*[tiab] OR treatment*[tiab] OR therapy[tiab] OR management[tiab] OR lifestyle[tiab] OR diet[tiab] OR nutrition[tiab] OR "physical activity"[tiab] OR exercise[tiab] OR medication*[tiab] OR pharmacologic*[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Renal Insufficiency, Chronic"[Mesh] OR "Kidney Diseases"[Mesh] OR "chronic kidney disease"[tiab] OR CKD[tiab] OR "chronic renal failure"[tiab] OR "end-stage renal disease"[tiab] OR ESRD[tiab] OR "kidney dysfunction"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('life style'/exp OR 'exercise'/exp OR 'diet therapy'/exp OR 'drug therapy'/exp OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR 'physical activity':ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('chronic kidney disease'/exp OR 'renal insufficiency, chronic'/exp OR 'chronic kidney disease':ti, ab OR CKD:ti, ab OR 'chronic renal failure':ti, ab OR 'end stage renal disease':ti, ab OR ESRD:ti, ab OR 'kidney dysfunction':ti, ab OR 'kidney disease':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Life Style"] OR [mh "Exercise"] OR [mh "Diet Therapy"] OR [mh "Drug Therapy"] OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR "physical activity":ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Renal Insufficiency, Chronic"] OR [mh "Kidney Diseases"] OR "chronic kidney disease":ti, ab OR CKD:ti, ab OR "chronic renal failure":ti, ab OR "end-stage renal disease":ti, ab OR ESRD:ti, ab OR "kidney dysfunction":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Interven&#231;&#245;es" OR "Interventions" OR "Intervenciones" OR "Tratamento" OR "Treatment" OR "Tratamiento" OR "Terapia" OR "Therapy" OR "Terapia" OR "Manejo" OR "Management" OR "Manejo" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Exerc&#237;cio" OR "Exercise" OR "Ejercicio" OR "Atividade F&#237;sica" OR "Physical Activity" OR "Actividad F&#237;sica" OR "Dieta" OR "Diet" OR "Dieta" OR "Nutri&#231;&#227;o" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrici&#243;n" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Nutrition Therapy" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Medication" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Pharmacologic Treatment" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico") AND (TW: "Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica" OR "Chronic Kidney Disease" OR "Enfermedad Renal Cr&#243;nica" OR "Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica" OR "Chronic Renal Failure" OR "Insuficiencia Renal Cr&#243;nica" OR "Doen&#231;a Renal Terminal" OR "End-Stage Renal Disease" OR "Enfermedad Renal Terminal" OR CKD OR ERC OR "Disfun&#231;&#227;o Renal" OR "Kidney Dysfunction" OR "Disfunci&#243;n Renal" OR "Doen&#231;a Renal" OR "Kidney Disease" OR "Enfermedad Renal") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Disorders" OR "Trastornos Cardiometab&#243;licos") AND ("Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t27">
        <label>9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quais interven&#231;&#245;es melhoram as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas nas mulheres com Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica (MASLD)?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Life Style"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR "Diet Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR intervention*[tiab] OR treatment*[tiab] OR therapy[tiab] OR management[tiab] OR lifestyle[tiab] OR diet[tiab] OR nutrition[tiab] OR "physical activity"[tiab] OR exercise[tiab] OR medication*[tiab] OR pharmacologic*[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"[Mesh] OR "Fatty Liver"[Mesh] OR MASLD[tiab] OR "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease"[tiab] OR NAFLD[tiab] OR "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"[tiab] OR "fatty liver"[tiab] OR "hepatic steatosis"[tiab] OR steatosis[tiab] OR steatohepatitis[tiab] OR NASH[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('life style'/exp OR 'exercise'/exp OR 'diet therapy'/exp OR 'drug therapy'/exp OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR 'physical activity':ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('nonalcoholic fatty liver'/exp OR 'fatty liver'/exp OR MASLD:ti, ab OR 'metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease':ti, ab OR NAFLD:ti, ab OR 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease':ti, ab OR 'fatty liver':ti, ab OR 'hepatic steatosis':ti, ab OR steatosis:ti, ab OR steatohepatitis:ti, ab OR NASH:ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Life Style"] OR [mh "Exercise"] OR [mh "Diet Therapy"] OR [mh "Drug Therapy"] OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR "physical activity":ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"] OR [mh "Fatty Liver"] OR MASLD:ti, ab OR "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease":ti, ab OR NAFLD:ti, ab OR "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease":ti, ab OR "fatty liver":ti, ab OR "hepatic steatosis":ti, ab OR steatosis:ti, ab OR steatohepatitis:ti, ab OR NASH:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Interven&#231;&#245;es" OR "Interventions" OR "Intervenciones" OR "Tratamento" OR "Treatment" OR "Tratamiento" OR "Terapia" OR "Therapy" OR "Terapia" OR "Manejo" OR "Management" OR "Manejo" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Exerc&#237;cio" OR "Exercise" OR "Ejercicio" OR "Atividade F&#237;sica" OR "Physical Activity" OR "Actividad F&#237;sica" OR "Dieta" OR "Diet" OR "Dieta" OR "Nutri&#231;&#227;o" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrici&#243;n" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Nutrition Therapy" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Medication" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Pharmacologic Treatment" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico") AND (TW: "Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease" OR "Enfermedad Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica" OR MASLD OR "Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Gordurosa N&#227;o Alco&#243;lica" OR "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" OR "Enfermedad Hep&#225;tica Grasa No Alcoh&#243;lica" OR NAFLD OR "Esteatose Hep&#225;tica" OR "Fatty Liver" OR "Esteatosis Hep&#225;tica" OR "Esteato-hepatite" OR "Steatohepatitis" OR "Esteatohepatitis" OR NASH) AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Disorders" OR "Trastornos Cardiometab&#243;licos") AND ("Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>SUPLEMENTO</title>
      <table-wrap id="t28">
        <label>10</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mulheres com endometriose e SOP precisam verificar fatores de risco cardiovasculares regularmente para evitar DCV?</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Base</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">("Endometriosis"[Mesh] OR endometriosis[tiab]) OR <break/> ("Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "ovarian dysfunction"[tiab] OR PCOS[tiab] OR "polycystic ovary syndrome"[tiab]) AND ("Risk Factors"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Risk"[tiab] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "risk factor*"[tiab] OR "metabolic risk"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR inflammation[tiab]) AND ("Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "cardiovascular disease*"[tiab] OR CVD[tiab] OR "heart disease*"[tiab] OR "cardiac disease*"[tiab] OR atherosclerosis[tiab] OR "coronary artery disease"[tiab] OR "myocardial infarction"[tiab] OR stroke[tiab] OR "ischemic heart disease"[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">('endometriosis'/exp OR endometriosis:ti, ab) OR ('polycystic ovary syndrome'/exp OR 'stein leventhal syndrome'/exp OR PCOS:ti, ab OR 'polycystic ovary syndrome':ti, ab OR 'ovarian dysfunction':ti, ab) AND ('risk factor'/exp OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR inflammation:ti, ab) AND ('cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'heart disease':ti, ab OR 'cardiac disease':ti, ab OR atherosclerosis:ti, ab OR 'coronary artery disease':ti, ab OR 'myocardial infarction':ti, ab OR stroke:ti, ab OR 'ischemic heart disease':ti, ab OR CVD:ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Endometriosis"] OR endometriosis:ti, ab) <break/> OR <break/> ([mh "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"] OR [mh "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome"] OR "ovarian dysfunction":ti, ab OR PCOS:ti, ab OR "polycystic ovary syndrome":ti, ab) <break/> AND <break/> ([mh "Risk Factors"] OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR "risk factor*":ti, ab OR "metabolic risk":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR inflammation:ti, ab) <break/> AND <break/> ([mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR "cardiovascular disease*":ti, ab OR CVD:ti, ab OR "heart disease*":ti, ab OR "cardiac disease*":ti, ab OR atherosclerosis:ti, ab OR "coronary artery disease":ti, ab OR "myocardial infarction":ti, ab OR stroke:ti, ab OR "ischemic heart disease":ti, ab)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Endometriose" OR "Endometriosis" OR "Endometriosis") OR ("S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos" OR "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome de Ovario Poliqu&#237;stico" OR SOP OR PCOS OR "S&#237;ndrome de Stein-Leventhal" OR "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome de Stein-Leventhal" OR "Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ovariana" OR "Ovarian Dysfunction" OR "Disfunci&#243;n Ov&#225;rica") AND (TW: "Fatores de Risco" OR "Risk Factors" OR "Factores de Riesgo" OR "Risco Cardiovascular" OR "Cardiovascular Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiovascular" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Press&#227;o Arterial" OR "Blood Pressure" OR "Presi&#243;n Arterial" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose" OR "Glucose Intolerance" OR "Intolerancia a la Glucosa" OR "Hiperglicemia" OR "Hyperglycemia" OR "Hiperglucemia" OR "Inflama&#231;&#227;o" OR "Inflammation" OR "Inflamaci&#243;n") AND (TW: "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares" OR "Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o" OR "Ischemic Heart Disease" OR "Enfermedad Isqu&#233;mica del Coraz&#243;n" OR "Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana" OR "Coronary Artery Disease" OR "Enfermedad de las Arterias Coronarias" OR "Aterosclerose" OR "Atherosclerosis" OR "Aterosclerosis" OR "Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio" OR "Myocardial Infarction" OR "Infarto de Miocardio" OR "Acidente Vascular Cerebral" OR "Stroke" OR "Accidente Cerebrovascular")</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</label>
        <p>Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DCM/SBC)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</label>
        <p>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva (Coordenador), Helena Cramer Veiga Rey, Humberto Graner Moreira, Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Nadine Oliveira Clausell - Period 2025-2027.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Nota:</label>
        <p>Estes Posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <glossary>
      <def-list>
        <title>Lista de Abreviaturas e Siglas</title>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G1">&#8211;AVC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>acidente vascular cerebral</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G2">&#8211;BRA:</term>
          <def>
            <p>bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G3">&#8211;CAC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G4">&#8211;CBG:</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>cortisol-binding-globulin</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G5">&#8211;CHIP:</term>
          <def>
            <p>hematopoiese clonal de potencial indeterminado</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G6">&#8211;COC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>contraceptivos orais combinados</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G7">&#8211;DALYs:</term>
          <def>
            <p><italic>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</italic> - Anos de Vida Ajustados por Incapacidade</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G8">&#8211;DCM/SBC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G9">&#8211;DCV:</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G10">&#8211;DG:</term>
          <def>
            <p>diabetes gestacional</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G11">&#8211;DHEM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica metab&#243;lica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G12">&#8211;DIC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G13">&#8211;DIU-LNG:</term>
          <def>
            <p>sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G14">&#8211;DM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G15">&#8211;DM1:</term>
          <def>
            <p>diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 1</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G16">&#8211;DM2:</term>
          <def>
            <p>diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G17">&#8211;DRC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G18">&#8211;DRD:</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;a renal diab&#233;tica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G19">&#8211;EHM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>esteato-hepatite metab&#243;lica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G20">&#8211;eNOS:</term>
          <def>
            <p>enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G21">&#8211;ESC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G22">&#8211;FAI:</term>
          <def>
            <p>&#237;ndice de atenua&#231;&#227;o da gordura perivascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G23">&#8211;FEBRASGO:</term>
          <def>
            <p>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G24">&#8211;FIB-4:</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Fibrosis-4</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G25">&#8211;FR:</term>
          <def>
            <p>fatores de risco</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G26">&#8211;FRCV:</term>
          <def>
            <p>fatores de risco cardiovascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G27">&#8211;FSH:</term>
          <def>
            <p>horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo-estimulante</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G28">&#8211;GIP:</term>
          <def>
            <p>polipept&#237;deo insulinotr&#243;pico dependente de glicose</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G29">&#8211;GLP-1:</term>
          <def>
            <p>pept&#237;deo semelhante ao glucagon 1 ( <italic>glucagon-like peptide-1</italic> )</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G30">&#8211;GnRH:</term>
          <def>
            <p>horm&#244;nio liberador de gonadotrofinas</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G31">&#8211;GPG:</term>
          <def>
            <p>ganho de peso gestacional</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G32">&#8211;HAS:</term>
          <def>
            <p>hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G33">&#8211;HbA1c:</term>
          <def>
            <p>hemoglobina glicada</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G34">&#8211;HDL-c:</term>
          <def>
            <p>colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G35">&#8211;HOMA-IR:</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G36">&#8211;IAM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G37">&#8211;IC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G38">&#8211;ICFEp:</term>
          <def>
            <p>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G39">&#8211;IECA:</term>
          <def>
            <p>inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G40">&#8211;IL:</term>
          <def>
            <p>interleucina</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G41">&#8211;IM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G42">&#8211;IMC:</term>
          <def>
            <p>&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G43">&#8211;INOCA:</term>
          <def>
            <p>isquemia com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G44">&#8211;IP-10:</term>
          <def>
            <p>prote&#237;na 10 induz&#237;vel por interferon gama</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G45">&#8211;LDL-c:</term>
          <def>
            <p>colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G46">&#8211;LH:</term>
          <def>
            <p>horm&#244;nio luteinizante</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G47">&#8211;Lp(a):</term>
          <def>
            <p>lipoprote&#237;na a</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G48">&#8211;MCP-1:</term>
          <def>
            <p>prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;tica de mon&#243;citos 1</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G49">&#8211;MINOCA:</term>
          <def>
            <p>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G50">&#8211;NF-&#954;B:</term>
          <def>
            <p>fator nuclear kappa B</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G51">&#8211;ON:</term>
          <def>
            <p>&#243;xido n&#237;trico</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G52">&#8211;PA:</term>
          <def>
            <p>press&#227;o arterial</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G53">&#8211;PCR:</term>
          <def>
            <p>prote&#237;na C reativa</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G54">&#8211;PCR-us:</term>
          <def>
            <p>PCR ultrassens&#237;vel</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G55">&#8211;RCE:</term>
          <def>
            <p>raz&#227;o cintura-estatura</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G56">&#8211;RCQ:</term>
          <def>
            <p>raz&#227;o cintura-quadril</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G57">&#8211;RCV:</term>
          <def>
            <p>risco cardiovascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G58">&#8211;RI:</term>
          <def>
            <p>resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G59">&#8211;ROS:</term>
          <def>
            <p>esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G60">&#8211;RR:</term>
          <def>
            <p>risco relativo</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G61">&#8211;SBEM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G62">&#8211;sEng:</term>
          <def>
            <p>endoglina sol&#250;vel</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G63">&#8211;sFlt-1:</term>
          <def>
            <p>fator sol&#250;vel tipo tirosinaquinase-1</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G64">&#8211;SGLT2:</term>
          <def>
            <p>cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose tipo 2</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G65">&#8211;SHBG:</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>sexual-hormone-binding-globulin</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G66">&#8211;SM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G67">&#8211;SOP:</term>
          <def>
            <p>s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G68">&#8211;SVM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>sintomas vasomotores</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G69">&#8211;TEV:</term>
          <def>
            <p>tromboembolismo venoso</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G70">&#8211;THM:</term>
          <def>
            <p>terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal da menopausa</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G71">&#8211;TNF-&#945;:</term>
          <def>
            <p>fator de necrose tumoral alfa</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G72">&#8211;TOTG:</term>
          <def>
            <p>teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G73">&#8211;VCAM-1:</term>
          <def>
            <p>mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o celular vascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G74">&#8211;VEGF:</term>
          <def>
            <p>fator de crescimento endotelial vascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G75">&#8211;VLDL-c:</term>
          <def>
            <p>colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term id="G76">&#8211;WHI:</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
      </def-list>
    </glossary>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a todos os envolvidos na gest&#227;o dos peri&#243;dicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, e ao bibliotec&#225;rio Gesner Francisco Xavier Junior pelo apoio t&#233;cnico-cient&#237;fico fundamental para a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
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        <mixed-citation>448 Felipe LA, Bachi ALL, Oliveira MC, Moreira SMBP, Afonso JPR, Lino MEM, et al. Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on the Metabolic Profile and Systemic Inflammatory Status of Women with Metabolic Syndrome: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s13098-023-00986-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250615i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Position Statement on Cardiometabolic Health Across the Woman's Life Course &#8211; 2025</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff58">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2292-1735</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#233;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia Melissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff61">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5566-8070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giuffrida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff62">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff63">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff64">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-8184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Celi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff66">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff67">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff68">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8161-9400</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Japhet da Matta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff69">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff70">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4455-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pallandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff71">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff72">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff74">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff75">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1336-6517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff76">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff77">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2455-5612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff78">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff79">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6720-8151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Aurelio de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff80">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff81">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff82">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff83">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2106-309X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Bauermann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff85">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9018-8489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff86">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8957-7193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff87">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0803-8535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nahas</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Aguiar Petri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff88">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Regina Giunco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff89">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6352-3330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff79">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff90">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff72">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1090-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Imara Correia de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff91">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff92">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8588-8074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kulak</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff93">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3865-5320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eduardo Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff94">
            <sup>37</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3115-5606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0774-9404</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff95">
            <sup>38</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8500-9244</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Zytynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff96">
            <sup>39</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff97">
            <sup>40</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7084-037X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pompei</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff68">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff98">
            <sup>41</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6501-1139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assad</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Heitor Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff99">
            <sup>42</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0969-4614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff100">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff93">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1473-9223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Albanez Albuquerque de Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff101">
            <sup>44</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff102">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff103">
            <sup>46</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff100">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff66">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff67">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff104">
            <sup>47</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8722-7504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff79">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff105">
            <sup>48</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff106">
            <sup>49</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff107">
            <sup>50</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff108">
            <sup>51</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff109">
            <sup>52</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff200">
            <sup>53</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7136-3536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Thais de Carvalho Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff201">
            <sup>54</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff72">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4414-6696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Wellington Santana da</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff202">
            <sup>55</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-3976-8914</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nazima</surname>
            <given-names>Willyan Issamu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff203">
            <sup>56</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9088-6700</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff204">
            <sup>57</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9085-4605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Celeste Osorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff58">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),x Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff59">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Jo&#227;o XXIII, Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff60">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte (UNIBH), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff61">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione (IEDE-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff62">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff63">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff64">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Salvador, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff65">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff66">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff67">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff68">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211;Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff69">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana Recife &#8211; Rede Am&#233;ricas, Recife PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff70">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Bar&#227;o de Lucena &#8211; SUS/PE, Recife PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff71">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff72">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff73">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff74">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff75">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff76">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA), Bel&#233;m PA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff77">
          <label>20</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare-Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica Ltda, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff78">
          <label>21</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff79">
          <label>22</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff80">
          <label>23</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff81">
          <label>24</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UNB), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff82">
          <label>25</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital DFStar, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff83">
          <label>26</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff84">
          <label>27</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff85">
          <label>28</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff86">
          <label>29</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Vascular &#8211; Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff87">
          <label>30</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital PUC Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff88">
          <label>31</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff89">
          <label>32</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff90">
          <label>33</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">RitmoCheck, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff91">
          <label>34</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff92">
          <label>35</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff93">
          <label>36</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff94">
          <label>37</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff95">
          <label>38</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff96">
          <label>39</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff97">
          <label>40</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Unesulbahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff98">
          <label>41</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff99">
          <label>42</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff100">
          <label>43</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff101">
          <label>44</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff102">
          <label>45</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff103">
          <label>46</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiointerve, Natal, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff104">
          <label>47</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff105">
          <label>48</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff106">
          <label>49</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff107">
          <label>50</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff108">
          <label>51</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff109">
          <label>52</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CEMISE Oncocl&#237;nicas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff200">
          <label>53</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Prefeitura Municipal de Aracaju, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff201">
          <label>54</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff202">
          <label>55</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff203">
          <label>56</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff204">
          <label>57</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondence:</label> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Postal Code: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t29">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Position Statement on Cardiometabolic Health Across the Woman's Life Course &#8211; 2025</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2024/2025.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Expert</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alexandre Jorge Gomes de Lucena</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antonio Aurelio de Paiva Fagundes Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> AstraZeneca: Lokelma; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Metalyse; Novartis: Sybrava; Abbot: Ritmonorm; Mundipharma: Rezzayo; Libbs: Plenance. <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Novartis: renal failure; Eli lilly: Lipoprotein A.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Vita Institute.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Bayer: anticoagulation and heart failure; Pfizer: anticoagulation and amyloidosis; Jannsen: leukemia. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: heart failure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Japhet da Matta Albuquerque</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Celi Marques Santos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cristiane Bauermann Leit&#227;o</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Novo Nordisk. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Lilly.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cynthia Melissa Valerio</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Novo Nordisk: Diabetes e Obesidade; Boehringer Ingelheim: Diabetes; Eli Lilly: Diabetes e Obesidade; AstraZeneca: Diabetes; EMS: Diabetes e Obesidade. <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Chiesi: metreleptina. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Chiesi: metreleptina.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Daniel Souto Silveira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dalton Bertolim Precoma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Janssen: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; Astrazeneca: dislipidemia e inibidores da aldosterona; Novonordisk: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Arrowhead: dislipidemia; Vertrix: antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Daiichi Sankyo: anticoagulation; GSK: vaccines; Astrazeneca: cardiometabolism.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Elaine dos Reis Coutinho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Novartis: Sybrava; Biolab: Livalo e Repatha; Daichii sankyo: Nustendi. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novartis, Daichii, Biolab.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Libbs: Yumi, Iziz, Libiam, Natifa; Theramex: Estreva Gel, linha Systen; Exeltis: Gynpro; Gedeon: Lenzetto; Besins: Oestrogel; Astellas: Veoza.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Servier: Vastarel MR; Lilly: Mounjaro; Libbs: Ebatz e Stanglitz, NovoNordisk: Ozempic; Astra Zeneca: Breztri; Boehringer-Ingelhein: Glyxambi; Mantecorpp: Nesina/Addera. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Lilly.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Servier, Brace Pharma, Biolab, Momenta. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Servier, Biolab: hypertension.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#201;rika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Biolab: Dozoito. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Merck.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Ache: Astra educational material and classes. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Pfizer: amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernanda Marciano Consolim Colombo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Servier; AstraZeneca. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Daiichi Sankyo; Servier.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernando M. A. Giuffrida</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Imara Correia de Queiroz Barbosa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> AstraZeneca: heart failure (Forxiga, Selozok); Servier: hypertension (Triplixam).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ivan Romero Rivera</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jaime Kulak Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Bayer: Mirena; Besins: Vagifem; Biolab: Qlaira; Theramex: Systen, Estreva; Merck: Glifage XR; Astellas: Fezolinetanto. Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Astellas: Congress of the International Menopause Society; Besins: Congress of FIGO and Congress of the International Menopause Society.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Eduardo Nunes Salles</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Roberto de S&#225;</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> C - Personal research funding paid by the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Bayer: finerinone; Novo Nordisk: semaglutide; AstraZeneca: Zirconium cyclosilicate, dapagliflozin; Amgen: evolocumab; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozin; Lilly: tirzepatide, atorvastatin viatris; Daichii Sankyo: bempedoic acid/Edoxaban; Mantecorp: rosuvastatin. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: finerinone; Novo Nordisk: Semaglutide; AstraZeneca: Zirconium cyclosilicate, dapagliflozin; Amgen: evolocumab; Boehringer Ingelheimer: empagliflozin; Lilly: tirzepatide, atorvastatin viatris; Daichii Sankyo: bempedoic acid/edoxaban.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Maria Soares J&#250;nior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Pfizer: Abrysvo; Libbs: Zaila.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Larissa de Almeida Dourado</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - EMS: Xakilis; Novartis: Sybrava.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Larissa Neto Esp&#237;ndola Macedo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Servier: Trimetazidine.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lidia Zytynski Moura</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Bayer, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Viatris. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Novo Nordisk, Astra.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da Costa Paiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> BAYER: diu mirena; Astellas Fezolinetanto; Theramex Systen e Estreva Gel, Besisn Vagifem. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Astellas; International Menopaus Society Congress 2024.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Luciano de Melo Pompei</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Abbott, Ach&#233;, Astellas, Bayer, Besins, Biolab, Mantecorp, Libbs, Theramex. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Besins.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Luiz Guilherme Passaglia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> DASA Medical Advisory Board in Minas Gerais. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Participation in government-related regulatory authorities or advocacy authorities in cardiology: <break/> - Member of the Cardiology Committee of CRM MG and member of the Municipal Cardiology Commission of the Municipal Health Department of BH.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Heitor Vieira Assad</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> AstraZeneca: Forxiga; BAYER: Firialta; Biolab: Repatha; Boerhringer Ingelheim: Glyxambi; Daiichy Sankyo: Benicar, Nustendi; EMS: Bramicar; GSK: Shingrix; Libbs: Stanglit; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy and Wegov: Rybelusus and Ozempic; Novartis: Sybrava; Pfizer: Prevenar 20; Viatris: Lipitor, Inspra. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AMGEN: Olpasirana. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito Rodrigues</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Besins, Theramex.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Antonieta Albanez Albuquerque de Medeiros Lopes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Boston, Medtronic, Daiichi Sankyo. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Boston.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Celeste Osorio Wender</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/> A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AstraZeneca: Forxiga; BAYER: Firialta; Biolab: Repatha; Boerhringer Ingelheim: Glyxambi; Daiichy Sankyo: Benicar, Nustendi; EMS: Bramicar; GSK: Shingrix; Libbs: Stanglit; Lilly: Mounjaro; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy e Wegov: Rybelusus e Ozempic; Novartis: Sybrava; Pfizer: Prevenar 20; Viatris: Lipitor, Inspra. <break/> B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - AMGEN: Olpasirana. <break/> Outros relacionamentos <break/> Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/> - Bayer: Firialta; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar; Novo Nordisk: Wegovy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano Costa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Libbs: Plenance Enze; Servier: Vastarel. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Libbs; Servier: Participation in conference.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira Paiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Other relationships <break/> Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC: <break/> - Cardiology.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marildes Luiza de Castro</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartana; Pfizer: Patisiran; Merck: Vericiquat; Amgen.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Milena dos Santos Barros Campos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Olga Ferreira de Souza</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Orlando Ot&#225;vio de Medeiros</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rafaela Andrade Penalva Freitas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> AstraZeneca: diabetes; NovoNordisk: diabetes, obesity; Daiichi Sankyo Brasil: dyslipidemia; Servier: chronic coronary disease; Libbs: diabetes; Mantecorp: diabetes. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - AstraZeneca: diabetes; Novartis: dyslipidemia; Novo Nordisk: diabetes, obesity.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - Astra Zeneca: FORXIGA, lokelma; Novartis: entresto, Sybrava; Novo Nordisk: rybelsus, wygovy; Lilly: Jardiance, Mounjaro.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Thais de Carvalho Vieira Rodrigues</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Viviana de Mello Guzzo Lemke</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Walkiria Samuel Avila</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Wellington Santana da Silva J&#250;nior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/> A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> Abbott, AstraZeneca, Brace Pharma, Libbs, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk. <break/> Other relationships <break/> Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/> - AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Willyan Issamu Nazima</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Table of contents</title>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>1. Introduction</bold> 13</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>2. Highlights</bold> 18</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>3. Inflammation and Implications for the Cardiovascular System</bold> 23</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.1. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis</bold> 23</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.2. Inflammation and Heart Failure in Women</bold> 25</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.3. Hormonal Aspects in Inflammation</bold> 25</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.4. Inflammation in Cardio-Oncology</bold> 25</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>3.5. Inflammation in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia</bold> 25</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>4. Implications of Sex Steroids for Cardiometabolic Health</bold> 27</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>4.1. Origin and Metabolism of Sex Steroids</bold> 27</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>4.2. Chemical Classification of Estrogens</bold> 28</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.2.1. Natural Estrogens</bold> 28</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.2.2. Synthetic Estrogens</bold> 28</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>4.3. Chemical Classification of Progestagens</bold> 28</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.3.1. Natural Progesterone</bold> 28</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.3.2. Progestagens</bold> 28</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>4.4. Common Indications of Therapies with Estrogens, Progestagens, and Testosterone in Women</bold> 29</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.4.1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</bold> 29</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.4.2. Hormonal contraception</bold> 29</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.4.3. Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Regimens, Doses, and Routes, Focused on Cardiovascular Health</bold> 30</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>4.5. Risks: Metabolic Effects, Thromboembolism, and Breast Cancer</bold> 32</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.5.1. Metabolic Effects</bold> 32</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.5.2. Thromboembolism</bold> 32</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>4.5.3. Breast Cancer</bold> 32</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>5. Indicators of Cardiometabolic Health</bold> 33</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p>5.1. Assessment of Reproductive Risk Factors with Implications for Cardiometabolic Health 33</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.1.1. Puberty and Pregestational Period</bold> 33</p>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.1.1. Age at Menarche</italic></bold> 33</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.1.2. Menstrual Cycle Characteristics</italic></bold> 33</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.1.2. Pregnancy and Postpartum Period</bold> 33</p>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.1. Weight changes in pregnancy</italic></bold> 33</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.2. Gestational dysglycemia</italic></bold> 33</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.3. Gestational Dyslipidemia</italic></bold> 33</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.2.4. Postpartum Behavior</italic></bold> 34</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.1.3. Menopause Transition</bold> 34</p>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.3.1. Age at menopause</italic></bold> 35</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.3.2. Vasomotor Symptoms</italic></bold> 35</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.3.3. Menopausal Hormone Therapy</italic></bold> 35</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.1.4. Postmenopausal Metabolic Health</bold> 35</p>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.4.1. Menopausal metabolic changes</italic></bold> 35</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.4.2. Diabetes mellitus</italic></bold> 35</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p><bold><italic>5.1.4.3. Dyslipidemia</italic></bold> 35</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>5.2. Anthropometric Indicators</bold> 36</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.2.1. Body Mass Index</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.2.2. Waist circumference &#8211; Brazilian population</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.2.3. Waist-To-Hip Ratio</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.2.4. Body Fat Percentage</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.2.5. Waist-To-Height Ratio</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>5.3. Biomarkers</bold> 36</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.3.1. Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL, Triglycerides)</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.3.2. Glycemia and Glycated Hemoglobin</bold> 36</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.3.3. C-reactive Protein</bold> 37</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.3.4. Fibrinogen</bold> 37</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.3.5. Homocysteine</bold> 37</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>5.3.6. Adipokines</bold> 37</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>6. Cardiometabolism in Childhood and Adolescence</bold> 37</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>6.1. Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria</bold> 37</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.1.1. Pathophysiology</bold> 37</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.1.2. Early Menarche, Late Menarche, and Cardiometabolic Risk</bold> 37</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>6.2. Menstrual irregularities and cardiometabolic risk</bold> 39</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.2.1. Pathophysiological Mechanisms</bold> 39</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.2.2. Clinical Assessment and Biomarkers</bold> 40</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.2.3. Therapeutic Interventions</bold> 40</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>6.3. Obesity, Eating Disorders, and Cardiovascular Risk: Long-Term Impacts</bold> 40</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.3.1. Eating Disorders and Obesity</bold> 40</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.3.2. Hereditary Factors and Prognosis of Eating Disorders</bold> 40</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.3.3. Future Consequences of Eating Disorders</bold> 40</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.3.4. Childhood Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes</bold> 41</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>6.3.5. Eating Disorders and Cardiovascular Risk</bold> 41</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>7. Cardiometabolic Continuum and Reproductive Age</bold> 41</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</bold> 41</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.2. Infertility and its Treatment</bold> 42</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.3. Weight changes in pregnancy</bold> 43</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.3.1. Maternal Impact of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain</bold> 44</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.3.2. Fetal Impact of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain</bold> 44</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.4. Gestational Dysglycemia</bold> 44</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.5. Gestational dyslipidemia</bold> 45</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.5.1. Impact of Dyslipidemia in Pregnancy</bold> 46</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.5.2. Impact of Pregnancy on Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia</bold> 46</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.6. Endometriosis and Cardiovascular Risk</bold> 46</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.6.1. Risk factors</bold> 46</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.7. Psoriasis</bold> 46</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.8. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Endothelial Dysfunction after Menopause</bold> 49</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>7.9. Metabolic Changes in Postpartum</bold> 49</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.9.1. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Postpartum</bold> 49</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.9.2. Impact of gestational diabetes and dyslipidemia in postpartum</bold> 49</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>7.9.3. Prolactin and Metabolism in Postpartum</bold> 49</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>8. Cardiometabolic Health in Menopause Transition, Menopause and Postmenopause</bold> 50</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>8.1. Severity of Symptoms and their Implications for Cardiovascular Health</bold> 50</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>8.2. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Menopause</bold> 50</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>8.3. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Hormone Implants, and Cardiometabolic Impact</bold> 52</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>8.4. Stratification of Cardiometabolic Risk in Menopause</bold> 52</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>9. Cardiometabolic Disorders in Women</bold> 53</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>9.1. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome</bold> 53</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>9.2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</bold> 54</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>9.3. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease</bold> 55</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>9.4. Chronic Kidney Disease</bold> 56</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>10. Strategies for Addressing Cardiometabolic Disorders in Women</bold> 57</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.1. Nonpharmacological Measures</bold> 57</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.2. Nutritional Interventions</bold> 57</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.3. Physical Activity</bold> 57</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.4. Psychosocial Interventions</bold> 58</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.5. Tobacco Use and Alcohol Consumption</bold> 58</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.6. Specific Clinical Conditions</bold> 58</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.7. Pharmacological Strategies</bold> 58</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.1. Systemic Arterial Hypertension Treatment</bold> 58</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.2. Management of Dyslipidemias</bold> 59</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.3. Oral Lipid-Lowering Drugs</bold> 59</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.4. Diabetes Mellitus Control</bold> 59</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.5. Management of Obesity</bold> 60</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.6. Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease</bold> 62</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.7. Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</bold> 62</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.8. Role of GLP-1 Analogues in Women&#8217;s Cardiometabolic Treatment</bold> 63</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.9. Specificities in Women</bold> 63</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.10. Semaglutide</bold> 63</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.11. Tirzepatide</bold> 63</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.7.12. Future Perspectives</bold> 64</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>10.8. Specific pharmacological considerations</bold> 64</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.8.1. Drug Interactions</bold> 64</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.8.2. Importance of Weight Control</bold> 64</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.8.3. Individualized Approach</bold> 64</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.9. Surgical Treatment</bold> 64</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p><bold>10.9.1. Bariatric Surgery</bold> 64</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>11. Recommendations for the Management of Cardiometabolic Disorders in Women</bold> 64</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Acknowledgments 67</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Supplement 71</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>References 82</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title/>
        <fig id="f31">
          <p>Female life cycle and cardiometabolic continuum: risk factors and strategies. Spiral representing a woman's life cycle (phases) and its association with the cardiometabolic continuum. Reproductive events are written in blue, marking each phase, such as age of menarche (early or late), POS, GD, etc. Major cardiometabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, and chronic inflammation, are represented around the spiral, where major intervention points throughout life, such as early screening, pharmacological therapies, lifestyle changes, and multidisciplinary approach, stand out, aimed at primary and secondary prevention of women's cardiovascular diseases. GD: gestational diabetes; LSC: lifestyle changes; POF: premature ovarian failure; POS: polycystic ovary syndrome; VMS: vasomotor symptoms.</p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiometabolic health can be characterized by ideal levels of serum glucose and lipids and of blood pressure (BP) in association with low adiposity and cardiovascular risk (CVR). Usually, cardiometabolic health is the absence of metabolic dysfunction characteristic of some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome (MS). Poor metabolic health is responsible for a substantial population burden of disability, diseases, as well as cardiovascular, neoplastic, and all-cause deaths. Different characteristics related to reproduction have been increasingly associated with metabolic diseases based on life course epidemiology, which postulates that biological, behavioral, and social factors during sensitive stages of life, mediated by hormonal fluctuations, act independently, cumulatively and interactively to influence the posterior risk for health and disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> </sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f32">Figure 1.1</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f32">
          <label>Figure 1.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spectrum of cardiometabolic health. BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist to hip ratio; WHtR: waist to height ratio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders is increasing worldwide among women and men and has been associated with higher rates of obesity and its risk factors (RFs), such as hypertension and T2DM. In addition, there is increasing evidence suggesting that sexual hormones, and sex- and gender-specific molecular mechanisms can influence the metabolism of glucose and lipids, thus impacting on cardiometabolic RFs. Moreover, there is an emerging predominance of common types of cardiometabolic disorders, such as heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation, and ischemic heart disease (IHD), that differ between females and males. Significant sex-specific variations have been reported in risk profiles, with an especial emphasis on women, whose risk scores are inadequate to predict both atherothrombotic diseases and their related outcomes, such as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, HF, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, as well as need for revascularization and hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>The ranking of CVD deaths and DALYs (disability-adjusted life years, a measure that represents the burden of disease on a population) rates per 100,000 inhabitants, attributed to RFs in women and men in Brazil in 2021, shows that metabolic RFs represent the first five RFs for women's death and the first four RFs for women's DALYs. It is worth noting that the increase in systolic BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), body mass, and serum glucose, in that order, is frequently associated with CVD death and burden in the Brazilian female population. In addition, kidney dysfunction is an important metabolic RF for women and men. It is worth noting the increase in body mass and serum glucose in the past 21 years, representing a significant increase of obesity and diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (DM) in women and men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f33">Figures 1.2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f34">1.3</xref> )</p>
        <fig id="f33">
          <label>Figure 1.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ranking of mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants due to cardiovascular disease attributed to risk factors, in women and men, in Brazil, in 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f34">
          <label>Figure 1.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ranking of DALYs rates per 100,000 inhabitants due to cardiovascular disease attributed to risk factors, in women and men, in Brazil, in 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Recent evidence suggests that female reproductive characteristics can be related to RFs that contribute to later metabolic dysfunction that culminates in CVD in menopause. These reproductive characteristics are as follows: age of menarche, menstrual irregularity of endocrine origin, development of polycystic ovary syndrome (POS), excessive weight gain in pregnancy, gestational dysglycemia and dyslipidemia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, severity and timing of menopausal symptoms, and effect of hypoestrogenism on the cardiovascular system. Those RFs can be markers of future dysfunction or be explained by shared underlying etiologies that promote disease in the long run. Identifying potentially modifiable characteristics has a significant influence in strategies to implement a healthy lifestyle, as well as drug and surgical therapies that can relieve metabolic burden in the long run.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>The cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> , sequence of cardiovascular events resulting from gene-environmental interactions, influences of unhealthy lifestyles, and metabolic diseases, such as DM and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), occurs predominantly over the course of a woman's life ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f35">Figure 1.4</xref> ). In a recent study, the cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> was analyzed to assess differences between sexes and populations in two distinct cohorts: the UK Biobank (17,700 participants) and the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (in Portuguese, ELSA-Brasil - <italic>Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto</italic> ) with 7,162 participants. The authors have studied the cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> using machine learning and identified five patterns. They reported female disadvantage regarding the time of appearance of the cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> . In the UK Biobank cohort, when SAH was the first disease of the cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> and diagnosed in isolation, it occurred faster in women. In the ELSA-Brasil cohort, not only DM was more frequently the first disease in the female cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> but also diagnosed faster when followed by SAH. In addition, women had a greater incidence of isolated SAH and DM, and a smaller percentage of them was classified as healthy. The authors have emphasized the unequal access to proper treatment and diagnosis of the female cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> and stressed the need for sex-differentiated health policies in Brazil to reduce inequities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> </p>
        <fig id="f35">
          <label>Figure 1.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiometabolic continuum in the different phases of a woman's life.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The cardiovascular system, kidneys and liver share RFs, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, tobacco use, DM, and central/truncal obesity. Shared metabolic and functional disorders result in damage to those organs via overlapping pathophysiological pathways, to which hormonal influences, derived from the different cycles of a woman's life, are added. The increase in metabolic RFs over the years supports the need to improve the identification and treatment of women's cardiometabolic disorders, mainly because they are underdiagnosed and undertreated. This is compounded by the women's small participation in clinical trials that guide the currently available therapeutic strategies, which include lifestyle changes, drug therapy, and surgery. Moreover, the inflammatory nature, notably higher in women with cardiometabolic disorders, as well as the new pharmacological and surgical therapeutic options that provide management based on mechanisms that can reach multiple pathophysiological pathways influenced by hormones, require further studies in the female sex. Specific social programs to encourage healthy diets and physical activity, as well as better access to public health policies aimed at women with cardiometabolic disorders, are required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>This <italic>Position Statement on Cardiometabolic Health Over the Course of a Woman's Life</italic> is a joint effort of the Women's Cardiology Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DCM/SBC), Brazilian Federation of the Societies of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FEBRASGO), and Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism Study (SBEM) to close the knowledge gap on women's cardiometabolic disorders.</p>
        <p>In what follows, we present the highlights of this position statement according to their respective chapters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Highlights</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 3</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>In women, menopause and pregnancy complications (mainly preeclampsia/eclampsia) activate inflammation and accelerate coronary atherosclerosis, causing vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular ischemia;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Biological variations between women and men result from differences in gene expression of sex chromosomes modulated by hormonal and environmental influences, which result in cardiovascular conditions associated with autonomic regulation and vascular and cardiac remodeling;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women with menstrual irregularities of endocrine origin frequently exhibit a pro-inflammatory status with elevation of inflammatory markers that intermediate atherosclerotic genesis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The increased prevalence of risk factors in women, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, associated with the effects of menopause, seems to explain the higher prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The association of chronic inflammation and adiposity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction seems to be related to pericardial and epicardial adipokines, leading to microcirculatory inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and physiological diastolic filling changes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Postmenopausal hypoestrogenism promotes metabolic changes, such as increased central adiposity, worse glucose metabolism, and increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, apolipoproteins, and lipoprotein a.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 4</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Sex steroid hormones bind to hormonal receptors in several tissues and have multiple biological effects;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The different sex steroid hormones are frequently indicated to treat conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as for contraception and menopausal hormone therapy, which can have implications for cardiometabolic risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Combined oral contraceptives are not recommended for women with a history of tobacco use over the age of 35 years, cardiovascular diseases, venous thromboembolism, diabetes with vascular complication, migraine with neurological signs, severe liver disease, liver tumors, breast cancer, and systemic lupus erythematosus;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The cardiovascular effects of menopausal hormone therapy are influenced by hormone type and dose used, administration route, and timing of therapy initiation in relation to menopause onset ("window of opportunity"). More benefits and fewer adverse effects are believed to occur when therapy is initiated within 10 years from menopause onset;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The factors determining the type and dose of menopausal hormone therapy are as follows: patient's preference, uterus presence/absence, need for contraception, intensity of symptoms, and associated comorbidities.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 5</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Menstrual cycle assessment can be used as additional data in the investigation of women's cardiometabolic health status;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Age of menarche (early or late), menstrual cycle irregularities, and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with a higher future risk of cardiovascular diseases;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In pregnancy, abnormal weight gain and changes in lipid profile and glycemia can be associated with adverse pregnancy and postpartum maternal and infant outcomes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hyperlipidemia during pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and gestational diabetes, and children are likely to develop fatty streaks and experience increased risk for progressive atherosclerosis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pregnancy is a condition of insulin resistance per se (40-50% increase), which can be aggravated in women with pre-pregnancy obesity, who are also at higher risk of developing gestational diabetes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women with glucose intolerance during pregnancy are at risk for adverse gestational outcomes, even when they do not develop diabetes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In early menopause and in the presence of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms, there is a higher likelihood of a more atherogenic lipid profile, insulin resistance, higher elevation of blood pressure, higher risk of metabolic syndrome, and worsening of endothelial function and inflammatory markers;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anthropometric indicators, such as biomarkers (lipid and glycemic profiles, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine and adipokine), provide information on body fat composition and distribution, reflecting the cardiometabolic risk.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 6</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Early or late menarche and menstrual irregularities of endocrine origin are important markers of metabolic and cardiovascular risk, whose early identification guides preventive measures, aimed at reducing metabolic risk and burden of cardiovascular diseases of the female population;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Obesity and eating disorders in childhood and adolescence involve genetic, metabolic, behavioral, and environmental aspects and significantly affect cardiovascular and mental health throughout adult life;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Early identification and continuous monitoring of obesity, in addition to implementation of therapeutic strategies since childhood are essential to interrupt the vicious cycle of obesity, eating disorders and their complications, minimizing the adverse outcomes in the long run.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 7</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Women with polycystic ovary syndrome can have insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases because of the excess of androgens, weight gain with visceral fat accumulation, and chronic inflammatory process;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Endometriosis is associated with chronic inflammatory process with increased oxidative stress and elevation of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as an increased risk for venous thromboembolism, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Treatment for infertility can have effects on cardiometabolism, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, with an increased risk for thromboembolic events, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, increasing cardiovascular events in the long run;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Psoriasis is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, sleep apnea, and others;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Preeclampsia is considered a risk marker of cardiovascular diseases throughout life, which seems to increase after menopause, with worsening of the cardiometabolic profile;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Postpartum excessive weight retention is associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women with history of gestational diabetes are more likely to experience metabolic disorders in the postpartum period and throughout life, independently of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 8</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The decrease in endogenous estradiol levels during menopause transition is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders, such as abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> , and systemic arterial hypertension, which are related to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system dysfunction, sympathetic activation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and higher sodium sensitivity;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women with premature ovarian failure and those with early menopause are at a higher risk of non-fatal cardiovascular events before the age of 60 years;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Menopausal hormone therapy is used to relieve menopause symptoms and not indicated for primary or secondary prevention of cardiometabolic disorders;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Testosterone replacement therapy is not indicated to improve cardiometabolic or musculoskeletal health, vasomotor symptoms, or mood changes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hormone implants for menopause, mainly of testosterone, are not recommended because their cardiometabolic effects and risks for breast and endometrial cancers are not known.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 9</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Weight gain during pregnancy and its maintenance in the postpartum and polycystic ovary syndrome are risk factors for obesity and for the increase in insulin resistance and in other metabolic syndrome components;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women with type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> are at higher risk for cardiovascular complications as compared to men;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Menopause, history of early menarche, and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with an increase in women's susceptibility to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, whose mortality rate due to cirrhosis is higher than that of men. It is the major cause of liver transplantation in women without hepatocellular carcinoma;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Regarding chronic kidney disease, women more often require dialysis and show faster glomerular filtration rate loss as compared to men, especially the elderly and postmenopausal ones.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 10</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders in women represents one of the major challenges in public health because of the strong relation between obesity and cardiovascular diseases;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Nutritional education is crucial for preventing cardiometabolic disorders, and the association of nutritional plans with regular physical activity practice enhances beneficial effects, favoring cardiovascular function and decreasing morbidity and mortality among women;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women who participate in integrated psychological support programs significantly improve their lifestyle and clinical outcomes, such as weight reduction, as well as glycemic and lipid profile control;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Tobacco use is a major chronic inflammatory factor, which is particularly compounded by menopause;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Multidisciplinary approach has shown to be effective in generating sustained lifestyle changes, reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiometabolic disorders;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in all phases of a woman's life and its occurrence increases progressively with age. The choice and conduction of pharmacological treatment strategies should consider women's reproductive cycle phases, including peri- and postmenopause. The use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in women of reproductive age requires caution because of teratogenic risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Menopause is associated with significant elevations in total cholesterol, LDL-c, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, and lipoprotein a, in addition to a possible reduction in the antiatherogenic protective effect of HDL-c. Although HDL-c levels above 50 mg/dL are desired in women, LDL-c reduction remains the therapeutic priority;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Women have a different progression of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> , frequently associated with higher obesity indices and increased risk of metabolic complications. Women can have higher risk of hypoglycemia with sulfonylureas and different response to glitazones, related to kidney function and body composition. Regarding treatment with GLP-1 analogues, women on oral contraception require especial attention;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>There are several pharmacological treatments for obesity with different effects on body weight, but only more recent treatments are associated with a reduction in cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease consists in lifestyle changes with focus on reducing at least 5% of body weight, because weight loss is the most effective measure to improve that disease's histological findings;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pregnancy is one of the major causes of acute kidney injury in women of reproductive age and, along with preeclampsia, can lead to chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease has a negative effect on pregnancy, even at the very beginning, and the risks increase with the progression of pregnancy and the concomitant presence of type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> ;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>To improve cardiometabolic parameters (lipid and glycemic profiles) and inflammatory markers, bariatric surgery is recommended for women with body mass index &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; and history of diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, or at high risk for cardiovascular events, as well as for those with body mass index &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178;, independently of comorbidities.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 11</title>
          <fig id="f36">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 11</title>
          <fig id="f37">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chapter 11</title>
          <fig id="f38">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Inflammation and Implications for the Cardiovascular System</title>
        <p>Inflammation is a process of defense activated by infectious agents, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, influenced by traditional RFs, such as DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and tobacco use. In association with these metabolic cardiorenal factors, there are physiological changes of ageing, called immunosenescence or immune-aging.</p>
        <p>In women, menopause and pregnancy, in particular preeclampsia/eclampsia, activate inflammation and accelerate coronary atherosclerosis, promoting vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular ischemia. Some relevant examples of the role played by inflammation in women's CVDs are as follows: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with its inflammatory phenotype; and ischemia/myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/MINOCA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases, particularly IHD, are the major cause of death in women, mainly between the ages of 45 years and 75 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup>Although sex-related differences in CVR have been well established, they are not completely understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Thus, better knowledge of the mechanisms that contribute to worsen women's risk profiles is mandatory to reduce morbidity and mortality from those diseases.</p>
          <p>Several factors contribute to differences between sexes regarding the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. It is a consensus that women are under-represented in large clinical trials, as evidenced in the VIGO Study, which has assessed 2349 women and 1152 men with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) under the age of 55 years, in the presence of three or more RFs. That study showed that women are less likely to receive guidance on cardiovascular prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup>This scenario can jeopardize the ability to accurately assess the efficacy and safety of different therapies in women, thus hindering specific strategies to prevent and treat CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In addition to traditional RFs, several emerging conditions should be considered in female CVR, such as depression, domestic violence, socioeconomic and cultural profiles, obstetric and gynecologic history, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes (GD), preterm delivery, premature menopause, POS, breast cancer, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In IHD, those factors reflect significant differences between sexes regarding pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes. INOCA is more frequent in women, specifically between the ages of 45 years and 65 years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>and so as MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Although epicardial coronary vasospasm is more common among men, up to 70% of the cases of coronary microcirculation dysfunction occur in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>Spontaneous coronary dissection, although rare, is a cause of acute coronary syndrome in women under the age of 50 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The atherosclerotic process has been known for decades and was initially associated with inflammation by Rudolph Virchow, who showed that inflammation is a core element in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary syndromes, for both chronic obstruction and plaque rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Atherosclerosis begins early with the accumulation of modified lipoproteins on vascular endothelium and worsens with age. In women, in addition to the metabolic effects of menopause, ageing contributes to endothelial dysfunction, mainly by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with senescence. Cytokines and inflammatory cells have pro-atherogenic effects by disrupting the endothelial barrier, reducing vasodilation, inducing the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines, and facilitating the recruitment of leukocytes to atherosclerotic lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Biological variations between women and men result from differences in gene expression of sex chromosomes, modulated by hormonal and environmental influences, that result in cardiovascular conditions associated with autonomic regulation, as well as vascular and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In addition, epigenetic factors play a relevant role, especially in women, whose expression is widely modulated by menopause. These changes can influence gene transcription and translation via mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and regulation of non-coding RNAs. A related phenomenon, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), refers to the presence of somatic mutations in blood cells with no progression to hematological malignancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup>These mutations increase with age, are detected in approximately 10% of individuals older than 70 years, and are associated with the concept of inflamm-aging, a term proposed by Franceschi <italic>et al</italic> . to explain the inflammatory process increase by immunosenescence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Thus, biological differences and underlying female-sex-specific pathophysiology of CVD have not been completely elucidated, and further research is required for the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Inflammation and Heart Failure in Women</title>
          <p>Local or systemic inflammatory process participates in HF pathogenesis, with cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, in addition to macro- and microcirculation abnormalities. Low-intensity chronic inflammation is associated with different RFs, such as obesity, insulin resistance (IR), T2DM, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and ageing, and leads to a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) production, changing the ventricular diastolic physiology, promoting left atrial myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> </sup>The increased prevalence of those RFs in women, associated with the effects of menopause, seem to explain the higher prevalence of HFpEF. The association of chronic inflammation and adiposity in HFpEF results from evidence pointing to the role of the release of substances produced by the visceral adipose tissue (adipokines) particularly located around the pericardium and epicardium, leading to microcirculation inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and physiological diastolic filling changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In women, menopause induces cardiac function changes, resulting from the decrease in estrogen production and consequent reduction in NO production. This hormonal deficiency causes changes in the coronary circulation diastolic function and physiology. Clinically, HFpEF can show different phenotypes, two of which are common in women: the cardiometabolic phenotype, in which obesity and DM are associated with diastolic dysfunction; and atrial fibrillation and myopathy, present in elderly women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </sup>In addition, conditions such as obesity, DM, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase the risk of HFpEF in women, probably because of associated inflammatory mechanisms. Despite the higher prevalence of those conditions in women, they are not included in most clinical trials, which leads to poor knowledge about treatment efficacy in the female sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Biological markers of inflammation, such as ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) over 2mg/L, have been proven useful to characterize individuals with HFpEF of cardiometabolic phenotype, usually associated with worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Preeclampsia has been recognized as a condition that leads to changes in immune and systemic inflammation activation, with consequent endothelial and cardiac dysfunction, and it can manifest over the following decades and increase the risk for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In women, autoimmune diseases, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus, can cause inflammation of the myocardium, pericardium, and valvular endocardium, as well as of the coronary macro- and microcirculation. Thus, pathophysiological abnormalities and clinical aspects of the disease must be understood so that preventive measures can be established and cardiovascular complications be early detected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The important role of HF has been evidenced in women. Studies, such as the PURSUIT-HFpEF and the analysis from TOPCAT study, have shown that women with HFpEF have more significant diastolic dysfunction and worse clinical outcomes as compared to men. Understanding the sex-specific mechanisms is crucial to advance the management of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis from TOPCAT study has shown significant differences in the baseline characteristics between women and men with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>Women (55.5% of the cohort) had fewer cardiovascular comorbidities (previous infarction: 18.7% vs. 30.9% in men, p &lt; 0.001), worse cardiac function (NYHA class III/IV: 38.5% vs. 31.5%, p = 0.003), and higher ejection fraction (63.3% vs. 58.9%, p = 0.001). Women were older, had higher prevalence of obesity, atrial fibrillation, and SAH, while men more often had coronary artery disease and history of tobacco use. Despite these differences, both groups had similar HF symptoms and comparable use of cardioprotective drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>The results showed that women had lower cardiovascular mortality (8.9% vs. 14.8%, p &lt; 0.001) and fewer hospitalizations due to HF (13.4% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.008). After adjustment, the female sex was a protective factor against cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.40&#8211;0.73). However, women had worse health-related quality of life and higher functional limitation. Regarding treatment with spironolactone, there was a reduction in all-cause mortality in women (HR: 0.68; 95%CI: 0.48&#8211;0.96), but not in men ( <italic>P</italic> for the interaction = 0.190), suggesting possible sex-specific benefit.</p>
          <p>The PURSUIT-HFpEF study, a multicenter prospective registry from East Asia, has investigated sex differences in diastolic dysfunction and clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF. Women represented 55.2% of the cohort (481 out of 871 patients).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>The study showed that women had a higher prevalence of diastolic dysfunction (52.8% vs. 32.0% in men, p &lt; 0.001), independently of comorbidities, such as SAH and T2DM. Anemia and obesity were factors associated with diastolic dysfunction only in women. Despite the worse diastolic function, women had a similar rate of combined events (death/hospitalization due to HF) in a non-adjusted analysis. However, after multivariable adjustment, female sex was independently associated with a higher risk of clinical events (HR: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.14&#8211;2.07), mainly for hospitalizations due to HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Both studies emphasize that, from the metabolic viewpoint, HFpEF is a different condition in women, with:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Higher diastolic dysfunction associated with factors, such as obesity and anemia; thus, screening is important.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Better global survival despite worse symptomatology, possibly because of fewer ischemic comorbidities.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Different response to therapies, such as spironolactone, which can be more effective in women.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Hormonal Aspects in Inflammation</title>
          <p>Women's cardiovascular health is influenced by a complex interaction of hormonal and inflammatory factors that manifest in a particular way in different phases of life, such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Hormonal fluctuations, especially estrogen and progesterone levels, play an important role in maintaining vascular integrity and cardiac function. Therefore, understanding how such changes relate to the increase in CVD risk is crucial.</p>
          <p>In postmenopausal women, hypoestrogenism promotes important metabolic changes, such as increase in central adiposity, worsening of glucose metabolism, and elevation in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, apolipoproteins, and lipoprotein a (Lp(a)).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> </sup>In addition, endothelial dysfunction occurs, with consequent increase in IHD risk.</p>
          <p>Estrogen acts by interacting with different receptors, such as ER&#945;, Er&#946;, and GPER, activating genomic and non-genomic signaling pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup>This results in inflammatory response modulation, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>and increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>A key mechanism involves inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&#954;B) activity, reducing the transcription of inflammatory genes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>In addition, estrogen increases the production of NO in endothelial cells, contributing to vasodilation, and inhibits the expression of adhesion molecules, reducing leukocyte infiltration in the vascular wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Endothelial function is benefited by estrogen that induces the expression of the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing NO production and promoting vasodilation. In addition, estrogen stimulates the regeneration of endothelial cells and inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, preventing atherosclerosis progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Chronic inflammatory processes represent another crucial underlying mechanism. Women with irregular cycles frequently have a pro-inflammatory status characterized by elevation in markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;). This systemic inflammation acts as an intermediate between menstrual dysfunction and atherogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.4. Inflammation in Cardio-Oncology</title>
          <p>In addition to traditional RFs and MS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f38">Figure 3.1</xref> ), women with cancer have an increased CVR because of the cardiotoxic effects of oncological therapies, such as those with anthracycline and trastuzumab. These therapies can lead to complications, such as HF, AMI, and stroke, even years after the end of oncological treatment.</p>
          <fig id="f39">
            <label>Figure 3.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Complications of metabolic syndrome.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Systemic chronic inflammation plays a significant role in the intersection of cancer and CVD. The tumoral inflammatory microenvironment and the side effects from oncological treatment contribute synergically to endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and atherosclerosis progression, especially in women. For example, thoracic radiotherapy has been associated with coronary inflammatory changes detected by biomarkers and the perivascular fat attenuation index (FAI), reflecting persistent vascular inflammatory activity. In addition, the prolonged use of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer survivors has been associated with endothelial function worsening and higher risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
          <p>In women undergoing oncological treatment, a multidisciplinary approach is essential, including baseline assessment of cardiac risk prior to the beginning of cancer therapy, which should be optimized to minimize cardiotoxicity. Interventions in lifestyle and maintenance of cardiovascular surveillance in the long run are also required. In addition, it is important to address racial and ethnic health disparities. Black and Hispanic women have a higher risk of cardiotoxicity and worse cardiovascular outcomes as compared to White women because of socioeconomic factors and inequalities in access to health care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.5 Inflammation in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia</title>
          <p>Preeclampsia is a multisystemic disease of pregnancy, whose pathophysiology has not been completely understood. Reduced placental perfusion, resulting from deficient trophoblastic invasion of maternal uterine wall, associated with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors, is believed to play a role in the disease. These factors contribute to endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and poor maternal perfusion. Endothelial dysfunction has been indicated as a major phenomenon responsible for preeclampsia and gestational hypertension.</p>
          <p>Placental ischemia is related to the increased production of circulating antiangiogenic factors, such as soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng), that cause generalized endothelial dysfunction, NO pathway impairment, oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, imbalance in angiogenic factors, and loss of endogenous protective regulators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup>Pregnant women with RFs associated with chronic inflammation (autoimmune diseases, obesity, pregestational hypertension, DM, and dyslipidemia) are more likely to develop preeclampsia. Inflammatory mediators might have local autocrine or paracrine effects, in addition to amplifying the effects of antiangiogenic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Pregnancy, even in normal conditions, is a state of oxidative stress because of increased maternal metabolism and placental activity. However, in preeclampsia, compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to the increased production of pathogenic factors and subsequent vascular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup>Observational and experimental studies have shown the association between inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. An important characteristic of systemic inflammation in preeclampsia is the predominance of Th1-type immunity and no Th2 biased immune response. However, normal pregnancy is characterized by a change to Th2-type immunity. In addition, the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-&#945;, and chemokines IL-8, IP-10 (interferon-gamma-induced protein 10) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) are elevated in preeclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>McCarthy <italic>et al</italic> . have investigated the role of mitochondrial dysfunction as a facilitator of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic changes &#8212; all of which are crucial pathogenic intermediates in preeclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Obesity increases the risk of preeclampsia. White adipose tissue secrets pro-inflammatory mediators that contribute to the chronic inflammatory state and metabolic complications of obesity. In addition, visceral adiposity is associated with metabolic RFs and complications, such as GD and preeclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup>The sFlt-1, the soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, is known to be secreted by adipocytes in non-pregnant women. Huda <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup>have shown that dysregulation of inflammatory pathways occurs predominantly in the visceral adipose tissue, with activation of macrophages and increased TNF-&#945; and IL-6 expressions in that tissue, but not in the subcutaneous fat, emphasizing that, in preeclampsia, dysregulation of inflammatory pathways occurs predominantly in the visceral adipose tissue.</p>
          <p>Metanalysis conducted by Guan <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup>has assessed the relation between pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and their dynamic changes throughout preeclampsia progression. Women with preeclampsia had significantly higher levels of CRP, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-&#945;. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher than those of the anti-inflammatory ones. Women with gestational age over 34 weeks had elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-&#945;. Higher systolic BP was associated with higher levels of IL-8, IL-10, and CRP. Such findings suggest that inflammatory imbalance is an independent RF for preeclampsia, and failure in anti-inflammatory autoregulation leads to disease progression.</p>
          <p>Finally, recent studies have shown that neuroinflammation with participation of the autonomic nervous system can be present in the induction and evolution of inflammatory reactions associated with preeclampsia. In addition, the reduced autonomic regulation in patients with preeclampsia can be involved in the late fetal neurological maturation, with cognitive deficits and mental disorders. These findings show a link between maternal inflammation in preeclampsia and its impacts on fetal health and neurodevelopment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The factors associated with inflammation in women are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f40">Figure 3.2.</xref> </p>
          <fig id="f40">
            <label>Figure 3.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Factors associated with inflammation in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf10-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Implications of Sex Steroids for Cardiometabolic Health</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Origin and Metabolism of Sex Steroids</title>
          <p>The major sex steroids acting in the female body are estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone. These hormones are produced in the ovaries, adrenal cortex, and through peripheral conversion. Sex steroids have in common a cyclopentanophenanthrene ring derived from cholesterol. They are divided into three major groups according to the number of their carbon atoms as follows: the 21-carbon series includes corticosteroids and progestagens, being based on pregnane nucleus; the 19-carbon series includes all androgens, being based on androstane nucleus; and estrogens are 18-carbon steroids based on estrane nucleus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>From cholesterol, which is obtained directly from blood stream, steroidogenesis originates natural sex steroids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup>In mitochondria, an enzymatic hydroxylation system and a desmolase continue the process, forming the first steroid, pregnenolone. From that phase, steroidogenesis can progress via delta 5 pathway, which predominates in the follicle, to the synthesis of estrogens, or via delta 4 pathway, which predominates in the corpus luteum, to the synthesis of progesterone. Pregnenolone and progesterone are converted into androgens, androstenedione, and testosterone, in theca cells. Androstenedione, by the action of 17&#946;-dehydrogenases, can be converted into testosterone and, through aromatization in granulosa cells, results in the formation of estrone and estradiol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Once synthesized, in the plasma those hormones are transported bound to SHBG (sexual-hormone-binding-globulin), CBG (cortisol-binding-globulin), or albumin, while a small fraction remains free. Then, sex steroids bind to hormone receptors present in several tissues, exerting their different biological effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup>These steroids are metabolized in the liver and excreted through the urine or bile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In addition, sex steroids can be extracted from plants in the pharmaceutical industry that manufactures products for clinical use. Their molecular structure is identical to that of hormones naturally produced by the female body (isomolecular), being, thus, called bioidentical hormones, whose effects are equal to those of endogenous hormones.</p>
          <p>Synthetic sex steroids are produced in laboratories through a process involving several chemical steps and pharmaceutical engineering, originating molecules with different characteristics and biological potencies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Chemical Classification of Estrogens</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.1. Natural Estrogens</title>
            <p>The natural estrogens present in bloodstream are estradiol, estrone, estriol, and estetrol. Estradiol is the major and most potent estrogen secreted by the human ovary, originating mostly from androstenedione. Estrone is secreted by the ovaries in significant daily amounts. Estriol is the peripheral metabolite of estrone and estradiol, rather than secreted by the ovary. Estriol is formed through general metabolic "detoxification", which means the conversion of biologically active material into less active forms. Estetrol is produced only during intrauterine life by the fetal liver.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.2. Synthetic Estrogens</title>
            <p>Synthetic estrogens are classified as steroidal and non-steroidal, and their major examples are as follows:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Steroidal - ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, estradiol valerate</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Non-steroidal - diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol, dienestrol Of those, estradiol valerate and ethinyl estradiol are currently the most clinically important.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Estradiol valerate is an estradiol ester, a prodrug that is rapidly metabolized to 17&#946;-estradiol and valeric acid. The esterification of estradiol is aimed at improving its absorption and bioavailability after oral administration. After absorption, the esters are cleaved, releasing endogenous estradiol or 17&#946;-estradiol. Thus, estradiol esters are considered bioidentical forms of estradiol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> </sup>Their use in isolation or combination with progestagens is mainly related to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and contraception.</p>
            <p>Ethinyl estradiol, an agonist of estrogen receptors, is more resistant to metabolism as compared to estradiol and has better bioavailability when used orally. These differences favor ethinyl estradiol use in combined contraceptive pills, although they also increase the risk of thromboembolism and other rare adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f41">Figure 4.1</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f41">
              <label>Figure 4.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Chemical classification of estrogens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf11-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. Chemical Classification of Progestagens</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.3.1. Natural Progesterone</title>
            <p>Progesterone, originally secreted by the ovaries, acts on the hormone-dependent target organs, especially endometrium and breast tissue. Its effects, however, go beyond, because they act on immunity, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, etc. From the physiological viewpoint, progesterone acts on tissues previously impregnated with estradiol. In addition, progesterone has a stereoisomer, dydrogesterone, available for oral use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.3.2. Progestagens</title>
            <p>Progestagens are a large group of synthetic molecules that differ regarding their chemical structure and the molecule they are created from, which bestow them a different effect profile based on affinity with and potency in different steroidal receptors. There are three large groups: testosterone derivatives (norethindrone, levonorgestrel, norgestimate, desogestrel, etonogestrel, gestodene, dienogest), progesterone derivatives (medroxyprogesterone, cyproterone, megestrol), and spironolactone derivatives (drospirenone). ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f42">Figure 4.2</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f42">
              <label>Figure 4.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Classification of progestagens.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf12-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>Progestagens are characterized by high affinity with progesterone receptor; however, according to their origin, they can have affinity with other receptors, leading to effects, such as androgenic/antiandrogenic, antiestrogenic/estrogenic, antimineralocorticoid, and glucocorticoid activity. This pharmacodynamic profile of progestagens should guide their selection based on their expected benefits, safety profile, and unwanted effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> </sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f43">Figure 4.3</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f43">
              <label>Figure 4.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Biological effects of endogenous progesterone and other progestagens. Adapted from Kuhl et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup>MPA: medroxyprogesterone acetate; NETA: norethisterone acetate; LNG: levonorgestrel.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf13-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>Progestagens have different progestational potencies, determined by their capacity to change the animal endometrium. Considering progesterone to have progestational potency of 1, progestagens are as follows in decreasing progestational potency order: desogestrel, levonorgestrel, nomegestrol, medroxyprogesterone, norethisterone, and drospirenone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>From the pharmacokinetic viewpoint, progesterone and progestagens differ regarding their pharmaceutical forms and administration routes. For example, micronized progesterone can be administered via oral and vaginal routes. Vaginal administration offers good absorption, with lower fluctuations in plasma concentration than the oral route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In addition, progestagens differ in their binding to plasma proteins. Micronized progesterone binds to albumin and CBG, but not to SHBG. Norethindrone, desogestrel and norgestrel bind to albumin and SHBG, while medroxyprogesterone acetate binds mainly to albumin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Differences in binding to plasma proteins in addition to clearance and association or not with estrogens determine differences in the plasma half-life of progestagens. Most progestagens are administered daily.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Common Indications of Therapies with Estrogens, Progestagens, and Testosterone in Women</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</title>
            <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome is a frequent indication of therapy with steroid hormones. It is a gynecological disorder associated with frequent endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. In addition, metabolic disorders are present, increasing the CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Women with com POS can develop IR and dyslipidemia, which contribute to the development of CVD, such as atherosclerosis, SAH, and AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup>These metabolic changes are boosted by the excess of androgens and weight gain, which can promote visceral fat accumulation and chronic inflammation. These factors combined create a metabolic environment that favors CVD development even in young women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>The management of CVR in POS requires multidisciplinary approaches, including lifestyle changes, such as balanced diet and physical exercises, in addition to pharmacological interventions when necessary. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are often used in POS treatment to control menstrual changes and hirsutism, being effective to reduce the circulating levels of androgens, regulate the cycles, and protect the endometrium. However, that treatment does not improve IR and can even worsen it, depending on the type of progestagen used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup>Insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin or alternatives, such as pioglitazone<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup>and myoinositol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> </sup>reduce IR, improving ovarian function. Statins can be indicated to control dyslipidemia, and anti-hypertensive drugs are essential for women with SAH. Treatments for obesity, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues (liraglutide and semaglutide), can be used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup>Early identification of those metabolic changes and their proper treatment are crucial to reduce CVR in women with POS.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.2. Hormonal contraception</title>
            <p>Sex steroids are often used for hormonal contraception. The COCs have two types of hormones (estrogen + progestagen) in different formulations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup>The estrogen component offers cyclic endometrial stability and potentiates the suppressive effect of progestagen on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The most used estrogen component is ethinyl estradiol, at current doses between 15&#956;g and 30&#956;g. New COCs with natural estrogens &#8211; estradiol (17&#946;-estradiol and estradiol valerate) and more recently estetrol &#8211; appeared as alternatives with potential for lower hepatic and cardiovascular impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In different COCs, those estrogens are combined with a progestagen. The major contraceptive effect of the progestagenic component is suppression of the luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and of ovulation. In current formulations, several progestagens are used. They are synthetic progestagens that inhibit ovulation/pregnancy, and the most modern ones have been developed to cause fewer secondary/adverse effects. Pregnancy rates in the first year of COC use vary, being 0.3% with consistent and correct use. With typical use, it can reach 9%, showing the method's efficacy during real use<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup>and emphasizing the importance of contraceptive counseling. The COCs are not recommended for women aged over 35 years with history of tobacco use, CVD, venous thromboembolism (VTE), SAH, DM with vascular complication, migraine with neurological symptoms, severe liver disease, liver tumors, breast cancer, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The contraceptive method safety has been well established by the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f44">Figure 4.4</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f44">
              <label>Figure 4.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Contraindications to the use of combined oral contraceptives. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf14-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>Progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives contain only synthetic progestagen, such as desogestrel, norethisterone or drospirenone. Long-acting progestagen-only contraceptives can also be used as implants in the subdermal region of the forearm, and, in Brazil, the only implant approved for contraception is Implanon NXT<sup>&#174;</sup>(etonogestrel), which has high contraceptive efficacy for 3 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup>The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a hormonal IUS that releases 20 &#181;g of levonorgestrel per day with local intrauterine action and high contraceptive efficacy for 8 years. In addition, there is the IUS releasing 8 &#181;g of levonorgestrel for 3 years. Long-acting progestagen-only contraceptives have the advantage of high efficacy for prolonged time and pregnancy rates lower than 1% per year, without depending on either correct use or user's motivation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.3. Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Regimens, Doses, and Routes, Focused on Cardiovascular Health</title>
            <p>In women, hormonal fluctuations that begin in menopause transition, being followed by a gradual and irreversible reduction in estrogen production in menopause, although physiological, creates a "window of vulnerability" and marks the inflection point of cardiometabolic risk, with negative impact on vascular health, glucose and lipid metabolism, and body fat distribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> </sup>Thus, MHT, especially estrogen, can interfere with that risk, as long as judiciously and individually prescribed. It should always be associated with integral health measures, with strategies for lifestyle, diet, and physical exercise practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The MHT is the most effective treatment to relieve vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and genitourinary symptoms, as well as to prevent bone loss in peri- and postmenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup>It should be initiated when menopausal symptoms begin to interfere with daily life. However, for women with premature ovarian failure (menopause &lt; 40 years) or early menopause (between 40 years and 45 years), MHT is recommended to start as early as possible to reduce health risks in the long run.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup>Cardiovascular effects of MHT are strongly influenced by the type, dose, and route of administration used, as well as onset time of menopause ("window of opportunity"), with higher benefits and lower rates of adverse effects when MHT begins within 10 years of menopause onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup>Determining factors of MHT type and dose are: patient's preference, presence/absence of uterus, need for contraception, severity of symptoms, and comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Therapeutic regimens include estrogen-only therapy (for hysterectomized women) and combined therapy of estrogen and progestagen (women with uterus).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup>In the combined regimen, continuous use is indicated for women with postmenopausal amenorrhea for more than 12 months, while the sequential regimen is more indicated in perimenopause. MHT should be prescribed at the lowest effective dose to control symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup>The most used estrogen in MHT is 17&#946;-estradiol, whose administration routes can be oral, transdermal (patch, gel, spray), or vaginal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup>For proper relief of VMS and bone protection, low doses of estradiol (approximately 1 mg of oral estradiol or equivalent in other routes) are usually necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> </sup>In healthy women without cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), any route, including the oral route, can be prescribed for MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup>However, differently from the oral route, the transdermal route avoids the &#8216;hepatic first-pass effect&#8217; in estrogen metabolism, resulting in lower impact on coagulation factors, triglycerides, and CRP, which can reduce the risk for VTE and cardiovascular events. Thus, transdermal route is preferred for women with RFs, such as obesity, MS, tobacco use, hypertension, as well as risk for VTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The use of "compounded bioidentical" hormones for MHT is not recommended because of concerns regarding quality, regulation, safety, efficacy, and lack of standardization of the products used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>The only indication for testosterone supplementation in postmenopause is to treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder, after excluding other causes. Although data on the effects of androgenic therapy on cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder are limited, evidence indicates that, in physiological doses, transdermal testosterone does not significantly increase CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>An individualized approach with the best evidence-based decision should be used. Maintaining MHT and not starting MHT in women &#8805; 60 years seem associated with a better risk-benefit profile for cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup>Transdermal route for estrogen at low doses combined with progestagens of safe profile represents a favorable option regarding CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5. Risks: Metabolic Effects, Thromboembolism, and Breast Cancer</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.1. Metabolic Effects</title>
            <p>MHT reduces visceral fat, IR, and the LDL-c to HDL-c ratio, but slightly increases triglycerides when used orally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>A review has also confirmed lower levels of glycemia, insulinemia, and IR among MHT users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup>The <italic>Women&#8217;s Health Initiative</italic> (WHI) study has found a lower significant risk of DM among MHT users as compared to those using placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>There is evidence that the progestagen type used in MHT can interfere with metabolic effects. Medroxyprogesterone is known to have more glucocorticoid effects than norethisterone or progesterone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup>Studies have suggested that progesterone and dydrogesterone interfere less with the benefits provided by estrogens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> </sup>while norethisterone, depending on the dose, can lead to loss of some of those benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.2. Thromboembolism</title>
            <p>Ethinyl estradiol, a synthetic estrogen widely used in combination with progestagen in COCs, is associated with increased risk of VTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup>This risk is influenced by factors, such as dose of estrogen and type of progestagen present in the formulation. COCs containing levonorgestrel (second-generation progestagen) are associated with a lower risk of VTE as compared to those containing desogestrel, gestodene, drospirenone, or cyproterone (third- and fourth-generation progestagens).</p>
            <p>When COC contains natural estrogens instead of ethinyl estradiol, the risk is slightly increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup>In addition, ethinyl estradiol of COCs can exacerbate the production of hepatic angiotensinogen, which increases BP via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</p>
            <p>When administered orally, they can increase the risk of venous thrombosis, odds ratio 1.58 (1.52&#8211;1.64), while the transdermal route is not associated with increased risk, odds ratio 0.93 (0.87&#8211;1.01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup>In addition, a recent metanalysis has concluded that MHT combining conjugated equine estrogens plus progestagens increased systolic BP and the risk of hypertension, while other formulations, such as oral or transdermal estradiol plus progestagen, estradiol only, and tibolone, did not have significant effects on BP, showing that such effects can be influenced by different administration routes and formulations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.3. Breast Cancer</title>
            <p>Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm, and the proliferative effects of sex steroids in breast tissue are well known.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>MHT can associate with an increased risk for breast cancer. The WHI study has found that MHT with conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate associated with eight more breast cancer cases per 10,000 women-year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>However, effects differ depending on the progestagen used in the formulation. Observational studies have shown no increase in the risk when the association in MHT was with micronized progesterone<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup>or dydrogesterone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Thus, different MHT formulations and doses also seem to have different effects on breast cancer risk.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Indicators of Cardiometabolic Health</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Assessment of Reproductive Risk Factors with Implications for Cardiometabolic Health</title>
          <p>This chapter addresses the relevant RFs of women's cardiometabolic profile in puberty, pregestational, gestational, and postgestational periods, as well as menopause transition, which will be detailed in chapters 7 and 8.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.1 Puberty and Pregestational Period</title>
            <p>Menstrual cycle assessment has been suggested to be used as an additional vital sign in the investigation of women's general health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup>In this scenario, age at menarche (early or late), menstrual cycle irregularities of endocrine origin, and POS have been associated with a higher risk of future CVD, especially atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> </sup> </p>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.1.1. Age at Menarche</title>
              <p>The CARDIA ( <italic>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults</italic> ) study, which enrolled 2788 women, aged 18-30 years, initiating in 1985-1986, and followed them up for 35 years (ages between 50 years and 65 years), has observed that early menarche associated later with adverse levels of glucose and lipids, and each earlier year of menarche, in relation to the mean age of 12 years, associated with greater body mass index (BMI) and visceral adiposity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Other studies have shown that early menarche is associated with elevation in glucose, insulin, BP, and body fat, as well as with higher risk of future CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>A cohort study of 648 women stratified according to age at menarche (&#8804;10, 11, 12, 13, 14, &#8805;15 years) and using the mean age of 12 years as reference, has reported that early or late menarche associated with a higher risk of future cardiovascular events, represented by all-cause death, non-fatal AMI, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization due to HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>In a cohort of 1.2 million women, with mean age of 56&#177;5 years, no previous heart disease, and followed up for 12 years, those with early (&#8804; 10 years) and late (&#8805; 17 years) menarche had a higher risk of IHD, stroke, and SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>However, a metanalysis of 12 cohort studies carried out up to 2018, with 2,341,769 participants and 79,363 deaths, has shown that, for each 1-year increase in the age at menarche, there was a reduction in the relative risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, IHD mortality, and stroke mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup>evidencing the need for further studies on the impact of age at menarche on future CVD.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.1.2. Menstrual Cycle Characteristics</title>
              <p>A systematic review and metanalysis of observational studies performed up to 2022 has analyzed the association of oligomenorrhea and menstrual irregularity with CVR, observing the association of these changes with CVD, IHD, and AMI, but not with stroke, as documented in women with POS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> </sup>(see chapter 8).</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.2. Pregnancy and Postpartum Period</title>
            <p>Pregnancy involves several physiological, hormonal, and metabolic transformations, fundamental to ensure proper fetal development and adaptation of the maternal body to new demands. Abnormal weight gain and changes in lipid and glycemic profiles, however, can be associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy and postpartum for mother and infant.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.2.1. Weight changes in pregnancy</title>
              <p>There is evidence that both low and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with negative fetal and neonatal outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Pregestational obesity favors the risk for gestational hypertension and GD, cesarean birth, and high birth weight, being recognized as a significant RF for spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, metabolic disorders that complicate pregnancy, and higher rates of abnormal deliveries, stillbirths, and neonatal death. On the other hand, malnutrition can contribute to lower birth weight, placental abnormalities and complications, higher rates of surgical births, and higher fetal and neonatal mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref> </sup> </p>
              <p>Guidelines recommend GWG values, but analyses of more recent studies have suggested that this gain should be personalized considering three classes of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Table 5.1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f45">Figure 5.1</xref> ) (details in chapter 7).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t30">
                <label>Table 5.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Weight gain in pregnancy according to the recommendation of the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="20%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                      <th align="left" valign="middle">BMI</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 18.5</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">18.5&#8211;24.9</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">25.0&#8211;29.9</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 30</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight gain (kg)</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">12.5&#8211;18.0</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">11.5&#8211;8.0</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">7&#8211;11.5</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">5&#8211;9</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight gain (kg) per week in the 2<sup>nd</sup>and 3<sup>rd</sup>trimesters</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">0.44&#8211;0.58</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35&#8211;0.50</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23&#8211;0.33</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">0.17&#8211;0.27</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN17">
                    <p>BMI: body mass index.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
              <fig id="f45">
                <label>Figure 5.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Implications of weight gain in pregnancy for cardiometabolic health. BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GWG: gestational weight gain; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MS: metabolic syndrome; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-c: very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf15-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.2.2. Gestational dysglycemia</title>
              <p>Pregnancy is a condition of IR per se, potentially aggravated by increased pregestational IR in women with obesity. During pregnancy, IR is increased by 40-50%, which increases the risk for GD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Pregnant women with glucose intolerance are at risk for adverse gestational outcomes, even in the absence of GD.</p>
              <p>The primary underlying pathophysiology leading to hyperglycemia is related to the presence of IR, insulin deficiency, or mixed pathophysiology. Studies have shown that insulin-resistant glucose intolerance in pregnancy is a subtype with high risk for adverse results in pregnancy, such as high birth weight, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, gestational arterial hypertension, and cesarean delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Glucose intolerance in pregnancy increases the risk for future diabetes. Thus, recognizing glucose intolerance in pregnancy enables better DM screening and prevention (more details in chapter 7).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.2.3. Gestational Dyslipidemia</title>
              <p>Recent evidence shows that the increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and metabolites associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction seems to have significant maternal and fetal vascular consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Historically, gestational dyslipidemia has been considered physiological and, thus, without clinical relevance. This physiological increase plays an essential role during pregnancy. However, high lipid levels in women who are predisposed to or have familial forms of hyperlipidemia can increase the risk for maternal-fetal complications. Hyperlipidemia during pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and GD, and infants are more likely to develop vascular fatty streaks and experience increased risk for progressive atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.2.4. Postpartum Behavior</title>
              <p>In the postpartum period, weight loss is usually incomplete and full recovery of metabolic functions is not always obtained. Postgestational weight retention is an RF for SAH, dyslipidemia, and MS. In addition, studies have shown that women with preeclampsia have a worse cardiometabolic profile up to 1 year after delivery.</p>
              <p>Although lactation is a factor of metabolic protection because it stimulates energy expenditure and better glycemic and lipid control, it depends on adequate emotional, social, and support factors. Lack of specialized guidance for postpartum lactation can favor the persistence of obesity, IR, and dyslipidemia, in addition to increasing the risk for MS and SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup> </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.3. Menopause Transition</title>
            <p>The lack of estradiol in menopause causes several metabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, and endothelial function changes, whose association favors the rapid progression of the atherosclerotic process in all arterial territories. Thus, from the eighth decade on, women have higher CVR than men do.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Adequate management (primary prevention, early detection and proper treatment) of RFs that contribute to atherosclerosis development throughout life is crucial to delay CVD in peri- and postmenopausal women, as well as to primary and secondary prevention of events that lead to cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup>This guidance on cardiovascular prevention should occur in all life stages prior to menopause, becoming more important from menopause on.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> </sup> </p>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.3.1. Age at menopause</title>
              <p>For the large majority of women (90%), natural menopause occurs around the age of 51 years (age range: from 45 years to 55 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup>For 5% of women, menopause can occur spontaneously between the ages of 40 years and 45 years (early menopause), and, for 1%, before the age of 40 years, characterizing premature ovarian failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup>Women submitted to bilateral oophorectomy and chemotherapy or radiotherapy can progress to menopause as a consequence of these treatments, independently of their age at treatment time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> </p>
              <p>The CVR is even higher in women who experience menopause early (naturally or secondary to some treatment), in those with moderate to severe VMS, and in those on MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup>In early menopause, each year of earlier menopause onset increases by 3% the risk for CVD (IHD, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> </p>
              <p>This higher risk seems to associate with a higher propension of this group to have a more atherogenic lipid profile, higher IR, SAH, higher risk of MS, as well as worse endothelial function and inflammatory markers, as compared to women who experience natural menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref> </sup> </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.3.2. Vasomotor Symptoms</title>
              <p>Menopausal VMS, characterized by hot flushes and night sweats, can be present in up to 80% of women and last 7-9 years. However, when they appear earlier, they can last longer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup>The intensity of VMS varies from mild to moderate and severe, and their diagnosis is associated with impairment of quality of life and increased use of health services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> </sup> </p>
              <p>Several studies have shown that women with severe VMS, as compared to women with mild or no VMS, have a worse cardiometabolic profile, greater sympathetic hyperactivity, worse endothelial function, and higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> </sup> </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.3.3. Menopausal Hormone Therapy</title>
              <p>Several clinical trials have shown that MHT with estrogens increases CVR (IHD, stroke, thromboembolism) in postmenopausal women, and that risk seems to be attenuated when MHT is used in younger women (50-59 years), who are at the beginning of menopause or within 10 years from its diagnosis. In addition, that risk is attenuated with the use of low doses of hormones and routes of administration other than the oral one, notably the transdermal route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> </p>
              <p>Current guidelines establish that MHT has scientific evidence-based indication only to treat VMS in women without contraindication and should not be used in those with established CVD or high CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> </sup> </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4. Postmenopausal Metabolic Health</title>
            <p>Menopause is associated with hormonal changes that result in an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone. The ovaries, despite estrogen production cessation, produce testosterone at a lower rate, leading to its relative excess. Testosterone is associated with increased visceral fat and BP levels in postmenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The hormonal fluctuations and physiological changes related to ageing determine an impaired metabolic status, characterized by IR, increased total body fat, sarcopenia, and accumulation of abdominal fat.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> </p>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.1. Menopausal metabolic changes</title>
              <p>Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response to insulin in tissues (adipose, skeletal muscle), central nervous system, and liver, being one of the major factors leading to hyperglycemia and T2DM, along with impaired insulin secretion.</p>
              <p>Epidemiological evidence has suggested significant protection against IR in premenopausal women, who are more sensitive to insulin as compared to men. This metabolic advantage, however, disappears gradually after menopause or when IR progresses to hyperglycemia and DM. Thus, menopause is associated with a higher risk of glucose intolerance, and an increase in BP and triglyceride levels, as well as in the risk for MS, with consequent acceleration of CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref> </sup> </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.2. Diabetes mellitus</title>
              <p>The changes described make women more likely to develop T2DM. Evidence suggests that women with menopausal VMS have higher risk of developing T2DM as compared to those who do not have such symptoms. In a data analysis from the WHI, the risk of developing T2DM was 18% higher in women with VMS, increasing in parallel with the severity of those symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Women who develop DM before the age of 20 years tend to experience early menopause, while menopause is delayed in those with T2DM of late onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>A publication of the SWAN Study with a 20-year follow-up has concluded that women with multiple physical and psychological symptoms, as well as moderate to severe menopausal symptoms, had earlier onset of DM and MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>The MHT was associated with a reduction in the risk of developing T2DM in women without previous T2DM, and, in those with T2DM, MHT leads to better glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.3. Dyslipidemia</title>
              <p>Estrogen has a protective role in the cardiovascular system, and its ovarian production uses LDL-c as a substrate. In menopause, circulating LDL-c cannot be used to synthesize estrogen, resulting in the reduction of estrogen production and a mild increase in LDL-c serum levels. In addition, the size and density of LDL-c particles change in menopause. Studies have shown that the levels of small and dense LDL-c particles increase from 10-13% in premenopausal women to 30-49% after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>Menopausal estrogen deficiency impairs the hepatic and intestinal functions related to lipid metabolism and transportation, which can increase plasma lipid levels and accelerate atherosclerosis progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup> </p>
              <p>The SWAN study has suggested that the antiatherogenic function of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), which is its ability to promote cholesterol reverse transport, can decrease during menopause, when less elevated HDL-c levels are associated with atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Anthropometric Indicators</title>
          <p>Cardiometabolic health is a pillar of well-being, encompassing integrity of the cardiovascular system and metabolism. In women, this is influenced by hormonal changes, reproductive events, and biological factors that manifest over the course of a woman's life, from childhood to old age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Anthropometric indicators are body measures that provide information on body fat composition and distribution, reflecting cardiometabolic risk. Simple and accessible, these measures are fundamental to large-scale populational screening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref> </sup>Therefore, they should be performed routinely, with attention to changes over the course of life.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.1. Body Mass Index</title>
            <p>The BMI, calculated as weight (kg) / height&#178; (m), classifies the nutritional status as follows: &lt; 18.5 (low weight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25-29.9 (overweight); and &#8805; 30 (obesity). An elevated BMI is associated with SAH, dyslipidemia, and DM. However, it has limitations, such as not differentiating slim mass from fat and not assessing adipose distribution, which reduce its accuracy in elderly or athletic women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.2. Waist circumference &#8211; Brazilian population</title>
            <p>Waist circumference measures visceral fat, a more robust predictor of cardiometabolic risk than BMI. Visceral fat is associated with IR and chronic inflammation, central factors in CVD pathogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref> </sup>In women, waist circumference &gt; 88 cm indicates high risk, according to the World Health Organization guidelines.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.3. Waist-To-Hip Ratio</title>
            <p>Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compares waist circumference to hip circumference, reflecting fat distribution. A WHR &gt; 0.85 in women suggests central fat accumulation, associated with higher risk of MS. Studies have indicated that WHR is superior to BMI in predicting cardiovascular events, especially after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.4. Body Fat Percentage</title>
            <p>Body fat percentage is an important parameter to assess cardiometabolic risk, especially because women tend to have a higher subcutaneous fat proportion as compared to men. Hormonal changes, such as those of puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, have a direct impact on body fat distribution and accumulation, and can increase the risk for IR, dyslipidemias, and chronic inflammations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.5. Waist-To-Height Ratio</title>
            <p>Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a predictive measure of central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk. Values greater than 0.5 are strongly associated with higher risk for SAH, T2DM, and cardiovascular events. This marker is particularly relevant in menopause transition, when there is a trend towards abdominal fat accumulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Biomarkers</title>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.1. Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL, Triglycerides)</title>
            <p>LDL-c promotes vascular inflammation and cholesterol build-up in the arterial intima layer, while dysfunctional HDL-c (common in women with IR or MS) loses its antioxidant ability and of reverse transport, favoring plaque accumulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref></sup>High triglyceride levels (&gt;150 mg/dL) associates with small and dense LDL-c particles, as well as with particles similar to remnants, which intensify plaque instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup>As previously cited in this chapter, menopause promotes metabolic profile changes due to estrogen decline, increasing LDL-c (&#8764;10-15%) and reducing HDL-c, as well as its protective function, worsening dyslipidemia, especially in women with visceral obesity or DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup>Thus, nonpharmacological strategies, such as Mediterranean diet and aerobic exercises, improve HDL-c functionality and modulate triglycerides.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.2. Glycemia and Glycated Hemoglobin</title>
            <p>Chronic hyperglycemia and elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in women increase the CVR via mechanisms, such as glycation of vascular proteins, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of inflammatory pathways, which accelerate atherosclerosis and plaque instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup>Insulin resistance, common in conditions such as POS and previous GD, induces atherogenic dyslipidemia (reduced HDL-c, elevated triglyceride) and oxidative stress, exacerbating vascular injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In postmenopause, estrogen decline reduces insulin sensitivity and increases metabolic dysfunction, correlating with higher arterial stiffness and systemic inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref></sup>Based on findings from the SUSTAIN and EMPA-REG OUTCOME studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref> </sup>guidelines recommend for most women with T2DM: HbA1c &lt;7%; and the use of drugs with proven cardiovascular benefit for secondary prevention, such as GLP-1 agonists (ex.: semaglutide) and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (ex.: empagliflozin), which reduce cardiovascular events and hospitalizations due to HF. Assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis (ex.: coronary artery calcium score) and aggressive management of comorbidities (SAH, dyslipidemia) are essential. Nonpharmacological strategies, such as Mediterranean diet and aerobic exercises, modulate inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.3. C-reactive Protein</title>
            <p>Elevation of us-CRP in women is associated with increased CVR due to chronic vascular inflammation, which promotes endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque instability, and thrombotic activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup>Hormonal factors modulate that relation, such as menopause, in which estrogen decline increases us-CRP (&#8764;15-25%), which correlates with higher arterial stiffness and exacerbated inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Comorbidities, such as autoimmune diseases (ex.: systemic lupus erythematosus), as well as oral MHT can increase us-CRP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref></sup>The use of statins (ex.: rosuvastatin) for patients with elevated us-CRP reduced cardiovascular events independently of LDL-c levels, as evidenced in the JUPITER study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup>Adjuvant strategies include diet and aerobic exercise that modulate inflammation, especially in postmenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup>Thus, us-CRP interpretation should be added to hormonal context, comorbidities, and lifestyle, guiding the treatment to mitigate CVR.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.4. Fibrinogen</title>
            <p>Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma glycoprotein, synthesized in the liver and involved in platelet aggregation, endothelial injury, and plasma viscosity. It plays a central role in the formation of thrombi. In addition, it is a protein of the acute phase of inflammation, induced mainly by IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Women have higher circulating levels of fibrinogen independently of age, as well as higher levels of functional fibrinogen, as determined by using thromboelastography estimates of fibrinogen contribution to clot resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Differences in fibrinogen function and circulating levels between women and men define a behavior called sex dimorphism. Such differences are associated with sex hormones, and estradiol is an important mechanistic mediator in coagulation induction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Epidemiological data have shown the important predictive role of fibrinogen in IHD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup>and a study published in 2025 with 5690 participants showed a relation between high fibrinogen levels and all-cause mortality, suggesting that fibrinogen is a potential biomarker of mortality risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.5. Homocysteine</title>
            <p>Elevated homocysteine levels accelerate the development of atherosclerotic plaque in arteries via mechanisms, such as increased oxidative stress, LDL-c oxidation, NO depletion, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory processes, epigenetic changes, and microRNA regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Changes in diet and lifestyle, regular physical activity, tobacco use cessation, and alcohol consumption reduction are essential to control hyperhomocysteinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.6. Adipokines</title>
            <p>Adipokines are peptides secreted by adipocytes, of which leptin and adiponectin are the most frequently known and studied. Normal physiological levels of adipokines are essential to maintain adequate cardiovascular function.</p>
            <p>Leptin promotes satiety and regulates energy expenditure. Hyperleptinemia is present in obesity and T2DM, reflecting a state of leptin resistance associated with atherogenic processes, endothelial dysfunction, low-grade chronic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. There are clear sex-related differences in circulating leptin levels, which are three to four times higher in women as compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, and insulinotropic effects. Its action includes improvement in insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress reduction, and modulation of endothelial inflammatory response. Adiponectin serum levels have been inversely associated with CVD risk and considered a biomarker of cardiovascular protection. Women have significantly higher total adiponectin circulating levels as compared to men in healthy populations. Sex-related differences in adiponectin levels have not been well characterized, but differences in regional fat distribution (subcutaneous vs. visceral) between women and men can contribute to the sex-related differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>The use of biomarkers for clinical assessment is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f46">Figure 5.2.</xref> </p>
            <fig id="f46">
              <label>Figure 5.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Use of biomarkers for clinical assessment. HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; us-CRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf16-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Cardiometabolism in Childhood and Adolescence</title>
        <p>The age of puberty onset has significant clinical and epidemiological implications, because variations in its timing are associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. Menarche, defined as the first occurrence of menstruation, indicates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation, marking the onset of female reproductive ability. Studies have shown a secular trend towards a lower age of menarche onset, with a reduction of three months per decade in the past 50 years, a reflex of nutritional improvement and lifestyle changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup>Currently, the mean age of menarche onset is 12-13 years in developed countries, while, in low-income regions, that event occurs later.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref></sup>Understanding the determinants of that variability and its metabolic impacts is crucial for cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria</title>
          <p>When sex characteristics develop before the age of 8 years in girls, it is considered early puberty. Early menarche is defined as the first occurrence of menstruation before the age of 9.5 years. On average, menarche occurs two years after the development of breasts, and early menarche has higher prevalence in Black and Hispanic girls. However, the Brazilian consensus emphasizes the need for individual clinical assessment, considering each patient's context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup>Late menarche is defined as the first occurrence of menstruation after the age of 15 years or the absence of menarche up to 3 years after complete secondary sexual development. Its causes include hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal changes, in addition to significant energy deficits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.1 Pathophysiology</title>
            <p>Puberty depends on the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, regulated by the pulsatile release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This process stimulates the production of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary, which stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogens.</p>
            <p>In early puberty, the activation occurs early, usually associated with high hypothalamic sensitivity to adipokines, particularly to leptin. This hormone, produced by the adipose tissue, signals to hypothalamus the existence of adequate energy reserves for reproduction. In obese girls, elevated leptin levels can exacerbate that trigger, accelerating puberty onset. In addition, the early exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A and phthalates, can interfere with the natural hormonal signals and precipitate the reproductive axis activation.</p>
            <p>In late puberty, the reproductive axis activation is frequently delayed due to chronic energy deficits common in athletes or patients with eating disorders. Low energy storage reduces the secretion of leptin and other adipokines, impairing signaling to the hypothalamus. In some cases, there is resistance to the metabolic signals of insulin and leptin or changes in kisspeptin signaling, a hypothalamic neuropeptide essential for GnRH secretion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>These mechanisms illustrate how nutritional status and body composition directly influence menarche timing and its metabolic repercussions. For example, obesity can induce metabolic dysfunctions that accelerate sexual maturation, while severe calorie deficits, observed in athletes or girls with eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, delay the process.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.2. Early Menarche, Late Menarche, and Cardiometabolic Risk</title>
            <p>Early menarche is strongly associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. One of the major impacts is the increase in BMI and central adiposity, with increased risk for adulthood obesity by approximately 30-60% as compared to women with normal age of menarche.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f47">Figure 6.1</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f47">
              <label>Figure 6.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Association of cardiovascular risk with age of menarche. The extremes of menarchal age associate with a future risk of cardiometabolic disorder and cardiovascular disease and should be considered enhancers of cardiovascular risk. Source: Dastmalchi and Gulati.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf17-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>Other relevant consequence is IR, frequently identified in that profile and characterized by elevated levels of fasting insulin and early changes in glucose metabolism, often regardless of BMI.</p>
            <p>In addition, unfavorable lipid profile changes, such as elevation of triglycerides and LDL-c, and HDL-c reduction, are common. These are findings of atherogenic dyslipidemia, which increases CVR.</p>
            <p>In addition, there is a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in the risk for MS, associated with the combination of central obesity, SAH, IR, and dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup>Even after adjusting for confounding factors, such as socioeconomic level, the metabolic impact of early menarche remains clinically important.</p>
            <p>In late menarche, metabolic outcomes are more heterogeneous. Usually, patients have lower BMI and less adiposity, which reflects a more favorable metabolic profile. However, in cases related to energy deficits, such as eating disorders, malnutrition becomes a critical factor, influencing negatively metabolism and bone health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f46">Figure 6.1</xref> ).</p>
            <p>Insulin sensitivity is better in women with late menarche as compared to those with early menarche.</p>
            <p>In late menarche, bone health is frequently impaired, with increased risk for osteopenia and fractures in adulthood. The reduced bone mineral density in those cases emphasizes the need for preventive interventions and continuous monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Finally, the extremes of menarchal age correlate with a "U" shaped pattern of CVR. In early menarche, there is an increase in systolic and diastolic BP, carotid intimal thickening, and higher predisposition to subclinical atherosclerosis. In contrast, in late menarche, hormonal and nutritional disorders elevate the likelihood of late complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Menstrual irregularities and cardiometabolic risk</title>
          <p>Excluding structural causes, such as uterine myomatosis and polyps, the menstrual disorders related to hormonal causes are common manifestations during female reproductive life, affecting 14-25% of women at childbearing age, with peak incidence in reproductive life extremes, such as menarche and perimenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup>These changes, classified as oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, amenorrhea, menorrhagia, and metrorrhagia, go beyond gynecological changes and emerge as important indicators of cardiometabolic vulnerability. Contemporary investigations have evidenced solid correlations between menstrual cycle anomalies and the development of CVD, emphasizing the need for an integrative approach for those patients&#8217; assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.1. Pathophysiological Mechanisms</title>
            <p>The interrelation between irregular menstrual cycles and cardiometabolic risks involves multiple interconnected pathophysiological processes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis plays an essential role in that association, because hormonal imbalances impact reproductive and cardiovascular functions simultaneously. Oscillations in estrogen and progesterone levels directly modulate insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, endothelial function, and BP homeostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Insulin resistance is the central element in the pathophysiology of certain conditions, such as POS, promoting both menstrual irregularities and dyslipidemia, SAH, and visceral adiposity. Longitudinal follow-up studies have shown that women with IR have a substantially elevated risk for T2DM and cardiovascular events over the course of their life cycles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.2. Clinical Assessment and Biomarkers</title>
            <p>The assessment of women with menstrual irregularities requires a comprehensive approach of CVRFs. Detailed menstrual history is an essential component of risk stratification that needs to be complemented with body composition analysis, BP measurement, and investigation of conventional RFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.3. Therapeutic Interventions</title>
            <p>The management of adolescents with menstrual irregularities at high cardiometabolic risk requires multidimensional strategies. Lifestyle changes are the basis of treatment, which includes regular physical activity, cardioprotective eating patterns, body weight control, and tobacco use cessation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup>Pharmacological interventions require customization according to individual risk profile.</p>
            <p>Despite significant advances, there are still important knowledge gaps of the relation between menstrual irregularities and cardiometabolic risks.</p>
            <p>In clinical practice, the following measures are recommended: incorporation of detailed menstrual assessment into CVR stratification; early cardiometabolic screening in adolescents with persistent menstrual irregularities; adoption of a multidisciplinary approach in the management and early diagnosis of conditions, such as POS, frequently diagnosed at puberty onset;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> </sup>and development of educational programs focused on the interrelation of reproductive and cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref> </sup>These changes are detailed in chapter 7.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3. Obesity, Eating Disorders, and Cardiovascular Risk: Long-Term Impacts</title>
          <p>Obesity in childhood and adolescence is associated with a series of adverse physical and psychological outcomes. From the physical viewpoint, there is a significant increase in the risk of developing chronic comorbidities, such as CVD, SAH, dyslipidemia, IR, T2DM, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup>From the psychological viewpoint, obesity relates to deterioration of emotional health, including higher prevalence of stress, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.1. Eating Disorders and Obesity</title>
            <p>The relation between obesity and eating disorders is known to be bidirectional. Children and adolescents with obesity are at higher risk of developing eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa and periodic compulsive eating disorder. These disorders can aggravate the physical and psychological consequences already associated with obesity, establishing a pathological cycle of weight gain and eating-disordered behaviors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The American Academy of Pediatrics stresses the importance of early screening for eating-disordered behaviors and implementation of timely interventions. Such measures can promote significant improvement in clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup>Dysfunctional eating behaviors identified during middle childhood correlate with the appearance of obesity and future cardiometabolic complications, justifying the need for early and longitudinal monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.2. Hereditary Factors and Prognosis of Eating Disorders</title>
            <p>Several genetic and hereditary factors influence the risk and prognosis of eating disorders in childhood and adolescence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup>The major ones include:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Genetic <italic>loci</italic> and heritability<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> </p>
                <p>Studies have shown specific <italic>loci</italic> associated with anorexia nervosa (1p33&#8211;36 region) and bulimia nervosa (10p14), with estimated heritability between 48% and 74%.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Specific genes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> </p>
                <p>Mutations and genes, such as <italic>ESRRA, HDAC4</italic> , <italic>AGRP, GHRL,</italic> and <italic>BDNF,</italic> have been associated with appetite regulation and increased risk of developing eating disorders.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Family history<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup> </p>
                <p>Family history of eating disorders or psychiatric disorders significantly increases individual risk, as evidenced in studies with monozygotic twins.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Comorbid psychiatric disorders<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> </p>
                <p>There is genetic overlapping of eating disorders and other psychiatric conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression, worsening the clinical course.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases</p>
                <p>There is evidence that the presence of autoimmune diseases in the family history can contribute for the risk of developing eating disorders, suggesting possible immune system involvement.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.3. Future Consequences of Eating Disorders</title>
            <p>Eating disorders that begin in childhood have long-lasting repercussions. Longitudinal studies have shown that inadequate early eating patterns are associated with disorders diagnosed in adolescence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup>For example, childhood hyperphagia is related to increased risk for eating compulsion and periodic compulsive eating disorder, while extreme food selectivity and persistent malnutrition increase the risk for anorexia nervosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The consequences extend beyond adolescence. Individuals affected by eating disorders in their youth have an elevated risk of developing psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and abuse of illicit substances in young adulthood. In addition, self-harm behaviors are more prevalent in that group. Moreover, early eating symptoms are associated with adverse weight outcomes, such as obesity or extreme thinness, and persistence of eating-disordered behaviors up to adulthood.</p>
            <p>Early intervention associated with therapeutic strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, family interventions, and treatment of psychiatric comorbidities, is strongly advised.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.4. Childhood Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes</title>
            <p>According to the American Heart Association, children with severe obesity frequently have multiple and simultaneous CVRFs, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and IR, since young age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Childhood obesity has substantial implications for cardiovascular health in adulthood. It is strongly associated with the development of hypertension, dyslipidemia, IR, T2DM, and MASLD. These factors persist and evolve, increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The systematic review by Sommer and Twig has shown increased incidence of CVD, such as MI and stroke, among individuals who were obese in childhood and adolescence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup>Maintaining obesity from childhood to adulthood was associated with a significantly higher CVR as compared to individuals whose weight was normalized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The classical <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> has shown that such physiological changes are related to increased carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness, which are markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In addition, cardiac structural changes, such as increased left ventricular mass and myocardial hypertrophy, are common in those individuals and correlate with worse future cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.5. Eating Disorders and Cardiovascular Risk</title>
            <p>Eating disorders initiating in childhood, such as anorexia nervosa, result in persistent cardiovascular changes. Even after clinical recovery, individuals can have increased carotid artery stiffness, reduced aortic distensibility, endothelial dysfunction, and vagal hyperactivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In addition, maladaptive eating behaviors during childhood are associated with the development of obesity and SAH during adolescence, both of which are CVRFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The American Heart Association emphasizes that obese children with eating-disordered behaviors tend to have increased left ventricular mass, arterial stiffness, and elevated BP, factors that persist up to adulthood and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Cardiometabolic <italic>Continuum</italic> and Reproductive Age</title>
        <p>The cardiometabolic <italic>continuum</italic> refers to a process of The cardiometabolic continuum refers to a progressive process of interconnected metabolic and cardiovascular changes, often beginning in childhood. In women, the phases of reproductive life &#8212; menarche, pregnancy, puerperium, and menopause &#8212; directly influence this risk. Pregnancy is a physiological state with deep cardiometabolic changes, necessary to sustain fetal growth and adapt the maternal organism to new demands. Of such changes, increased cardiac output, expansion of plasma volume, reduction in systemic vascular resistance, lipid profile changes, higher peripheral insulin resistance, inflammatory activation, and vascular remodeling stand out. These adaptations can decompensate previous clinical conditions or reveal latent cardiometabolic vulnerabilities, with implications for immediate maternal health and future CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Recognizing this relation in the different phases of a woman's life is essential to develop preventive strategies and screening throughout life.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f48">Figure 7.1</xref> illustrates cardiometabolic changes in pregnancy.</p>
        <fig id="f48">
          <label>Figure 7.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiometabolic changes in pregnancy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf18-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</title>
          <p>The POS is the most common reproductive endocrinopathy, present in 6-10% of women. It is strongly associated with central obesity, IR, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia (increased LDL-c and triglycerides, decreased HDL-c), as well as with higher risk for SAH and early atherosclerosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup>hepatic steatosis, sleep respiratory disorders with higher incidence of obstructive apnea,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> </sup>and depression.</p>
          <p>The pathophysiology of POS is complex and involves dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, reduced hepatic synthesis of SHBG, and functional ovarian hyperandrogenism, a primary dysfunction of ovarian theca cells, in addition to elevated anti-m&#252;llerian hormone levels, which exacerbates even more ovarian dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Currently, there are four recognized phenotypes of POS, each one with different long-term implications for metabolism and health: 1) hyperandrogenism + oligoanovulation + polycystic ovary morphology; 2) hyperandrogenism + oligoanovulation; 3) hyperandrogenism + polycystic ovary morphology; and 4) oligoanovulation + polycystic ovary morphology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup>The phenotypes with hyperandrogenism have worse metabolic profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The major metabolic changes related to POS are as follows: obesity, in approximately 50% of cases; IR, in 60-95% of cases, leading to glucose intolerance in 31-35% of cases; and T2DM, in 7.5-20% of cases.</p>
          <p>Insulin resistance plays a central role in metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The resulting hyperinsulinemia stimulates the hepatic production of triglycerides and reduces HDL-c levels, favoring the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, IR promotes neoglucogenesis, increasing the amount of glucose available (dysglycemia), reducing sex-steroid-binding proteins and insulin-like growth factors, worsening the clinical findings and increasing the chronic inflammatory process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup>This leads to higher levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which also accelerate vascular injury and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Dyslipidemia is the most frequent abnormality in POS, presenting with low HDL-c levels and high concentrations of triglycerides, and increased LDL-c levels can occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Overweight and obesity, present in many women with POS, worsen the risk because the visceral adipose tissue releases free fatty acids and inflammatory adipokines, exacerbating IR and dyslipidemia. In addition, hyperandrogenemia in POS is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile, with increased oxidized LDL-c and reduced HDL-c, increasing the risk of early cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Analysis of 39 systematic reviews and metanalyses published up to 2019 has shown that women with POS are at higher risk for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup>This risk remained when stroke and IHD were assessed separately, but there was no association with HF. In addition, the risk of cardiovascular events was higher in young women of reproductive age with POS as compared to normal controls, but no association was observed in postmenopausal women with POS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup>Currently, most of the therapy is centered on the patient's major complaint, reducing hyperandrogenism symptoms, restoring menstrual regularity, and obtaining conception in women.</p>
          <p>The up-dating of the <italic>2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</italic> reintegrated the <italic>2018 International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</italic> , encompassing a wide synthesis of evidence and recommendations for POS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup>The major up-dates were as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>strengthening of the recognition of broader characteristics of POS, including metabolic RFs, CVD, sleep apnea, prevalence of psychological characteristics, and high risk for adverse outcomes during pregnancy;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>emphasis on the diverse and rarely recognized burden of the disease and on the need for improving health professional education;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>maintained emphasis on a healthy lifestyle, emotional well-being, and better quality of life;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>emphasis on evidence-based medical therapy.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Weight loss should be prioritized early.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The POS changes associated with increased CVR are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f49">Figure 7.2.</xref> </p>
          <fig id="f49">
            <label>Figure 7.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Polycystic ovary syndrome changes associated with increased cardiovascular risk.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf19-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. Infertility and its Treatment</title>
          <p>Infertility, defined as the absence of clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse, affects 8-12% of reproductive-age couples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref> </sup>Female causes include ovulatory dysfunctions, tubal and uterine factors, low ovarian reserve, obesity, and hormonal disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup>The most frequent causes are endometriosis, which is an inflammatory pathology, and POS, which is known to cause increase in androgen hormones and MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> </sup>Mulder <italic>et al.</italic> , assessing women with and without infertility in the same age group, have shown that infertile ones had a greater tendency to have specific cardiometabolic RFs, with an increase in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and dyslipidemia (total cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglycerides), but they found no change in fasting glycemia, IR, and BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref></sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f50">Figure 7.3</xref> )</p>
          <fig id="f50">
            <label>Figure 7.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Most frequent causes of female infertility. POS: polycystic ovary syndrome.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf20-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Endometriosis has a prevalence of up to 10% of the female population, is a frequent cause of infertility, and will be addressed separately.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>The treatment for infertility has cardiometabolic repercussions. Ovarian stimulation with clomiphene, letrozole, and gonadotrophins can induce ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with risk for thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref></sup> <italic>In vitro</italic> fertilization leads to higher risk of VTE, preeclampsia, and cardiovascular events in the long run. In addition, women getting pregnant after infertility treatment have higher risk for GD and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Interventions in lifestyle, such as balanced diet, physical activity practice, and behavioral changes, can not only improve cardiovascular health, but increase infertility treatment success as well. Weight loss in obese women is recommended to improve reproductive health and reduce complications during pregnancy. There is still limited evidence that weight loss improves <italic>in vitro</italic> fertilization outcomes. Weight control, however, is considered beneficial to fertility and cardiometabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3. Weight changes in pregnancy</title>
          <p>Weight changes during pregnancy are intrinsically related to physiological and metabolic adaptations to meet fetal demands. Monitoring GWG is an important part of prenatal consultation and deserves multidisciplinary attention. Pregestational BMI and GWG significantly impact maternal and infant outcomes, as described in chapter 5. Both excessive and insufficient weight are associated with maternal and fetal cardiometabolic complications, such as preterm delivery and small for gestational age newborns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Brazilian researchers have developed curves and recommendations of specific GWG for the Brazilian population adopted by the Ministry of Health from 2022 on.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref></sup> </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Chart 7.1</xref> shows the recommendation for GWG adjusted to pregestational BMI in single and twin pregnancies, as well as physiological weight gain distribution in women with normal BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> </sup> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t31">
            <label>Chart 7.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of physiological weight gain in women with normal BMI (&gt;18 and &lt;25kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and recommendation for gestational weight gain adjusted to BMI according to Institute of Medicine, Lifecycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group, and FEBRASGO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> </sup> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Weight gain</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI(&lt; 18.5 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI(&gt; 18.5 and &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI(&#8805; 25 and &lt; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">FEBRASGO</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.7 to 12.2 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.0 to 12 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 to 9 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 to 7 kg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IOM: Single pregnancy Twin pregnancy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.7 to 18 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.5 to 16 kg <break/> 16.8 to 24.5 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 to 11,5 kg <break/> 14,1 to 22,7 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 to 9 kg <break/> 11,4 to 19,1 kg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Lifecycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 to &lt; 16 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 to &lt; 18</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 to &lt; 16 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">BMI from 30 to <break/> 34.9 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: 2 to &lt; 6 kg <break/> BMI from 35 to <break/> 39.9 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: 0 to &lt; 4 kg <break/> BMI &gt; 40 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: <break/> 0 to &lt; 5kg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight distribution (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Fetus: 3.2 to 3.6 kg <break/> Maternal fat: 2.7 to 3.6 kg <break/> Blood volume: 1.4 to 1.8 kg <break/> Extravascular fluid volume: 0.9 to 1.4 kg <break/> Amniotic fluid: 0.9 kg <break/> Breasts: 0.45 to 1.4 kg <break/> Uterine hypertrophy: 0.9 kg <break/> Placenta: 0.7 kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; IOM: Institute of Medicine.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>7.3.1. Maternal Impact of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain</title>
            <p>Almost 50% of women initiate pregnancy with overweight or obesity, and 51% gain weight above the recommended amount. In postpartum, on average, women retain 0.5-3 kg per pregnancy. Preconception overweight and obesity are associated with reduced fertility and a delay in conception. In addition, they increase the risk of maternal mortality and complications, such as excessive GWG, GD, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, emergency cesarean delivery, congenital diseases, preterm delivery, fetal death, and future risk of DM and CVD. Studies have shown that pregnant women with overweight or obesity tend to have elevated levels of leptin, total cholesterol, LDL-c, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), triglycerides, fasting glycemia, and insulin, in addition to higher HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and diastolic BP in the third trimester.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.3.2. Fetal Impact of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain</title>
            <p>Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of fetal macrosomia, congenital malformations, and intrauterine death. In addition, intrauterine exposure to a hyperglycemic environment can predispose the newborn to develop obesity and MS in adulthood, because of changes in fetal metabolic programming.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In a study with 16 million births in the USA, pregnant women with healthy BMI had lower infant morbidity and mortality rates, while those with class 3 obesity had higher risks of those adverse outcomes, independently of GWG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f51">Figure 7.4</xref> shows the recommendations for GWG monitoring.</p>
            <fig id="f51">
              <label>Figure 7.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations for gestational weight gain monitoring. BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf21-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.4. Gestational Dysglycemia</title>
          <p>Hyperglycemia is the most common metabolic change in pregnancy, driven by the obesity epidemic, higher prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM in women of reproductive age, and late pregnancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup>In pregnancy, there is a reduction in fasting glycemia because of fetal and placental glucose uptake, as well as mild postprandial hyperglycemia due to diabetogenic placental hormones, even in women with normal metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Dysglycemia in pregnancy is classified as pregestational diabetes, diagnosed in pregnancy or GD. Prenatal consultations offer the opportunity to diagnose previously unidentified DM, based on established criteria of glycemia, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or HbA1c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup>The most prevalent form of gestational hyperglycemia is GD, which affects up to 25% of the pregnancies and is defined as intolerance to carbohydrates initiated in pregnancy, without meeting the diagnostic criteria for DM outside this period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup>( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t32">Chart 7.2</xref> ).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t32">
            <label>Chart 7.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes and pregestational diabetes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Normal</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">GD</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting glycemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 92 mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 92 mg/dl and &lt; 126 mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 126 mg/dL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Random glycemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 200 mg/dL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">OGTT between the 24th and the 28th weeks</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Fasting: &#8805; 92 and &lt; 126 mg/dL <break/> 1<sup>st</sup>hour &#8805; 180 mg/dL <break/> 2<sup>nd</sup>hour &#8805; 153 and &lt; 200 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2<sup>nd</sup>hour &#8805; 200 mg/dL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HbA1c</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 5.7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8805; 6.5%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <p>DM: diabetes mellitus; GD: gestational diabetes; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Although less sensitive to diagnose GD, HbA1c can identify increased risk when &#8805; 5.7% in the first trimester, indicating the need for early screening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup>HbA1c is a reliable test to guide women with diabetes who want to get pregnant, and measures &lt; 6% reduce the risk of fetal malformations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref></sup>The major RFs for GD are advanced maternal age, overweight, obesity, family history of DM, IR, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, excessive GWG, and previous GD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Gestational diabetes increases the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications, such as abortion, preeclampsia, prematurity, macrosomia, fetal anomalies and death, hypoglycemia, and neonatal respiratory distress. Adequate intervention improves outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> </sup>Its effects last throughout maternal life, increasing by four-fold the risk of T2DM and by two-fold the risk of cardiovascular events already in the first postpartum decade, and that increase persists throughout life and seems to be independent of T2DM development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref></sup>Regarding the fetus, there is higher risk of MS, obesity, DM, and SAH over the course of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>The initial treatment is based on nutritional guidance and physical activity practice. If glycemia is not controlled in up to 14 days, pharmacological therapy should be initiated, and that is mandatory for pregnant women with pregestational T1DM or T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref> </sup>In such cases, aspirin (100&#8211;150 mg/day) is recommended from the 12th-16th week on to prevent preeclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup>Insulin is the drug of choice due to its efficacy, safety, and low placental transfer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Glycemic self-monitoring, especially in the post-prandial period, is fundamental for therapeutic adjustment, hypoglycemia prevention, and lower risk of preeclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> </sup>Glycemic goals include pre-prandial values of 65-95 mg/dL, 1st post-prandial hour &lt; 140 mg/dL, and 2<sup>nd</sup>post-prandial hour &lt; 120 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Prevention of GD should be initiated before conception, with weight control, healthy diet, and regular practice of physical activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.5. Gestational dyslipidemia</title>
          <p>During pregnancy, the maternal organism undergoes adaptations to adjust fetal growth and development. Thus, the increase in lipid and lipoprotein levels in this phase is important. These changes are stimulated by placental lactogen hormone, estrogen, and progesterone, as well as by elevations in leptin and insulin levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup>Cholesterol is crucial for embryonic and fetal development, because it is an essential component of cell membranes and responsible for several intracellular signaling functions. In addition, this cholesterol increase is necessary to meet the elevated demand for maternal and placental steroids, which accumulate in the maternal body since the 7th week, peaking in the second and third trimesters. By the end of pregnancy, stored lipids serve as a reservoir for the synthesis of fatty acids in the placenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup>The adaptations of lipids to pregnancy consist in an increase in total cholesterol and LDL-c by approximately 30-50% and in HDL-c, by 20-40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup>Triglycerides increase more significantly, reaching 2 to 4 times their pregestational levels in the third trimester, because, along with glucose, they are one of the major sources of fetal energy. LDL-c changes not only its levels, but increases small and dense, more atherogenic, particles, generating higher impact on patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. This unfavorable effect is attenuated by elevated levels of HDL-c and apolipoprotein A-I, which peak during the second trimester and can offer protection against atherogenic lipid fractions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In pregnancy, the levels of Lp(a) almost double and the mechanisms responsible for that are not clearly understood. The hypotheses for that increase include estrogen influence in Lp(a) synthesis and clearance, Lp(a) action as acute phase protein in endothelial injury, and Lp(a) possible role in placental development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Lipid levels in pregnancy and the magnitude of their changes during pregnancy are influenced by several factors, such as pregestational lipid levels, BMI, age, diet, and ethnicity.</p>
          <p>Breast-feeding improves the lipid profile, with a higher reduction in LDL-c and triglycerides than in HDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref> </sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.5.1. Impact of Dyslipidemia in Pregnancy</title>
            <p>Lipid assessment in the first trimester can provide valuable information regarding short- and long-term results for the mother and newborn, in addition to identifying specific risk groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup>Dyslipidemia (elevation of apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglycerides), especially at the beginning of pregnancy, is associated with adverse outcomes for the mother and newborn. It has been shown that an atherogenic lipid profile increases the risk of endothelial injury via oxidative stress mechanisms in arterial wall. Maternal risks include preterm delivery, preeclampsia, SAH, GD, MS, and unfavorable lipid profiles. The risks for newborns include premature birth, macrosomia, development of pre-atherosclerotic lesions, and unfavorable lipid profiles. Women with preterm deliveries have a two-fold increased risk of developing CVD later. The placenta shows changes, such as atherosclerosis, infarction of villi, and thrombosis. Addressing lipid abnormalities in pregnancy might help reduce the risk of prematurity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>In addition, the lipid profile in pregnancy has been related to the development of MS years later and can be used as an early marker of a woman's cardiovascular health, as described in chapter 5. Moreover, it can predict the lipid profile of children and be used as a predictor of children's health in the long run. Monitoring this phase can be a window of opportunity to initiate an early intervention and possibly reduce future CVR. Increased lipid levels have been associated with fatty streaks in the aorta and rapid progression of atherosclerosis in childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Elevation in Lp(a), an inflammatory protein, can negatively influence gestational outcomes, increasing the risk of complications, such as preeclampsia, DM, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. These conditions represent short-term risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and are associated with increased CVR in the long run, such as MI, stroke, and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Therefore, lipid screening in the first trimester can provide valuable information about short- and long-term outcomes of the mother and newborn, in addition to identifying specific risk groups.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.5.2. Impact of Pregnancy on Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia</title>
            <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal semidominant condition, caused by mutations in genes related to lipid metabolism, resulting in elevated LDL-c levels and risk of early IHD.</p>
            <p>Women with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia have total cholesterol and LDL-c levels approximately twice higher than those without the condition. A Norwegian study has reported that, although the relative increase in total cholesterol and LDL-c between the 17th and 36th gestational weeks was similar in the groups, the absolute increase was significantly higher in women with familial hypercholesterolemia. Triglycerides were also more elevated in that group although still within the normal range and with a similar relative elevation pattern. HDL-c levels, however, remained unchanged in both groups. Despite speculation about possible epigenetic effects of fetal exposure to high cholesterol levels, the mechanisms involved remain uncertain because of conflicting literature data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Despite the association of gestational dyslipidemia and adverse maternal-fetal outcomes, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines only briefly mention the use of statins and discourage it in women of reproductive age who want to get pregnant. In addition, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers no specific guidance. They recommend that lipid-lowering drugs should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation, except in severe cases, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, for which bile acid sequestrants (non-absorbed) or LDL-c apheresis are considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup>The scarcity of data about the treatment is mostly due to the systematic exclusion of pregnant women from clinical trials, which limits the knowledge on the safety of lipid-lowering drugs. Metanalyses and systematic reviews about the subject have provided controversial and biased data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.6. Endometriosis and Cardiovascular Risk</title>
          <p>The association of endometriosis with RFs for CVDs, such as SAH and dyslipidemia with atherogenic profile, has been shown, as well as the increased risk for VTE, IHD, HF, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref></sup>Endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease, is the major cause of chronic pelvic pain in young women and one of the major causes of infertility. It is associated with a chronic inflammatory process mediated by substances, such as intercellular adhesion molecule, IL-1 and IL-6, TNF-&#945;, and VEGF, which induce an increase in oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref></sup>A systematic review with 254,929 participants has revealed that the condition is associated with higher risk of IHD (HR 1.50) and cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The complete spectrum of pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis is recognized as a multifactorial condition involving hormonal, pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, immunological, and genetic processes. Genetic studies have identified variants associated with complex diseases, such as IHD, enlarging the knowledge of its pathophysiology and suggesting new therapeutic targets, especially in lipid metabolism. In addition to hormonal and inflammatory factors, there is a relevant genetic component, with dysregulation of inflammasome, promoting cell proliferation and chronic inflammation. This inflammatory process contributes to a pro-thrombotic state, favoring atherosclerosis and supporting the hypothesis that endometriosis is a CVRF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref> </sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.6.1. Risk factors</title>
            <p>In endometriosis, there is an elevation in well-known RFs for CVD, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia with major atherogenic profile, in addition to increased risk for VTE, IHD, HF, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup>Population studies have shown an association between endometriosis and SAH, with relative risk (RR) of 1.14 for SAH in women with endometriosis and RR of 1.29 for endometriosis in women with SAH, suggesting common inflammatory mediation. Regarding dyslipidemia, data from the <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study II</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup>have shown a 25%-higher risk of hypercholesterolemia in women with endometriosis, in addition to higher prevalence of endometriosis in women with an atherogenic lipid profile. Changes in the metabolism of phospholipids and sphingolipids play a significant role in endometriosis pathophysiology.</p>
            <p>Although data on tobacco use, diabetes, and pollution are inconclusive, a recent metanalysis has shown increased risk of 23% for CVD and of 13% for hypertension in women with endometriosis. In addition, association with coronary events (RR 1.62) has been observed, despite the methodological heterogeneity of the studies. Hysterectomy before the age of 50 years, with or without oophorectomy, has been correlated to higher risk of IHD, possibly because of an adverse cardiometabolic profile. In addition, hormonal treatment for endometriosis can negatively impact CVR because of effects on weight and lipid metabolism. Lifestyle and behavioral factors, such as sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet, contribute to the interrelation between endometriosis and CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Recognizing endometriosis as a potential RF for CVD is crucial, and so are the implementation of strategies for lifestyle changes and early intervention to prevent and minimize CVR in such women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref> </sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f52">Figure 7.5</xref> depicts inflammatory markers and CVDs associated with endometriosis.</p>
            <fig id="f52">
              <label>Figure 7.5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular diseases associated with endometriosis. HF: heart failure; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IHD: ischemic heart disease; IL-1: interleukin-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VTE: venous thromboembolism.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf22-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.7. Psoriasis</title>
          <p>Psoriasis is traditionally known to cause inflammatory plaques on the skin. However, there is increasing evidence that it is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular comorbidities, such as obesity, MS, and CVD, cerebrovascular diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, sleep apnea, etc. Although its pathophysiology has not been totally clarified, psoriasis&#8217; systemic inflammation is believed to relate to a pro-inflammatory state with the participation of cytokines, such as TNF-&#945;, IL-6, leptin, and other adipokines.</p>
          <p>The study of US female nurses has shown an increased risk of developing DM (RR 1.63) and SAH (RR 1.17) among female nurses with psoriasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref></sup>Recent systematic review and metanalysis have shown the association of psoriasis with IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.8. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Endothelial Dysfunction after Menopause</title>
          <p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect up to 10% of pregnancies and represent important predictors of CVR over the course of life, being identified as exclusive RFs of the female sex. Increasing evidence has suggested that women with history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have persistent changes in endothelial function even decades after pregnancy, which contributes to higher risk of CVD in postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup>Other sessions of this position statement have already addressed the large impact on future cardiometabolic health of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.</p>
          <p>Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a reduction in NO bioavailability and increased inflammatory and pro-thrombotic markers, is an early event in atherogenesis. Longitudinal studies have shown that women with previous preeclampsia had elevated endothelin-1 levels, endothelium-dependent vasodilation dysfunction, and carotid intimal thickening years after delivery. This impact seems to increase after menopause, with worsening of the cardiometabolic profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In addition, biomarkers of endothelial activation, such as VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule) and E-selectin, remain elevated in late postpartum, suggesting low-grade chronic inflammation. Early interruption of estrogen exposure, common in women with preterm delivery due to preeclampsia, may also lead to an earlier loss of hormonally-mediated vasculogenic protection. Inclusion of obstetric history in CVR stratification is essential to the elaboration of individualized preventive strategies, especially in postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Thus, preeclampsia should not be considered only an isolated gestational complication, but rather a marker of female vascular susceptibility over the course of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup>The recent ESC guideline indicates that sex-specific factors are potential reclassifiers of CVR to a higher risk category. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be considered in the individualized CVR stratification, although only a few disorders have shown to improve risk prediction or discrimination beyond traditional factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>For such women, it is essential to intensify, as early as from postpartum on, the approach using the eight pillars of cardiovascular prevention, such as control of BP, glycemia, dyslipidemia, and weight, physical activity, sleep quality, tobacco use cessation and healthy eating.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.9. Metabolic Changes in Postpartum</title>
          <p>In recent decades, there has been a significant advance in protocols for pregnancy and delivery care. However, the postpartum period continues to be neglected, despite its critical importance to long-term maternal health. In that period, women face significant changes in their reproductive system recovery, as well as in metabolic, endocrine, and nutritional aspects.</p>
          <p>One of the most evident changes is body weight variation. On average, weight loss occurs at a rate of 0.6-0.8 kg/month in the first six months after childbirth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref></sup>However, some women retain or even gain weight, which can lead to obesity and increase the risk of cardiometabolic complications. Weight retention after childbirth has significant implications for cardiovascular health, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f50">Figure 7.4.</xref> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.9.1. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Postpartum</title>
            <p>Recent studies have shown that factors such as race/ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and GD history, are strong predictors of cardiometabolic risk in postpartum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> </sup>To minimize these risks, some strategies should be considered:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Lactation</bold>:  breastfeeding is a protective factor against maternal obesity, improving lipid metabolism via hepatic lipolysis and combined action of prolactin and insulin;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Diet</bold>:  postpartum diet should focus on calorie reduction and nutritional quality. Addition of 500 kcal/day is recommended in the first six months, and 400 kcal/day in subsequent months to ensure adequate metabolic balance;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Physical activity</bold>:  physical exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, preserves lean mass, and helps lose weight, reducing metabolic risk;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Sleep</bold>:  sleep deprivation (&lt;5 hours/day) has a negative impact on glucose metabolism and favors obesity and IR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.9.2. Impact of gestational diabetes and dyslipidemia in postpartum</title>
            <p>Excessive weight retention in postpartum is associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia and IR. Women with history of GD are more likely to have metabolic disorders in postpartum, such as hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. These effects seem to be influenced by BMI and the gestational age at which the metabolic changes appeared. Studies have shown that, even years after childbirth, women with GD maintain elevated total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, independently of other traditional CVRFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref></sup>These women tend to have elevated levels of triglycerides and LDL-c, independently of BMI, up to months after giving birth. Hyperglycemia and IR in pregnancy contribute to dyslipidemia persistence in postpartum, impacting cardiovascular health in the long run.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.9.3. Prolactin and Metabolism in Postpartum</title>
            <p>In addition to its function in lactation, prolactin plays a relevant role in maternal metabolism. Although the relation of prolactin levels and GD has not been totally clarified, evidence suggests that, in postpartum, especially during lactation, elevated prolactin levels are associated with lower circulating insulin levels, higher function of beta cells, and increased insulin sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Maternal overweight and obesity, excessive GWG, and weight retention in postpartum are well established RFs for cardiometabolic complications. Therefore, the postpartum period should be seen as a window of opportunity for preventive interventions, with special attention to balanced and quality diet, regular physical exercise, body weight control, adequate sleep, and breastfeeding. The adoption of such strategies can contribute to preserve maternal cardiovascular health and reduce the risk for cardiometabolic disorders throughout life.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Cardiometabolic Health in Menopause Transition, Menopause and Postmenopause</title>
        <p>Cardiometabolic disorders, such as T2DM and CVDs with their associated RFs, such as obesity, IR, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, are the major causes of mortality and burden of diseases in both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup>Women and men, however, experience different trajectories of cardiometabolic risk throughout life influenced by hormonal fluctuations. Women's reproductive phase is a window of opportunity for prevention and approach of CVRFs and cardiometabolic disorders that are magnified in menopause transition, during menopause, and in postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup>Reduction in endogenous estradiol levels during menopause transition has been associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic health issues, such as abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, T2DM, and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Usually, the last menstrual cycle occurs between 45 years and 55 years of age in 90% of women, and, in parallel, the CVR increases in the fifth decade of life, 10 years later than in the male sex. The age of menopause onset seems to be a marker of not only reproductive ageing with the decline in estrogen levels, but also of an increase in cardiometabolic complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Menopause before age 40 years is considered premature, currently named premature ovarian failure, and has a prevalence of 1%. When menopause occurs between 40 years and 45 years, it is classified as early menopause and affects 7.3% of women. Evidence has shown that women with natural or surgical premature menopause are more likely to develop CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f53">Figure 8.1</xref> ) In the study by Honigberg <italic>et al</italic> ., assessing 144,260 women, natural premature menopause was independently associated with aortic stenosis, VTE, ischemic stroke, IHD, and atrial fibrillation. Surgical menopause, however, has been related mainly to mitral regurgitation, pulmonary thromboembolism, HF, and IHD. Menopause at a younger age remained independently associated with time until the first diagnosis of incident CVD (HR, 1.02/year of earlier age of menopause onset [95%CI, 1.01-1.03]; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> </p>
        <fig id="f53">
          <label>Figure 8.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concept of menopause and increased cardiovascular risk. CVR: cardiovascular risk; POF: premature ovarian failure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf23-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>In addition, women with premature and early menopause have a substantially higher risk of a non-fatal cardiovascular event, especially IHD and stroke, before the age of 60 years, possibly associated with low estrogens levels that are related to subclinical atherosclerosis progression. A study with 301,438 women in five countries has reported a 30%-higher risk of CVD in women with early menopause as compared to those experiencing menopause at the age of 50-51 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>The literature has reported a statistically significant association of early age of natural menopause onset with risk of mortality due to general and cardiovascular causes, while more advanced age of menopausal onset results in longer life expectancy, higher bone mineral density, and lower risk of fractures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref> </sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Severity of Symptoms and their Implications for Cardiovascular Health</title>
          <p>The severity of the clinical manifestations of menopause transition are also related to women's cardiovascular health. They are mainly characterized by VMS, night sweats, neurological complaints, such as sleep, mood, cognition, and memory disorders, in addition to changes in genitourinary and sexual functions. They impair women's quality of life, productivity, and physical and mental health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Vasomotor symptoms are the major complaints, affecting 80% of women during menopause transition, peaking around the final menstrual cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup>They have been associated with BP elevation and increased risk of CVD, such as stroke and IHD. The major causing factors include autonomic dysregulation with exacerbation of the sympathetic nervous system, sleep interruption, endothelial dysfunction, and more severe subclinical atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> </sup>Evidence has suggested the association of early VMS onset, duration, and severity with risk for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup>Sleep disorders are reported by 40% to 60% of menopausal women and interfere negatively with their quality of life, as well as mental and physical health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Identifying premature ovarian failure and early or premature menopause, as well as severity of symptoms, is fundamental to recognize the increased CVR in middle-aged women. This approach enables assessing the therapeutic window for hormonal replacement and intensification of lifestyle changes, optimizing the control of other important factors to reduce cardiovascular events, such as BP, cholesterol, glycemia, body weight, quality of sleep, mental stress, cardiorespiratory fitness, and tobacco use cessation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Menopause</title>
          <p>Hypertension is one of the major CVRFs in women, in whom the association with CVD risk is higher than in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup>Globally, the rate of BP control is estimated to be 23% in women with SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup>With ageing and after menopause, SAH prevalence increases and the BP control rate decreases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup>Some factors, such as unfavorable lifestyle and diet, obesity, and ageing, as well as characteristics related to menarche, reproduction, and menopause contribute to increase BP.</p>
          <p>Concomitantly with menopause, there is a decrease in the circulating levels of estrogen and androgens. In addition, there are renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system dysregulation, sympathetic activation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and higher sodium sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref> </sup>This leads to a rapid and accentuated increase in BP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref></sup>and high SAH prevalence in postmenopause, with consequent elevation in the risk of cardiovascular events, such as AMI, HFpEF, stroke, cognitive deficit, and peripheral artery disease, usually with systolic BP 10 mm Hg lower than in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup>Moreover, women with SAH more frequently have CKD, left ventricular hypertrophy, and coronary microcirculation dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In managing SAH, BP monitoring outside the medical office is important because of the high incidence of white coat hypertension and masked hypertension. Of nonpharmacological measures, salt restriction stands out. Physical exercise reduces BP and arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup>Regarding pharmacological treatment, there is no specific recommendation regarding classes of antihypertensive drugs for menopausal women. Adverse events can be more frequent in women, probably related to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antihypertensive drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Regarding lipids, studies have shown that, in postmenopausal women, total cholesterol and LDL-c levels are higher, and dyslipidemia treatment and control rates are lower than those in men of the same age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref> </sup>HDL-c levels are lower.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup>Studies have shown that the antiatherogenic function of HDL-c can be impaired and, in such case, elevated HDL-c levels can be associated with atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref></sup>In addition, Lp(a) concentration tends to increase during menopause, and elevated Lp(a) levels are more common in women than in men after the age of 50 years, increasing the risk of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>These particularities in BP behavior and in lipid disorders suggest that current guidelines for the management of such conditions might be inadequate to meet women's specific needs. Thus, targeted interventions, such as non-medicamentous and medicamentous measures, are essential to improve menopausal women's cardiovascular care. It is worth noting that women are under-represented in clinical trials, which determines scarcity of solid scientific information on women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In menopause, the decline in ovarian function results in a significant impact on not only BP, but also other cardiometabolic RFs, such as weight gain, central adiposity, atherogenic lipid profile, and increased glycemia associated with IR, a significantly threatening set of factors to women's cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Factors, such as race/ethnicity, reproductive factors, body composition, lifestyle, genetics, and premenopausal cardiovascular health, can affect natural menopause and are associated with cardiometabolic risk. In a cohort study including 3639 Dutch women with natural menopause, those who had experienced early natural menopause had a 2.4-higher risk of T2DM as compared to those with late menopause onset, and lived less and fewer years without T2DM as compared to women who had experienced normal or late menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>However, another study involving 177,131 women from four different countries has shown that those with a cardiovascular event before the age of 35 years, as compared to women without CVD, had a twice higher risk of early menopause, raising the hypothesis that the associations can be bidirectional. Thus, a worse premenopausal cardiovascular health profile can influence natural menopause onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Menopause is accompanied by several metabolic adaptations related to IR, increased total body fat mass, and accumulation of central abdominal fat, predisposing women to develop T2DM. Metabolic syndrome has high prevalence in menopausal women, indicating loss of estrogen protection in metabolic and cardiovascular health. In addition, early menopause has been related to increased risk of T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Moreover, high estrogen exposure in premenopausal women, such as pregnancy, has been associated with adverse metabolic changes (hyperglycemia or increased BP) that could impact the risk of developing T2DM and SAH later in life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Environmental factors and those related to lifestyle, such as diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, overweight and obesity, tobacco use, and exposure to environmental toxins, as well as sociodemographic, psychological, and social cognitive factors, are associated with the risk of both early natural menopause and cardiometabolic disease. Environmental factors and those related to lifestyle can trigger underlying mechanisms of cardiometabolic disease associated with menopause, including its influence on DNA methylation and gene expression, induction of low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, probably interfering with hormone-related signaling in menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Hormone Implants, and Cardiometabolic Impact</title>
          <p>Menopausal hormone therapy is used as the most effective intervention to relieve menopausal symptoms. It offers significant benefits, although it cannot be used for primary or secondary prevention of cardiometabolic disease. With the administration of estrogen and, in some cases, progesterone, MHT is aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. There are several MHT administration forms, such as pills, patches, gels, and spray. Factors, such as MHT onset and time, duration, dose, and administration route, determine its benefits and drawbacks. The choice of MHT type depends on several factors, such as associated risks, indications, and contraindications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Beginning MHT within the first ten years from menopause onset leads to higher safety in relation to the risk of cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in lower absolute risk of VTE, CVD, and stroke in the first years of menopause. MHT should be taken for the shortest period of time needed and at the lowest dose, and transdermal route has fewer metabolic effects. Oral MHT in women with baseline thromboembolic risk can increase the risk for VTE and stroke on a dose-dependent way; however, transdermal estradiol (only or combined with micronized progesterone) is considered safer. The vaginal route can be used, indicated only for the treatment of genitourinary symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Randomized and controlled clinical trials have suggested that MHT could reduce IR and T2DM incidence, improve glucose metabolism, and increase the glucose hepatic production suppression, and oral preparations have a higher potential to improve glucose metabolism and reduce the risk of developing T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> </sup>Usually, oral 17&#946;-estradiol is preferred in women with T2DM, because that route has more beneficial effects in glucose metabolism. Oral estrogens are also suggested to women with low risk of CVD in perimenopause or menopause of recent onset. Oral micronized progesterone or dydrogesterone and oral or transdermal norethisterone are the most used progestagens for postmenopausal women with T2DM and intact uterus. The administration of MHT to postmenopausal women with T2DM can be safe and effective if the therapeutic regimen is properly selected. However, MHT is not recommended for primary prevention of T2DM or cardiometabolic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Testosterone replacement therapy is not indicated to improve cardiometabolic or musculoskeletal health, VMS, or mood changes. Sufficient solid studies on the impact of androgens on cardiometabolic health are not available. In addition, there are few clinical studies on hormone implants for MHT, and most of them address testosterone implants. These studies have small case series and/or low level of evidence (retrospective or observational studies). This impedes the understanding of the cardiometabolic effects of such implants, as well as of their risks for breast and endometrial cancers; therefore, such implants are not recommended for MHT.<sup>73,109,1173</sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4. Stratification of Cardiometabolic Risk in Menopause</title>
          <p>In menopause and postmenopause, there is an abrupt drop in estrogen levels, an essential hormone for female cardiovascular protection. Some of the changes resulting from this hormone deficiency are as follows: increase in LDL-c, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and triglyceride levels; dysfunctional HDL-c, whose ability to promote cholesterol efflux is reduced, leading to partial loss of its cardiovascular protection; glucose intolerance and increased risk for T2DM; accumulation of visceral fat and ectopic fat deposits in the liver and heart, exacerbating subclinical inflammation; and simultaneous increase of abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In the United States, between 2013 and 2017, there was a 7% increase in CVD among middle-aged women, attributed mainly to the increase in obesity and prevalence of cardiometabolic RFs. It is worth noting that women with history of T2DM, SAH, and tobacco use have significantly higher relative risk for CVDs as compared to men with the same CVRFs. For example, T2DM increases CVR by 3 to 7 times in women as compared to 2 to 3 times in men, possibly due to higher BMI, higher systemic inflammation, more deficient glycemic control, and higher burden of RFs at the time of female diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In addition, estrogen loss causes endothelial dysfunction and impairment of vascular integrity, resulting in: reduced flow-mediated dilation; increased arterial stiffness, identified as increased pulse-wave velocity; carotid intimal thickening, which is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis; increased coronary artery calcium score (CAC); and presence of breast arterial calcification. The CAC obtained on computed tomography without contrast material is currently recognized as a strong marker of atherosclerotic burden and important predictor of risk for IHD, reclassifying the CVR obtained by use of traditional RFs. Studies have shown that, although women have fewer coronary calcifications than men of same age, the presence or increase of CAC is associated with higher relative risk in women. In addition, even in women considered of "low risk" according to Framingham score, a detectable CAC (&gt;0) increases in up to five times the CVR. Breast arterial calcification incidentally detected on mammography also emerges as an independent risk marker of CVD, with 2.4-fold increased risk. In several cases, its detection justifies intensification of RF screening and complementary assessment with CAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In addition, biomarkers have a relevant role in the cardiometabolic risk assessment of women in menopause transition, menopause, and postmenopause. The following biomarkers stand out: us-CRP, an independent predictor of CVR (usually &gt;3 mg/L or 0.3 mg/dL) even in women with normal lipid levels, integrating Reynolds Risk Score; elevated serum levels of triglycerides (&#8805;175 mg/dL), Lp(a) (&#8805;50 mg/dL or &#8805;125 nmol/L) and apolipoprotein B (&#8805;130 mg/dL), which are worsening factors; and high-sensitivity troponins and natriuretic peptides, which have prognostic value for future cardiovascular events, although not yet routinely recommended by the ACC/AHA guidelines for population screening of asymptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Before initiating MHT, it is essential to consider the patient's total CVR. The initial assessment includes: complete lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, and triglycerides), fasting glycemia, HbA1c, and mammography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup>In the absence of specific scores for perimenopause and postmenopause, traditional scores are used and can be refined by the identification of enhancing RFs and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Patients with T2DM, CKD, familial hypercholesterolemia, or severe SAH are automatically considered at high or very high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> </sup>This initial assessment using the CVR score is important to define if MHT can be prescribed and its best administration route, because, in cases of moderate CVR, the transdermal route should be preferentially chosen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Factors, such as age of menopause onset, stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of sleep, need to be considered for CVR reclassification, although their measurement can be hindered by menopausal symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In addition, a sedentary lifestyle in postmenopause leads to worse physical fitness and poorer cardiometabolic control, in addition to higher incidence of fractures and mortality. Tobacco use increases the risk of early menopause and the likelihood of CVD, stroke, osteoporosis, T2DM, and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Stratification of CVR should be performed, followed by dietary and lifestyle counseling. The management of cardiometabolic RFs in menopause should always be individualized, with focus on hypertension, T2DM, and dyslipidemia. When prescribed to control menopausal symptoms or prevent osteoporosis, MHT can also have a beneficial, even though indirect, effect on cardiometabolic RFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Cardiometabolic Disorders in Women</title>
        <p>The incidence of T2DM and obesity has increased considerably in past decades. Projections indicate that there will be more than 600 million individuals with T2DM in 2045.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup>Obesity and T2DM are associated with several other cardiometabolic disorders. Although both sexes are affected by obesity and T2DM, some studies have indicated differences between men and women regarding the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of obesity and T2DM. Evidence available on those differences does not imply sex-specific therapeutic and diagnostic recommendations. However, adequate understanding of those differences is crucial for women's clinical management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B253">253</xref> </sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome</title>
          <p>Obesity is the direct cause of or contributes to the development of several clinical conditions, such as T2DM, MASLD, sleep apnea, articular diseases, several types of cancer, SAH, and HF, in addition to increasing the risk of cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B254">254</xref></sup>The increase in cardiovascular mortality is independently associated with obesity, even in individuals without other metabolic changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref></sup>Body weight is maintained by a balance between energy intake and energy expenditure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B256">256</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B257">257</xref> </sup>and, when there is excessive energy, it is stored as fat in adipose cells, usually in the subcutaneous tissue. There are factors that limit the physiological storage of fat, which then begins to accumulate ectopically in other tissues, such as liver, pancreas, kidneys, muscles, and epicardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B258">258</xref></sup>Obesity has a strong genetic burden<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref> </sup>and is influenced by life habits; its prevalence, however, has been increasing in women and men across the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B261">261</xref></sup>In Brazil, VIGITEL data from 2023 indicate a prevalence of obesity of 24.8% in women and 23.8% in men,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref></sup>and, when overweight individuals are considered, 59.6% of women and 63.4% of men have that condition. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f54">Figure 9.1</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f54">
            <label>Figure 9.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Obesity and its cardiometabolic consequences in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf24-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Women usually have a higher percentage of body fat and tendency towards fat accumulation in the subcutaneous tissue of lower limbs, while men have higher visceral fat amounts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B263">263</xref></sup>These differences in body fat distribution are associated with sex hormones and vary throughout a woman's reproductive life. Thus, after menopause, women experience body fat redistribution, with visceral fat increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B264">264</xref></sup>The CVR accompanies these differences in hormones and body composition, and women's classic cardiovascular protection during menacme disappears in menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref> </sup>In addition, gestational weight gain and its maintenance in postpartum are important RFs for obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref></sup>The POS is associated with the presence of obesity, increased IR, and other MS components.</p>
          <p>The World Health Organization's definition of obesity takes into consideration the BMI, independently of gender, and is subdivided into grade 1 (BMI: 30.0-34.99 kg/m&#178;), grade 2 (BMI: 35.0-39.99 kg/m&#178;), and grade 3 (BMI over 40.0 kg/m&#178;). Recently, a new classification for obesity diagnosis and staging has been proposed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref></sup>dividing it in pre-clinical and clinical and considering BMI an inadequate method for obesity diagnosis alone. However, this new classification has not been totally accepted by scientific societies. To our knowledge, BMI is adequate for the diagnosis of obesity in individuals with BMI over 30 kgm/m&#178;. For those with lower BMI (below 30 or even below 25 kg/m&#178;), however, excessive adiposity and its metabolic consequences can occur. In such cases, it is better to use other tools for the identification of excessive fat, such as simple measurements of waist and waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios, as described in chapter 5. Waist measurements vary between women and men, 88 cm being the cut-off point of waist for Brazilian women. The cut-off point of WHR is 0.85 for women, while 0.5 is the cut-off point of WHtR for men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref></sup>Another more accurate way to measure adiposity is body composition assessment using bioimpedance or DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). However, further studies confirming that its systematized use changes management and has measurable benefits to the management of patients with obesity are required. Anthropometric measures addressed in chapter 5 are important to establish the diagnosis of excessive body adiposity and to assess the disease's severity, in addition to being parameters of response to treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</title>
          <p>There are differences between the sexes regarding T2DM diagnosis and epidemiology, and they can reflect biological, social, and behavioral factors. Usually, men are diagnosed earlier and at lower BMI values, while women tend to develop the disease later, often after menopause, when the hormonal protection of estrogens decreases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref> </sup>In addition, there is evidence that women can remain longer with underdiagnosed hyperglycemia because of different patterns of symptoms and lower sensitivity of some diagnostic criteria, such as fasting glycemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B278">278</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The prevalence of T2DM was estimated as 8.8% of the world population in 2017, slightly higher among men than among women (9.1% <italic>versus</italic> 8.4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup>Despite that difference, women with T2DM have higher risk of cardiovascular complications, such as cerebrovascular disease, and early mortality, which can be related to inequities in access to diagnosis and treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B279">279</xref></sup>In addition, socioeconomic and cultural factors influence those disparities, affecting women's screening and search for care in different regions. Therefore, understanding the sex-related differences in T2DM diagnosis and prevalence is essential for the implementation of more equitable and effective strategies of prevention and care.</p>
          <p>Differences in T2DM pathophysiology involving hormonal, genetic, and metabolic factors influence susceptibility to T2DM and its progression. Usually, women have higher IR, especially in the musculoskeletal tissue, while men tend to have higher visceral fat deposition, which is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> </sup>After menopause, the decline in estrogen levels in women contributes to increase central adiposity and worsens insulin sensitivity, changing the inflammatory and lipid profiles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup>In men, testosterone reduction also associates with IR, although with different mechanisms, involving smaller muscle mass and changes in glucose hepatic metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref></sup>In addition, differences in gene expression related to glucose transportation, inflammation, and energy metabolism suggest a biological basis for such disparities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Systematic reviews with metanalysis have shown sex-related heterogeneity in the contribution of each RF for cardiovascular outcomes. While BP, cholesterol, and BMI seem to contribute equivalently to the risk of coronary and cerebrovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B278">278</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref> </sup>T2DM contributes to higher risk in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref></sup>The risk of coronary disease is usually lower in women, but, in the presence of T2DM, such differences disappear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref></sup>T2DM poses a relative risk of 44% for coronary disease and of 27% for cerebrovascular disease to women; however, women's absolute risk is similar to that of men with T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref></sup>The higher burden of comorbidities, including RF clustering, as well as hormonal and behavioral issues might contribute to that difference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B287">287</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B288">288</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Studies have shown that women less frequently adhere to drug treatment and self-care, which can be related to psychosocial barriers, less social support, and higher prevalence of depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B289">289</xref> </sup>There is evidence that women are less likely to achieve the goals of glycemic, BP, and lipid control, even with treatment similar to that of men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref></sup>In addition, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences affect response to antidiabetic drugs.</p>
          <p>It is worth noting the psychosocial and behavioral aspects of T2DM in the female sex. The cognitive capacity of all patients with T2DM should be monitored throughout life, and female sex is a RF for cognitive dysfunctions. Depression also is more frequent in individuals with T2DM, with predominance in the female sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref> </sup>Women with T2DM have higher incidence of sexual dysfunction, whose occurrence is influenced by both organic (such as autonomic neuropathy) and behavioral factors.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f55">Figure 9.2</xref> summarizes some differences between the sexes regarding T2DM.</p>
          <fig id="f55">
            <label>Figure 9.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Differences in T2DM between women and men: earlier diagnosis in men and higher cardiovascular and psychosocial risks in women. BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf25-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.3. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease</title>
          <p>The most prevalent liver disease worldwide is MASLD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref> </sup>characterized by excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes. It consists in a spectrum of hepatic manifestations associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, such as obesity and/or unfavorable fat distribution, IR, SAH, dyslipidemia, and T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup>MASLD is recognized as the hepatic manifestation of MS, being strongly associated with IHD, which is the major cause of mortality in the population with MASLD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The natural history of MASLD consists of stages, such as steatosis (when there is only excessive fat in the liver, exceeding 5% of the hepatic parenchyma, with minimum inflammation) and steatohepatitis (when there is lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, with or without fibrosis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup>Independently of sex, individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) can progress with different grades of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and complications, such as portal hypertension or hepatocellular carcinoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>MASLD is estimated to affect at least 30% of the Western population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref></sup>In individuals with overweight and obesity, the global prevalence of MASLD is 50.7%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref></sup>and, in those with T2DM, its estimated prevalence is 65.3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref></sup>Although obesity is more common in women, MASLD is more prevalent in men, and the risk of MASLD in women increases after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup>It is estimated that, in the general population, women have a 19%-lower risk of hepatic steatosis as compared to men; steatohepatitis rates are similar in both sexes, and women have 37% more risk of advanced fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref></sup>This higher risk for progression occurs especially in women over the age of 50 years, and it is worth noting the possible participation of sex hormones in the etiopathogenesis of MASLD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Menopause, history of early menarche,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B303">303</xref></sup>and POS are associated with increased female susceptibility to MASLD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup>Women have a higher mortality rate due to cirrhosis as compared to men, and MASLD is a major cause of liver transplantation in women without hepatocellular carcinoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>One justification of the differences in MASLD prevalence over the course of a woman's life is the influence of female sex hormones, particularly estrogen, on hepatic metabolism and on body fat distribution pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup>Activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ER&#945;) in the liver reduces the synthesis, uptake, and storage of triglycerides, and simultaneously favors the catabolism and export of lipids, effects that together protect non-menopausal women against MASLD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup>In addition, the gynoid fat distribution pattern, characterized by greater gluteofemoral fat concentration and smaller visceral fat accumulation, is the typical fat distribution of women in menacme<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup>and is associated with a lower risk of MASLD and MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref> </sup>However, after menopause, estrogen decline promotes fat redistribution, favoring centralization and, thus, a more android pattern,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup>known to be associated with MASLD and MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>The diagnosis of MASLD consists in the presence of hepatic steatosis associated with at least one criterion for MS, in the absence of secondary causes of steatosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup>Steatosis can be inferred using traditional imaging methods, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance, which can also evidence signs of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. However, it is worth noting that such methods can identify neither MASH nor fibrosis at early stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup>Liver biopsy differentiates precisely patients with steatosis from those with MASH, but, because it is an invasive method, it is mainly used in situations in which there are doubts about the liver disease etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>The diagnosis of MASLD is based on the identification of fibrosis, for which some tools, such as clinical-laboratory risk scores for advanced fibrosis and elastographies, are useful. Of those scores, Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) stands out, calculated based on age, platelet count, and serum level of aminotransferases; the interpretation of the result does not depend on sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup>When applying the cut-off point of 1.3, from which patients at higher risk of advanced fibrosis are identified, the test has high sensitivity and excellent negative predictive value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> ,907, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup>For example, for a woman with FIB-4 &#8804; 1.3, the likelihood of advanced fibrosis is very low.</p>
          <p>Both ultrasound and magnetic resonance elastographies can estimate liver stiffness and, thus, the presence and amount of fibrosis, including in its initial stages. Transient elastography using the Fibroscan<sup>&#174;</sup>method is the most validated in the literature and recommended by national<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup>and international<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B309">309</xref></sup>guidelines. MASLD should be actively screened in individuals at higher risk of fat accumulation in the liver and progression to more severe forms of liver disease, aiming at identifying those with significant fibrosis. The groups of risk comprise postmenopausal women, individuals with glucose homeostasis changes (prediabetes or T2DM), excessive weight, MS, and positive family history for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One rational way to perform population screening is to calculate FIB-4 in individuals at risk and perform elastography in those with FIB-4 &gt; 1.3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B309">309</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>It is worth noting that the isolated assessment of serum levels of aminotransferases has low accuracy to identify patients with MASH and fibrosis. However, elevated levels of those enzymes indicate the need for screening other liver diseases, especially chronic viral hepatitis and alcoholic hepatopathy (excessive alcohol consumption: &gt;20 g/day for women and &gt;30 g/day for men).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.4. Chronic Kidney Disease</title>
          <p>Chronic kidney disease, mainly diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a worldwide public health problem that affects millions of individuals. We address briefly the potential differences between genders, and women are a population of special interest because of their biological and social characteristics.</p>
          <p>Chronic kidney disease is defined as kidney injury or kidney function reduction for over 3 months, which can progress to need for renal replacement therapy. The progression of CKD is frequently insidious. It is estimated that 425 million individuals have DM, and approximately 30% of those with T1DM and 40% of those with T2DM will develop CKD at different stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref></sup>The major global cause of renal replacement therapy is DM, followed by SAH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup>and its incidence has been increasing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref></sup>North American data have shown higher prevalence of DKD in women (14.8% x 12.6% in men).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup>However, it seems that men are at higher risk for CKD relapse and progression to advanced stages of disease as compared to women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B326">326</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref> </sup>These data are heterogeneous and can be related to hormonal changes, such as menopause, T2DM duration and age of onset, and the criteria used for diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B329">329</xref></sup>Studies have shown higher velocity of estimated glomerular filtration rate loss in elderly and menopausal women, in addition to inconsistency of results related to MHT and renal function changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B330">330</xref></sup>Several studies have shown that men are more likely to develop albuminuric DKD as compared to women, in whom the most common form is nonalbuminuric. In a large Italian cohort, moderate to severe albuminuria was present in 29.8% of men as compared to 18.3% of women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Despite the report of differences between men and women regarding kidney hemodynamics in DM and mechanisms associated, such as higher frequency of glomerular efferent arteriole vasoconstriction in the female sex, their clinical significance remains uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B332">332</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>Current literature data do not allow the use of different criteria for screening, follow-up, and treatment of DKD between men and women. Thus, the following recommendations should be used for both sexes:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup> </p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>The first screening for DKD should be performed with a random urine sample to determine the albumin/creatinine ratio and with estimated glomerular filtration rate determined with serum creatinine, using the 2021 CKD-EPI equation or Schwartz equation for children. In T2DM, screening should begin at the time of diagnosis. In T1DM, screening should begin from puberty onset on or at the age of 10 years in patients with at least 5 years from diagnosis and repeated annually. Every abnormal albumin/creatinine ratio test should be confirmed at least in two out of three samples repeated within three to six months because of daily variability.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In individuals with T1DM or T2DM, the HbA1c goal of 6.5-7% should be pursued when estimated glomerular filtration rate &gt;60 mL/min/1.73m&#178; and albumin/creatinine ratio &gt;30 mg/g, to reduce the progression of albuminuria and DKD in the long run. The HbA1c goal of 7-7.9% should be maintained in individuals with T1DM or T2DM when estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;45 mL/min/1.73m&#178; or if the patient is on dialysis, to prevent excessive mortality.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>In conclusion, considering the differences between women and men, as well as the interactions observed with the presence of DM with or without DKD, sex hormones might contribute to sex-related differences in the pathophysiology of DKD beginning and progression.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Strategies for Addressing Cardiometabolic Disorders in Women</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1. Nonpharmacological Measures</title>
          <p>The increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders in women represents one of the major challenges in public health because of the strong link between obesity and CVD. Globally, obesity accounts for 4.7 million deaths annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B339">339</xref> </sup>Abdominal fat accumulation contributes to metabolic changes, chronic inflammation, and IR, favoring atherosclerosis, MI, and stroke. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health and World Health Organization, in Brazil, CVDs are responsible for approximately 28% of female deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B340">340</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>In Brazil, 24.8% of women are obese and 38.7% are overweight, totaling 63% of women above their recommended weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref></sup>The ELSA-Brasil study has revealed elevated rates of abdominal obesity among Black (62%) and Mixed-race (59.5%) women, with a general overweight prevalence of 61.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B343">343</xref> </sup>These data show the need for urgent investments and interventions to reverse these pathological processes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.2. Nutritional Interventions</title>
          <p>Nutritional re-education is key for the prevention of cardiometabolic disorders, mainly when tailored to patients&#8217; conditions and habits. Dietary protocols that reduce simple carbohydrates and saturated fats and increase fiber consumption have proven effective in improving glycemia, dyslipidemia, and IR. The Mediterranean diet is widely recognized for its protective effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B344">344</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In Brazil, that diet can be adapted to local food, such as olive oil, local nuts, fruits, such as papaya and avocado, freshwater fish, and pulses, such as beans and chickpea. The dietary guide for the Brazilian population emphasizes the consumption of natural food and the respect for regional dietary culture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B345">345</xref></sup>Adhesion to nutritional plans supervised by specialized professionals results in weight loss and sustained improvement of metabolic parameters, contributing to CVD prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B346">346</xref></sup>A tailor-made approach allows that cultural and regional preferences be respected, because they are relevant factors, considering the wide range of eating habits in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.3. Physical Activity</title>
          <p>Regular physical activity practice plays an essential complementary role in the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders, mainly during menopause transition and menopause. The combination of aerobic exercises with resistance training promotes significant improvement in body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup>In addition, it contributes to BP reduction, lipid profile improvement, and systemic inflammation reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B348">348</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Association of individualized nutritional plans with regular physical activity practice enhances the beneficial effects, favoring cardiovascular function and reducing morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup>Moreover, physical activity is associated with lower incidence of SAH, dyslipidemia, and T2DM, a reduction in the risk of developing depression and dementia, and improvement of bone mineral density and quality of sleep.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> </sup> </p>
          <p>The current recommendation is moderate aerobic activity for at least 150 minutes per week or vigorous activity for 75 minutes per week associated with muscle resistance exercises at least twice a week.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref> </sup>The prescription should be individualized, considering physical fitness, functional limitations, and context of a woman's life, ensuring adhesion and sustained effects in the long run.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> </sup>A recent study has shown that, when women and men practiced equivalent doses of physical activity, women derived greater gains in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality reduction as compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.4. Psychosocial Interventions</title>
          <p>Psychosocial stress, such as loneliness, significant losses, and mental disorders, contribute directly to CVR, impairing adhesion to treatment and favoring risk behaviors, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B352">352</xref></sup>Women who participate in integrated psychological support programs have a significant improvement in lifestyle, which results in better clinical outcomes, such as weight reduction and glycemic and lipid profile control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup>Strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, are especially effective in such context, and studies have shown their ability to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms, improve quality of life related to cardiovascular health, and increase adhesion to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy is associated with a lower rate of hospital readmissions and improved self-perception of health in women with CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup>Moreover, a cognitive-behavioral therapy applied to stress management was associated with sustained behavioral changes, higher frequency of physical activity, healthy diet, and smoking cessation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.5. Tobacco Use and Alcohol Consumption</title>
          <p>Tobacco use is an important chronic inflammatory factor, worsened in postmenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B355">355</xref></sup>Electronic cigarette, in particular, represents a new threat especially among young individuals and pregnant women, who often consider such devices less harmful.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup>Electronic cigarette use can lead to nicotine levels up to six times higher than those of conventional cigarettes, increasing the risk of dependence, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup>Similarly, alcohol consumption significantly affects female health and is associated with higher prevalence of MS, dyslipidemias, and hyperinsulinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>Estrogen reduction in menopause increases inflammatory and atherosclerotic susceptibility, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and lipid changes, contributing to the pro-atherogenic and procoagulant state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup>Addition of the inflammatory factor of tobacco use in postmenopause accelerates the atherosclerotic process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.6. Specific Clinical Conditions</title>
          <p>Endometriosis and POS are frequently associated with hormonal imbalances that exacerbate IR, increase the risk of developing T2DM, and promote subclinical inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B355">355</xref></sup>In POS, hormonal dysregulation affects the metabolism of glycoproteins and intensifies fat accumulation, contributing to an unfavorable lipid profile and increasing CVD risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup>In endometriosis, the chronic inflammation associated with the ectopic presence of endometrial tissue worsens local symptoms and impacts negatively the systemic environment, affecting metabolic and vascular regulatory mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B360">360</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>In conclusion, nonpharmacological interventions have shown clear efficacy in the management of CVRFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup>The combination of regular physical activity with nutritional interventions, in addition to psychosocial support, for weight control results in a significant improvement in vascular and metabolic parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>The multidisciplinary approach has proven effective, allowing personalization and adaptation of strategies to individual needs, generating sustained lifestyle changes, and reducing morbidity and mortality due to cardiometabolic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.7. Pharmacological Strategies</title>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.1. Systemic Arterial Hypertension Treatment</title>
            <p>Hypertension is one of the most prevalent RFs for CVD in women; its presence is observed in all life phases and increases progressively as age advances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref></sup>The choice and conduction of the pharmacological strategies should consider the phases of the reproductive cycle, including perimenopause and postmenopause. Certain conditions associated with secondary SAH, such as renovascular disease resulting from fibromuscular dysplasia, Cushing syndrome of endogenous origin, as well as thyroid and parathyroid disorders, are more prevalent among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B363">363</xref></sup> </p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: With proven efficacy to reduce BP levels, they offer additional benefits, such as nephroprotection and left ventricular hypertrophy regression. They are recommended as first line drugs, especially for women with diabetes, CKD with albuminuria, HF with reduced ejection fraction, or IHD. In addition, they can be safely used in patients without comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref> </sup>The use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers II (ARB) in women of reproductive age requires caution because of their teratogenic risk, and it is fundamental not only to exclude the possibility of pregnancy before starting their use but to ensure contraception use during therapy as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Calcium channel blockers: Widely recommended for SAH management in women, they are a therapeutic option in perimenopause and postmenopause for patients without significant comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup>It is important to emphasize that calcium channel blockers can be associated with worsening of VMS, such as hot flushes and night sweats in menopausal women. These medications can intensify VMS, with negative impact on quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Thiazide diuretics: Effective to control SAH in women with overweight or obesity, especially when edema is associated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup>Of the major representatives, indapamide stands out due to its additional vasodilating effect and prolonged action, providing sustained BP control and lower metabolic impact as compared to hydrochlorothiazide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup>Although widely available and accessible, hydrochlorothiazide has a shorter efficacy and higher risk for electrolytic and metabolic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup>The choice should be individualized, considering clinical profile and therapeutic objectives.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Spironolactone: This aldosterone antagonist is effective in resistant SAH, when there is higher activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup>It is also indicated in primary hyperaldosteronism and POS, because of its antiandrogenic action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref> </sup>It has a favorable metabolic profile, with low impact on glycemia and lipids, which is relevant in women with increased CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup>It is necessary to monitor renal function and potassium levels, mainly in elderly female patients or those with CKD, because of the risk of hyperkalemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were discussed in chapter 7, as was their therapeutic approach. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f56">Figure 10.1</xref> shows the implications of these disorders over the course of a woman's life.</p>
            <fig id="f56">
              <label>Figure 10.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Implications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy over the course of a woman's life. DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; IHD: ischemic heart disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension. Source: Davis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf26-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.2. Management of Dyslipidemias</title>
            <p>Dyslipidemia is particularly important in menopause transition. The drop in estrogen levels is related to relevant metabolic changes, such as IR, body fat redistribution with predominant abdominal accumulation, and lipid profile changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref></sup>Menopause associates with significant elevations in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, and Lp(a), in addition to a possible reduction in the protective antiatherogenic effect of HDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup>Levels of LDL-c &#8805;130 mg/dL are considered elevated, while HDL-c levels &lt;50 mg/dL represent an additional RF for CVD, especially when associated with other MS components.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup>This CVR increase should be considered in the individualized therapeutic management, and dyslipidemia treatment should be based not only on the levels of LDL-c, HDL-c, and triglycerides, but also on the patient's global CVR profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.3. Oral Lipid-Lowering Drugs</title>
            <p>Statins are the first-line therapy for dyslipidemia. They are effective to reduce cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis in women at high risk, with benefits comparable to those observed in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup>They should be indicated for both primary and secondary prevention, with LDL-c goals defined according to CVR: &lt; 100 mg/dL for intermediate risk; &lt; 70 mg/dL for high risk; and &lt; 50 mg/dL for very high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref> </sup>In women of reproductive age, statin use should be individualized for those at high risk, being contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Ezetimibe, when associated with statins, enhances LDL-c reduction and contributes to atherosclerosis regression and endothelial function improvement, maintaining safety and efficacy similar in both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup>It is particularly useful in women with intolerance to elevated doses of statins or with insufficient response to monotherapy.</p>
            <p>Although HDL-c levels over 50 mg/dL are desirable in women, LDL-c reduction remains the therapeutic priority.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup>Hypertriglyceridemia, which is frequent especially in menopause, should be treated when triglycerides exceed 200 mg/dL and must be treated when over 500 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup>Of fibrates, fenofibrate is the preferential option, because of its safety profile and additional metabolic benefits in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>PCSK9 inhibitors, such as alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran, are indicated for patients with elevated LDL-c levels who do not meet their goals with statins or are intolerant to them, including cases of familial hypercholesterolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup>Inclisiran, an RNA silencer, stands out due to its semestral posology after the induction dose, with good adhesion and sustained efficacy. These medications should not be used during pregnancy or lactation and have similar efficacy in women and men to reduce cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>The maternal and fetal impacts of atherogenic lipid profiles during pregnancy were described in chapter 7 and are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f57">Figure 10.2.</xref> The recommendations for addressing dyslipidemias in pregnancy are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f58">Figure 10.3.</xref> .</p>
            <fig id="f57">
              <label>Figure 10.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Maternal and fetal impacts of atherogenic lipid profiles during pregnancy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf27-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <fig id="f58">
              <label>Figure 10.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations for the treatment of dyslipidemia during pregnancy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf28-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.4. Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> Control</title>
            <p>Although there is not sufficient evidence available for female-sex-specific therapeutic recommendations, sex-specific hormonal, behavioral, and social factors should be considered in the management of T2DM and its complications. In addition, it is fundamental to raise awareness of these differences among health professionals and patients to ensure more equitable and effective care.</p>
            <p>Therefore, women's T2DM management requires a comprehensive approach that contemplates clinical and metabolic heterogeneity. The key objective is to meet specific goals to reduce cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and mortality. The most relevant goals are HbA1c &lt;7% and control of body weight and abdominal circumference, which are factors closely related to IR and CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Women have a different progression of prediabetes to T2DM, frequently associated with higher indices of obesity and increased risk of metabolic complications. Thus, the management should contemplate not only glycemic control, but also specific strategies to reduce IR and prevent associated comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Regarding the drugs used to treat T2DM, some considerations are worth noting: women can have higher risk of hypoglycemia with sulfonylureas and different response to glitazones, related to kidney function and body composition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup>However, men can have higher response to weight loss induced by SGLT2 inhibitors, partially due to the difference in body fat distribution. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with a higher rate of genital fungal infections, especially in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref></sup>Regarding treatment with GLP-1 analogues, special attention should be given to women on oral contraception. The American Diabetes Association recommends that women on oral contraception should choose a non-oral contraceptive method or add a barrier method of contraception during the first four weeks of tirzepatide use (GLP-1 analogue), because of its effects on gastric emptying, with potential consequences to the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup>Without implying sex-specific therapeutic recommendations, the following considerations are worthy of note:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Metformin: remains the first choice for T2DM treatment, especially in asymptomatic cases, in POS, in the absence of established CVD or kidney disease, and in individuals at low global CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>SGLT2 inhibitors: show important benefits in glycemia reduction and offer cardiovascular and renal protection in women with elevated CVR, HFpEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction, and albuminuric CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pioglitazone: is a particularly useful thiazolidinedione for women with IR, such as POS, and prediabetes or T2DM with atherogenic metabolic profile. In addition to improving insulin sensitivity, it has beneficial effects on lipid profile and vascular inflammation. However, it should be carefully used, considering risks, such as weight gain, bone mass loss, and fluid retention, especially in women at high risk for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.5. Management of Obesity</title>
            <p>Obesity has a challenging and complex management and should ideally be addressed by a multiprofessional team. The treatment should consider minimizing the stigma related to obesity and requires special attention in women because of their higher vulnerability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup>It is important to establish with the patient feasible therapeutic targets associated with clinical benefits, as well as to use strategies to approach weight loss, such as those to fight tobacco use (5 As: ask, assess, advice, agree, assist <italic>).</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup>The Brazilian Society for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO) has proposed a classification of obesity based on body weight history and therapeutic goals derived from that assessment, thus aiming at a goal consisting in the proportion of weight loss in relation to maximum BMI in life. The non-realistic goal of BMI normalization to &lt;25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>is not recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref></sup>Goals are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 10.1</xref> .</p>
            <table-wrap id="t33">
              <label>Table 10.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proposed classification of &#8216;reduced&#8217; and &#8216;controlled&#8217; obesity based on maximum BMI</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Maximum BMI</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Unchanged <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref> </th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Reduced <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref> </th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Controlled <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">30&#8211;40 kg/m&#178;</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 5%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">5&#8211;9.9%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 10%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">40&#8211;50 kg/m&#178;</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 10%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">10&#8211;14.9%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 15%</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN20">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>Percent reductions in body weight in relation to maximum BMI in life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref></sup> </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>As already mentioned, nonpharmacological measures, such as calorie restriction diet, regular physical exercise practice, and programs including psychosocial approach, are fundamental to manage metabolic diseases, notably obesity. Calorie restriction is more relevant for weight reduction, but physical exercise practice is essential to maintain weight loss and prevent muscle mass loss that usually accompanies weight loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup>However, the benefits of nonpharmacological measures tend to decrease with time,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B272">272</xref></sup>and no benefit to long-term cardiovascular outcomes is found with that intervention for women and men. A subgroup analysis of the Look AHEAD clinical trial with patients who lost at least 10% of their body weight in the first year has shown a 20% reduction in the primary outcome (major adverse cardiovascular events and hospitalization due to angina).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>There are several pharmacological treatments for obesity with varied effects on body weight, but only most recent treatments associated with a reduction in outcomes. The SELECT trial was the first to show cardiovascular benefits in that scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup>The use of semaglutide, a GLP-1 agonist, subcutaneously, at the weekly dose of 2.4 mg to patients with overweight and established CVD for approximately 3 years reduced body weight by 8.51% and resulted in a 28% decrease in the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. The subgroup analysis of the women included (n=4872, 28% of the sample) showed a reduction of HR 0.84 (95%CI: 0.66-1.07), while men had 0.79 (95%CI: 0.70-0.90), with no report if there was a statistically significant difference in the results between the groups analyzed. The numerical differences found might be related to the lower power of the subgroup analysis of women because of its reduced sample size. Several other more potent antiobesity medications, leading to body weight reduction of up to 25%, are being studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref></sup>However, the results of phase 3 studies with cardiovascular outcomes have not been made available.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.6. Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease</title>
            <p>The treatment of MASLD consists in lifestyle change with focus on body weight reduction of at least 5%, because weight loss is the most effective measure for histological improvement of MASLD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> </sup>Alcohol consumption should be limited, as well as the intake of fructose used in ultra-processed foods and sugary drinks. In addition to lifestyle change, women with more advanced forms of MASLD can benefit from pharmacological therapies that act on MASH and/or liver fibrosis. Some examples of such drugs are as follows: resmetirom, semaglutide, pioglitazone, tirzepatide, vitamin E, and SGLT2 inhibitors.</p>
            <p>Resmetirom, a selective agonist of thyroid hormone receptor &#946; (THR- &#946;), was the first drug to be approved by a regulatory agency for the treatment of non-cirrhotic MASH, with moderate to advanced fibrosis (compatible with stages F2 and F3). In the MAESTRO-NASH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref></sup>phase 3 study that enrolled 966 participants with MASH treated for 52 weeks (322 in the 80-mg resmetirom group, 323 in the 100-mg resmetirom group, and 321 in the placebo group), resmetirom was associated with fibrosis improvement as compared to placebo. There was no subgroup analysis regarding sex. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, also improved histological results in a population with MASH and fibrosis F2-F3. In the interim analysis of ESSENCE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref></sup>a phase 3 study that enrolled 800 participants treated for 70 weeks (57.1% were women and 55.9% had T2DM), there was significant improvement of MASH without fibrosis worsening and significant reduction in fibrosis without MASH worsening (primary outcomes) with the use of semaglutide at the weekly dose of 2.4 mg <italic>versus</italic> placebo.</p>
            <p>Pioglitazone, a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR&#947;), is recommended to treat MASH and/or fibrosis in individuals with T2DM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup>because most studies comparing pioglitazone and placebo have shown benefits in inflammation and histological changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref></sup>However, there was no sub-analysis regarding sex in most of them. It is worth noting that pioglitazone can worsen HF symptoms, because of fluid retention and, specifically in women, it is associated with increased risk of bone fractures and weight gain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>Tirzepatide, a co-agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 receptors already approved in some countries as an antidiabetic and antiobesity agent, has also been assessed to treat individuals with MASH and fibrosis F2-F3. In the SYNERGY-NASH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref></sup>a phase 2b placebo-controlled study, tirzepatide promoted MASH resolution without fibrosis worsening in 61% of the individuals assessed after 52 weeks of treatment (57% of patients were women, but no subanalysis was conducted in that group).</p>
            <p>In the PIVENS study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B315">315</xref></sup>conducted in individuals with MASH and no T2DM, vitamin E use (800 IU/day) for two years improved liver disease activity, which was histologically estimated using the NAS score (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Activity Score), without fibrosis increase as compared to placebo (43% vs. 19%; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
            <p>Finally, although studies of histological outcomes related to MASLD with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors are scarce, there is evidence of reduction in liver enzymes, liver fat, and liver stiffness assessed with elastography as a result of the use of those drugs in a population with T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B318">318</xref> </sup>Thus, some guidelines for the management of MASLD recommend that treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors be considered for individuals with T2DM and MASH and/or fibrosis, without sex-related difference regarding outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> </sup> </p>
            <p>When the combination of lifestyle change and pharmacotherapy fails, individuals with MASLD associated with fibrosis and obesity from class II on should be considered for bariatric surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref></sup>The benefits of that surgery for MASLD have been consistent in several studies assessing different surgical techniques and, although MASH reduction is evident by the end of the first postoperative year, significant benefits for fibrosis require longer, as shown in studies with follow-up of 5 to 6 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B320">320</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.7. Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</title>
            <p>Current data in the literature do not allow the use of different criteria for screening, diagnosis, and treatment of CKD, especially DKD, and, thus, we recommend that the Brazilian Society of Diabetes criteria be used. Further research is necessary to identify clinically relevant physiological differences between sexes, aimed at identifying new therapies that change clinical outcomes.</p>
            <p>The sex-related differences in albuminuria can influence treatment, with therapies targeted at reducing proteinuria, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, SGLT2 inhibitors, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Large randomized clinical trials using SGLT2 inhibitors have shown that women and men seem to benefit equally, although only 28.5% to 36.9% of those studies&#8217; participants were women. An analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS, DECLARE TIMI-58, and CREDENCE trials has shown that there was no sex-related difference in the reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events or adverse events from SGLT2 inhibitors, such as amputation, fracture, and urinary tract infection, although women were more likely to have genital infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Despite the equal benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors independently of sex, women are less likely to receive a prescription of an SGLT2 inhibitor, even when diagnosed with DKD, HF with reduced ejection fraction, or atherosclerotic CVD. This deprives many women from the cardiovascular and renal benefits of those drugs.</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 10.2</xref> shows a summary of the drug classes for treatment of DKD and sex-related differences.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t34">
              <label>Table 10.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Sex-related differences in the therapies for diabetic kidney disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Therapy</th>
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Sex differences</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">SGLT2 inhibitors</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">No difference in cardiovascular or renal benefit. Increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in women with T1DM on off-label use, maybe related to higher ketogenesis in women. Increased risk of genital fungal infections in women.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">GLP-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">No difference between sexes. Theoretical sex-related difference in vascular response to nitric oxide.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">No difference between sexes in randomized clinical trials.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Endothelin receptor antagonist</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex-based differences in endothelin receptor expression. No difference in randomized clinical trials.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Metformin</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Greater gastrointestinal adverse effects in women, with potential improvement at lower doses.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">RAAS blockade</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">In women, estrogen decreases renin, ACE, and Ang II, and increases angiotensinogen and Ang 1-7. Contraindicated in pregnancy.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Menopausal hormone therapy</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol, progesterone, or combined hormonal therapy reduce albuminuria in postmenopausal women. Controversial data.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN21">
                  <p>Adapted from Sridhar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref></sup>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; Ang 1-7: angiotensin 1-7; Ang II: angiotensin II; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.8. Role of GLP-1 Analogues in Women's Cardiometabolic Treatment</title>
            <p>The GLP-1 analogues promote glucose-dependent insulin secretion, reduce appetite, and delay gastric emptying. They contribute to effective glycemic control and improvement of CVR markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.9. Specificities in Women</title>
            <p>Female hormonal factors and body fat distribution contribute to a more severe expression of cardiometabolic syndrome. Studies have shown that GLP-1 analogues have particularly beneficial effects, with higher impact on weight reduction and improvement of inflammatory and lipid parameters in women as compared to men. This can be partially explained by different hormonal responses and higher sensitivity to the anorexigenic effects of those drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B372">372</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.10. Semaglutide</title>
            <p>Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, with consolidated efficacy in glycemic control and weight reduction. In overweight or obese patients, semaglutide has shown significant reductions in body weight and HbA1c, even in the absence of T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup>In patients with T2DM, it reduced by 26% the risk of major cardiovascular adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref></sup>In individuals with previous atherosclerotic CVD, BMI &#8805; 27, and no history of T2DM, semagludite reduced by 20% the combined risk of major cardiovascular adverse events and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup>In addition, significant renal effects have been shown in patients with T2DM and CKD. There was a 24% reduction in the risk of severe kidney events and death due to renal or cardiovascular causes in the group treated with semaglutide, with smaller annual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup>Recent evidence has shown that its oral use in patients with diabetes also contributes to reduce cardiovascular events, being useful in clinical contexts where the injectable use is less feasible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.11. Tirzepatide</title>
            <p>Tirzepatide, a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, represents an advance in cardiometabolic disease management. Its use has shown significant reductions in HbA1c levels (up to 2.4%) and body weight (up to 20%), in addition to lipid profile improvement and reduction in inflammatory markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B375">375</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref> </sup>These characteristics make this dual GIP/GLP1 agonist a promising alternative, especially in women with central obesity and IR.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.7.12. Future Perspectives</title>
            <p>A recent study assessing the efficacy of the weekly use of 2.4 mg of semaglutide as compared to 5-15 mg of tirzepatide to treat obesity has shown the superiority of tirzepatide for both weight loss and metabolic control, with comparable cardiovascular effects and safety profile. However, the subgroup of women treated with semaglutide showed higher proportional weight loss as compared to men and improvement of cardiometabolic RFs after 72 weeks of treatment. Planning and final therapeutic decision should always be individual and based on each patient's physiological, hormonal, and metabolic characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.8. Specific pharmacological considerations</title>
          <sec>
            <title>10.8.1. Drug interactions</title>
            <p>Women with chronic conditions, such as osteoporosis, depression, and anxiety, are frequently exposed to polypharmacy, increasing the risk of relevant drug interactions, because of lower renal clearance and higher body fat proportion. Of the interactions with highest impact, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors stand out. They can inhibit CYP3A4 and interfere with the metabolism of lipophilic statins, increasing the risk of myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.8.2. Importance of Weight Control</title>
            <p>Interventions that reduce body weight have a direct impact on lipid profile improvement, BP control, and insulin sensitivity. Of such interventions, GLP-1 agonists stand out, showing consistent effects on weight reduction with additional benefits to the prevention of major cardiovascular adverse events. Management of obesity should be understood as a fundamental component of the therapeutic strategy for cardiometabolic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.8.3. Individualized Approach</title>
            <p>The clinical heterogeneity among women requires personalized approaches for the management of cardiometabolic disorders that consider not only physiological parameters, such as age and presence of comorbidities, but also psychosocial factors, reproductive history, and individual preferences. Therapeutic individualization, thus, represents an essential pillar for woman-centered care, promoting more effective and safe interventions throughout a woman's healthcare journey.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B377">377</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref> </sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.9. Surgical Treatment</title>
          <sec>
            <title>10.9.1. Bariatric Surgery</title>
            <p>Bariatric surgery is a widely acknowledged strategy across the globe, with perioperative mortality ranging from 0.03% to 0.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref></sup>In Brazil, approximately 70% of the patients undergoing the procedure are women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup>Its benefits comprise a significant improvement of MS and associated comorbidities, such as T2DM, sleep obstructive apnea, SAH, dyslipidemia, Pickwick syndrome, MASLD, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup>The indication follows guidelines that recommend surgery to patients with BMI &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; and associated comorbidities, or isolated BMI &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178;, independently of the presence of other diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Bariatric surgery has been associated with a lower incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events in patients with CVD and obesity in a cohort of 2638 patients followed up for 4.6 years, with the highest benefit found in the groups with HF and IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B383">383</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>After the procedure, women show a slightly smaller weight loss than men. The weight reduction can lead to an abrupt SHBG increase, testosterone decrease, and FSH elevation, improving ovulatory dysfunction and menstrual irregularity, thus favoring spontaneous conception at reproductive age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B384">384</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Contraindications to bariatric surgery are as follows: severe psychiatric disease without control; moderate to severe dementias; alcohol or illegal drug dependence; severe IHD or other severe heart diseases; and portal hypertension with esophageal varices. In patients with BMI &gt; 50 kg/m&#178;, the surgical risk is high because of the higher incidence of comorbidities and anatomical complexity, which result in longer surgery duration, higher perioperative morbidity, and longer hospitalizations, according to some studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup> </p>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f59">Figure 10.4</xref> summarizes the strategies to approach women's cardiometabolic disorders, emphasizing the importance of a woman-centered multidisciplinary approach, involving the promotion of healthy habits, individualized screening of RFs and their control, integrated clinical management, and inclusion of psychosocial aspects in the cardiometabolic assessment.</p>
            <fig id="f59">
              <label>Figure 10.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Strategies to approach women's cardiometabolic disorders. ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: cardiovascular; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CVR: cardiovascular risk; DLP: dyslipidemia; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; MS: metabolic syndrome; POS: polycystic ovary syndrome; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2; VMS: vasomotor symptoms.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf29-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11. Recommendations for the Management of Cardiometabolic Disorders in Women</title>
        <p>For the recommendations provided at the end of this chapter, a systematic review was conducted (Supplement 1) with ten PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) questions. This systematic review included systematic reviews, metanalyses, multicenter randomized controlled trials, and guidelines. The following databases were searched: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and BVS. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach, a system for assessing the certainty of evidence and the strength of recommendation in systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines was used. The GRADE approach classifies evidence into levels (high, moderate, low, or very low) and, based on that classification, determines the direction (AGAINST or IN FAVOR) and the strength of recommendation (STRONG or WEAK) as follows.</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>High: There is high confidence that effect estimates are close to the true effect.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Moderate: There is moderate confidence in effect estimates. Future studies are likely to impact confidence in effect estimates.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Low: Confidence in effect estimates is limited.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Very low: There is uncertainty regarding effect estimates.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f60">Figure 11.1</xref> summarizes the structure of the systematic review supporting this position statement.</p>
        <fig id="f60">
          <label>Figure 11.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summarizes the structure of the systematic review supporting this position statement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250615-50615-gf30-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Although the importance of cardiometabolic disorders in women has been increasingly acknowledged, there is significant lack of evidence from multicenter randomized controlled trials specifically addressing the treatment of those conditions in the female sex. This limitation impairs the elaboration of clinical recommendations based on solid evidence adapted to women's particularities. It is worth noting that women continue to be under-represented in clinical trials of cardiovascular diseases and cardiometabolic disorders. In recent analyses, female participation in large multicenter randomized controlled trials has ranged from 27% to 38% of participants, a smaller proportion than the prevalence of those disorders in the female population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B385">385</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B386">386</xref> </sup>Only one third of studies has reported analyses of women-specific results, hindering the efficacy and safety assessment of treatments in that group. In addition, the scarcity of multicenter randomized controlled trials focused on women determines that many clinical recommendations be based on indirect evidence or evidence extrapolated from studies whose sample is mostly male, which might not reflect the best management of cardiometabolic disorders in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B387">387</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>There is strong correlation between cardiometabolic disorders and inflammatory conditions over the course of a woman's life, such as POS, GD, and preeclampsia, which predispose to increased risk for AMI, stroke, and IHD, as well as later repercussion on the mother-child dyad. Recent study with 12,480 mother-child dyads has shown that maternal cardiometabolic RFs were significantly associated with 4.88% and 1.90% increases in systolic and diastolic BP of the child, respectively. The combination of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with pregestational obesity or GD was significantly associated with higher BP between the ages of 2 years and 18 years, emphasizing the importance of the early management of cardiometabolic disorders in women's childhood, adolescence, and reproductive period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B388">388</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Sex-related differences regarding cardiometabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases have suggested that sex hormones regulate women's inflammatory pathways. There are changes in women's inflammatory signaling that can account for differences in hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, CKD, and MASLD. Knowing the specific mechanisms that boost women's chronic inflammatory conditions, such as POS, GD, and postmenopausal hypertension, will support the multidisciplinary approach necessary to decrease the burden of CVDs in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Several interventions have a combined effect on chronic diseases, especially the cardiometabolic ones. A recent study has assessed the associations between physical activity pattern and incidence of 678 conditions in 89,573 participants (mean age, 62 &#177; 8 years; 56% women) in the UK Biobank prospective cohort study, who used an accelerometer for one week from June 2013 to December 2015. Both physical activities concentrated over 1 or 2 days and more regular activity patterns were associated with a similarly lower risk for more than 200 diseases, particularly lower risk of cardiometabolic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B389">389</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>In what follows, we present the recommendations with relatively robust evidence for cardiometabolic disorders in women.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIOMETABOLIC DISORDERS IN WOMEN</title>
        <p>DIET<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B398">398</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t35">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">For women with overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, MASLD, and T2DM, comprehensive lifestyle interventions are recommended using Mediterranean diet, DASH, intermittent energy restriction diet, diets with high protein content and calorie restriction aimed at an average body weight reduction of 5-10%.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes<sup>mellitus</sup>; DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>PHYSICAL ACTIVITY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B399">399</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B408">408</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t36">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Regular practice of physical activity with the initial goal of 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercises and resistance training two to three times per week are recommended for perimenopausal women with overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. For weight loss &#8805;5%, it should be increased to 300 minutes per week, given that visceral fat reduction is related to short- and midterm improvement in cardiometabolic outcomes.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERATE</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND TOBACCO USE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B409">409</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B417">417</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t37">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alcohol consumption increases the risk of anemia and gestational diabetes, while tobacco use doubles the chance of low weight at birth and increases the chances of infertility and early menopause. Alcohol consumption, even at moderate amounts, and tobacco use by women can elevate blood pressure, increase serum levels of LDL-c and triglycerides, decrease serum HDL-c levels, and increase the risk of stroke, heart failure, insulin resistance, and T2DM. Non-pregnant women should not smoke and consume &lt;140 g of alcohol per week.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>OBESITY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B418">418</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B425">425</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t38">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lifestyle changes associated with the use of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for the treatment of obesity and T2DM in women, with beneficial effects on weight reduction and metabolic parameters.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIOMETABOLIC DISORDERS IN WOMEN</title>
        <p>DIABETES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B420">420</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B426">426</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B432">432</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t39">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lifestyle changes associated with the use of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for the treatment of T2DM in women, with beneficial effects on weight reduction and metabolic parameters, such as glycated hemoglobin reduction. Metformin should not be used as a first-line agent for the management of diabetes in pregnancy, and, when used to treat POS and induce ovulation, it should be discontinued up to the end of the first trimester, because it crosses the placental barrier.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; POS: polycystic ovary syndrome; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>DYSLIPIDEMIA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref></sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t40">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">In women at very high cardiovascular risk on secondary prevention, in addition to lifestyle changes, high-potency statins alone or in combination with ezetimibe should be used to reduce LDL-c &#8805; 50%, targeting at LDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL and non-HDL-c &lt; 80 mg/dL, independently of baseline LDL-c level.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">In women at high cardiovascular risk on secondary prevention, in addition to lifestyle changes, high-potency statins alone or in combination with ezetimibe should be used to reduce LDL-c &#8805; 50%, targeting at LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL and non-HDL-c &lt; 100 mg/dL, independently of baseline LDL-c level.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t41">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Body weight control to achieve healthy values of BMI (20&#8211;25 kg/m2) and waist circumference (&lt;80 cm in women) is recommended to reduce BP and cardiovascular risk. The practice of low-to-moderate intensity exercises is recommended for all pregnant women without contraindications to reduce the risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">In women with chronic or gestational hypertension, drug treatment is recommended for those with confirmed systolic BP &#8805; 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP &#8805; 90 mm Hg.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED STEATOTIC LIVER DISEASE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B309">309</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B414">414</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B433">433</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B434">434</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t42">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EIn women with MASLD, the following are recommended: lifestyle changes (weight loss, dietary changes, physical exercises, tobacco and alcohol use cessation); optimized management of comorbidities, such as incretin-based therapies (ex: semaglutide, tirzepatide) for T2DM or obesity (when indicated); and bariatric surgery in the presence of severe obesity.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERATE</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIOMETABOLIC DISORDERS IN WOMEN</title>
        <p>CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B435">435</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B441">441</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t43">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pregnancy is one of the major causes of acute kidney injury in women of reproductive age and, along with preeclampsia, can lead to subsequent CKD. CKD has a negative effect on pregnancy, even at very initial stages, and the risks increase with CKD progression and concomitance of T2DM. Monitoring renal function markers during pregnancy and following years is recommended.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERATE</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>SURGICAL THERAPY * &#8211; BARIATRIC SURGERY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B442">442</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B448">448</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>* <italic>(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical gastrectomy, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, duodenal jejunal bypass liner/biliopancreatic diversion)</italic> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t44">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bariatric surgery is recommended for women with BMI &#8805; 35 kg/m&#178; and history of diabetes, MASLD, or high risk for cardiovascular events, as well as for those with BMI &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178;, independently of comorbidities, to improve cardiometabolic parameters (lipid and glycemic profile) and inflammatory markers.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HIGH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <p>MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B444">444</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t45">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">POS is associated with anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and T2DM. Women with POS should undergo complete assessment of lipid profile and glycemic status at the time of diagnosis. Treatment includes, in addition to lifestyle changes, insulin sensitizers, such as metformin or myoinositol, and, for hirsutism and irregular cycles, combined oral contraceptives. Antiobesity agents, such as liraglutide, semaglutide, and GLP-1 agonists and orlistat, can also be indicated for weight control.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">STRONG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MODERATE</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <p>POS: polycystic ovary syndrome; T2DM: type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> ; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>ENDOMETRIOSIS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref> </sup> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t46">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendations &#8211; IN FAVOR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Strength of recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Certainty of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Endometriosis is associated with a chronic inflammatory process with increased oxidative stress and elevation in cardiovascular risk factors, higher risk of hypertension, lipid changes, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. Hormonal therapies and ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization can also elevate the risk of thromboembolism. Lifestyle changes can help reduce cardiovascular risk.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WEAK</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WEAK</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t47">
          <label>1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Which biomarkers help the diagnosis of cardiometabolic disorders in women?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Biomarkers"[Mesh] OR "biological markers"[tiab] OR biomarkers[tiab] OR "molecular markers"[tiab] OR "diagnostic markers"[tiab] OR "metabolic markers"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic biomarkers"[tiab]) AND ("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR "cardiometabolic risk"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities"[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia*[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR "cardiovascular disease"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('biological marker'/exp OR 'biomarker'/exp OR 'biological marker':ti, ab OR biomarkers:ti, ab OR 'molecular marker':ti, ab OR 'diagnostic marker':ti, ab OR 'metabolic marker':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic biomarker':ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'glucose intolerance'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'cardiometabolic risk':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic abnormalit*':ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR 'glucose intolerance':ti, ab OR dyslipidemi*:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular disease':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Biomarkers"] OR "biological markers":ti, ab OR biomarkers:ti, ab OR "molecular markers":ti, ab OR "diagnostic markers":ti, ab OR "metabolic markers":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic biomarkers":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"] OR "cardiometabolic risk":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities":ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia*:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR "cardiovascular disease":ti, ab) <break/> AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Biomarcadores" OR "Biomarkers" OR "Biomarcadores" OR "Marcadores Biol&#243;gicos" OR "Biological Markers" OR "Marcadores Biol&#243;gicos" OR "Marcadores moleculares" OR "Molecular Markers" OR "Marcadores diagn&#243;sticos" OR "Diagnostic Markers" OR "Marcadores metab&#243;licos" OR "Metabolic Markers" OR "Marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "Cardiometabolic Biomarkers") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose" OR "Glucose Intolerance" OR "Intolerancia a la Glucosa" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Diabetes tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes tipo 2" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t48">
          <label>2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Does menopausal hormone therapy influence cardiometabolic parameters?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Hormone Replacement Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"[Mesh] OR "menopausal hormone therapy"[tiab] OR "hormone replacement therapy"[tiab] OR HRT[tiab] OR "estrogen therapy"[tiab] OR "estradiol therapy"[tiab] OR "postmenopausal hormone therapy"[tiab]) AND ("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Blood Pressure"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Lipid Metabolism"[Mesh] OR "Cholesterol"[Mesh] OR "Triglycerides"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Metabolism Disorders"[Mesh] OR "cardiometabolic parameters"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic profile"[tiab] OR "insulin sensitivity"[tiab] OR "lipid profile"[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR "glucose levels"[tiab] OR "cholesterol levels"[tiab] OR triglycerides[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('hormone replacement therapy'/exp OR 'estrogen replacement therapy'/exp OR 'menopausal hormone therapy':ti, ab OR 'hormone replacement therapy':ti, ab OR HRT:ti, ab OR 'estrogen therapy':ti, ab OR 'estradiol therapy':ti, ab OR 'postmenopausal hormone therapy':ti, ab) AND ('metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'blood pressure'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'lipid metabolism'/exp OR 'cholesterol'/exp OR 'triglyceride'/exp OR 'glucose metabolism disorder'/exp OR 'cardiometabolic parameter*':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic profile':ti, ab OR 'insulin sensitivity':ti, ab OR 'lipid profile':ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR 'glucose level*':ti, ab OR 'cholesterol level*':ti, ab OR triglyceride*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Hormone Replacement Therapy"] OR [mh "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"] OR "menopausal hormone therapy":ti, ab OR "hormone replacement therapy":ti, ab OR HRT:ti, ab OR "estrogen therapy":ti, ab OR "estradiol therapy":ti, ab OR "postmenopausal hormone therapy":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR [mh "Blood Pressure"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Lipid Metabolism"] OR [mh "Cholesterol"] OR [mh "Triglycerides"] OR [mh "Glucose Metabolism Disorders"] OR "cardiometabolic parameters":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic profile":ti, ab OR "insulin sensitivity":ti, ab OR "lipid profile":ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR "glucose levels":ti, ab OR "cholesterol levels":ti, ab OR triglycerides:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa" OR "Menopausal Hormone Therapy" OR "Terapia Hormonal de la Menopausia" OR "Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal" OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR "Terapia de Reemplazo Hormonal" OR "Terapia Estrog&#234;nica" OR "Estrogen Therapy" OR "Terapia con Estr&#243;genos" OR "Terapia com Estradiol" OR "Estradiol Therapy" OR "Terapia con Estradiol" OR HRT) AND ("Par&#226;metros Cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "Cardiometabolic Parameters" OR "Par&#225;metros Cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "Perfil Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Profile" OR "Perfil Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Sensibilidade &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Sensitivity" OR "Sensibilidad a la Insulina" OR "Perfil Lip&#237;dico" OR "Lipid Profile" OR "Perfil Lip&#237;dico" OR "Press&#227;o Arterial" OR "Blood Pressure" OR "Presi&#243;n Arterial" OR "N&#237;veis de Glicose" OR "Glucose Levels" OR "Niveles de Glucosa" OR "Colesterol" OR "Cholesterol" OR "Colesterol" OR "Triglicer&#237;deos" OR "Triglycerides" OR "Triglic&#233;ridos" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t49">
          <label>3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Do lifestyle changes improve cardiometabolic disorders in women?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Life Style"[Mesh] OR "Lifestyle"[tiab] OR "lifestyle change"[tiab] OR "behavior change"[tiab] OR "lifestyle intervention"[tiab] OR "behavioral intervention"[tiab]) AND ("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR "Physical Activity"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR "Motor Activity"[Mesh] OR "Diet"[Mesh] OR "Nutrition Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Healthy Diet"[tiab] OR "Physical Activity"[tiab] OR exercise[tiab] OR "psychosocial intervention"[tiab] OR "smoking cessation"[tiab] OR smoking[tiab] OR tobacco[tiab] OR alcohol[tiab] OR "alcohol consumption"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic risk"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('life style'/exp OR 'lifestyle change':ti, ab OR 'behavior change':ti, ab OR 'lifestyle intervention':ti, ab OR 'behavioral intervention':ti, ab) AND ('metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'glucose intolerance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'physical activity'/exp OR 'exercise'/exp OR 'diet'/exp OR 'nutrition therapy'/exp OR 'healthy diet':ti, ab OR 'psychosocial intervention':ti, ab OR 'smoking cessation':ti, ab OR smoking:ti, ab OR tobacco:ti, ab OR alcohol:ti, ab OR 'alcohol consumption':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic risk':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic abnormalit*':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("lifestyle" OR "lifestyle change" OR "lifestyle intervention" OR "behavior change" OR "behavioral intervention") AND ("cardiometabolic abnormalities" OR "cardiometabolic risk" OR "metabolic syndrome" OR "insulin resistance" OR "glucose intolerance" OR "dyslipidemia" OR "obesity" OR "hypertension" OR "type 2 diabetes" OR "cardiovascular disease" OR "physical activity" OR "exercise" OR "diet" OR "nutrition" OR "healthy diet" OR "psychosocial intervention" OR "smoking" OR "smoking cessation" OR "tobacco" OR "alcohol" OR "alcohol consumption") AND (women OR woman OR female OR females)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Mudan&#231;a de Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle Change" OR "Cambio de Estilo de Vida" OR "Interven&#231;&#227;o de Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle Intervention" OR "Intervenci&#243;n de Estilo de Vida" OR "Mudan&#231;a Comportamental" OR "Behavior Change" OR "Cambio de Comportamiento" OR "Interven&#231;&#227;o Comportamental" OR "Behavioral Intervention" OR "Intervenci&#243;n Conductual") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose" OR "Glucose Intolerance" OR "Intolerancia a la Glucosa" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares" OR "Atividade F&#237;sica" OR "Physical Activity" OR "Actividad F&#237;sica" OR "Exerc&#237;cio" OR "Exercise" OR "Ejercicio" OR "Dieta" OR "Diet" OR "Dieta" OR "Nutri&#231;&#227;o" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrici&#243;n" OR "Dieta Saud&#225;vel" OR "Healthy Diet" OR "Dieta Saludable" OR "Interven&#231;&#227;o Psicossocial" OR "Psychosocial Intervention" OR "Intervenci&#243;n Psicosocial" OR "Tabagismo" OR "Smoking" OR "Tabaquismo" OR "Cessa&#231;&#227;o do Tabagismo" OR "Smoking Cessation" OR "Cese del Tabaquismo" OR "&#193;lcool" OR "Alcohol" OR "Alcohol") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t50">
          <label>4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Which drugs help the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders in women with obesity and diabetes?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Pharmaceutical Preparations"[Mesh] OR "Hypoglycemic Agents"[Mesh] OR "Antihyperglycemic Agents"[Mesh] OR "Antihypertensive Agents"[Mesh] OR "Lipid Regulating Agents"[Mesh] OR medication*[tiab] OR drug*[tiab] OR pharmacotherapy[tiab] OR "glucose-lowering agents"[tiab] OR "antidiabetic drugs"[tiab] OR "insulin sensitizers"[tiab] OR "weight loss drugs"[tiab]) AND (("Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "cardiometabolic risk"[tiab] OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR cholesterol[tiab] OR "lipid profile"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab])) AND ("Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Obesity, Morbid"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR "morbid obesity"[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR T2DM[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('drug therapy'/exp OR 'pharmaceutical preparation'/exp OR 'hypoglycemic agent'/exp OR 'antihyperglycemic agent'/exp OR 'antihypertensive agent'/exp OR 'lipid regulating agent'/exp OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab OR 'glucose lowering agent':ti, ab OR 'antidiabetic drug':ti, ab OR 'insulin sensitizer':ti, ab OR 'weight loss drug':ti, ab) AND (('metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'glucose intolerance'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'cardiometabolic risk':ti, ab OR 'cardiometabolic abnormalit*':ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR cholesterol:ti, ab OR 'lipid profile':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)) AND ('obesity'/exp OR 'morbid obesity'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR 'morbid obesity':ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR T2DM:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Drug Therapy"] OR [mh "Pharmaceutical Preparations"] OR [mh "Hypoglycemic Agents"] OR [mh "Antihyperglycemic Agents"] OR [mh "Antihypertensive Agents"] OR [mh "Lipid Regulating Agents"] OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab OR "glucose-lowering agents":ti, ab OR "antidiabetic drugs":ti, ab OR "insulin sensitizers":ti, ab OR "weight loss drugs":ti, ab) AND (([mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR "cardiometabolic risk":ti, ab OR "cardiometabolic abnormalities":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR cholesterol:ti, ab OR "lipid profile":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)) AND ([mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Obesity, Morbid"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR "morbid obesity":ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR T2DM:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Medicamentos" OR "Drugs" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Terapia Medicamentosa" OR "Drug Therapy" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Prepara&#231;&#245;es Farmac&#234;uticas" OR "Pharmaceutical Preparations" OR "Preparaciones Farmac&#233;uticas" OR "Agentes Hipoglicemiantes" OR "Hypoglycemic Agents" OR "Agentes Hipoglucemiantes" OR "Agentes Antihipertensivos" OR "Antihypertensive Agents" OR "Agentes Antihipertensivos" OR "Agentes Reguladores de Lip&#237;dios" OR "Lipid Regulating Agents" OR "Agentes Reguladores de L&#237;pidos" OR "Sensibilizadores de Insulina" OR "Insulin Sensitizers" OR "Sensibilizadores de Insulina" OR "Medicamentos para Emagrecimento" OR "Weight Loss Drugs" OR "Medicamentos para Adelgazar") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t51">
          <label>5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Does the treatment of infertility associate with cardiometabolic disorders in women?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Infertility, Female"[Mesh] OR "Infertility"[Mesh] OR infertility[tiab] OR "fertility treatment*"[tiab] OR "Assisted Reproductive Techniques"[Mesh] OR "assisted reproductive technolog*"[tiab] OR ART[tiab] OR "In Vitro Fertilization"[Mesh] OR "in vitro fertilization"[tiab] OR IVF[tiab] OR "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection"[Mesh] OR ICSI[tiab] OR "Ovulation Induction"[Mesh] OR "ovulation induction"[tiab] OR clomiphene[tiab] OR letrozole[tiab] OR gonadotropin*[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "cardio-metabolic"[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperlipidemia[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR BMI[tiab] OR "body mass index"[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR diabetes[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('female infertility treatment'/exp OR 'infertility'/exp OR 'assisted reproductive technology'/exp OR 'in vitro fertilization'/exp OR 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection'/exp OR 'ovulation induction'/exp OR infertility:ti, ab OR 'fertility treatment*':ti, ab OR 'assisted reproductive technolog*':ti, ab OR ART:ti, ab OR 'in vitro fertilization':ti, ab OR IVF:ti, ab OR 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection':ti, ab OR ICSI:ti, ab OR 'ovulation induction':ti, ab OR clomiphene:ti, ab OR letrozole:ti, ab OR gonadotropin*:ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'cardio metabolic':ti, ab OR dyslipidemia*:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR BMI:ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR diabetes:ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Infertility, Female"] OR [mh "Infertility"] OR infertility:ti, ab OR "fertility treatment*":ti, ab OR [mh "Assisted Reproductive Techniques"] OR "assisted reproductive technolog*":ti, ab OR ART:ti, ab OR [mh "In Vitro Fertilization"] OR "in vitro fertilization":ti, ab OR IVF:ti, ab OR [mh "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection"] OR ICSI:ti, ab OR [mh "Ovulation Induction"] OR "ovulation induction":ti, ab OR clomiphene:ti, ab OR letrozole:ti, ab OR gonadotropin*:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "cardio-metabolic":ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR BMI:ti, ab OR "body mass index":ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR diabetes:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Infertilidade" OR "Infertility" OR "Infertilidad" OR "Tratamento da Infertilidade" OR "Infertility Treatment" OR "Tratamiento de la Infertilidad" OR "Tecnologias de Reprodu&#231;&#227;o Assistida" OR "Assisted Reproductive Technologies" OR "Tecnolog&#237;as de Reproducci&#243;n Asistida" OR "Fertiliza&#231;&#227;o in vitro" OR "In Vitro Fertilization" OR "Fertilizaci&#243;n in vitro" OR "Inje&#231;&#227;o Intracitoplasm&#225;tica de Espermatozoides" OR "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection" OR "Inyecci&#243;n intracitoplasm&#225;tica de espermatozoides" OR "Indu&#231;&#227;o da Ovula&#231;&#227;o" OR "Ovulation Induction" OR "Inducci&#243;n de la Ovulaci&#243;n" OR Clomifeno OR Clomiphene OR Clomifeno OR Letrozol OR Letrozole OR Letrozol OR Gonadotrofinas OR Gonadotropins OR Gonadotropinas) AND ("Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares") AND ("Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female" OR "Femenino")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t52">
          <label>6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Which drugs for the treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia influence cardiometabolic disorders in women?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Drugs"[Mesh] OR "Antihypertensive Agents"[Mesh] OR "Hypolipidemic Agents"[Mesh] OR medication*[tiab] OR drug*[tiab] OR "pharmacologic treatment"[tiab] OR pharmacotherapy[tiab]) AND ("Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Antihypertensive Agents"[Mesh] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "high blood pressure"[tiab] OR "blood pressure control"[tiab] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hyperlipidemias"[Mesh] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperlipidemia[tiab] OR "lipid-lowering"[tiab] OR statins[tiab] OR "ACE inhibitors"[tiab] OR ARBs[tiab] OR "beta blockers"[tiab] OR diuretics[tiab] OR "calcium channel blockers"[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('drug therapy'/exp OR 'drug'/exp OR 'antihypertensive agent'/exp OR 'hypolipidemic agent'/exp OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR 'pharmacologic treatment':ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab) AND ('hypertension'/exp OR 'antihypertensive agent'/exp OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'high blood pressure':ti, ab OR 'blood pressure control':ti, ab OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hyperlipidemia'/exp OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR 'lipid lowering':ti, ab OR statins:ti, ab OR 'ACE inhibitors':ti, ab OR ARBs:ti, ab OR 'beta blockers':ti, ab OR diuretics:ti, ab OR 'calcium channel blockers':ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR 'glucose intolerance':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Drug Therapy"] OR [mh "Drugs"] OR [mh "Antihypertensive Agents"] OR [mh "Hypolipidemic Agents"] OR medication*:ti, ab OR drug*:ti, ab OR "pharmacologic treatment":ti, ab OR pharmacotherapy:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Antihypertensive Agents"] OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "high blood pressure":ti, ab OR "blood pressure control":ti, ab OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hyperlipidemias"] OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR "lipid-lowering":ti, ab OR statins:ti, ab OR "ACE inhibitors":ti, ab OR ARBs:ti, ab OR "beta blockers":ti, ab OR diuretics:ti, ab OR "calcium channel blockers":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND <break/> ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Medicamentos" OR "Drugs" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Terapia Medicamentosa" OR "Drug Therapy" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Agentes Anti-hipertensivos" OR "Antihypertensive Agents" OR "Agentes Antihipertensivos" OR "Agentes Hipolipemiantes" OR "Hypolipidemic Agents" OR "Agentes Hipolipemiantes" OR "Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Pharmacologic Treatment" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico") AND TW: ("Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Press&#227;o Alta" OR "High Blood Pressure" OR "Presi&#243;n Alta" OR "Controle da Press&#227;o Arterial" OR "Blood Pressure Control" OR "Control de la Presi&#243;n Arterial" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hiperlipidemia" OR "Hyperlipidemia" OR "Hiperlipidemia" OR "Redu&#231;&#227;o de Lip&#237;dios" OR "Lipid-Lowering" OR "Reducci&#243;n de L&#237;pidos" OR Estatinas OR Statins OR Estatinas OR "Inibidores da ECA" OR "ACE Inhibitors" OR "Inhibidores de la ECA" OR BRA OR ARBs OR BRA OR "Betabloqueadores" OR "Beta Blockers" OR "Betabloqueadores" OR Diur&#233;ticos OR Diuretics OR Diur&#233;ticos OR "Bloqueadores dos Canais de C&#225;lcio" OR "Calcium Channel Blockers" OR "Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Disorders" OR "Trastornos Cardiometab&#243;licos" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Risco Cardiovascular" OR "Cardiovascular Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiovascular") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t53">
          <label>7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Should bariatric surgery be indicated for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders in women?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Bariatric Surgery"[Mesh] OR "Gastric Bypass"[Mesh] OR "Gastrectomy"[Mesh] OR "bariatric surgery"[tiab] OR "gastric bypass"[tiab] OR "sleeve gastrectomy"[tiab] OR "Roux-en-Y"[tiab] OR "metabolic surgery"[tiab] OR "weight loss surgery"[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperlipidemia[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('bariatric surgery'/exp OR 'gastric bypass'/exp OR 'gastrectomy'/exp OR 'bariatric surgery':ti, ab OR 'gastric bypass':ti, ab OR 'sleeve gastrectomy':ti, ab OR 'roux-en-y':ti, ab OR 'metabolic surgery':ti, ab OR 'weight loss surgery':ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR 'type 2 diabetes':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Bariatric Surgery"] OR [mh "Gastric Bypass"] OR [mh "Gastrectomy"] OR "bariatric surgery":ti, ab OR "gastric bypass":ti, ab OR "sleeve gastrectomy":ti, ab OR "Roux-en-Y":ti, ab OR "metabolic surgery":ti, ab OR "weight loss surgery":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperlipidemia:ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica" OR "Bariatric Surgery" OR "Cirug&#237;a Bari&#225;trica" OR "Bypass G&#225;strico" OR "Gastric Bypass" OR "Bypass G&#225;strico" OR "Gastrectomia Vertical" OR "Sleeve Gastrectomy" OR "Gastrectom&#237;a Vertical" OR "Roux-en-Y" OR "Roux-en-Y" OR "Cirurgia Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Surgery" OR "Cirug&#237;a Metab&#243;lica" OR "Cirurgia para Perda de Peso" OR "Weight Loss Surgery" OR "Cirug&#237;a para P&#233;rdida de Peso") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Abnormalities" OR "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "Cardiometabolic Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiometab&#243;lico" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Type 2 Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Tipo 2" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Risco Cardiovascular" OR "Cardiovascular Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiovascular") AND (TW: "Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres" OR "Feminino" OR "Female")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t54">
          <label>8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Which interventions improve cardiometabolic disorders in women with chronic kidney disease?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Life Style"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR "Diet Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR intervention*[tiab] OR treatment*[tiab] OR therapy[tiab] OR management[tiab] OR lifestyle[tiab] OR diet[tiab] OR nutrition[tiab] OR "physical activity"[tiab] OR exercise[tiab] OR medication*[tiab] OR pharmacologic*[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Renal Insufficiency, Chronic"[Mesh] OR "Kidney Diseases"[Mesh] OR "chronic kidney disease"[tiab] OR CKD[tiab] OR "chronic renal failure"[tiab] OR "end-stage renal disease"[tiab] OR ESRD[tiab] OR "kidney dysfunction"[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('life style'/exp OR 'exercise'/exp OR 'diet therapy'/exp OR 'drug therapy'/exp OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR 'physical activity':ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('chronic kidney disease'/exp OR 'renal insufficiency, chronic'/exp OR 'chronic kidney disease':ti, ab OR CKD:ti, ab OR 'chronic renal failure':ti, ab OR 'end stage renal disease':ti, ab OR ESRD:ti, ab OR 'kidney dysfunction':ti, ab OR 'kidney disease':ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Life Style"] OR [mh "Exercise"] OR [mh "Diet Therapy"] OR [mh "Drug Therapy"] OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR "physical activity":ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Renal Insufficiency, Chronic"] OR [mh "Kidney Diseases"] OR "chronic kidney disease":ti, ab OR CKD:ti, ab OR "chronic renal failure":ti, ab OR "end-stage renal disease":ti, ab OR ESRD:ti, ab OR "kidney dysfunction":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Interven&#231;&#245;es" OR "Interventions" OR "Intervenciones" OR "Tratamento" OR "Treatment" OR "Tratamiento" OR "Terapia" OR "Therapy" OR "Terapia" OR "Manejo" OR "Management" OR "Manejo" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Exerc&#237;cio" OR "Exercise" OR "Ejercicio" OR "Atividade F&#237;sica" OR "Physical Activity" OR "Actividad F&#237;sica" OR "Dieta" OR "Diet" OR "Dieta" OR "Nutri&#231;&#227;o" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrici&#243;n" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Nutrition Therapy" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Medication" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Pharmacologic Treatment" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico") AND (TW: "Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica" OR "Chronic Kidney Disease" OR "Enfermedad Renal Cr&#243;nica" OR "Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica" OR "Chronic Renal Failure" OR "Insuficiencia Renal Cr&#243;nica" OR "Doen&#231;a Renal Terminal" OR "End-Stage Renal Disease" OR "Enfermedad Renal Terminal" OR CKD OR ERC OR "Disfun&#231;&#227;o Renal" OR "Kidney Dysfunction" OR "Disfunci&#243;n Renal" OR "Doen&#231;a Renal" OR "Kidney Disease" OR "Enfermedad Renal") AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Disorders" OR "Trastornos Cardiometab&#243;licos") AND ("Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t55">
          <label>9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Which interventions improve cardiometabolic disorders in women Metabolic Dysfunction&#8211;Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Life Style"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR "Diet Therapy"[Mesh] OR "Drug Therapy"[Mesh] OR intervention*[tiab] OR treatment*[tiab] OR therapy[tiab] OR management[tiab] OR lifestyle[tiab] OR diet[tiab] OR nutrition[tiab] OR "physical activity"[tiab] OR exercise[tiab] OR medication*[tiab] OR pharmacologic*[tiab]) AND ("Cardiometabolic Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"[Mesh] OR cardiometabolic[tiab] OR "metabolic syndrome"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR "glucose intolerance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR hyperglycemia[tiab] OR "type 2 diabetes"[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR "cardiovascular risk"[tiab]) AND ("Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"[Mesh] OR "Fatty Liver"[Mesh] OR MASLD[tiab] OR "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease"[tiab] OR NAFLD[tiab] OR "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"[tiab] OR "fatty liver"[tiab] OR "hepatic steatosis"[tiab] OR steatosis[tiab] OR steatohepatitis[tiab] OR NASH[tiab]) AND ("Women"[Mesh] OR "Female"[Mesh] OR women[tiab] OR woman[tiab] OR female*[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('life style'/exp OR 'exercise'/exp OR 'diet therapy'/exp OR 'drug therapy'/exp OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR 'physical activity':ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ('cardiometabolic disorder'/exp OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'/exp OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome':ti, ab OR 'insulin resistance':ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab) AND ('nonalcoholic fatty liver'/exp OR 'fatty liver'/exp OR MASLD:ti, ab OR 'metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease':ti, ab OR NAFLD:ti, ab OR 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease':ti, ab OR 'fatty liver':ti, ab OR 'hepatic steatosis':ti, ab OR steatosis:ti, ab OR steatohepatitis:ti, ab OR NASH:ti, ab) AND ('female'/exp OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Life Style"] OR [mh "Exercise"] OR [mh "Diet Therapy"] OR [mh "Drug Therapy"] OR intervention*:ti, ab OR treatment*:ti, ab OR therapy:ti, ab OR management:ti, ab OR lifestyle:ti, ab OR diet:ti, ab OR nutrition:ti, ab OR "physical activity":ti, ab OR exercise:ti, ab OR medication*:ti, ab OR pharmacologic*:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Cardiometabolic Diseases"] OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Glucose Intolerance"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"] OR cardiometabolic:ti, ab OR "metabolic syndrome":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR "glucose intolerance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR hyperglycemia:ti, ab OR "type 2 diabetes":ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab) AND ([mh "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"] OR [mh "Fatty Liver"] OR MASLD:ti, ab OR "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease":ti, ab OR NAFLD:ti, ab OR "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease":ti, ab OR "fatty liver":ti, ab OR "hepatic steatosis":ti, ab OR steatosis:ti, ab OR steatohepatitis:ti, ab OR NASH:ti, ab) AND ([mh "Women"] OR [mh "Female"] OR women:ti, ab OR woman:ti, ab OR female*:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Interven&#231;&#245;es" OR "Interventions" OR "Intervenciones" OR "Tratamento" OR "Treatment" OR "Tratamiento" OR "Terapia" OR "Therapy" OR "Terapia" OR "Manejo" OR "Management" OR "Manejo" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Lifestyle" OR "Estilo de Vida" OR "Exerc&#237;cio" OR "Exercise" OR "Ejercicio" OR "Atividade F&#237;sica" OR "Physical Activity" OR "Actividad F&#237;sica" OR "Dieta" OR "Diet" OR "Dieta" OR "Nutri&#231;&#227;o" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrici&#243;n" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Nutrition Therapy" OR "Terapia Nutricional" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Medication" OR "Medicamentos" OR "Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico" OR "Pharmacologic Treatment" OR "Tratamiento Farmacol&#243;gico") AND (TW: "Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease" OR "Enfermedad Hep&#225;tica Esteat&#243;tica Metab&#243;lica" OR MASLD OR "Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Gordurosa N&#227;o Alco&#243;lica" OR "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" OR "Enfermedad Hep&#225;tica Grasa No Alcoh&#243;lica" OR NAFLD OR "Esteatose Hep&#225;tica" OR "Fatty Liver" OR "Esteatosis Hep&#225;tica" OR "Esteato-hepatite" OR "Steatohepatitis" OR "Esteatohepatitis" OR NASH) AND (TW: "Anormalidades Cardiometab&#243;licas" OR "Cardiometabolic Disorders" OR "Trastornos Cardiometab&#243;licos") AND ("Mulheres" OR "Women" OR "Mujeres")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SUPPLEMENT</title>
        <table-wrap id="t56">
          <label>10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Do women with endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome need to check their cardiovascular risk factors regularly to prevent cardiovascular diseases?</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Database</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Search strategy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MEDLINE/PubMed</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">("Endometriosis"[Mesh] OR endometriosis[tiab]) OR <break/> ("Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "ovarian dysfunction"[tiab] OR PCOS[tiab] OR "polycystic ovary syndrome"[tiab]) AND ("Risk Factors"[Mesh] OR "Cardiovascular Risk"[tiab] OR "Metabolic Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Insulin Resistance"[Mesh] OR "Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Hypertension"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "risk factor*"[tiab] OR "metabolic risk"[tiab] OR "insulin resistance"[tiab] OR dyslipidemia[tiab] OR obesity[tiab] OR overweight[tiab] OR "blood pressure"[tiab] OR hypertension[tiab] OR inflammation[tiab]) AND ("Cardiovascular Diseases"[Mesh] OR "cardiovascular disease*"[tiab] OR CVD[tiab] OR "heart disease*"[tiab] OR "cardiac disease*"[tiab] OR atherosclerosis[tiab] OR "coronary artery disease"[tiab] OR "myocardial infarction"[tiab] OR stroke[tiab] OR "ischemic heart disease"[tiab]) <break/> Filters applied: in the last 5 years, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Embase</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">('endometriosis'/exp OR endometriosis:ti, ab) OR ('polycystic ovary syndrome'/exp OR 'stein leventhal syndrome'/exp OR PCOS:ti, ab OR 'polycystic ovary syndrome':ti, ab OR 'ovarian dysfunction':ti, ab) AND ('risk factor'/exp OR 'cardiovascular risk':ti, ab OR 'metabolic syndrome'/exp OR 'insulin resistance'/exp OR 'obesity'/exp OR 'hypertension'/exp OR 'dyslipidemia'/exp OR 'blood pressure':ti, ab OR inflammation:ti, ab) AND ('cardiovascular disease'/exp OR 'heart disease':ti, ab OR 'cardiac disease':ti, ab OR atherosclerosis:ti, ab OR 'coronary artery disease':ti, ab OR 'myocardial infarction':ti, ab OR stroke:ti, ab OR 'ischemic heart disease':ti, ab OR CVD:ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">([mh "Endometriosis"] OR endometriosis:ti, ab) <break/> OR <break/> ([mh "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"] OR [mh "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome"] OR "ovarian dysfunction":ti, ab OR PCOS:ti, ab OR "polycystic ovary syndrome":ti, ab) <break/> AND <break/> ([mh "Risk Factors"] OR "cardiovascular risk":ti, ab OR [mh "Metabolic Syndrome"] OR [mh "Insulin Resistance"] OR [mh "Obesity"] OR [mh "Hypertension"] OR [mh "Dyslipidemias"] OR "risk factor*":ti, ab OR "metabolic risk":ti, ab OR "insulin resistance":ti, ab OR dyslipidemia:ti, ab OR obesity:ti, ab OR overweight:ti, ab OR "blood pressure":ti, ab OR hypertension:ti, ab OR inflammation:ti, ab) <break/> AND <break/> ([mh "Cardiovascular Diseases"] OR "cardiovascular disease*":ti, ab OR CVD:ti, ab OR "heart disease*":ti, ab OR "cardiac disease*":ti, ab OR atherosclerosis:ti, ab OR "coronary artery disease":ti, ab OR "myocardial infarction":ti, ab OR stroke:ti, ab OR "ischemic heart disease":ti, ab)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BVS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(TW: "Endometriose" OR "Endometriosis" OR "Endometriosis") OR ("S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos" OR "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome de Ovario Poliqu&#237;stico" OR SOP OR PCOS OR "S&#237;ndrome de Stein-Leventhal" OR "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome de Stein-Leventhal" OR "Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ovariana" OR "Ovarian Dysfunction" OR "Disfunci&#243;n Ov&#225;rica") AND (TW: "Fatores de Risco" OR "Risk Factors" OR "Factores de Riesgo" OR "Risco Cardiovascular" OR "Cardiovascular Risk" OR "Riesgo Cardiovascular" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Metabolic Syndrome" OR "S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" OR "Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina" OR "Insulin Resistance" OR "Resistencia a la Insulina" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Dyslipidemia" OR "Dislipidemia" OR "Obesidade" OR "Obesity" OR "Obesidad" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Overweight" OR "Sobrepeso" OR "Press&#227;o Arterial" OR "Blood Pressure" OR "Presi&#243;n Arterial" OR "Hipertens&#227;o" OR "Hypertension" OR "Hipertensi&#243;n" OR "Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose" OR "Glucose Intolerance" OR "Intolerancia a la Glucosa" OR "Hiperglicemia" OR "Hyperglycemia" OR "Hiperglucemia" OR "Inflama&#231;&#227;o" OR "Inflammation" OR "Inflamaci&#243;n") AND (TW: "Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Enfermedades Cardiovasculares" OR "Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o" OR "Ischemic Heart Disease" OR "Enfermedad Isqu&#233;mica del Coraz&#243;n" OR "Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana" OR "Coronary Artery Disease" OR "Enfermedad de las Arterias Coronarias" OR "Aterosclerose" OR "Atherosclerosis" OR "Aterosclerosis" OR "Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio" OR "Myocardial Infarction" OR "Infarto de Miocardio" OR "Acidente Vascular Cerebral" OR "Stroke" OR "Accidente Cerebrovascular")</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <label>Development:</label>
          <p>Department of Women's Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (In Portuguese: <italic>Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> &#8211; DCM/SBC)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</label>
          <p>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva (Coordenador), Helena Cramer Veiga Rey, Humberto Graner Moreira, Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Nadine Oliveira Clausell &#8211; Period 2025-2027.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Note:</label>
          <p>These statements are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <glossary>
        <def-list>
          <title>List of Abbreviations and Acronyms</title>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G77">&#8211;ACEI:</term>
            <def>
              <p>angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G78">&#8211;AMI:</term>
            <def>
              <p>acute myocardial infarction</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G79">&#8211;ARB:</term>
            <def>
              <p>angiotensin receptor blocker</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G80">&#8211;BMI:</term>
            <def>
              <p>body mass index</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G81">&#8211;BP:</term>
            <def>
              <p>blood pressure</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G82">&#8211;CAC:</term>
            <def>
              <p>coronary artery calcium score</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G83">&#8211;CBG:</term>
            <def>
              <p>cortisol-binding-globulin</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G84">&#8211;CHIP:</term>
            <def>
              <p>clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G85">&#8211;CKD:</term>
            <def>
              <p>chronic kidney disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G86">&#8211;COC:</term>
            <def>
              <p>combined oral contraceptive</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G87">&#8211;CRP:</term>
            <def>
              <p>C-reactive protein</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G88">&#8211;CVD:</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G89">&#8211;CVR:</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular risk</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G90">&#8211;CVRF:</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular risk factor</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G91">&#8211;DALYs:</term>
            <def>
              <p>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G92">&#8211;DCM/SBC:</term>
            <def>
              <p>Womens&#8217; Cardiology Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G93">&#8211;DKD:</term>
            <def>
              <p>diabetic kidney disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G94">&#8211;DM:</term>
            <def>
              <p>diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G95">&#8211;eNOS:</term>
            <def>
              <p>endothelial nitric oxide synthase</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G96">&#8211;ESC:</term>
            <def>
              <p>European Society of Cardiology</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G97">&#8211;FAI:</term>
            <def>
              <p>perivascular fat attenuation index</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G98">&#8211;FEBRASGO:</term>
            <def>
              <p>Brazilian Federation of the Societies of Gynecology and Obstetrics</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G99">&#8211;FIB-4:</term>
            <def>
              <p>Fibrosis-4</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G100">&#8211;FSH:</term>
            <def>
              <p>follicle-stimulating hormone</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G101">&#8211;GD:</term>
            <def>
              <p>gestational diabetes</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G102">&#8211;GIP:</term>
            <def>
              <p>glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G103">&#8211;GLP-1:</term>
            <def>
              <p>glucagon-like peptide-1</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G104">&#8211;GnRH:</term>
            <def>
              <p>gonadotrophin-releasing hormone</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G105">&#8211;GWG:</term>
            <def>
              <p>gestational weight gain</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G106">&#8211;HbA1c:</term>
            <def>
              <p>glycated hemoglobin</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G107">&#8211;HDL-c:</term>
            <def>
              <p>high-density lipoprotein cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G108">&#8211;HF:</term>
            <def>
              <p>heart failure</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G109">&#8211;HFpEF:</term>
            <def>
              <p>heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G200">&#8211;HOMA-IR:</term>
            <def>
              <p>homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G201">&#8211;IHD:</term>
            <def>
              <p>ischemic heart disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G202">&#8211;IL:</term>
            <def>
              <p>interleukin</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G203">&#8211;INOCA:</term>
            <def>
              <p>ischemia with no obstructive coronary arteries</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G204">&#8211;IP-10:</term>
            <def>
              <p>interferon-gamma-induced protein 10</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G205">&#8211;IR:</term>
            <def>
              <p>insulin resistance</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G206">&#8211;LDL-c:</term>
            <def>
              <p>low-density lipoprotein cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G208">&#8211;LH:</term>
            <def>
              <p>luteinizing hormone</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G209">&#8211;LNG-IUS:</term>
            <def>
              <p>levonorgestrel intrauterine system</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G300">&#8211;Lp(a):</term>
            <def>
              <p>lipoprotein a</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G301">&#8211;MASH:</term>
            <def>
              <p>metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G302">&#8211;MASLD:</term>
            <def>
              <p>metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G303">&#8211;MCP-1:</term>
            <def>
              <p>monocyte chemoattractant protein 1</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G305">&#8211;MHT:</term>
            <def>
              <p>menopausal hormone therapy</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G306">&#8211;MI:</term>
            <def>
              <p>myocardial infarction</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G307">&#8211;MINOCA:</term>
            <def>
              <p>myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G308">&#8211;MS:</term>
            <def>
              <p>metabolic syndrome</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G309">&#8211;NF-&#954;B:</term>
            <def>
              <p>nuclear factor kappa B</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G400">&#8211;NO:</term>
            <def>
              <p>nitric oxide</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G401">&#8211;OGTT:</term>
            <def>
              <p>oral glucose tolerance test</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G402">&#8211;POS:</term>
            <def>
              <p>polycystic ovary syndrome</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G403">&#8211;RF:</term>
            <def>
              <p>risk factor</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G404">&#8211;ROS:</term>
            <def>
              <p>reactive oxygen species</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G405">&#8211;RR:</term>
            <def>
              <p>relative risk</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G406">&#8211;SAH:</term>
            <def>
              <p>systemic arterial hypertension</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G407">&#8211;SBEM:</term>
            <def>
              <p>Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism Study</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G408">&#8211;sEng:</term>
            <def>
              <p>soluble endoglin</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G409">&#8211;sFlt-1:</term>
            <def>
              <p>soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G500">&#8211;SGLT2:</term>
            <def>
              <p>sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G501">&#8211;SHBG:</term>
            <def>
              <p>sexual-hormone-binding-globulin</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G502">&#8211;T1DM:</term>
            <def>
              <p>type 1 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G503">&#8211;T2DM:</term>
            <def>
              <p>type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G504">&#8211;TNF-&#945;:</term>
            <def>
              <p>tumor necrosis factor alpha</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G505">&#8211;us-CRP:</term>
            <def>
              <p>ultrasensitive C-reactive protein</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G506">&#8211;VCAM-1:</term>
            <def>
              <p>vascular cell adhesion molecule</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G507">&#8211;VEGF:</term>
            <def>
              <p>vascular endothelial growth factor</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G508">&#8211;VLDL-c:</term>
            <def>
              <p>very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G509">&#8211;VMS:</term>
            <def>
              <p>vasomotor symptoms</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G600">&#8211;VTE:</term>
            <def>
              <p>venous thromboembolism</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G601">&#8211;WHI:</term>
            <def>
              <p>Women's Health Initiative</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G602">&#8211;WHR:</term>
            <def>
              <p>waist-to-hip ratio</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G603">&#8211;WHtR:</term>
            <def>
              <p>waist-to-height ratio</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
        </def-list>
      </glossary>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank all those involved in the management of the journals of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, as well as librarian Gesner Francisco Xavier Junior for his essential technical and scientific support in making this work possible.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
