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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NjrrQ7SwDFgxDVKpSGk9Mtd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250567</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">abc.20250567</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o em Ind&#237;genas Brasileiros: Uma Crise de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica em R&#225;pido Crescimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan K. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Tulane University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Biomedical Engineering</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New Orleans</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">LA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Allan K. N. Alencar</bold> &#8226; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, <postal-code>70118</postal-code> - EUA E-mail: <email>allankdc@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250567</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de de Popula&#231;&#245;es Ind&#237;genas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Disparidades nos N&#237;veis de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Transi&#231;&#227;o Epidemiol&#243;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O aumento da carga de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica entre as popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas do Brasil &#233; um claro indicador da transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica em curso no pa&#237;s, marcada por uma mudan&#231;a de doen&#231;as infecciosas e desnutri&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT), como a hipertens&#227;o. No estudo recente de Ara&#250;jo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> realizado em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado em sa&#250;de ind&#237;gena em Passo Fundo (RS), 26,0% dos adultos ind&#237;genas foram considerados hipertensos. Essa preval&#234;ncia &#233; consistente com relatos anteriores de outras popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas no Brasil, como as do Parque Ind&#237;gena do Xingu (26,7%) e da regi&#227;o do Alto Rio Negro (29,0%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> sugerindo que os achados refletem uma tend&#234;ncia nacional mais ampla de aumento do risco cardiovascular entre comunidades ind&#237;genas. V&#225;rios estudos destacam essa transi&#231;&#227;o, observando que as comunidades ind&#237;genas est&#227;o enfrentando taxas crescentes de hipertens&#227;o e outras condi&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas como resultado de r&#225;pidas mudan&#231;as culturais, econ&#244;micas e de estilo de vida, incluindo urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, mudan&#231;as alimentares e maior intera&#231;&#227;o com a sociedade n&#227;o ind&#237;gena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pesquisas nacionais confirmam o surgimento de obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes em um n&#250;mero crescente de comunidades ind&#237;genas em todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil, destacando ainda mais a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Antes considerada virtualmente ausente nessas comunidades, a hipertens&#227;o agora est&#225; emergindo como uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica de sa&#250;de, com taxas de preval&#234;ncia se aproximando ou at&#233; mesmo superando as m&#233;dias nacionais.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> acrescenta nuances a esse quadro epidemiol&#243;gico ao identificar fatores independentemente associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o: idade &#8805; 60 anos, c&#244;njuge e diabetes mellitus. A constata&#231;&#227;o de que 58% dos idosos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o hipertensos &#233; especialmente preocupante quando comparada a dados demogr&#225;ficos que mostram que apenas 20,1% dos ind&#237;genas no Rio Grande do Sul t&#234;m mais de 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Isso sugere uma alta carga de doen&#231;as entre os idosos e refor&#231;a a urg&#234;ncia da implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias preventivas espec&#237;ficas para cada idade.</p>
    <p>Um aspecto intrigante do estudo &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre estado civil e hipertens&#227;o. Contrariamente &#224; literatura epidemiol&#243;gica convencional, onde o casamento &#233; frequentemente considerado protetor contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares por meio de mecanismos de apoio social,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> este estudo constatou que ter um c&#244;njuge estava associado a uma preval&#234;ncia 1,61 vezes maior de hipertens&#227;o. Essa diverg&#234;ncia pode refletir press&#245;es socioculturais ou econ&#244;micas espec&#237;ficas dentro das fam&#237;lias ind&#237;genas, que merecem uma investiga&#231;&#227;o qualitativa mais aprofundada.</p>
    <p>A forte liga&#231;&#227;o com o diabetes mellitus (raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia = 2,33) tamb&#233;m se alinha ao crescente conjunto de evid&#234;ncias sobre a converg&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos entre popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas compartilhadas, como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, podem contribuir para o aumento do risco cardiovascular, particularmente no contexto de acesso prec&#225;rio a cuidados prim&#225;rios culturalmente competentes.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos fatores de risco individuais, os determinantes estruturais e sist&#234;micos tamb&#233;m devem ser abordados. As desigualdades em sa&#250;de que afetam as comunidades ind&#237;genas no Brasil est&#227;o profundamente enraizadas na marginaliza&#231;&#227;o hist&#243;rica, no isolamento geogr&#225;fico e na escassez de recursos para servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Sa&#250;de Integral Ind&#237;gena (PNASPI) avan&#231;ou no estabelecimento de modelos diferenciados de aten&#231;&#227;o, mas ainda existem lacunas na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, no rastreamento e na continuidade do cuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O fortalecimento da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, por meio de cl&#237;nicas m&#243;veis, agentes comunit&#225;rios de sa&#250;de e na integra&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;ticas tradicionais de cura, ser&#225; fundamental para reverter essas tend&#234;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os achados de Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> refor&#231;am ainda mais a necessidade de estudos longitudinais e comunit&#225;rios para avaliar a real carga da hipertens&#227;o e outras DCNTs em popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas. Pesquisas futuras devem explorar a influ&#234;ncia do s&#243;dio na dieta, do estresse psicossocial e da degrada&#231;&#227;o ambiental, incluindo amea&#231;as aos sistemas alimentares tradicionais e ao acesso &#224; &#225;gua, como potenciais contribuintes para o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; mais uma exce&#231;&#227;o, mas uma epidemia iminente entre as popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas do Brasil. O estudo de Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> deixa claro: a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica n&#227;o &#233; uma previs&#227;o distante; ela j&#225; est&#225; em andamento. O que se exige urgentemente &#233; uma resposta nacional coordenada que integre preven&#231;&#227;o adaptada &#224; cultura, atendimento cl&#237;nico baseado em evid&#234;ncias e investimento sustentado em infraestrutura de sa&#250;de ind&#237;gena. Qualquer medida menos grave corre o risco de agravar as desigualdades hist&#243;ricas e prejudicar uma popula&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o pode mais esperar.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>
          <italic>Preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica e Fatores Associados em Ind&#237;genas Atendidos em um Ambulat&#243;rio Especializado no Sul do Brasil</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250567i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertension in Indigenous Brazilians: A Rapidly Emerging Public Health Crisis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan K. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New Orleans</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">LA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Allan K. N. Alencar</bold> &#8226; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, <postal-code>70118</postal-code> - SUA E-mail: <email>allankdc@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Health of Indigenous Peoples</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Status Disparities</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Transition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The increasing burden of systemic arterial hypertension among Brazil's Indigenous populations is a clear indicator of the country's ongoing epidemiological transition, marked by a shift from infectious diseases and malnutrition to non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension. In the recent study by Ara&#250;jo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> conducted in a specialized outpatient clinic for Indigenous health in Passo Fundo (RS), 26.0% of Indigenous adults were found to be hypertensive. This prevalence is consistent with previous reports from other Indigenous populations in Brazil, such as those from the Xingu Indigenous Park (26.7%) and the Upper Rio Negro region (29.0%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> suggesting that the findings reflect a broader national trend of increasing cardiovascular risk among Indigenous communities. Multiple studies highlight this transition, noting that Indigenous communities are experiencing rising rates of hypertension and other cardiometabolic conditions as a result of rapid cultural, economic, and lifestyle changes, including urbanization, dietary shifts, and increased interaction with non-Indigenous society.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> National surveys confirm the emergence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in a growing number of Indigenous communities across all regions of Brazil, further underscoring the epidemiological transition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Once considered virtually absent in these communities, hypertension is now emerging as a critical health concern, with prevalence rates approaching or even surpassing national averages.</p>
      <p>The study by Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> adds nuance to this epidemiological picture by identifying factors independently associated with hypertension: age &#8805;60 years, having a spouse, and diabetes mellitus. The finding that 58% of older individuals in this population are hypertensive is especially troubling when juxtaposed with demographic data showing that only 20.1% of Indigenous people in Rio Grande do Sul are over 60 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This suggests a high disease burden among the elderly and reinforces the urgency of implementing age-specific preventive strategies.</p>
      <p>An intriguing aspect of the study is the association between marital status and hypertension. Contrary to conventional epidemiological literature, where marriage is often considered protective against cardiovascular disease via social support mechanisms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> this study found that having a spouse was associated with a 1.61-fold higher prevalence of hypertension. This divergence may reflect unique sociocultural or economic pressures within Indigenous households that merit further qualitative investigation.</p>
      <p>The strong link with diabetes mellitus (prevalence ratio = 2.33) also aligns with the growing body of evidence on the convergence of metabolic disorders among Indigenous populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Shared pathophysiological pathways, such as insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, may contribute to the heightened cardiovascular risk, particularly in the context of poor access to culturally competent primary care.</p>
      <p>Beyond individual risk factors, structural and systemic determinants must also be addressed. Health inequalities affecting Indigenous communities in Brazil are deeply rooted in historical marginalization, geographic isolation, and under-resourced health services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The National Policy for Comprehensive Indigenous Health (PNASPI) has made strides in establishing differentiated care models, yet gaps remain in chronic disease prevention, screening, and continuity of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Strengthening primary healthcare, through mobile clinics, community health agents, and integration of traditional healing practices, will be key to reversing these trends.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The findings by Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> further support the call for longitudinal and community-based studies to assess the true burden of hypertension and other NCDs in Indigenous populations. Future research should explore the influence of dietary sodium, psychosocial stress, and environmental degradation, including threats to traditional food systems and water access, as potential contributors to cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, hypertension is no longer an exception but a looming epidemic within Brazil's Indigenous populations. The study by Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> makes it unmistakably clear: the epidemiological transition is not a distant forecast; it is already unfolding. What is now urgently required is a coordinated national response that integrates culturally tailored prevention, evidence-based clinical care, and sustained investment in Indigenous health infrastructure. Anything less risks deepening historical inequities and failing a population that can no longer wait.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>
            <italic>Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Associated Factors in Indigenous Treated at a Specialized Outpatient Clinic in Southern Brazil</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
