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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Dhz7vdfDjdwTCVrzKyyPrFS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250579</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">abc.20250579</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Passo &#224; Frente na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da For&#231;a de Preens&#227;o Manual na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1672-4612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesarino</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5102-4043</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Regina C&#233;lia Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5158-485X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Restini</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Baraldi Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo-Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo-Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Ribeir&#227;opretana de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia ao Hipertenso</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Ribeir&#227;opretana de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia ao Hipertenso (AREPAH), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Michigan State University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept.</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">College of Osteopathic Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Michigan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept., Michigan State University, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Evandro Jos&#233; Cesarino</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; An&#225;lises Clinicas, Toxicol&#243;gicas e Bromatol&#243;gicas &#8211; Av. do Caf&#233;, s/n. CEP <postal-code>14040-903</postal-code>, Campus USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cesarino@fcfrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250579</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>For&#231;a da M&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) afeta milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo, causando morbidade e mortalidade significativas. A capacidade funcional, um determinante cr&#237;tico do progn&#243;stico e da qualidade de vida, &#233; frequentemente prejudicada em pacientes com IC devido &#224; fraqueza e fragilidade muscular, afetando at&#233; 40% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O manuscrito "For&#231;a de Preens&#227;o Manual na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Estabelecendo uma Equa&#231;&#227;o de Refer&#234;ncia" apresenta um esfor&#231;o pioneiro ao desenvolver uma equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia validada para prever a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (FPM) em pacientes com IC, abordando lacunas em ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica adaptadas a esse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este minieditorial avalia as contribui&#231;&#245;es, os pontos fortes, as limita&#231;&#245;es e as implica&#231;&#245;es deste estudo para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Import&#226;ncia da for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual na IC</title>
      <p>A FPM &#233; uma medida simples e n&#227;o invasiva da for&#231;a muscular, correlacionando-se com a condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e considerada um marcador progn&#243;stico na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 7.350 pacientes com IC revelou que uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 1 kg na FPM aumenta o risco de mortalidade em 8% (RR 1,08, IC 95% 1,05&#8211;1,11).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio de medidas complexas, como o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, a FPM &#233; de baixo custo, acess&#237;vel e vi&#225;vel em todos os cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, tornando-se uma ferramenta direta para avaliar a fragilidade e orientar a reabilita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, as equa&#231;&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia de FPM existentes s&#227;o derivadas principalmente de popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis, falhando em levar em conta fatores espec&#237;ficos da IC, como d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) reduzido e atrofia muscular, levando a conclus&#245;es imprecisas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento do manuscrito de uma equa&#231;&#227;o de FPM espec&#237;fica para IC representa um avan&#231;o oportuno.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pontos fortes do estudo</title>
      <p>O estudo transversal envolvendo 274 pacientes (18&#8211;79 anos) com IC est&#225;vel (174 no bra&#231;o de deriva&#231;&#227;o e 100 no bra&#231;o de valida&#231;&#227;o) foi adequado para estabelecer uma equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os autores empregaram metodologia rigorosa, usando um dinam&#244;metro com protocolos padronizados para garantir medi&#231;&#245;es confi&#225;veis da FPM (por exemplo, tr&#234;s contra&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas com a m&#227;o dominante).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada, incorporando idade, sexo, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha e classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA), explica 57% da vari&#226;ncia da FPM (R&#178;=0,578), com boa concord&#226;ncia preditiva (CCI=0,79, IC 95% 0,69&#8211;0,86) na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essas vari&#225;veis se alinham com determinantes conhecidos da for&#231;a muscular: idade e sexo refletem decl&#237;nio neuromuscular e diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> altura se correlaciona com massa &#243;ssea e muscular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha pode indicar massa corporal magra e classe funcional da NYHA reflete a gravidade da IC. A ligeira subestima&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o (res&#237;duo m&#233;dio: 0,68&#177;8,93 kg) &#233; compar&#225;vel aos res&#237;duos em estudos de popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis, sugerindo precis&#227;o aceit&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e Considera&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Apesar de seus pontos fortes, o estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. A amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico hospital p&#250;blico brasileiro pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o devido a diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas, socioecon&#244;micas e de acesso &#224; sa&#250;de que podem afetar a FPM. A aus&#234;ncia de dados longitudinais restringe os insights sobre as mudan&#231;as na FPM ao longo do tempo ou sua utilidade progn&#243;stica na IC descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A depend&#234;ncia da equa&#231;&#227;o na circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha, embora relevante, pode ser menos pr&#225;tica em cen&#225;rios sem antropometria treinada, e a subjetividade da classe funcional da NYHA pode introduzir variabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A valida&#231;&#227;o externa em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es com IC (diferentes etnias e etiologias de IC) &#233; necess&#225;ria para confirmar sua aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica definitivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Comparado a equa&#231;&#245;es de popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel (por exemplo, Novaes et al., R&#178; = 0,677 para a m&#227;o dominante),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> o R&#178; menor da equa&#231;&#227;o de IC sugere que fatores n&#227;o medidos (estado nutricional, capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, etc.) podem influenciar a FPM na IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e educacionais</title>
      <p>Esta equa&#231;&#227;o fornece aos m&#233;dicos uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica para avaliar a FPM em pacientes com IC, permitindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fragilidade e fraqueza muscular para interven&#231;&#245;es personalizadas, como treinamento f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A equa&#231;&#227;o ressalta a import&#226;ncia de ferramentas espec&#237;ficas para cada condi&#231;&#227;o, melhorando a compreens&#227;o do impacto da IC na condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e complementando as discuss&#245;es sobre o manejo da IC, destacando o papel da avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional no progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
      <p>Estudos futuros devem validar a equa&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es diversas e explorar seu valor progn&#243;stico em cen&#225;rios longitudinais. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis adicionais (estado nutricional, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, etc.) pode melhorar o valor preditivo. A integra&#231;&#227;o da FPM &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es de rotina da IC, juntamente com ferramentas como o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, pode aprimorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e personalizar o tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia FPM proposta para pacientes com IC representa um passo significativo em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional personalizada. Apesar de suas limita&#231;&#245;es, a metodologia e a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do estudo a tornam uma ferramenta simples e valiosa para cl&#237;nicos e educadores. &#192; medida que o manejo da IC evolui, essa equa&#231;&#227;o pode orientar o rastreamento e a reabilita&#231;&#227;o da fragilidade, melhorando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, os resultados funcionais dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>
          <italic>For&#231;a de Preens&#227;o Manual na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Constru&#231;&#227;o de uma Equa&#231;&#227;o de Refer&#234;ncia</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250579i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Step Forward in the Assessment of Handgrip Strength in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1672-4612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesarino</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5102-4043</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Regina C&#233;lia Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5158-485X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Restini</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Baraldi Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo-Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Ribeir&#227;opretana de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia ao Hipertenso (AREPAH), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Michigan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept., Michigan State University, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Evandro Jos&#233; Cesarino</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; An&#225;lises Clinicas, Toxicol&#243;gicas e Bromatol&#243;gicas &#8211; Av.do Caf&#233;, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>14040-903</postal-code>, Campus USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>cesarino@fcfrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hand Strength</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) affects millions of people worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Functional capacity, a critical determinant of prognosis and quality of life, is often impaired in HF patients due to muscle weakness and frailty, affecting up to 40% of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The manuscript Handgrip Strength in Heart Failure: Establishing a Reference Equation presents a pioneering effort by developing a validated reference equation to predict handgrip strength (HGS) in HF patients, addressing gaps in clinical assessment tools tailored to this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This mini-editorial evaluates the contributions, strengths, limitations, and implications of this study for clinical practice.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Significance of Handgrip Strength in HF</title>
        <p>HGS is a simple, non-invasive measure of muscle strength, correlating with physical condition and considered a prognostic marker in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A systematic review of 7,350 HF patients revealed that a 1 kg reduction in HGS increases mortality risk by 8% (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05&#8211;1.11).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Unlike complex measures, such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, HGS is low-cost, accessible, and feasible in all clinical settings, making it a straightforward tool to assess frailty and guide rehabilitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, existing HGS reference equations are mainly derived from healthy populations, failing to account for HF-specific factors, such as reduced cardiac output (CO) and muscle atrophy, leading to inaccurate conclusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The manuscript's development of an HF-specific HGS equation represents a timely advance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strengths of the study</title>
        <p>The cross-sectional study involving 274 patients (18&#8211;79 years) with stable HF (174 in the derivation arm and 100 in the validation arm) was adequate for establishing a reference equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The authors employed rigorous methodology, using a dynamometer with standardized protocols to ensure reliable HGS measurements (e.g., three maximum contractions with the dominant hand).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The multivariate regression model, incorporating age, sex, height, calf circumference, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, explains 57% of HGS variance (R&#178;=0.578), with good predictive agreement (ICC=0.79, 95% CI 0.69&#8211;0.86) in the validation cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These variables align with known determinants of muscle strength: age and sex reflect neuromuscular decline and gender diferences,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> height correlates with bone and muscle mass,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> calf circumference may indicate lean body mass, and NYHA functional class reflects HF severity. The equation's slight underestimation (mean residual: 0.68&#177;8.93 kg) is comparable to residuals in studies of healthy populations, suggesting acceptable accuracy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations and considerations</title>
        <p>Despite its strengths, the study has limitations. The convenience sample from a single Brazilian public hospital may limit generalizability due to ethnic, socioeconomic, and healthcare access differences that can affect HGS. The absence of longitudinal data restricts insights into HGS changes over time or its prognostic utility in decompensated HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The equation's reliance on calf circumference, while relevant, may be less practical in settings without trained anthropometrics, and the subjectivity of the NYHA functional class may introduce variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> External validation in diverse HF populations (different ethnicities and HF etiologies) is needed to confirm its practical applicability definitively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Compared to healthy population equations (e.g., Novaes et al., R&#178;=0.677 for the dominant hand),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> the lower R&#178; of the HF equation suggests unmeasured factors (nutritional status, exercise capacity, etc.) may influence HGS in HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and educational implications</title>
        <p>This equation provides clinicians with a practical tool to assess HGS in HF patients, enabling the identification of frailty and muscle weakness for personalized interventions, such as physical training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The equation underscores the importance of condition-specific tools, enhancing understanding of HF's impact on physical condition and complementing discussions on HF management by highlighting the role of functional assessment in prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Future directions</title>
        <p>Future studies should validate the equation in diverse populations and explore its prognostic value in longitudinal settings. Incorporating additional variables (nutritional status, ejection fraction, etc.) may improve predictive value. Integrating HGS into routine HF assessments, alongside tools like the 6-minute walk test, could enhance cardiovascular risk stratification and personalize care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The proposed HGS reference equation for HF patients represents a significant step toward personalized functional assessment. Despite its limitations, the study's methodology and clinical relevance make it a simple and valuable tool for clinicians and educators. As HF management evolves, this equation can guide frailty screening and rehabilitation, ultimately improving patients&#8217; functional outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>
            <italic>Handgrip Strength in Heart Failure: Developing a Reference Equation</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
