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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Pnv4DmNg8LQ4q494jp4rtBc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250530</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250530</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Import&#226;ncia da Identifica&#231;&#227;o dos Fen&#243;tipos na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Resistente do Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Resistente do Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual "FMO", S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Rui P&#243;voa</bold> &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. CEP <postal-code>04026-000</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo SP - Brasil E-mail <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>09</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250530</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fen&#243;tipo</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos envolve a compreens&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) com a sa&#250;de de forma global, e isto implica a correta medi&#231;&#227;o, seguindo os crit&#233;rios preconizados nas diretrizes, para encontrar o verdadeiro significado da medida no consult&#243;rio e fora dele. Dentro deste espectro hipertensivo, com as medidas em momentos vari&#225;veis, conseguimos definir diversos fen&#243;tipos hipertensivos e a sua import&#226;ncia no risco cardiovascular. Estes conhecimentos foram se acumulando ao longo do tempo, e lapidados cada vez mais com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento m&#233;dico e tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>A primeira medida experimental da PA foi feita no ano de 1711 por Stephen Halles utilizando uma c&#226;nula na art&#233;ria crural de um cavalo e conectando-a a um tubo de vidro que elevou o sangue a dois metros e meio acima da altura do animal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) s&#243; foi clinicamente valorizada em 1896 com a inven&#231;&#227;o do primeiro esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio pelo italiano Scipione Riva-Rocci, utilizando um manguito de 4,4 cm de largura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 1905, um cirurgi&#227;o do ex&#233;rcito russo Nikolai Sergeyevich Korotkov desenvolveu o m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio da medida indireta da PA, descrevendo os ru&#237;dos auscultat&#243;rios da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, t&#233;cnica utilizada ainda atualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 1945 os estudos em Framingham mostraram que a PA no consult&#243;rio &#233; um importante fator de risco para praticamente todas as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, principalmente o acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Foi o momento em que foi valorizada como um dos mais importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Em vista da PA ser uma vari&#225;vel biol&#243;gica e sofrer influ&#234;ncias de diversos fen&#244;menos internos e externos surgiu a d&#250;vida se a simples medida na consulta m&#233;dica tinha uma representatividade semelhante &#224;s medidas durante todo o dia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o fora do consult&#243;rio e no sono refletem o verdadeiro cotidiano press&#243;rico. Na d&#233;cada de 1960, Herbert Kain, Maurice Sokolow e Allen Hinman, desenvolveram equipamentos para medi&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;nuas, e n&#227;o s&#243; restritas ao ambiente m&#233;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) &#233; um m&#233;todo que registra a PA durante 24 horas, enquanto o paciente realiza suas atividades di&#225;rias, permitindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa das varia&#231;&#245;es da PA, incluindo as medidas durante o sono. A medida residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) &#233; outra op&#231;&#227;o para a medida fora do consult&#243;rio com vantagens e desvantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o a MAPA, por&#233;m mais fact&#237;vel em popula&#231;&#245;es carentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Da mesma forma que a medida de consult&#243;rio &#233; um importante fator de risco, a medida fora do consult&#243;rio se correlacionou de forma ainda mais intensa com o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A medida de consult&#243;rio e fora dele permitiu a defini&#231;&#227;o de diversos outros fen&#243;tipos da HA, dependendo do uso ou n&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, com caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias e riscos peculiares. Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento sobre a HA ao longo de mais de cem anos se verificou que a simples medida, que ainda &#233; uma rotina na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, n&#227;o explicava o amplo espectro da doen&#231;a hipertensiva. A avalia&#231;&#227;o fora do consult&#243;rio complementa algumas lacunas no imenso complexo multifatorial da hipertens&#227;o. Com a descri&#231;&#227;o e defini&#231;&#227;o destes novos conceitos sobre os diversos fen&#243;tipos, podemos entender e quantificar o risco cardiovascular da hipertens&#227;o do avental, do efeito do avental branco, da hipertens&#227;o mascarada e tantos outros fen&#243;tipos. Entretanto a preval&#234;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es especificas ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecida e motivo de pesquisas epidemiol&#243;gicas, principalmente no Brasil.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Barbosa et al., avaliou quatro fen&#243;tipos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e pela primeira vez a quantifica&#231;&#227;o pelo sexo. Os resultados foram interessantes pois as mulheres apresentam um melhor controle da HA. Tinham uma maior expressividade da hipertens&#227;o controlada e hipertens&#227;o do avental branco n&#227;o controlada, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens. O sexo masculino apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o sustentada n&#227;o controlada e hipertens&#227;o mascarada n&#227;o controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo utilizado no estudo foi a MRPA que diagnostica de forma similar a MAPA os diversos fen&#243;tipos da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ambos os m&#233;todos apresentam valor similar em prever eventos cardiovasculares, principalmente na hipertens&#227;o mascarada e na hipertens&#227;o mascarada n&#227;o controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo de Barbosa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o controle press&#243;rico, no consult&#243;rio e domiciliar, foi de 40,3%. N&#250;meros que levantam uma bandeira vermelha e refletem a realidade brasileira. Este alerta que o estudo exp&#245;e pode servir para uma conscientiza&#231;&#227;o maior dos sistemas de sa&#250;de, e da necessidade de mais campanhas na popula&#231;&#227;o, da import&#226;ncia do tratamento correto e controle desta doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica de alta preval&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o destes fen&#243;tipos ajuda na abordagem terap&#234;utica mais individualizada maximizando a a&#231;&#227;o para atingir as metas e minimizando do risco ao paciente.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento da HA evoluiu bastante desde a primeira medida de Riva-Rocci, e no caminho desta estrada os conceitos se aprimoraram ainda mais com a medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias e a precis&#227;o das medidas com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica. Felizmente n&#227;o existe o ponto final nesta estrada e a p&#225;gina da hist&#243;ria da hipertens&#227;o &#233; apenas um simples rabisco com um mar imenso de folhas em branco a serem escritas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>
          <italic>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Fen&#243;tipos de Hipertens&#227;o entre os Sexos: Um Estudo de Vida Real com 7.852 Pacientes em Tratamento</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250530i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Importance of Identifying Phenotypes in Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Resistente do Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual "FMO", S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Rui P&#243;voa</bold> &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. Postal Code <postal-code>04026-000</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo SP - Brazil E-mail <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Phenotype</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Assessing blood pressure (BP) levels involves understanding the relationship between BP and overall health. This requires accurate measurement, following the criteria recommended in the guidelines, to determine the true meaning of the measurement in the office and beyond. Within this hypertensive spectrum, with measurements at varying times, we can define various hypertensive phenotypes and their significance for cardiovascular risk. This knowledge has accumulated over time and has been increasingly refined with the advancement of medical and technological knowledge.</p>
      <p>The first experimental measurement of BP was made in 1711 by Stephen Halles using a cannula in the crural artery of a horse and connecting it to a glass tube that raised the blood two and a half meters above the height of the animal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, arterial hypertension was only clinically valued in 1896 with the invention of the first mercury column sphygmomanometer by the Italian Scipione Riva-Rocci, using a 4.4 cm wide cuff.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 1905, a Russian army surgeon, Nikolai Sergeyevich Korotkov, developed the auscultatory method of indirect BP measurement, describing the auscultatory sounds of systolic and diastolic BP, a technique still used today.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 1945, studies in Framingham showed that office BP is an important risk factor for virtually all cardiovascular diseases, particularly stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This was the time when it was recognized as one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>Because BP is a biological variable and is influenced by various internal and external phenomena, the question arose whether simple measurements taken during a doctor's appointment were as representative as measurements taken throughout the day. Out-of-office and sleep measurements reflect true daily BP. In the 1960s, Herbert Kain, Maurice Sokolow, and Allen Hinman developed equipment for continuous measurements, not limited to the medical setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is a method that records BP over 24 hours while the patient carries out daily activities, allowing for a more accurate assessment of BP variations, including measurements taken during sleep. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is another out-of-office measurement option with advantages and disadvantages compared to ABPM, but it is more feasible in underserved populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Just as office measurement is an important risk factor, out-of-office measurement correlated even more strongly with cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In-office and out-of-office measurements have allowed the definition of several other phenotypes of hypertension, depending on the use or non-use of antihypertensive drugs, each with its own characteristics and unique risks. As knowledge about hypertension has evolved over more than a hundred years, it has become clear that simple measurements, still routine in medical practice, do not explain the broad spectrum of hypertensive disease. Out-of-office assessment fills some gaps in the immense multifactorial complex of hypertension. By describing and defining these new concepts about the various phenotypes, we can understand and quantify the cardiovascular risk of white coat hypertension, the white coat effect, masked hypertension, and many other phenotypes. However, the prevalence and distribution in specific populations are still not fully known and are the subject of epidemiological research, particularly in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The study by Eibel et al. evaluated four phenotypes in the Brazilian population and, for the first time, quantified them by sex. The results were interesting because women had better hypertension control. They had a greater prevalence of controlled hypertension and uncontrolled white-coat hypertension than men. Men had a higher frequency of uncontrolled sustained hypertension and uncontrolled masked hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The method used in the study was HBPM, which diagnoses the various hypertension phenotypes in a similar way to ABPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Both methods have similar value in predicting cardiovascular events, especially in masked hypertension and uncontrolled masked hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this study by Eibel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> BP control, both in the office and at home, was 40.3%. These figures raise a red flag and reflect the Brazilian reality. This warning presented by the study can serve to raise awareness within healthcare systems and the need for more public campaigns on the importance of appropriate treatment and control of this highly prevalent chronic disease. Furthermore, identifying these phenotypes helps in a more individualized therapeutic approach, maximizing action to achieve goals and minimizing patient risk.</p>
      <p>Knowledge of hypertension has evolved significantly since Riva-Rocci's first measurement, and along the way, concepts have been further refined by evidence-based medicine and the precision of measurements through the incorporation of technology. Fortunately, there is no end to this journey, and the history of hypertension is just a simple scribble with a vast sea of blank pages yet to be written.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>
            <italic>Identification of Hypertension Phenotypes by Sex: A Real-World Study of 7,852 Treated Patients</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
