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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XJkBL7twgfZbCdbtFW3Pfsz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250544</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">abc.20250544</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar no Pr&#233; e P&#243;s-COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4759-9594</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Fit Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fit Center, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas Teixeira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Medicina Cl&#237;nica &#8211; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jacaldas_@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250544</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de P&#243;s-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), que come&#231;ou em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, prov&#237;ncia de Hubei, China, rapidamente se tornou uma pandemia, afetando mais de 600 milh&#245;es de pessoas, resultando em mais de 6 milh&#245;es de mortes. A COVID-19 tem sido associada a mortalidade e morbidade significativas, incluindo sequelas pulmonares e card&#237;acas adversas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sabe-se que os sintomas da COVID-19 persistem al&#233;m da fase aguda, levando a sequelas p&#243;s-agudas, conhecidas como S&#237;ndrome da COVID Longa, que duram mais de 60 dias ou indefinidamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora os mecanismos precisos n&#227;o estejam totalmente esclarecidos, ela est&#225; associada a v&#225;rios sintomas, sendo a fadiga e a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio os mais prevalentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) &#233; a ferramenta padr&#227;o-ouro para identificar as causas da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos que utilizaram o TCPE para avaliar o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-COVID-19 detalharam diversas altera&#231;&#245;es, como redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, anaerobiose precoce e diversas altera&#231;&#245;es na ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. No entanto, esses estudos, embora limitados em n&#250;mero, geralmente inclu&#237;ram pacientes hospitalizados por formas moderadas a graves da doen&#231;a. Identificaram redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional relacionada principalmente a fatores perif&#233;ricos (extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio) e nem sempre a uma limita&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria ou card&#237;aca, desde que n&#227;o houvesse sequelas evidentes desses sistemas (p. ex., fibrose pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-miocardite).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No pico da pandemia, diversas diretrizes foram emitidas para avaliar o retorno dos atletas &#224; pr&#225;tica esportiva, incluindo o TCPE nesse fluxo, inclusive com produ&#231;&#245;es nacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica e/ou exerc&#237;cios, com consequente melhora do condicionamento f&#237;sico, t&#234;m sido citados como protetores contra as formas mais graves da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-COVID-19, at&#233; o momento, houve apenas um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos que realizaram um TCPE pr&#233; e p&#243;s-COVID-19 em indiv&#237;duos mais ativos. O estudo de Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ajuda a preencher essa lacuna.</p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> teve como objetivo comparar os achados metab&#243;licos e ventilat&#243;rios de um TCPE realizado antes e depois da COVID-19 em indiv&#237;duos altamente ativos (IAA). Este foi um estudo transversal com an&#225;lise ex post facto dos dados do TCPE em indiv&#237;duos maiores de 18 anos, considerados altamente ativos fisicamente pela escala de Saltin-Grimby, que realizaram TCPE anteriormente e foram reavaliados ap&#243;s a COVID-19 antes de retomar o treinamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores reconhecem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a inclus&#227;o apenas de casos leves de COVID-19, a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle, a combina&#231;&#227;o do uso de diferentes erg&#244;metros (cicloerg&#244;metro vs. esteira), a aus&#234;ncia de an&#225;lises espec&#237;ficas por sexo e o envolvimento de IAA, mas n&#227;o de atletas de elite. No entanto, eles descrevem resultados que levantam pontos de an&#225;lise interessantes a serem considerados.</p>
    <p>Os autores observaram que n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas, mas apareceram altera&#231;&#245;es em alguns par&#226;metros do TCPE. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2) no Limiar Ventilat&#243;rio 2 (LV1) e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO2 de pico) foram reduzidos. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o no VO2 de pico p&#243;s-COVID-19 ficou abaixo do limite de &#8722;13% para signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica; no entanto, 14% da amostra apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nessa vari&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, apenas a raz&#227;o de pico entre ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto e produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO2) aumentou significativamente, sem outras diferen&#231;as observadas. O pico delta da rela&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 e da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria no Limiar Ventilat&#243;rio 2 (LV2) diminuiu ligeiramente ap&#243;s a COVID-19, mas essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o tiveram significado cl&#237;nico ou biol&#243;gico. N&#227;o puderam ser claramente atribu&#237;das aos efeitos p&#243;s-COVID-19 ou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na carga de treinamento durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> revelou pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es no pico de VO2 e LV2, e um ligeiro aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o pico de VE/VCO2. Embora estatisticamente significativas, essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram conclusivas em rela&#231;&#227;o a dist&#250;rbios cardiopulmonares graves, pois estavam abaixo dos limites de diferen&#231;a cr&#237;tica, sugerindo que podem n&#227;o ser diretamente atribu&#237;veis a altera&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares causadas pela COVID-19.</p>
    <p>Outros autores relataram resultados semelhantes, como &#346;li&#380; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Parpa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mas os dados contradizem D&#8217;Isabel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas tanto no pico de VO2 quanto no VO2 no VT1 ap&#243;s COVID-19.</p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> fornece insights adicionais com uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de participantes do sexo feminino (27,9% vs. 12,2%) e um intervalo menor entre COVID-19 e TCPE, enriquecendo a compreens&#227;o do impacto da COVID-19 na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar.</p>
    <p>O estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> acrescenta outra fonte de an&#225;lise usando TCPE antes e depois da COVID-19, demonstrando a resili&#234;ncia do corpo humano a esta doen&#231;a, particularmente em uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente ativa, destacando o potencial efeito protetor de um estilo de vida ativo contra as graves repercuss&#245;es da COVID-19, que, apesar das cepas menos agressivas, continua a circular em nosso meio ambiente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>MInieditorial referente ao atigo:</label>
        <p>
          <italic>Resili&#234;ncia Cardiopulmonar em Indiv&#237;duos Altamente Ativos: An&#225;lise de Testes de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar Pr&#233; e P&#243;s-Covid-19</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250544i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Pre- and Post-COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4759-9594</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fit Center, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas Teixeira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Medicina Cl&#237;nica &#8211; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jacaldas_@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic that began in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, quickly became a pandemic affecting over 600 million people, resulting in over 6 million deaths. COVID-19 has been associated with significant mortality and morbidity, including adverse pulmonary and cardiac sequelae.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is known that COVID-19 symptoms persist beyond the acute phase, leading to post-acute sequelae, known as Long COVID Syndrome, which lasts for more than 60 days or indefinitely.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although the precise mechanisms are not fully elucidated, it is associated with various symptoms, with fatigue and exercise intolerance being the most prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the gold standard tool for identifying the causes of exercise intolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Studies that have used CPET to evaluate post-COVID-19 have detailed various changes, such as reduced functional capacity, early anaerobiosis, and various pulmonary ventilation alterations. However, these studies, although limited in number, were generally in patients who were hospitalized for moderate to severe forms of the disease. They identified reduced functional capacity mainly related to peripheral factors (oxygen extraction) and not always to a respiratory or cardiac limitation, provided there were no clear sequelae from these systems (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis, post-myocarditis dysfunction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At the peak of the pandemic, various guidelines were issued for evaluating athletes returning to sports practice, including CPET in this flow, including national productions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Regular physical activity and/or exercise, with consequent improved physical fitness, have been cited as protection against the more severe forms of COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, in this pre- and post-COVID-19 evaluation, to date, there have been only a limited number of studies that have conducted a CPET pre- and post-COVID-19 in more active individuals. The study by Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> helps to fill this gap.</p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> aimed to compare the metabolic and ventilatory findings of a CPET performed before and after COVID-19 in highly active individuals (HAI). This was a cross-sectional study with an ex post facto analysis of CPET data in individuals over 18 years old, considered highly physically active according to the Saltin-Grimby scale, who had a previous CPET and were reassessed post-COVID-19 before resuming training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors acknowledge some limitations, such as including only mild cases of COVID-19, the absence of a control group, mixing the use of different ergometers (cycle ergometer vs. treadmill), the absence of specific sex analyses, and involving HAI, but not elite athletes. However, they describe findings that raise interesting analysis points to be considered.</p>
      <p>The authors observed that there were no significant changes in the spirometry variables, but alterations appeared in some CPET parameters. The oxygen consumption (VO2) at Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT1) and peak oxygen consumption (Peak VO2) were reduced. This reduction in peak VO2 post-COVID-19 was below the &#8722;13% limit for clinical significance; however, 14% of the sample had a significant reduction in this variable.</p>
      <p>Regarding variables related to ventilatory efficiency, only the peak ratio of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) significantly increased, without any other differences noted. The delta peak of the VE/VCO2 ratio and respiratory rate at Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2) decreased slightly after COVID-19, but these changes lacked clinical or biological significance. They could not be clearly attributed to post-COVID-19 effects or to a decrease in training load during recovery.</p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> revealed small changes in peak VO2 and VT2, and a slight increase in the peak VE/VCO2 ratio. Although statistically significant, these changes were not conclusive regarding major cardiopulmonary disturbances, as they were below critical difference thresholds, suggesting that they may not be directly attributable to cardiopulmonary changes caused by COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Other authors have reported similar findings, such as &#346;li&#380; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Csulak et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> but the data contradicted D&#8217;Isabel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> who found significant alterations in both Peak VO2 and VO2 at VT1 after COVID-19.</p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> provides additional insights with a higher proportion of female participants (27.9% vs. 12.2%) and a shorter interval between COVID-19 and CPET, enriching the understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on cardiopulmonary function.</p>
      <p>The study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> adds another source of analysis using CPET before and after COVID-19, demonstrating the resilience of the human body to this disease, particularly in a highly active population, highlighting the potential protective effect of an active lifestyle against the severe repercussions of COVID-19, which, despite the less aggressive strains, continues to circulate in our environment.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>
            <italic>Cardiopulmonary Resilience in Highly Active Individuals: Pre&#8211;Post COVID-19 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Analysis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
