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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d3RXt5v7kk9vzL3c3V7Gqym</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250553</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250553</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es de RNA Funcional na Medicina de Precis&#227;o Cardiovascular: Avan&#231;os e Perspectivas Diagn&#243;sticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - C&#226;mpus de Botucatu - Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Mariana Gatto</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; C&#226;mpus de Botucatu &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Internal Medicine &#8211; Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mariana.gatto@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>09</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250553</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, avan&#231;os em ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas t&#234;m revolucionado a pesquisa biom&#233;dica especialmente no que tange &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o e compreens&#227;o de diversas doen&#231;as. Tecnologias de alta precis&#227;o, como o sequenciamento de &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o (<italic>Next-Generation Sequencing</italic>, NGS), aliadas &#224;s plataformas de bioinform&#225;tica possibilitaram an&#225;lise detalhada de perfis gen&#233;ticos e transcript&#244;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esse progresso viabilizou a detec&#231;&#227;o de variantes gen&#233;ticas, assinaturas moleculares e padr&#245;es de express&#227;o g&#234;nica que permitem refinar o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as complexas e identificar novos alvos terap&#234;uticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentre as tecnologias, destaca-se a RNA-Seq, uma aplica&#231;&#227;o do NGS voltada ao sequenciamento e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de transcritos de RNA. Os transcritos podem ser classificados em RNAs codificantes, como os RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs), que direcionam a s&#237;ntese proteica, e RNAs n&#227;o codificantes, como os long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) e os microRNAs (miRNAs), que desempenham pap&#233;is regulat&#243;rios na express&#227;o g&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os lncRNAs modulam a atividade transcripcional, epigen&#233;tica e p&#243;s-transcricional de genes-alvo, enquanto os miRNAs em geral promovem a degrada&#231;&#227;o de mRNAs ou inibem sua tradu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise da express&#227;o de RNAs e de suas intera&#231;&#245;es moleculares tem expandido o entendimento de redes de regula&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica, com aplica&#231;&#245;es promissoras na oncologia e em doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O fen&#244;meno do fluxo coronariano lento &#233; caracterizado por retardo na perfus&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias distais na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora a fisiopatologia do fen&#244;meno n&#227;o esteja completamente elucidada, evid&#234;ncias apontam para a contribui&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco como g&#234;nero masculino, tabagismo, obesidade, altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos em biopsias mioc&#225;rdicas t&#234;m mostrado doen&#231;a microvascular e aumento do tono vasomotor coronariano em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Clinicamente, indiv&#237;duos com fluxo coronariano lento podem apresentar angina em repouso ou durante esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, arritmias e outros eventos cardiovasculares que comprometem a qualidade de vida e o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> T&#233;cnicas baseadas em sequenciamento g&#234;nico representam estrat&#233;gia promissora para a descoberta de biomarcadores moleculares associados ao fluxo coronariano lento, que podem contribuir para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, estudos mostraram desregula&#231;&#227;o de RNAs n&#227;o codificantes em pacientes com fluxo coronariano lento. Altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o de lncRNAs como ANRIL, associado a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via inflamat&#243;ria NF-&#954;B, e repress&#227;o de MALAT1 e LINC00305, ligados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, foram observadas em c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos ABC, Jiang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> identificaram por RNA-Seq 854 lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos em c&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico de pacientes com fluxo coronariano lento. A an&#225;lise de enriquecimento funcional revelou a participa&#231;&#227;o de vias envolvidas em autofagia, degrada&#231;&#227;o proteassomal e inflama&#231;&#227;o, incluindo os receptores NOD-like, TNF, toll-like e NF-&#954;B. Complementarmente, Zhu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mostraram que sICAM-1, miR-148b-3p e NEAT1 atuam como preditores moleculares neste fen&#244;meno. O lncRNA NEAT1, ao ligar-se ao miR-148b-3p, impede sua fun&#231;&#227;o reguladora sobre ICAM-1, aumentando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais &#8212; um mecanismo potencialmente associado a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular.</p>
    <p>Diante do cen&#225;rio emergente da medicina de precis&#227;o, a integra&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias como RNA-Seq e an&#225;lise bioinform&#225;tica tem se mostrado fundamental para o entendimento de fen&#244;menos cardiovasculares complexas como o fluxo coronariano lento. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de redes regulat&#243;rias envolvendo lncRNAs e miRNAs oferece nova perspectiva para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e o desenvolvimento de terapias direcionadas, fortalecendo o papel de biomarcadores moleculares como pilares da investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica contempor&#226;nea.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>
          <italic>An&#225;lise Transcript&#244;mica por Sequenciamento de Alto Rendimento da Express&#227;o de lncRNAs e mRNAs em Pacientes com Fluxo Lento Coron&#225;rio</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250553i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Functional RNA Applications in Cardiovascular Precision Medicine: Advances and Diagnostic Perspectives</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - C&#226;mpus de Botucatu - Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Mariana Gatto</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; C&#226;mpus de Botucatu &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Internal Medicine &#8211; Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mariana.gatto@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In recent years, advancements in diagnostic tools have revolutionized biomedical research, particularly in the identification and understanding of various diseases. High-precision technologies such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), coupled with bioinformatics platforms, have enabled detailed analyses of genetic and transcriptomic profiles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This progress has facilitated the detection of genetic variants, molecular signatures, and gene expression patterns, thereby refining the diagnosis of complex diseases and unveiling novel therapeutic targets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among these technologies, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) &#8212;an NGS-based approach for sequencing and quantifying RNA transcripts&#8212;has emerged as a key tool. Transcripts can be classified into coding RNAs, such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that guide protein synthesis, and non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which play regulatory roles in gene expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>LncRNAs modulate transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional activity of target genes, whereas miRNAs generally promote mRNA degradation or inhibit translation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The analysis of RNA expression and molecular interactions has broadened our understanding of gene regulatory networks, with promising applications in oncology, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The coronary slow flow phenomenon is characterized by delayed perfusion of distal coronary arteries in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although its pathophysiology is not yet fully elucidated, evidence suggests contributions from risk factors such as male sex, smoking, obesity, metabolic alterations, and systemic inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Studies on myocardial biopsies have demonstrated microvascular disease and increased resting coronary vasomotor tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Clinically, individuals with coronary slow flow may present with resting or exertional angina, arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular events that impair quality of life and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Gene sequencing&#8211;based techniques represent a promising strategy for the discovery of molecular biomarkers associated with coronary slow flow, potentially enabling early diagnosis and risk stratification.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have reported dysregulation of non-coding RNAs in patients with coronary slow flow. Altered expression of lncRNAs such as ANRIL, associated with activation of the NF-&#954;B inflammatory pathway, and downregulation of MALAT1 and LINC00305, linked to endothelial dysfunction, have been observed in blood cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC)</italic>, Jiang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> identified, via RNA-Seq, 854 differentially expressed lncRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with coronary slow flow. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of pathways related to autophagy, proteasomal degradation, and inflammation&#8212;including NOD-like receptors, TNF, toll-like receptors, and NF-&#954;B. Complementarily, Zhu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated that sICAM-1, miR-148b-3p, and NEAT1 act as molecular predictors in this phenomenon. The lncRNA NEAT1, by binding to miR-148b-3p, inhibits its regulatory function on ICAM-1, promoting endothelial cell proliferation&#8212;a mechanism potentially associated with microvascular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In the emerging landscape of precision medicine, the integration of technologies such as RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis has proven fundamental to understanding complex cardiovascular phenomena such as coronary slow flow. The identification of regulatory networks involving lncRNAs and miRNAs offers a new perspective for early diagnosis and the development of targeted therapies, reinforcing the role of molecular biomarkers as cornerstones of contemporary clinical investigation.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>
            <italic>Transcriptome High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of lncRNA and mRNA Expression in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
