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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d6r6dhKdKP3kvMRjh8663DQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250173</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">abc.20250173</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita no Adulto. Modelo para o Seguimento Cl&#237;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2843-2350</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1165-9786</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manso</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gali</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wada</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Tadao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita no Adulto, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fernando Amaral</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto &#8211; Rua Ten. Cat&#227;o Roxo, 3900. CEP <postal-code>14015-010</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ftamaral@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250173</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title/>
      <p>Ap&#243;s uma experi&#234;ncia inicial relatada neste Jornal em 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada publicada em 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> agora h&#225; mais de 1.600 pacientes registrados em nossa cl&#237;nica ambulatorial. Essa experi&#234;ncia adquirida ao longo de dezoito anos nos permitiu enfrentar diversas situa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; din&#226;mica da unidade e aos problemas individuais dos pacientes, as quais acreditamos serem &#250;teis tanto para os respons&#225;veis pelas novas unidades emergentes quanto para as j&#225; estabelecidas. Pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em adultos (CCA) apresentam uma preval&#234;ncia de 4 a 6/1.000 indiv&#237;duos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e a maioria deles apresenta o perfil peculiar de uma doen&#231;a de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, frequentemente iniciada ao nascimento e frequentemente submetida a interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. O Dr. Joseph Perloff, em um artigo marcante de 1973,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> enfatizou que pacientes com CCA jamais seriam curados e que sequelas e res&#237;duos ap&#243;s tratamento invasivo deveriam ser esperados na maioria deles. De fato, ao longo dos anos subsequentes, estudos demonstraram que a incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es residuais &#233; quase uniforme, justificando a vigil&#226;ncia de rotina, exceto para uma minoria de indiv&#237;duos com les&#245;es muito simples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Como a alta &#233; rara, se espera que o n&#250;mero de pacientes aumente progressivamente, o que pode interferir no cuidado adequado. Quatro t&#243;picos parecem ser cruciais para n&#243;s em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seguimento e s&#227;o brevemente relembrados a seguir.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Onde esses pacientes devem ser acompanhados?</title>
        <p>Um artigo not&#225;vel publicado em 2010 mostrou que mais de 90% dos pacientes europeus com CCA n&#227;o eram acompanhados em uma unidade especializada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outros relat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m divulgaram esse tipo de informa&#231;&#227;o e contribu&#237;ram para o necess&#225;rio maior interesse no manejo desses pacientes, embora muito ainda precise ser feito. Idealmente, todos eles deveriam ser atendidos em uma cl&#237;nica para adultos de uma unidade terci&#225;ria multidisciplinar, onde recursos diagn&#243;sticos completos, n&#227;o invasivos e invasivos, estejam dispon&#237;veis e a interven&#231;&#227;o e cirurgia percut&#226;nea sejam realizadas por profissionais com experi&#234;ncia em cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, os chamados centros de n&#237;vel I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cuidados adequados devem estar dispon&#237;veis para tratar gravidez de alto risco, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria, reabilita&#231;&#227;o, bem como quest&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, cuidados paliativos e psicol&#243;gicas. Como se espera que a carga de trabalho aumente progressivamente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), se recomenda que pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita de complexidade leve sejam acompanhados em unidades secund&#225;rias anexas ao centro terci&#225;rio, permitindo que mais tempo seja dedicado aos casos complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A excel&#234;ncia desse modelo de seguimento, no entanto, nem sempre se verifica. Em muitas regi&#245;es de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, a probabilidade de uma unidade especializada dispon&#237;vel &#233; pequena, e a assist&#234;ncia geralmente &#233; fornecida em cl&#237;nicas cardiol&#243;gicas gerais para adultos.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#250;mero de consultas e novos casos durante 18 anos na cl&#237;nica de CCA do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</title>
            <p>INTERVEN&#199;&#195;O: tentativa de reduzir o n&#250;mero de consultas de rotina seguindo decis&#227;o do grupo e sugest&#245;es de diretrizes; COVID: redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de consultas durante a pandemia.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As cl&#237;nicas de extens&#227;o, onde um cardiologista especializado em CCA visita periodicamente uma unidade secund&#225;ria, podem reduzir a carga de trabalho dos centros terci&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Eletrocardiogramas e ecocardiogramas geralmente podem ser obtidos localmente, e investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais, bem como tratamento invasivo, podem ser realizados no centro terci&#225;rio. Embora esse padr&#227;o de assist&#234;ncia pare&#231;a ser uma boa op&#231;&#227;o, faltam estudos relacionados.</p>
        <p>A teleconsulta tem sido utilizada em muitos centros. Embora a intera&#231;&#227;o presencial entre paciente e m&#233;dico seja uma caracter&#237;stica bem reconhecida das boas pr&#225;ticas m&#233;dicas, a tecnologia pode, pelo menos em parte, superar a aus&#234;ncia desse princ&#237;pio m&#233;dico b&#225;sico, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos. At&#233; onde sabemos, protocolos espec&#237;ficos para esse m&#233;todo de consulta n&#227;o foram desenvolvidos, e as opini&#245;es relatadas se baseiam na experi&#234;ncia e no bom senso do m&#233;dico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quem deve atender esses pacientes?</title>
        <p>O cardiologista ou pediatra respons&#225;vel pela cl&#237;nica precisa de profundo conhecimento em cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. O n&#250;mero de m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pela CCA deve estar relacionado &#224;s atividades da unidade e &#224; carga de trabalho de rotina, mas um especialista certificado deve estar sempre dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Algumas unidades em alguns pa&#237;ses come&#231;aram a oferecer treinamento espec&#237;fico para CCCA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> na esperan&#231;a de preparar o jovem cardiologista ou pediatra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Com que frequ&#234;ncia esses pacientes devem comparecer &#224; cl&#237;nica?</title>
        <p>N&#227;o existe uma regra &#250;nica. Pacientes com a mesma complexidade de doen&#231;a podem apresentar quadros cl&#237;nicos distintos. As diretrizes da CCA publicadas recentemente fornecem recomenda&#231;&#245;es que levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a complexidade da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (I, II, III), que se baseiam nas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e, recentemente introduzidas, no est&#225;gio fisiol&#243;gico do paciente (A, B, C, D).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica/fisiol&#243;gica (AP) permite que pacientes em bom estado cl&#237;nico sejam acompanhados em intervalos maiores, enquanto aqueles mais gravemente acometidos sejam observados mais de perto em um ambiente menos sobrecarregado. Embora essas medidas possam ser geralmente tomadas e aceitas, se deve enfatizar que a decis&#227;o final sobre o intervalo de consulta deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o paciente individual.</p>
        <p>As figuras mostram exemplos de diferentes pol&#237;ticas em pacientes com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas de complexidade moderada e grave. Como pode ser observado, eles apresentam diferentes est&#225;gios fisiol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224;s les&#245;es associadas, tratadas ou n&#227;o, levando a diferentes recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tetralogia de Fallot.</title>
            <p>Bom desfecho: mulher, 29 anos, anastomose de Blalock modificada em 4 meses, corre&#231;&#227;o total por atriotomia em 2 anos, assintom&#225;tica, bloqueio de ramo direito incompleto (BRD) (QRS 110 mseg) e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o ausente no ECG (A), &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico (ICT) 0,58 na radiografia de t&#243;rax (B); resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC): fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (FRP) 24%, volumes diast&#243;lico final (VDFVD) e sist&#243;lico final (VSFVD) indexados do ventr&#237;culo direito de 83 e 34 ml, respectivamente, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) ventricular direita e esquerda de 58% e 64%, respectivamente, realce tardio (RTG) (C-E) septal discreto (setas) com gadol&#237;nio. Estadiamento AP classificado como IIB. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seguimento: consulta/ECG anualmente, HOLTER conforme necess&#225;rio, RMC/TOMO 2-3 anos.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tetralogia de Fallot.</title>
            <p>Desfecho comprometido: Homem de 47 anos, corre&#231;&#227;o por ventriculotomia aos 8 anos, substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar biol&#243;gica aos 25 anos, assintom&#225;tico, BRD (QRS 180 mseg) com fragmenta&#231;&#227;o grave no ECG (A), ICT 0,55 na radiografia de t&#243;rax (B), VO<sub>2</sub> de pico 85% previsto no teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar; RMC: VDFVD e VSFVD 183 e 128 ml, respectivamente, FRP 21%, FE ventricular direita e esquerda 30% e 59%, respectivamente, RTG anterosseptal (setas) com discinesia (C-E). Estadiamento AP classificado como IIC. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seguimento: consulta de 6 a 12 meses, ECG-ECO anualmente, HOLTER/RMC/TOMO de 1 a 2 anos.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transposi&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias (n&#227;o operada).</title>
            <p><bold>Bom desfecho:</bold> Homem, 31 anos, assintom&#225;tico, onda q presente em V1 e ausente em V6 (A), cora&#231;&#227;o de tamanho normal mais abaulamento do lado esquerdo (seta) na radiografia de t&#243;rax (B); RMC: discord&#226;ncia atrioventricular (AV) e ventr&#237;culo-arterial (VA), regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT) leve/moderada, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e esquerda de 42% e 69%, respectivamente (C). Est&#225;gio AP classificado como IIIB. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seguimento: consulta, ECG/ECO anualmente, HOLTER: 1-5 anos, RMC/TOMO: 3-5 anos. <bold>Desfecho comprometido:</bold> Homem, 71 anos, recusou cirurgia, classe funcional III em furosemida/espironolactona, dextrocardia/CTI 0,73 na radiografia de t&#243;rax (D), ECG/HOLTER fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; RMC: discord&#226;ncia AV/VA, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa de 20 mm, estenose pulmonar grave (seta em E) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, FE direita e esquerda de 31% e 39%, respectivamente, realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (setas em F) (E/F). Estadiamento AP classificado como IIID. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seguimento: consulta a cada 3-6 meses, ECG/ECO/HOLTER anualmente, RMC/TOMO a cada 1-2 anos.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Busca ativa</title>
          <p>A perda de seguimento &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o preocupante na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, ocorrendo tamb&#233;m em pacientes com CCA. Sua defini&#231;&#227;o (tamb&#233;m relacionada &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o AP), preval&#234;ncia, motivos, estrat&#233;gia de busca e poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios foram amplamente discutidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Aparentemente, contrariando o necess&#225;rio processo de alta ambulatorial discutido acima, essa pol&#237;tica &#233; recomendada e, em nossa opini&#227;o, deve ser considerada uma obriga&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas acima visam chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para alguns aspectos do seguimento ambulatorial da CCA, com foco especial na classifica&#231;&#227;o AP e seu potencial impacto na melhoria do atendimento. Essa pr&#225;tica pode evitar visitas hospitalares desnecess&#225;rias para pacientes com bom progn&#243;stico e proporcionar melhor atendimento aos mais acometidos. O n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre CCA est&#225; aumentando. No entanto, artigos espec&#237;ficos relacionados ao manejo ambulatorial adequado s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. As unidades emergentes podem se beneficiar da experi&#234;ncia de unidades mais antigas e oferecer melhor atendimento aos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 77711223.6.0000.5440. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250173i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Follow-Up Pattern of Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2843-2350</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1165-9786</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manso</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gali</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wada</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Tadao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita no Adulto, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fernando Amaral</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto &#8211; Rua Ten. Cat&#227;o Roxo, 3900. Postal Code <postal-code>14015-010</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>ftamaral@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title/>
        <p>After an early experience reported in this Journal in 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and a more detailed analysis published in 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> there are now over 1600 patients registered in our outpatient clinic. This acquired eighteen years&#8217; experience allowed us to face several situations related to the unit dynamics and to individual patient problems, which we believe might be useful for those particularly in charge of the new emerging unities and also for those already established. Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients have a prevalence of 4 to 6/1.000 individuals<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and most of them have the peculiar profile of a long-standing disease frequently started at birth and often submitted to a cardiovascular intervention. Dr Joseph Perloff, in a landmark article in 1973,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> emphasized that ACHD patients would never be cured and sequelae and residua after invasive treatment should be expected in most of them. In fact, over the subsequent years, studies have shown that the incidence of residual lesions is almost uniform, justifying routine surveillance, except for a minority of individuals with very simple lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As discharge is rare, the number of patients is expected to increase progressively, which might interfere with proper care. Four topics seem to be crucial for us regarding follow-up and are briefly reminded below.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Where should these patients be followed up?</title>
          <p>A remarkable article published in 2010 showed that more than 90% of ACHD European patients were not followed in a specialized unit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Other reports have also released this sort of information and have contributed to the necessary greater interest in the management of these patients, although much has yet to be done. Ideally, they should all be seen in an adult clinic of a multidisciplinary tertiary unit where full non-invasive and invasive diagnostic resources are available and percutaneous intervention and surgery are provided by practitioners with CHD expertise, the so-called level I centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Appropriate care must be available to address high-risk pregnancy, pulmonary hypertension, refractory heart failure, rehabilitation, as well as genetics, palliative care, and psychological issues. As workload is expected to increase progressively<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>), it has been recommended that patients with CHD of mild complexity be followed in secondary unities attached to the tertiary center, allowing more time to be devoted to the complex cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The excellence of this pattern of follow-up, however, is not always the case. In many regions of several countries, the likelihood of a specialized unit available is small, and assistance is usually provided in general adult cardiological clinics.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Number of patient visits and new cases during 18 years at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto ACHD clinic.</title>
              <p>INTERVENTION: attempt to reduce the number of routine visits following group decision and guidelines suggestions; COVID: significant decrease in consultation numbers during the pandemic.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The outreach clinics, where a specialized ACHD cardiologist periodically visits a secondary unit, may reduce the tertiary centers&#8217; workload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms can usually be locally obtained, and additional investigation, as well as invasive treatment, can be done at the tertiary center. Although this pattern of assistance seems to be a good option, related studies are lacking.</p>
          <p>Teleconsultation has been employed in many centers. Albeit face to face patient-doctor interaction is a well-recognized characteristic of good medical practice, technology may at least in part overcome the absence of this basic medical principle, particularly in the asymptomatic individual. As far as we know, specific protocols regarding this consultation method have not been developed, and reported opinions are based on the physician's experience and common sense.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Who should see these patients?</title>
          <p>Deep CHD knowledge is required for either the cardiologist or pediatrician in charge at the clinic. The number of ACHD physicians in charge should be related to the unit activities and routine workload, but a board-certified specialist should always be available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A few unities in a few countries started to provide ACHD-specific training,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> hoping to prepare the young cardiologist or pediatrician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>How often should these patients attend the clinic?</title>
          <p>There is not a single rule. Patients with the same disease complexity may present distinct clinical pictures. The recently published ACHD guidelines provide recommendations taking into consideration the complexity of the CHD (I, II, III), which is based on the anatomical features and, newly introduced, the patient's physiologic stage (A, B, C, D).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This anatomic/physiologic (AP) classification allows patients in good clinical status to be followed at greater intervals, while those more severely afflicted to be seen more closely in a setting not so overloaded. Although these measures can be generally taken and accepted, it should be emphasized that the final decision regarding the consultation interval should take into consideration the individual patient.</p>
          <p>The figures show examples of different policies in patients with the same anatomical features of moderate and severe complexity. As can be seen, they have different physiological stages related to treated or not treated associated lesions, leading to different follow-up recommendations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tetralogy of Fallot.</title>
              <p><italic>Good outcome</italic>: female, 29-year-old, modified Blalock anastomosis at 4 months, total correction by atriotomy at 2 years, asymptomatic, incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) (QRS 110 mseg) and absent fragmentation on the EKG (A), cardiothoracic index (CTI) 0.58 on chest X-ray (B); cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR): pulmonary regurgitant fraction (PRF) 24%, indexed right ventricular end-diastolic (IRVEDV) and end-systolic (IRVESV) volumes 83 and 34 ml respectively, ventricular right and left ejection fraction (EF) 58% and 64% respectively, discrete (arrows) septal late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) (C-E). AP stage rated IIB. Follow-up recommendations: consultation/EKG yearly, HOLTER as needed, CMR/TOMO 2-3 years.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tetralogy of Fallot.</title>
              <p><italic>Impaired outcome</italic>: male 47-year-old, correction by ventriculotomy at 8 years, biological pulmonary valve replacement age 25 years, asymptomatic, RBBB (QRS 180 mseg) with severe fragmentation on EKG (A), CTI 0.55 on chest X-ray (B), peak VO2 85% predicted on cardiopulmonary exercise test; CMR: IRVEDV and IRVESV 183 and 128 ml respectively, PRF 21%, ventricular right and left EF 30% and 59% respectively, antero-septal LGE (arrows) with dyskinesia (C-E). AP stage rated IIC. Follow-up recommendations: consultation 6-12 months, EKG-ECHO every year, HOLTER/CMR/TOMO 1-2 years.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (not operated).</title>
              <p><italic><bold>Good outcome</bold></italic>: male, 31-year-old, asymptomatic, q wave present in V1 and absent in V6 (A), normal size heart plus left sided bulge (arrow) on chest X-ray (B); CMR: atrioventricular (AV) and ventriculoarterial (VA) discordance, mild/moderate tricuspid regurgitation (TR), ventricular right and left ejection fraction 42% and 69% respectively (C). AP stage rated IIIB. Follow-up recommendations: consultation, EKG/ECHO yearly, HOLTER: 1-5 years, CMR/TOMO: 3-5 years. <italic><bold>Impaired outcome</bold></italic>: male, 71-year-old refused surgery, functional class III on furosemide/spironolactone, dextrocardia/CTI 0.73 on chest X-ray (D), EKG/HOLTER atrial fibrillation; CMR: AV/VA discordance, 20 mm perimembranous ventricular septal defect, severe pulmonary stenosis (arrow in E) and mitral regurgitation, right and left EF 31% and 39% respectively, late gadolinium enhancement (arrows in F) (E/F). AP stage rated IIID. Follow-up recommendations: consultation every 3-6 months, EKG/ECHO/HOLTER yearly, CMR/TOMO 1-2 years.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250173-50173-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <sec>
            <title>Active search</title>
            <p>Loss of follow-up is a worrisome situation in medical practice, also occurring in ACHD patients. Its definition (also related to the AP classification), prevalence, reasons, search strategy, and possible benefits have been well discussed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Apparently, going against the necessary outpatient unloading process discussed above, this policy is recommended and, in our view, should be considered a physician in charge obligation.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Final considerations</title>
        <p>The information presented above was meant to draw attention to some aspects of ACHD outpatient follow-up with a special focus on the AP classification and its potential impact on better care. This practice may avoid unnecessary hospital visits for patients with a good outcome and will provide better care to the more afflicted ones. The number of ACHD publications is increasing. However, specific articles related to adequate outpatient management are needed. The emerging unities may benefit from older units&#8217; experience and provide better patient care.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto under the protocol number 77711223.6.0000.5440. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
