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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">L3bdczSPcmFvpF7HcrpHjDv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250324</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratando N&#250;meros ou Pacientes? Repensando a Hipertens&#227;o Supina em Adultos Hospitalizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7651-3799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Cassiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar da Santa Casa de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Nora Teixeira</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">ICU</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ICU &#8211; Hospital Nora Teixeira &#8211; Complexo Hospitalar da Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">ICU</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ICU &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Cassiano Teixeira</bold> &#8226; Rua Faria Santos, 395/1101. CEP 90670-150, Petr&#243;polis, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cassiano.rush@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>09</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250324</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O monitoramento da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em ambiente hospitalar frequentemente leva &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de leituras elevadas isoladas, particularmente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina durante verifica&#231;&#245;es noturnas. No entanto, evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que esses valores hipertensivos transit&#243;rios &#8211; frequentemente denominados "hipertens&#227;o supina" &#8211; podem n&#227;o justificar interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica na aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o aguda em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Este artigo de opini&#227;o argumenta contra o tratamento reflexivo da hipertens&#227;o supina em pacientes hospitalizados e destaca os riscos associados ao manejo agressivo. O monitoramento excessivo e a falta de interpreta&#231;&#227;o contextual das flutua&#231;&#245;es da PA podem expor os pacientes a danos desnecess&#225;rios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>S&#227;o 2 da manh&#227; e uma enfermeira registra uma PA de 178/96 mmHg em um paciente deitado tranquilamente na cama. Sem sintomas. Sem sinais de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Mesmo assim, o dado &#233; sinalizado, um m&#233;dico &#233; chamado e, em poucas horas, um anti-hipertensivo &#233; prescrito. Parece familiar?</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Em hospitais modernos, onde o monitoramento cont&#237;nuo &#233; rotineiro e os alertas s&#227;o automatizados, esse cen&#225;rio &#233; cada vez mais comum. No entanto, faz sentido tratar uma leitura isolada da PA em dec&#250;bito dorsal em um paciente sem queixas cardiovasculares e sem urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva? Evid&#234;ncias sugerem n&#227;o apenas que isso pode ser desnecess&#225;rio, mas tamb&#233;m prejudicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Pacientes hospitalizados frequentemente s&#227;o submetidos &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em hor&#225;rios e posi&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o refletem suas normas fisiol&#243;gicas. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica hist&#243;rica descobriu que 50% a 70% dos pacientes internados apresentam pelo menos uma medi&#231;&#227;o elevada da PA (&gt; 140/90 mmHg) durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas leituras geralmente ocorrem durante as horas noturnas, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e s&#227;o influenciadas por estresse, dor, ansiedade ou at&#233; mesmo reten&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria. De fato, estudos mostram que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina pode ser at&#233; 8 mmHg maior do que na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa disparidade alimentou uma epidemia silenciosa: o tratamento excessivo da hipertens&#227;o transit&#243;ria em pacientes internados. A depend&#234;ncia de limiares automatizados em vez do julgamento cl&#237;nico pode levar os m&#233;dicos a agirem de forma reflexiva. No entanto, nem todos os n&#250;meros precisam ser perseguidos. Tratar eleva&#231;&#245;es da PA em hospitais como se fossem diagn&#243;sticos ambulatoriais corre o risco de medicalizar as flutua&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a intensifica&#231;&#227;o da terapia anti-hipertensiva em pacientes sem evid&#234;ncias de danos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo n&#227;o melhora os resultados a longo prazo e pode, de fato, levar a danos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Relataram que pacientes internados cujos regimes foram intensificados durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram melhor controle da PA um ano depois. Pior ainda, eles apresentaram maiores taxas de les&#227;o renal aguda, s&#237;ncope e transfer&#234;ncias n&#227;o planejadas para a UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A justificativa fisiol&#243;gica &#233; simples. Muitos pacientes hospitalizados &#8212; especialmente idosos e fr&#225;geis &#8212; apresentam respostas auton&#244;micas prejudicadas. A redu&#231;&#227;o abrupta da PA, particularmente &#224; noite, pode inclinar a balan&#231;a para hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral, quedas ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A hipercorre&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica da hipertens&#227;o supina assintom&#225;tica, neste contexto, n&#227;o &#233; apenas desnecess&#225;ria &#8212; pode ser perigosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Antes de iniciar o tratamento para hipertens&#227;o em dec&#250;bito dorsal, se deve descartar a hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum, por&#233;m subdiagnosticada, em pacientes hospitalizados. A hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica &#233; definida como uma queda sustentada da PA sist&#243;lica &#8805; 20 mmHg ou da PA diast&#243;lica &#8805; 10 mmHg em at&#233; tr&#234;s minutos ap&#243;s a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O tratamento da PA supina sem avaliar os valores em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica pode mascarar essa vulnerabilidade subjacente. Em pacientes com hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica neurog&#234;nica, o tratamento agressivo da hipertens&#227;o em dec&#250;bito dorsal pode exacerbar a hipotens&#227;o diurna e provocar s&#237;ncope ou quedas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A eleva&#231;&#227;o da cabeceira da cama, refei&#231;&#245;es pequenas e frequentes e hor&#225;rios de medica&#231;&#227;o noturnos costumam ser mais apropriados do que anti-hipertensivos padr&#227;o nesses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A obsess&#227;o por n&#250;meros em detrimento do contexto est&#225; no cerne desta quest&#227;o. As leituras da PA devem ser interpretadas no contexto cl&#237;nico em que foram obtidas. Foram aferidas durante dor? Durante ansiedade? &#192; noite, em um quarto escuro com atividade m&#237;nima? O paciente estava com a bexiga cheia? Todos esses fatores podem elevar temporariamente a PA. Al&#233;m disso, diferentemente do tratamento ambulatorial, em que a eleva&#231;&#227;o consistente em m&#250;ltiplas leituras &#233; necess&#225;ria para definir hipertens&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico em regime de interna&#231;&#227;o frequentemente depende de um ou dois valores fora do contexto. Essa pr&#225;tica contradiz as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes atuais, que enfatizam a interpreta&#231;&#227;o e o acompanhamento cautelosos em vez do tratamento impulsivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Existem, &#233; claro, situa&#231;&#245;es em que a PA elevada em pacientes hospitalizados deve ser abordada. A presen&#231;a de emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas &#8211; como acidente vascular cerebral agudo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#8211; justifica tratamento farmacol&#243;gico imediato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, pacientes com hipertens&#227;o sabidamente mal controlada e PA persistentemente elevada durante a admiss&#227;o podem se beneficiar de ajustes em seu regime cr&#244;nico. No entanto, na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas ou danos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, a hipertens&#227;o isolada em posi&#231;&#227;o supina em pacientes internados por condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares raramente justifica agentes anti-hipertensivos intravenosos ou mesmo escalonamento da dose oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A estrat&#233;gia de tratamento apropriada para a maioria dos casos de hipertens&#227;o em posi&#231;&#227;o supina em pacientes internados &#233; reconhecer a eleva&#231;&#227;o, documentar a aus&#234;ncia de danos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e planejar o acompanhamento ambulatorial. Se a hipertens&#227;o for persistente em diferentes momentos e posi&#231;&#245;es corporais, o monitoramento ambulatorial ou domiciliar da PA ap&#243;s a alta pode orientar as decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas a longo prazo. Esfor&#231;os para intensificar a terapia em ambiente hospitalar frequentemente levam &#224; alta dos pacientes com regimes desnecessariamente complexos. Esses regimes s&#227;o frequentemente modificados ou descontinuados em poucas semanas, destacando a inefic&#225;cia e a instabilidade de tais decis&#245;es quando tomadas durante doen&#231;as agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o em dec&#250;bito dorsal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve desencadear um reflexo autom&#225;tico de prescri&#231;&#227;o. Em vez disso, os m&#233;dicos devem recuar, considerar a postura, o contexto e a fisiologia subjacente e se perguntar: "O que estou realmente tratando?". O controle agressivo da PA em pacientes internados, particularmente em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos sem les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, pode criar mais problemas do que solu&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Devemos parar de deixar que as m&#225;quinas ditem nossas decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas e come&#231;ar a resgatar nosso julgamento cl&#237;nico. Afinal, nem todo n&#250;mero exige uma interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; e, &#224;s vezes, o melhor tratamento &#233; simplesmente esperar.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Tabela 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Resumo dos principais estudos sobre o manejo da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes internados</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup width="20%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo<break/> (Autor, Ano)</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Jornal</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Desenho do Estudo</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Descoberta principal</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Tamanho do efeito / valor p</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jordan e Biaggioni, 2002<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">J Clin Hipertens. 2002;4(5):349&#8211;353</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Revis&#227;o narrativa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">A hipertens&#227;o supina pode piorar a OH; abordagem conservadora &#233; preferida</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Axon et al., 2011<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">J Hosp Med. 2011;6(7):417&#8211;422</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o transit&#243;ria em hospital (50&#8211;70%)</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Pikilidou et al., 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertens Res. 2010; 33(10):995&#8211;999</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Observacional</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o reduziu a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica diurna em compara&#231;&#227;o com as medidas ambulatoriais.</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">PAS m&#233;dia<break/> &#8595; 5 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rastogi et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">JAMA Estagi&#225;rio Med. 2021;181(3):373&#8211;381</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte observacional</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhum benef&#237;cio no controle a longo prazo; &#8593; Transfer&#234;ncias de IRA e UTI</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">OU 1,34 para dano,<break/> p &lt; 0,001</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Anderson et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(7):715-23</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Mais eventos adversos em idosos tratados intensivamente</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">HR 1,52 para IRA,<break/> p &lt; 0,05</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Anderson et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">JAMA Estagi&#225;rio Med. 2023;183(7):715&#8211;723</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o intensiva da PA em pacientes internados associada &#224; mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">OU 1,26 para dano,<break/> p = 0,01</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Malhotra et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o. 2023;80(6):1256&#8211;1263</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o supina associada a<break/> &#8593; eventos cardiovasculares</td>
            <td align="center" valign="middle">HR 2,09, IC 95%: 1,18&#8211;3,68</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>IRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; HTA: hipertens&#227;o; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; OH: hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para corre&#231;&#227;o e ajustes gramaticais. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250324i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treating Numbers or Patients? Rethinking Supine Hypertension in Hospitalized Adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7651-3799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Cassiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ICU &#8211; Hospital Nora Teixeira &#8211; Complexo Hospitalar da Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ICU &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Cassiano Teixeira</bold> &#8226; Rua Faria Santos, 395/1101. Postal Code 90670-150, Petr&#243;polis, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>cassiano.rush@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>In-hospital blood pressure (BP) monitoring often leads to the detection of isolated elevated readings, particularly in the supine position during nighttime checks. However, growing evidence suggests that these transient hypertensive values - frequently labeled as "supine hypertension" - may not warrant pharmacologic intervention in the absence of acute end-organ damage. This opinion piece argues against the reflexive treatment of supine hypertension in hospitalized patients and highlights the risks associated with aggressive management. Excessive monitoring and the lack of contextual interpretation of BP fluctuations may expose patients to unnecessary harm.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>It's 2 a.m., and a nurse notes a BP of 178/96 mmHg in a patient lying quietly in bed. No symptoms. No signs of end-organ damage. Yet the chart gets flagged, a physician is paged, and within hours, an antihypertensive is prescribed. Sound familiar?</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>In modern hospitals, where continuous monitoring is routine and alerts are automated, this scenario is increasingly common. Nevertheless, does it make sense to treat an isolated supine blood pressure (BP) reading in a patient with no cardiovascular complaint and no hypertensive urgency? Evidence suggests not only that it may be unnecessary, but that it could be harmful.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Hospitalized patients frequently undergo BP measurement at times and in positions that do not reflect their physiological norms. A landmark systematic review found that 50% to 70% of inpatients experience at least one elevated BP measurement (&gt;140/90 mmHg) during hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These readings often occur during nocturnal hours, in the supine position, and are influenced by stress, pain, anxiety, or even urinary retention. In fact, studies show that systolic pressure in the supine position can be up to 8 mmHg higher than in the seated position.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This disparity has fueled a silent epidemic: the overtreatment of transient inpatient hypertension. The reliance on automated thresholds rather than clinical judgment can push physicians to act reflexively. However, not every number needs to be chased. Treating hospital-based BP elevations as though they were outpatient diagnoses risks medicalizing normal physiological fluctuations.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that intensifying antihypertensive therapy in patients without evidence of end-organ damage does not improve long-term outcomes and may, in fact, lead to harm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Reported that inpatients whose regimens were intensified during hospitalization did not exhibit better BP control one year later. Worse, they had higher rates of acute kidney injury, syncope, and unplanned ICU transfers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The physiological rationale is simple. Many hospitalized patients &#8211; especially the elderly and frail - have impaired autonomic responses. Abrupt BP reduction, particularly at night, may tip the balance toward cerebral hypoperfusion, falls, or myocardial ischemia. Pharmacologic overcorrection of asymptomatic supine hypertension, in this context, is not just unnecessary - it may be dangerous.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Before initiating therapy for supine hypertension, one must rule out orthostatic hypotension - a common yet underdiagnosed condition in hospitalized patients. Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a sustained drop in systolic BP of &#8805;20 mmHg or diastolic BP of &#8805;10 mmHg within three minutes of standing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Treating supine BP without assessing standing values may mask this underlying vulnerability. In patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, aggressive treatment of supine hypertension may exacerbate daytime hypotension and provoke syncope or falls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Head-of-bed elevation, small frequent meals, and nighttime medication timing are often more appropriate than standard antihypertensives in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The obsession with numbers over context is at the core of this issue. BP readings should be interpreted in the clinical setting in which they were obtained. Were they taken during pain? While anxious? At night in a dark room with minimal activity? Did the patient have a full bladder? All these factors can temporarily drive BP up. Moreover, unlike outpatient management, where consistent elevation over multiple readings is necessary to define hypertension, inpatient diagnosis often hinges on one or two out-of-context values. This practice contradicts current guideline recommendations, which emphasize cautious interpretation and follow-up rather than knee-jerk treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There are, of course, situations where elevated BP in hospitalized patients must be addressed. The presence of hypertensive emergencies - such as acute stroke, myocardial infarction, or aortic dissection - warrants prompt pharmacologic treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Similarly, patients with known poorly controlled hypertension and persistently elevated BP during admission may benefit from adjustments to their chronic regimen. However, in the absence of symptoms or end-organ damage, isolated supine hypertension in patients admitted for non-cardiovascular conditions rarely justifies intravenous antihypertensive agents or even oral dose escalation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The appropriate management strategy for most cases of inpatient supine hypertension is to acknowledge the elevation, document the absence of end-organ damage, and plan outpatient follow-up. If hypertension is persistent across different times and body positions, ambulatory or home BP monitoring after discharge can guide long-term therapy decisions. Efforts to ramp up therapy in the inpatient setting often lead to patients being discharged on unnecessarily complex regimens. These regimens are frequently modified or discontinued within weeks, highlighting the inefficacy and instability of such decisions when made during acute illness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Supine hypertension during hospitalization should not trigger an automatic prescribing reflex. Instead, clinicians must step back, consider posture, context, and underlying physiology, and ask themselves: "What am I really treating?" Aggressive inpatient BP control, particularly in asymptomatic patients without end-organ injury, may create more problems than it solves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). We must stop letting machines dictate our medical decisions and start reclaiming our clinical judgment. After all, not every number demands an intervention - and sometimes, the best treatment is simply to wait.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Summary of Key Studies on Inpatient Blood Pressure Management</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Study<break/> (Author, Year)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Journal</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Study Design</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Main Finding</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Effect Size / p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jordan e Biaggioni, 2002<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">J Clin Hypertens. 2002;4(5):349&#8211;353</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Narrative review</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Supine HTN may worsen OH; conservative approach preferred</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Axon et al., 2011<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">J Hosp Med. 2011;6(7):417&#8211;422</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Systematic review</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">High prevalence of transient hypertension in hospital (50&#8211;70%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pikilidou et al., 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertens Res. 2010; 33(10):995&#8211;999</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Observational</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization reduced daytime systolic blood pressure compared with outpatient measurements</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Mean SBP<break/> &#8595; 5 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rastogi et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(3):373&#8211;381</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Observational cohort</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">No benefit in long-term control;<break/> &#8593; AKI and ICU transfers</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">OR 1.34 for harm,<break/> p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anderson et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(7):715-23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">More adverse events in intensively treated older adults</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HR 1.52 for AKI,<break/> p &lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anderson et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(7):715&#8211;723</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Intensive inpatient BP lowering linked to &#8593; mortality and cardiovascular events</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">OR 1.26 for harm,<break/> p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Malhotra et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension. 2023;80(6):1256&#8211;1263</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Supine HTN associated with <break/> &#8593; cardiovascular events</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.18&#8211;3.68</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>AKI: acute kidney injury; HR: hazard ratio; HTN: hypertension; ICU: intensive care unit; OH: orthostatic hypotension; OR: odds ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for grammatical correction and adjustments. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
