<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3DdnfvrqSBNxCZTLjGKZF3v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica Sobre a Efic&#225;cia do Atenolol no Tratamento Anti-Hipertensivo: Recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9490-7997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Isaac Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2311-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0904-8564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9901-6421</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Quenia Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4865-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sorocaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Clinex</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Clinex, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 77, 2&#186; andar, Cardiologia. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andreaaraujobrandao@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Nota dos editores:</label>
          <p>Como evidenciado nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, h&#225; escassez de estudos de alta qualidade que comparem diretamente o atenolol com outras classes de anti-hipertensivos. A literatura dispon&#237;vel mostra que o atenolol reduz a press&#227;o arterial em magnitude semelhante &#224; de outros medicamentos de primeira linha. No entanto, pode haver pequena superioridade de outras classes (p. ex., diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, a anlodipina e a losartana) na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares, especialmente o acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250034</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um problema global de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com alta preval&#234;ncia e impacto significativo na morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Betabloqueadores cardiosseletivos, como o atenolol, s&#227;o amplamente utilizados no tratamento da HA, mas sua indica&#231;&#227;o como terapia de primeira linha &#233; controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do atenolol no tratamento da HA prim&#225;ria, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos de primeira escolha.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com base em uma pergunta estruturada no formato PICO. Foram inclu&#237;dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que compararam o atenolol com outros anti-hipertensivos. A busca foi conduzida em tr&#234;s bases de dados internacionais. A qualidade metodol&#243;gica foi avaliada por meio da ferramenta RoB 2, e a certeza da evid&#234;ncia, pelo sistema GRADE. O desfecho prim&#225;rio composto foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram mortalidade por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, analisados separadamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Sete ensaios cl&#237;nicos atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com anlodipino e losartana, o atenolol apresentou incid&#234;ncia discretamente maior de eventos cardiovasculares, com certeza da evid&#234;ncia baixa e moderada, respectivamente. A combina&#231;&#227;o de hidroclorotiazida e amilorida demonstrou maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o ao atenolol, embora com certeza da evid&#234;ncia muito baixa. A redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi semelhante entre os medicamentos comparados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, o atenolol demonstrou efic&#225;cia semelhante na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, com pequenas diferen&#231;as em desfechos cardiovasculares, favorecendo outras classes de anti-hipertensivos. Sua prescri&#231;&#227;o pode ser considerada entre as op&#231;&#245;es de associa&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa no tratamento da HA prim&#225;ria em adultos. Outros betabloqueadores n&#227;o foram avaliados nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica Sobre a Efic&#225;cia do Atenolol no Tratamento Anti-Hipertensivo: Recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3DdnfvrqSBNxCZTLjGKZF3v/1e1ae596fadcbe05d4ca6bc2b53502cd5a00bd4f.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3DdnfvrqSBNxCZTLjGKZF3v/520db1d313b2a27c776a439fe038498f3c729b56.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3DdnfvrqSBNxCZTLjGKZF3v/8cad36478792b70a4f9ea5415e35ac2371e3c291.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global e nacional, sendo respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 10 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano no mundo, principalmente devido &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, as preval&#234;ncias de HA observadas foram: 21,4% (IC 95%: 20,8 a 22,0) com base no crit&#233;rio de autorrelato; 22,8% (IC 95%: 22,1 a 23,4) para press&#227;o arterial (PA) aferida; e 32,3% (IC 95%: 31,7 a 33,0) quando considerada a PA aferida e/ou o relato de uso de medicamento(s) anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias efetivas de preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico precoce e controle da HA s&#227;o essenciais para mitigar seu impacto, especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tratamento medicamentoso da HA ainda hoje &#233; um grande desafio. Estudos proeminentes sobre o tema, como o ACCORD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e o SPRINT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que estabeleceram metas de controle press&#243;rico mais intensivas nos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o (PA sist&#243;lica &lt;120 mmHg), demonstraram que, em m&#233;dia, o indiv&#237;duo com HA precisar&#225; de aproximadamente tr&#234;s medicamentos associados para atingir esse objetivo. Al&#233;m de impactar nos custos e na ades&#227;o dos pacientes ao tratamento medicamentoso, esse fato tamb&#233;m refor&#231;a a necessidade de um n&#250;mero maior de op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas com efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica comprovada.</p>
      <p>Betabloqueadores (BBs) s&#227;o um grupo heterog&#234;neo de medicamentos que atuam por meio do bloqueio dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos perif&#233;ricos e centrais, al&#233;m de inibirem a libera&#231;&#227;o de renina pelo aparelho justa-glomerular renal, mas diferem quanto &#224; seletividade e aos efeitos adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Introduzidos para uso cl&#237;nico na d&#233;cada de 1960, constitu&#237;am a classe mais prescrita para HA nos anos 1980.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Posteriormente, foram publicados, nos anos 2000, estudos prim&#225;rios e metan&#225;lises sugerindo uma menor efic&#225;cia desses f&#225;rmacos quando comparados, de forma agrupada, a outras classes anti-hipertensivas, especialmente na prote&#231;&#227;o cerebrovascular, relegando os BB a uma posi&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no tratamento da HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O questionamento atual &#233; que esses trabalhos partiam da premissa de que os efeitos cl&#237;nicos dos diferentes BB na HA seriam equivalentes e, na &#233;poca, essas revis&#245;es n&#227;o levavam em considera&#231;&#227;o a qualidade dos estudos (isto &#233;, a certeza da evid&#234;ncia) para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de suas conclus&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Com o objetivo de esclarecer essa lacuna no tratamento da HA, considerando as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas atuais, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) demandou o desenvolvimento de uma Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica sobre o uso do atenolol (o medicamento mais utilizado e dispon&#237;vel da classe dos BB) na popula&#231;&#227;o com HA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Para fundamentar a Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica da SBC, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. A pergunta de pesquisa, estruturada no formato PICO, foi: qual &#233; a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do tratamento da HA com atenolol em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros anti-hipertensivos? O protocolo do estudo foi registrado no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) sob o n&#250;mero CRD42024563608.</p>
      <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica r&#225;pida, metodologia empregada neste documento, pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, mas difere das tradicionais. Essa metodologia foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de manter um rigor metodol&#243;gico adequado na busca pelas melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, com adapta&#231;&#245;es que permitem reduzir o tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o. As principais diferen&#231;as incluem: a restri&#231;&#227;o do idioma dos artigos prim&#225;rios ao ingl&#234;s; a busca de artigos na literatura cinzenta apenas nas refer&#234;ncias dos estudos recuperados e por meio de especialistas da &#225;rea; e o uso de intelig&#234;ncia artificial como facilitadora da sele&#231;&#227;o e extra&#231;&#227;o dos estudos. Geralmente, essas revis&#245;es s&#227;o &#250;teis para apoiar sociedades m&#233;dicas ou institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de na tomada de decis&#245;es de forma sens&#237;vel, transparente, sistem&#225;tica e v&#225;lida, com base em uma pergunta no formato PICO. Institui&#231;&#245;es de destaque na &#225;rea de metodologia descreveram os m&#233;todos para esse tipo de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A escolha do atenolol para esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, em detrimento dos demais BB, foi consensual entre os autores e baseada em crit&#233;rios objetivos, tais como: ser amplamente conhecido e dispon&#237;vel em territ&#243;rio nacional; ser distribu&#237;do gratuitamente no componente b&#225;sico do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de; e, consequentemente, integrar a Rela&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (ReNaMe 2024) e o Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular do Brasil, vinculado ao Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, &#233; o medicamento da classe dos BB com o maior n&#250;mero de estudos em HA, apresentando diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros, como metoprolol ou propranolol, que contam com poucos estudos comparativos em pacientes com HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O efeito farmacol&#243;gico do bloqueio simp&#225;tico varia entre as diferentes mol&#233;culas desse grupo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e pode n&#227;o ser homog&#234;neo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, raz&#227;o pela qual optou-se por n&#227;o agrup&#225;-los em uma mesma an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (1) revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs), ou ECRs originais, com pelo menos dois bra&#231;os comparativos; (2) presen&#231;a de atenolol como medicamento principal em um dos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o; (3) apresenta&#231;&#227;o de dados de pelo menos um dos desfechos de interesse; (4) inclus&#227;o de pacientes adultos com 18 anos ou mais; (5) tempo de seguimento m&#237;nimo de 1 ano.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o aplicados foram: (1) ECRs em que o atenolol fosse uma medica&#231;&#227;o de segunda escolha; (2) outros delineamentos de estudos cl&#237;nicos; (3) ECRs com crossover pr&#233;-determinado; (4) estudos que fossem an&#225;lises p&#243;s-hoc de ECR, sem apresenta&#231;&#227;o de dados novos ou adicionais relevantes para os desfechos analisados.</p>
      <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio utilizado foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, incluindo morte por qualquer causa, AVC e IAM. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios escolhidos foram os eventos individualizados do desfecho prim&#225;rio, al&#233;m de eventos adversos possivelmente coletados nos estudos originais.</p>
      <p>As buscas por estudos relacionados &#224; pergunta PICO foram realizadas em tr&#234;s bases de dados: PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library.</p>
      <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o, extra&#231;&#227;o das principais caracter&#237;sticas e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade foram conduzidas por dois pesquisadores experientes, de forma independente, assim como a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s, realizada por meio da ferramenta Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, um terceiro metodologista era consultado. A certeza da evid&#234;ncia e a for&#231;a das recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram determinadas com base na estrutura Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O sum&#225;rio de efeito das compara&#231;&#245;es entre atenolol e demais medicamentos foi determinado por meio de uma metan&#225;lise em rede.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise em rede &#233; uma t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica avan&#231;ada que combina evid&#234;ncias diretas e indiretas de m&#250;ltiplos estudos comparativos para avaliar a efic&#225;cia de diversas interven&#231;&#245;es simultaneamente, mesmo que nem todas tenham sido diretamente comparadas entre si.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, esta revis&#227;o incluiu apenas compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre atenolol e os seis tratamentos alternativos, al&#233;m do bra&#231;o sem tratamento. N&#227;o foi realizada nenhuma an&#225;lise indireta (por exemplo, compara&#231;&#227;o entre os medicamentos A e C, a partir de estudos que compararam A com B e B com C) nem compara&#231;&#245;es em rede. A metan&#225;lise foi conduzida com o aux&#237;lio do software MetaInsight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da metodologia empregada nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica r&#225;pida est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no material suplementar, assim como os Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).</p>
      <p>Um limiar de 5% foi adotado como a diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima importante (DMI) para considerar uma interven&#231;&#227;o clinicamente relevante. Assim, se um tratamento apresentar um efeito cujo intervalo de confian&#231;a n&#227;o ultrapasse a linha de neutralidade, ele ser&#225; considerado estatisticamente significativo. No entanto, para que a estrat&#233;gia seja considerada clinicamente relevante, o IC 95% n&#227;o deve tocar a linha da DMI (5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Esse limiar foi definido previamente pelo Painel de Recomenda&#231;&#245;es, antes da apresenta&#231;&#227;o e do conhecimento dos resultados.</p>
      <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi estabelecida de forma consensual em uma reuni&#227;o de um Painel de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o composto por especialistas indicados pelo patrocinador. Todo o projeto foi supervisionado e financiado pela SBC, enquanto a elabora&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e o processo de recomenda&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foram conduzidos por uma equipe independente de metodologistas (LL, AB e QD). A equipe de metodologistas e os autores declaram n&#227;o possuir nenhum conflito de interesse relevante para esta revis&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Na busca inicial por revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, foram identificadas 815 publica&#231;&#245;es. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de duplicatas, a triagem por t&#237;tulo e resumo, e a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados 17 artigos para leitura completa. Destes, nenhuma revis&#227;o respondia especificamente &#224; quest&#227;o cient&#237;fica proposta, mas dois documentos apresentavam potencial como fonte de refer&#234;ncias de artigos sobre atenolol vs outras classes de anti-hipertensivos no tratamento da HA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> (Figura S1 &#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA da sele&#231;&#227;o de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas).</p>
      <p>Desses dois estudos, a revis&#227;o de Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> foi escolhida como refer&#234;ncia para os estudos prim&#225;rios e como base para a estrat&#233;gia de busca, por ser o documento mais recente e abrangente. Esse documento inclu&#237;a sete artigos prim&#225;rios comparando atenolol a outras classes de anti-hipertensivos, que poderiam ser inclu&#237;dos na nova revis&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, sua estrat&#233;gia de busca foi utilizada como modelo para atualiza&#231;&#227;o da procura por novos ECRs publicados a partir de 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A segunda busca nas bases de dados, agora por ECRs, com o objetivo de atualizar a sele&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de refer&#234;ncia, identificou 6.404 registros, dos quais 669 eram duplicatas e 5.727 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos com base nos t&#237;tulos e resumos. Ainda, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o manual nas refer&#234;ncias das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas selecionadas na primeira busca. Nesta segunda fase, oito estudos foram selecionados para leitura completa, mas nenhum ECR adicional aos sete artigos prim&#225;rios do estudo de Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> foi inclu&#237;do na metan&#225;lise em rede, com base nos crit&#233;rios da pergunta PICO (Figura S2 &#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA da sele&#231;&#227;o de ECRs).</p>
      <p>Os detalhes das estrat&#233;gias de busca, os documentos exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a leitura completa e os fluxogramas PRISMA est&#227;o descritos no material suplementar (Tabelas S1 a S4, Figuras S1 e S2)<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-suppl01.pdf"/>.</p>
      <p>A nova busca n&#227;o resultou em estudos adicionais com a interven&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica (atenolol), e as principais caracter&#237;sticas dos sete ECRs inclu&#237;dos (selecionados originalmente na revis&#227;o de Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>) est&#227;o descritas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os estudos analisaram popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com HA e diferentes perfis cl&#237;nicos, com n&#250;mero de participantes variando de 884 a 22.576 e idades m&#233;dias entre 56 e 79 anos. As popula&#231;&#245;es eram compostas por indiv&#237;duos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, diabetes melito tipo 2 e fatores de risco cardiovascular adicionais, al&#233;m de HA. Os demais detalhes da metodologia e do processo de busca/sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos podem ser consultados no material suplementar deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Os sum&#225;rios de efeitos s&#227;o apresentados nos <italic>forest plot</italic>, que comparam diferentes tratamentos &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do atenolol (utilizado como refer&#234;ncia). S&#227;o apresentadas as raz&#245;es de chance (<italic>odds ratio</italic>, OR) e os IC 95%. Valores de OR maiores que 1 indicam que o atenolol apresenta maiores chances de eventos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o ao outro tratamento. Valores de OR menores que 1 indicam menor chance de eventos cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o ao outro tratamento.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, a combina&#231;&#227;o de amilorida com hidroclorotiazida (HCTZ) mostrou um perfil protetor, caracterizado por menor n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares quando comparada ao atenolol, com resultado acima do limiar de 5% de DMI. Anlodipino e losartana tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor n&#250;mero de eventos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao atenolol, embora o limite inferior do IC 95% tenha atingido o limiar de DMI de 5%, o que reduz a confian&#231;a em sua relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos compostos: eventos cardiovasculares maiores (morte, acidente vascular cerebral e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio). Linhas horizontais vermelhas destacam os estudos com diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas (linha vermelha fina) e clinicamente relevantes (linha vermelha grossa). As linhas verticais azuis indicam o limiar de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima importante de 5%. A certeza da evid&#234;ncia para cada compara&#231;&#227;o &#233; apresentada &#224; direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para os desfechos secund&#225;rios &#8212; morte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>), AVC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>) e IAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>) &#8212; os IC 95% das compara&#231;&#245;es ultrapassam o limiar de DMI estabelecido, indicando resultados dentro da margem de n&#227;o relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e, em quase sua totalidade, tamb&#233;m a linha de efeito neutro, sugerindo aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para essas estrat&#233;gias.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfecho: morte por todas as causas, de acordo com os diferentes tratamentos anti-hipertensivos comparados ao atenolol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfecho: acidente vascular cerebral, de acordo com os diferentes tratamentos anti-hipertensivos comparados ao atenolol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfecho: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, de acordo com os diferentes tratamentos anti-hipertensivos comparados ao atenolol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Apenas tr&#234;s dos sete estudos relataram eventos adversos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>), sendo que a compara&#231;&#227;o com anlodipino foi a &#250;nica que apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, com bradicardia mais frequente no grupo do atenolol (OR 16,67; IC 95%: 11,77 a 23,61) &#8212; uma consequ&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica j&#225; esperada para BB.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfecho: eventos adversos, de acordo com os diferentes tratamentos anti-hipertensivos comparados ao atenolol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O risco de vi&#233;s e a certeza da evid&#234;ncia foram avaliados para o desfecho prim&#225;rio composto e para os desfechos secund&#225;rios individuais de morte por todas as causas, IAM e AVC, nos sete ECRs. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s, s&#227;o analisados cinco dom&#237;nios por estudo: randomiza&#231;&#227;o, desvios no tratamento, dados faltantes, medida do desfecho e dados reportados. Penaliza&#231;&#245;es aos estudos quanto ao risco de vi&#233;s ocorreram principalmente por desvios no tratamento (D2) e dados faltantes (D3), como nos estudos MRCOA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e COOPE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> classificados como de alto risco de vi&#233;s. Os estudos ASCOT-BPLA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e UKPDS39<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> apresentaram risco de vi&#233;s moderado devido a problemas no cegamento e desvios n&#227;o explicados. Os estudos INVEST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> LIFE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e ELSA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> foram classificados como de baixo risco de vi&#233;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> e Material Suplementar).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Risco de vi&#233;s (RoB 2) dos estudos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. S&#227;o apresentados os cinco dom&#237;nios avaliados, com atribui&#231;&#227;o das cores: verde para baixo risco de vi&#233;s, amarelo para risco moderado e vermelho para alto risco de vi&#233;s. Tamb&#233;m &#233; mostrado o julgamento final por estudo, com respectivas legendas indicando a caracter&#237;stica espec&#237;fica pela qual houve penaliza&#231;&#227;o. Desvios no tratamento n&#227;o explicados (*); Problemas no cegamento, m&#250;ltiplos comparadores (&#8224;); Desvios no tratamento, perda de seguimento e aus&#234;ncia de protocolo (&#8225;); Desvios no tratamento, aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre dados faltantes (&#167;). D1: Randomiza&#231;&#227;o; D2: Desvios no tratamento, D3: Dados faltantes; D4: Medi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho; D5: Dados reportados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A certeza da evid&#234;ncia, avaliada pelo sistema GRADE, variou de muito baixa a moderada. Nos estudos cujo comparador foi verapamil, losartana ou lacidipino, a certeza da evid&#234;ncia foi classificada como moderada, enquanto nos artigos que compararam hidroclorotiazida com amilorida ou aus&#234;ncia de tratamento, a certeza da evid&#234;ncia foi definida como muito baixa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o GRADE dos estudos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. HCTZ: hidroclorotiazida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Como an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; metodologia da metan&#225;lise em rede, elaborou-se o <italic>forest plot</italic> de uma metan&#225;lise convencional, comparando o atenolol &#224;s diferentes classes de anti-hipertensivos agrupadas como comparador. Deve-se observar a diferen&#231;a num&#233;rica na estimativa de efeito para cada compara&#231;&#227;o (atenolol vs demais anti-hipertensivos) entre os resultados da metan&#225;lise em rede e os da metan&#225;lise convencional. Nesta &#250;ltima, em que as demais classes foram agrupadas, o resultado apresenta grande heterogeneidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 8</xref>), o que corrobora a ideia de que n&#227;o se deve agrupar classes de anti-hipertensivos com mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o distintos em um &#250;nico grupo dentro de uma metan&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Metan&#225;lise convencional comparando o desfecho composto de eventos cardiovasculares entre o atenolol e os demais anti-hipertensivos agrupados como comparador.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf08.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para melhor entendimento dos <italic>forest plots</italic> abaixo, que representam os efeitos de cada estrat&#233;gia medicamentosa, utilizou-se a nomenclatura &#8220;padr&#227;o&#8221; para o bra&#231;o comparador do estudo COOPE (1998), no qual se comparou atenolol (com possibilidade posterior de adi&#231;&#227;o de bendrofluazida e metildopa, se necess&#225;rio) &#224; aus&#234;ncia de tratamento. Nesse estudo, o bra&#231;o comparador s&#243; receberia tratamento anti-hipertensivo caso o indiv&#237;duo mantivesse valores de PA acima de 280/120 mmHg ou sofresse um AVC. A estrat&#233;gia nomeada &#8220;placebo&#8221; refere-se ao terceiro bra&#231;o do estudo MRCOA (1992), no qual os pacientes foram alocados para uso de atenolol, hidroclorotiazida + amilorida ou placebo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os BB constituem uma classe de medicamentos amplamente utilizados no tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como HA, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e arritmias, sendo tamb&#233;m indicados para outras condi&#231;&#245;es, como profilaxia de enxaquecas, tremor essencial e controle de sintomas de ansiedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Esses medicamentos atuam por meio do bloqueio dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos, reduzindo os efeitos das catecolaminas no cora&#231;&#227;o e no sistema vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Agem ainda no sistema nervoso central e inibem a secre&#231;&#227;o de renina pelo aparelho justaglomerular renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Existem diferentes subclasses de BB, como os seletivos para receptores &#946;<sub>1</sub>, que possuem menor impacto sobre os receptores &#946;<sub>2</sub> (p. ex., atenolol, metoprolol e bisoprolol); e os n&#227;o seletivos, que bloqueiam tanto os receptores &#946;<sub>1</sub> quanto os &#946;<sub>2</sub> (p. ex., propranolol). Al&#233;m disso, alguns BB apresentam propriedades adicionais, como atividade vasodilatadora, observada no carvedilol e no nebivolol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Entre os efeitos colaterais frequentemente observados, destacam-se bradicardia, fadiga, hipotens&#227;o, broncoespasmo (particularmente com os n&#227;o seletivos) e disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas d&#233;cadas de 1970 e 1980, esses medicamentos foram considerados de primeira escolha para o tratamento da HA, sendo recomendados, em 1983, pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de em conjunto com a Sociedade Internacional de Hipertens&#227;o, e, em 1988, pelo <italic>Joint National Committee</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, especialmente a partir dos anos 1990, foram publicados estudos originais e metan&#225;lises comparando os BB a outras classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, questionando o papel desses f&#225;rmacos no tratamento da HA.</p>
      <p>Em 2005, foi publicada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica incluindo 13 ECRs com 105.951 participantes, comparando os BB, como grupo, a outras classes de anti-hipertensivos. Nesse mesmo documento, foram inclu&#237;dos sete estudos com 27.433 indiv&#237;duos que realizaram a compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A conclus&#227;o afirmava categoricamente que o efeito dos BB era inferior, com risco aumentado de AVC, e, portanto, n&#227;o deveriam permanecer como primeira escolha no tratamento da HA prim&#225;ria. Neste artigo, os estudos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram diferentes BB, que foram agrupados e comparados a classes distintas de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, tamb&#233;m agrupadas, al&#233;m de placebo. Ocasionalmente, o bra&#231;o de um mesmo estudo poderia utilizar diferentes op&#231;&#245;es de BB. No sum&#225;rio final da metan&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para os desfechos de mortalidade por todas as causas e IAM, mas foi constatada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para AVC &#8212; embora clinicamente n&#227;o relevante, pois o IC 95% ultrapassou o limiar de DMI de 5%. Houve uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria para a compara&#231;&#227;o exclusiva do atenolol com outras classes de anti-hipertensivos agrupadas, e, nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, observou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para mortalidade e diferen&#231;a clinicamente relevante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao AVC, ambas a favor das outras classes farmacol&#243;gicas agrupadas. N&#227;o houve avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica publicada em 2007, Dahl&#246;f et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> realizaram uma metan&#225;lise de estudos com atenolol e outros BB vs placebo ou nenhum tratamento. Naquele momento, os BB j&#225; n&#227;o eram recomendados como op&#231;&#245;es de primeira escolha para HA. O resultado para o desfecho AVC mostrou uma prote&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa a favor do atenolol, sem diferen&#231;a significativa para o desfecho composto de eventos cardiovasculares. Na discuss&#227;o, os autores destacam que o uso de BB reduz o risco cardiovascular na HA em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo ou nenhum tratamento. No entanto, apontam uma clara superioridade a favor da losartana e da anlodipino em estudos recentes da &#233;poca &#8212; LIFE e ASCOT, respectivamente &#8212; no desfecho AVC, tornando os BB inadequados como comparadores em novos ECRs.</p>
      <p>At&#233; ent&#227;o, n&#227;o era pr&#225;tica comum avaliar a qualidade dos estudos prim&#225;rios, baseando-se as conclus&#245;es apenas nos efeitos num&#233;ricos de benef&#237;cio e malef&#237;cio de cada estrat&#233;gia. Um segundo ponto de incerteza metodol&#243;gica nesses estudos diz respeito &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dos BB, de forma geral, com classes distintas de anti-hipertensivos agrupadas, uma vez que bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e similares, e bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) s&#227;o medicamentos com mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o, perfis de efeitos colaterais e, possivelmente, resultados de efic&#225;cia muito distintos.</p>
      <p>Em 2017, a Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane publicou uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre os BB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> analisados tamb&#233;m de forma agrupada, mas agora comparados a placebo e a outras classes de anti-hipertensivos avaliadas separadamente: diur&#233;ticos, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, inibidores do SRAA e alfabloqueadores. Este artigo utilizou a ferramenta GRADE para a an&#225;lise da certeza da evid&#234;ncia de cada compara&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a qualidade dos estudos na interpreta&#231;&#227;o final dos dados. Os principais resultados mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de AVC e do desfecho composto de eventos cardiovasculares a favor dos BB, quando comparados ao placebo, mas com IC 95% ultrapassando o limiar de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica m&#237;nima de 5%. Esse cen&#225;rio foi classificado como de baixa certeza da evid&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, ao comparar os BB de forma agrupada com os bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio (nos desfechos AVC e eventos cardiovasculares) e com os inibidores do SRAA (no desfecho AVC), esses outros medicamentos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos clinicamente relevantes, com certeza da evid&#234;ncia graduada como moderada. Assim, permanece o questionamento sobre se o efeito dos BB na PA e nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, quando analisados de forma agrupada, seria realmente homog&#234;neo &#8212; caracterizando um efeito de classe &#8212; ou, como j&#225; sugerido, se haveria uma a&#231;&#227;o distinta entre as diferentes gera&#231;&#245;es de BB, o que tornaria inadequado agrup&#225;-los em uma &#250;nica an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Em 2020, Thomopoulos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> propuseram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre BB no tratamento da HA. Apesar da inclus&#227;o de 87 estudos, apenas 16 eram espec&#237;ficos para HA. Destes, sete avaliaram o atenolol como tratamento ativo, quatro investigaram o propranolol, dois analisaram o metoprolol, um testou o efeito do oxprenolol, um incluiu atenolol ou metoprolol no mesmo bra&#231;o de interven&#231;&#227;o, e um &#250;ltimo avaliou qualquer BB. Nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, a grande maioria dos ECRs inclu&#237;dos abordava outras doen&#231;as, principalmente doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A conclus&#227;o foi que &#8220;em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, os BB parecem ser substancialmente menos eficazes na prote&#231;&#227;o contra AVC e mortalidade geral&#8221;. O resultado da compara&#231;&#227;o entre os BB agrupados e as v&#225;rias classes de anti-hipertensivos tamb&#233;m agrupadas mostrou uma diferen&#231;a clinicamente relevante no desfecho AVC em favor dos outros medicamentos, nos estudos espec&#237;ficos para HA (RR = 1,21; IC 95%: 1,07 a 1,38), e uma diferen&#231;a clinicamente irrelevante para mortalidade total (RR = 1,06; IC 95%: 1,01 a 1,12). N&#227;o houve an&#225;lise separada para o atenolol, e a heterogeneidade n&#227;o foi apresentada junto &#224;s metan&#225;lises nos <italic>forest plots</italic>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s foi realizada segundo a ferramenta RoB 2, mas os demais componentes do GRADE &#8212; heterogeneidade, evid&#234;ncia indireta, imprecis&#227;o e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o &#8212; n&#227;o foram considerados em conjunto para determinar a qualidade do corpo de evid&#234;ncias (certeza da evid&#234;ncia).</p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane publicada em 2023,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> que comparou diur&#233;ticos com outras classes de anti-hipertensivos, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos desfechos avaliados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os BB &#8212; incluindo eventos cardiovasculares, mortalidade total, AVC, IAM e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A certeza da evid&#234;ncia variou entre baixa e moderada.</p>
      <p>Apesar desses resultados, com conclus&#245;es distintas &#8212; algumas neutras e outras desfavor&#225;veis aos BB &#8212;, observa-se que essa classe de medicamentos continua sendo amplamente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para o tratamento da HA. Em um estudo transversal publicado em 2024 por Prejbisz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> envolvendo m&#233;dicos da It&#225;lia, Pol&#244;nia e Turquia, cerca de 23% dos profissionais relataram prescrever BB para o tratamento da HA, propor&#231;&#227;o que aumentava para 30% quando havia comorbidades cardiovasculares concomitantes.</p>
      <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi elaborada com base em algumas premissas metodol&#243;gicas. Primeiro, o efeito anti-hipertensivo das diferentes subst&#226;ncias da classe dos BB parece n&#227;o ser homog&#234;neo, pois alguns atuam apenas sobre os receptores &#946;<sub>1</sub>, outros sobre os receptores &#946;<sub>1</sub> e &#946;<sub>2</sub>, e ainda h&#225; aqueles com efeitos vasodilatadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, agrup&#225;-los em um &#250;nico conjunto, assumindo um mesmo efeito anti-hipertensivo, pode n&#227;o ser o ideal. Em segundo lugar, agrupar diversas classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos como um comparador &#250;nico aumenta significativamente a heterogeneidade entre os estudos, reduzindo de forma relevante a confian&#231;a na estimativa do efeito. Em terceiro lugar, devemos sempre basear nossas conclus&#245;es na estimativa do efeito comparativo (raz&#227;o de risco), considerando a DMI previamente estabelecida, a fim de determinar se uma estrat&#233;gia gera um efeito clinicamente relevante. E, por fim, &#233; fundamental associar a estimativa de efeito &#224; certeza da evid&#234;ncia atribu&#237;da a cada estudo que sustenta esse resultado, preferencialmente por meio da ferramenta GRADE &#8212; que determina o grau de confian&#231;a que temos naquela informa&#231;&#227;o. Se essa qualidade for baixa ou muito baixa, &#233; poss&#237;vel que, na pr&#225;tica, a estimativa de efeito seja consideravelmente diferente da observada, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de novos estudos cl&#237;nicos para sustentar qualquer conclus&#227;o confi&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante dessas premissas, e com o objetivo de preencher a lacuna de conhecimento existente, decidiu-se comparar o atenolol isoladamente &#8212; considerado o BB mais prescrito no tratamento da HA no Brasil &#8212; com outras classes de anti-hipertensivos n&#227;o agrupadas. De forma surpreendente, verificou-se o n&#250;mero limitado de estudos que avaliaram essa compara&#231;&#227;o direta, sendo que nenhum dos medicamentos comparadores foi repetido em mais de um estudo original. No geral, s&#227;o estudos conclu&#237;dos h&#225; mais de 20 anos, com qualidade metodol&#243;gica bastante vari&#225;vel e resultados considerados imprecisos.</p>
      <p>A metodologia de metan&#225;lise em rede empregada neste documento, apesar de, neste caso, n&#227;o contemplar compara&#231;&#245;es indiretas ou em rede, apresenta a vantagem de estimar o efeito do atenolol com maior precis&#227;o, sem agrupar as diversas classes distintas de anti-hipertensivos, como ocorre em uma metan&#225;lise tradicional. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi elaborado um ranking entre as diferentes classes de anti-hipertensivos &#8212; ferramenta de hierarquiza&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel nessa metodologia &#8212; devido &#224; grande variabilidade na certeza da evid&#234;ncia dos estudos originais.</p>
      <p>Entre as compara&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram vantagem no desfecho composto de &#8220;eventos cardiovasculares&#8221; a favor de outras classes anti-hipertensivas, o maior efeito (hidroclorotiazida com amilorida) foi associado a uma certeza da evid&#234;ncia muito baixa &#8212; o que sugere que o verdadeiro resultado pode ser substancialmente diferente do observado. Para as outras duas classes que mostraram benef&#237;cio (anlodipino e losartana), o intervalo de confian&#231;a toca o limiar da DMI previamente estabelecida, com certeza da evid&#234;ncia classificada como baixa e moderada, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Vale destacar que algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de sociedades m&#233;dicas contr&#225;rias ao uso do atenolol s&#227;o baseadas em fatores como pot&#234;ncia, dose, frequ&#234;ncia de uso e intera&#231;&#245;es farmacocin&#233;ticas. Al&#233;m disso, doses de 100 a 200 mg por dia mostraram-se mais eficazes do que doses de 25 e 50 mg por dia em pacientes com angina, o que pode tamb&#233;m se aplicar ao tratamento da HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um fato que parece n&#227;o deixar d&#250;vidas &#233; a intensidade da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA nas combina&#231;&#245;es que utilizaram o atenolol como medicamento inicial, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s combina&#231;&#245;es administradas no bra&#231;o comparador. Em todos os estudos originais inclu&#237;dos, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA foi bastante semelhante entre o atenolol e os medicamentos comparados, sugerindo um efeito na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA similar ao das demais classes de anti-hipertensivos.</p>
      <p>Este documento apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A primeira, e mais importante, refere-se ao n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos com compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre atenolol e outras classes de anti-hipertensivos. Para responder adequadamente &#224; pergunta PICO apresentada, seriam necess&#225;rios, idealmente, mais estudos, com publica&#231;&#245;es mais recentes e boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o se aplica, de forma ainda mais acentuada, aos estudos em HA com outros BB, como metoprolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol e nebivolol, para os quais h&#225; uma escassez ainda maior de artigos, impossibilitando uma an&#225;lise fidedigna. Em segundo lugar, apesar da elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma metan&#225;lise em rede, a aus&#234;ncia de compara&#231;&#245;es indiretas no tema impossibilitou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de compara&#231;&#245;es em rede. Em terceiro lugar, o BB n&#227;o foi utilizado como monoterapia nos estudos inclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Esse aspecto reflete a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica habitual no tratamento da HA, em que a associa&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos &#233; frequentemente necess&#225;ria para alcan&#231;ar as metas recomendadas. No entanto, essa caracter&#237;stica limita a interpreta&#231;&#227;o sobre o efeito anti-hipertensivo observado, dificultando a distin&#231;&#227;o entre o que pode ser atribu&#237;do exclusivamente ao atenolol e o que resulta da coadministra&#231;&#227;o de outras medica&#231;&#245;es. Esse mesmo racioc&#237;nio se aplica aos medicamentos comparadores, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram utilizados isoladamente nos estudos. Considerando a baixa efic&#225;cia da monoterapia no controle da HA na maioria dos pacientes, &#233; pouco prov&#225;vel que se realizem estudos cl&#237;nicos capazes de isolar o efeito de um &#250;nico medicamento de forma precisa.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (destacando as medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas coadministradas em cada estudo)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                <th>Ano</th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Anti-hipertensivos adicionais</th>
                <th>Desfechos prim&#225;rios</th>
                <th>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ASCOT-BPLA</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">Anlodipino</td>
                <td align="center">No grupo anlodipino: perindopril; no grupo atenolol: bendrofluazida e pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">IAM fatal e n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Morte, AVC, eventos coronarianos, eventos CV, procedimentos cardiovasculares, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>INVEST</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">Verapamil</td>
                <td align="center">Trandolapril e/ou hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">Morte, IAM n&#227;o fatal e AVC n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular, angina, eventos adversos, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e controle press&#243;rico no 24&#186; m&#234;s</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LIFE</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">Losartana</td>
                <td align="center">Hidroclorotiazida e anti-hipertensivos de outras classes</td>
                <td align="center">Evento CV</td>
                <td align="center">Morte, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ELSA</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">Lacidipino</td>
                <td align="center">Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">EMI</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento ou redu&#231;&#227;o da placa carot&#237;dea (EMI &#8805; 1,3 mm), morte cardiovascular e evento cardiovascular n&#227;o fatal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>UKPDS39</td>
                <td align="center">1998</td>
                <td align="center">Captopril</td>
                <td align="center">Furosemida, nifedipino, metildopa, prazosina</td>
                <td align="center">Morte e morte relacionada ao DM2</td>
                <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es macro e microvasculares, morte, albumin&#250;ria, retinopatia, IAM, DAC, DAOP, amputa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRCOA</td>
                <td align="center">1992</td>
                <td align="center">Hidroclorotiazida + Amilorida</td>
                <td align="center">Se necess&#225;rio, a interven&#231;&#227;o do outro bra&#231;o era utilizada; tamb&#233;m nifedipino</td>
                <td align="center">Morte, AVC, eventos coronarianos</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>COOPE</td>
                <td align="center">1986</td>
                <td align="center">Sem tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Bendrofluazida e alfa-metildopa</td>
                <td align="center">Morte, AVC, IAM</td>
                <td align="center">Sintomas</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; CV: cardiovascular; DM2: diabetes melito tipo 2; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; EMI: espessura m&#233;dia intimal; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdico; NA: n&#227;o se aplica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Esses fatos imp&#245;em um obst&#225;culo adicional &#224; formula&#231;&#227;o de uma Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica sobre a pergunta PICO proposta &#8212; uma resposta t&#227;o necess&#225;ria, considerando que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do atenolol no tratamento da HA &#233; uma realidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os membros do painel desta Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica da SBC entendem que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da literatura pr&#233;via sobre o tema ocorreu em um per&#237;odo em que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos prim&#225;rios ainda era pouco utilizada, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma supervaloriza&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as entre os BB e outras classes de anti-hipertensivos nos principais desfechos cardiovasculares. Ao incorporar o grau de certeza da evid&#234;ncia, concluiu-se que a diferen&#231;a entre o atenolol e outras classes de anti-hipertensivos pode ser pequena, e que as redu&#231;&#245;es nos valores de PA s&#227;o similares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HA &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, e sua preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento devem ser prioridades para qualquer sistema de sa&#250;de. Os achados desta revis&#227;o enfatizam a necessidade frequente da associa&#231;&#227;o de anti-hipertensivos no esquema terap&#234;utico, a fim de alcan&#231;ar metas que previnam les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e desfechos adversos.</p>
      <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias limitadas, o atenolol demonstrou efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, com pequenas diferen&#231;as nos desfechos cardiovasculares a favor de outras classes de anti-hipertensivos. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o deste painel de especialistas &#233; que o atenolol pode ser considerado entre as op&#231;&#245;es para associa&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa no tratamento da HA prim&#225;ria em adultos. Outros BBs n&#227;o foram avaliados nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Como em qualquer recomenda&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, sugere-se que a prescri&#231;&#227;o seja individualizada, considerando as comorbidades, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e prefer&#234;ncias de cada paciente, al&#233;m do julgamento cl&#237;nico do profissional prescritor.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                <th>Ano</th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Seguimento (anos)</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Idade (m&#233;dia)</th>
                <th>Pacientes</th>
                <th>PA m&#233;dia inicial (mmHg)</th>
                <th>PA m&#233;dia final no grupo de tratamento (mmHg)</th>
                <th>PA m&#233;dia final no grupo atenolol (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ASCOT-BPLA (&#8224;)</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">Anlodipino</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">HA e &#8805;3 FRCV</td>
                <td align="center">40 a 79 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">19.257</td>
                <td align="center">164/94</td>
                <td align="center">136/77</td>
                <td align="center">137/79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>INVEST</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">Verapamil</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">HA e DAC, &gt;50 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;50 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">22.576</td>
                <td align="center">150/87 (//)</td>
                <td align="center">131,3/77</td>
                <td align="center">131/76,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LIFE (*)</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">Losartana</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">HA e HVE</td>
                <td align="center">55 a 80</td>
                <td align="center">9.193</td>
                <td align="center">174/97</td>
                <td align="center">143,8/80,4</td>
                <td align="center">144,9/80,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ELSA (&#8225;)</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">Lacidipino</td>
                <td align="center">3,75</td>
                <td align="center">HA</td>
                <td align="center">45 a 75 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">2.334</td>
                <td align="center">163/101</td>
                <td align="center">141,4/85,5</td>
                <td align="center">141,2/85,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>UKPDS39</td>
                <td align="center">1998</td>
                <td align="center">Captopril</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">HA + DM2</td>
                <td align="center">26 a 65 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">1.148</td>
                <td align="center">160/94</td>
                <td align="center">144/83</td>
                <td align="center">143/81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRCOA</td>
                <td align="center">1992</td>
                <td align="center">HCTZ + Amilorida</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">HA</td>
                <td align="center">65 a 74 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">4.396</td>
                <td align="center">183/91</td>
                <td align="center">150/77</td>
                <td align="center">150/77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>COOPE (&#167;)</td>
                <td align="center">1986</td>
                <td align="center">Sem tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">HA</td>
                <td align="center">60 a 79 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">884</td>
                <td align="center">196/99</td>
                <td align="center">180/89</td>
                <td align="center">178/88</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>(*) Eventos CV = morte total; morte CV + IAM fatal e n&#227;o fatal; AVC fatal e n&#227;o fatal. (&#8224;) N&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido se os resultados de IAM e AVC incluem apenas os n&#227;o fatais ou tamb&#233;m os fatais. (&#8225;) Eventos CV definidos como IAM, AVC e morte CV apenas (exclui morte total). (&#167;) Eventos CV = morte total, AVC total e doen&#231;a coronariana total. (//) M&#233;dia ponderada da PA entre pacientes que usavam e n&#227;o usavam anti-HA. CV: cardiovascular; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; DM2: diabetes melito tipo 2; PA: press&#227;o arterial; anti-HA: anti-hipertensivos; HCTZ: hidroclorotiazida.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization. Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Malta DC, Gon&#231;alves RPF, Machado &#205;E, Freitas MIF, Azeredo C, Szwarcwald CL. Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension According to Different Diagnostic Criteria, National Health Survey. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2018 ;21(Suppl 1):e180021. doi: 10.1590/1980-549720180021.supl.1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>RPF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>&#205;E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>MIF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azeredo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szwarcwald</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension According to Different Diagnostic Criteria, National Health Survey</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <elocation-id>e180021</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1980-549720180021.supl.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et al. Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201238.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>WKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>ADM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201238</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. ACCORD Study Group; Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, et al. Effects of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1575-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ACCORD Study Group</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byington</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goff</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1575</fpage>
          <lpage>1585</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1001286</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. SPRINT Research Group; Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2103-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>SPRINT Research Group</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williamson</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whelton</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snyder</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sink</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>373</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2103</fpage>
          <lpage>2116</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1511939</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Bristow MR. Beta-adrenergic Receptor Blockade in Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation. 2000;101(5):558-69. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.5.558.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-adrenergic Receptor Blockade in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>558</fpage>
          <lpage>569</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.101.5.558</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. WHO/ISH Expert Committee. Guidelines for the Treatment of Mild Hypertension. Memorandum from a WHO/ISH Meeting. Hypertension. 1983;5(3):394-7. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.5.3.394.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>WHO/ISH Expert Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the Treatment of Mild Hypertension. Memorandum from a WHO/ISH Meeting</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>394</fpage>
          <lpage>397</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.HYP.5.3.394</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. 1988 Joint National Committee. The 1988 Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148(5):1023-38. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1988.00380050029006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>1988 Joint National Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 1988 Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1023</fpage>
          <lpage>1038</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archinte.1988.00380050029006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Hansson L. Review of State-Of-The-Art Beta-Blocker Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67(10):43-6. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90819-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Review of State-Of-The-Art Beta-Blocker Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(91)90819-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should Beta Blockers Remain First Choice in the Treatment of Primary Hypertension? A Meta-Analysis. Lancet. 2005;366(9496):1545-53. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67573-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lindholm</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuelsson</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Should Beta Blockers Remain First Choice in the Treatment of Primary Hypertension? A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>9496</issue>
          <fpage>1545</fpage>
          <lpage>1553</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67573-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Thomopoulos C, Bazoukis G, Tsioufis C, Mancia G. Beta-Blockers in Hypertension: Overview and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Outcome Trials. J Hypertens. 2020;38(9):1669-81. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002523.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bazoukis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsioufis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mancia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-Blockers in Hypertension: Overview and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Outcome Trials</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1669</fpage>
          <lpage>1681</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0000000000002523</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Tricco AC, Langlois EV, Straus SE, editors. Rapid Reviews to Strengthen Health Policy and Systems: A Practical Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tricco</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langlois</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Straus</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Rapid Reviews to Strengthen Health Policy and Systems: A Practical Guide</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2017</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Garritty C, Gartlehner G, Nussbaumer-Streit B, King VJ, Hamel C, Kamel C, et al. Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group Offers Evidence-Informed Guidance to Conduct Rapid Reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;130:13-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garritty</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gartlehner</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nussbaumer-Streit</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group Offers Evidence-Informed Guidance to Conduct Rapid Reviews</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Dobbins M. Rapid Review Guidebook. Hamilton: National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools; 2017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dobbins</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Rapid Review Guidebook</source>
          <publisher-loc>Hamilton</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools</publisher-name>
          <year>2017</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia, Inova&#231;&#227;o e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos em Sa&#250;de. Rela&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais: RENAME 2024 [Internet]. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 28]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_nacional_medicamentos_2024.pdf">https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_nacional_medicamentos_2024.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
            <collab>Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia, Inova&#231;&#227;o e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos em Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Rela&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais: RENAME 2024</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Jul 28</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_nacional_medicamentos_2024.pdf">https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_nacional_medicamentos_2024.pdf</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular do Brasil [Internet]. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2025 [cited 2025 Jul 28]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/composicao/sectics/farmacia-popular">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/composicao/sectics/farmacia-popular</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
            <collab>Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular do Brasil</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2025</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Jul 28</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/composicao/sectics/farmacia-popular">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/composicao/sectics/farmacia-popular</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Cochrane Collaboration. RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomized trials [Internet]. London: Cochrane Collaboration; 2019 [cited 2025 Jul 28]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://methods.cochrane.org/bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials">https://methods.cochrane.org/bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Cochrane Collaboration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomized trials</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Cochrane Collaboration</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Jul 28</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://methods.cochrane.org/bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials">https://methods.cochrane.org/bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Sch&#252;nemann H, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. Updated October 2013 [Internet]. The GRADE Working Group; 2013 [cited 2025 Jul 28]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html">https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sch&#252;nemann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brozek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyatt</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oxman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. Updated October 2013</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <comment>The GRADE Working Group</comment>
          <year>2013</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Jul 28</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html">https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Watt J, Del Giovane C. Network Meta-Analysis. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2345:187-201. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watt</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Giovane</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Network Meta-Analysis</chapter-title>
          <source>Methods Mol Biol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>2345</volume>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_12</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Florez ID, De La Cruz-Mena JE, Veroniki AA. Network Meta-Analysis: A Powerful Tool For Clinicians, Decision-Makers, and Methodologists. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;176:111537. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111537.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Florez</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De La Cruz-Mena</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veroniki</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Network Meta-Analysis: A Powerful Tool For Clinicians, Decision-Makers, and Methodologists</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>176</volume>
          <size units="pages">111537</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111537</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Shiny de Network Meta-Analysis [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jul 28]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://shiny.nbbinc.info/NMABin">https://shiny.nbbinc.info/NMABin</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Shiny de Network Meta-Analysis</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Jul 28</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://shiny.nbbinc.info/NMABin">https://shiny.nbbinc.info/NMABin</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Vail EA, Avidan MS. Trials with 'Non-Significant' Results are not Insignificant Trials: A Common Significance Threshold Distorts Reporting and Interpretation of Trial Results. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(5):643-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.06.023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vail</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avidan</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trials with 'Non-Significant' Results are not Insignificant Trials: A Common Significance Threshold Distorts Reporting and Interpretation of Trial Results</article-title>
          <source>Br J Anaesth</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>643</fpage>
          <lpage>646</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bja.2022.06.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Habibzadeh F. Reinterpretation of the Results of Randomized Clinical Trials. PLoS One. 2024;19(6):e0305575. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305575.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habibzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reinterpretation of the Results of Randomized Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0305575</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0305575</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Opie LH. Beta-Blockers for Hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD002003. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiysonge</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volmink</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayosi</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opie</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-Blockers for Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <size units="pages">CD002003</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Kuyper LM, Khan NA. Atenolol vs Nonatenolol &#223;-blockers for the Treatment of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30(5 Suppl):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.01.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuyper</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atenolol vs Nonatenolol &#223;-blockers for the Treatment of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2014.01.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council Trial of Treatment of Hypertension in Older Adults: Principal Results. MRC Working Party. BMJ. 1992;304(6824):405-12. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6824.405.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>MRC Working Party</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Medical Research Council Trial of Treatment of Hypertension in Older Adults: Principal Results. MRC Working Party</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>304</volume>
          <issue>6824</issue>
          <fpage>405</fpage>
          <lpage>412</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.304.6824.405</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Coope J, Warrender TS. Randomised Trial of Treatment of Hypertension in Elderly Patients in Primary Care. Br Med J. 1986;293(6555):1145-51. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6555.1145.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coope</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warrender</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomised Trial of Treatment of Hypertension in Elderly Patients in Primary Care</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <issue>6555</issue>
          <fpage>1145</fpage>
          <lpage>1151</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.293.6555.1145</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Dahl&#246;f B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of Cardiovascular Events with an Antihypertensive Regimen of Amlodipine Adding Perindopril as Required versus Atenolol Adding Bendroflumethiazide as Required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9489):895-906. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67185-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahl&#246;f</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sever</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulter</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wedel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beevers</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caulfield</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevention of Cardiovascular Events with an Antihypertensive Regimen of Amlodipine Adding Perindopril as Required versus Atenolol Adding Bendroflumethiazide as Required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>9489</issue>
          <fpage>895</fpage>
          <lpage>906</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67185-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of Atenolol and Captopril in Reducing Risk of Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: UKPDS 39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ. 1998;317(7160):713-20. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7160.713.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of Atenolol and Captopril in Reducing Risk of Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: UKPDS 39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>317</volume>
          <issue>7160</issue>
          <fpage>713</fpage>
          <lpage>720</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.317.7160.713</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Ried LD, Tueth MJ, Handberg E, Kupfer S, Pepine CJ; INVEST Study Group. A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in Patients Treated with a Calcium Antagonist versus an Atenolol Hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST). Psychosom Med. 2005;67(3):398-406. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000160468.69451.7f.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ried</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tueth</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kupfer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pepine</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>INVEST Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in Patients Treated with a Calcium Antagonist versus an Atenolol Hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST)</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>398</fpage>
          <lpage>406</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.psy.0000160468.69451.7f</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Dahl&#246;f B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in Hypertension Study (LIFE): A Randomised Trial Against Atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995-1003. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08089-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahl&#246;f</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjeldsen</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Julius</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beevers</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faire</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in Hypertension Study (LIFE): A Randomised Trial Against Atenolol</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>359</volume>
          <issue>9311</issue>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <lpage>1003</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08089-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Agabiti-Rosei E, Trimarco B, Muiesan ML, Reid J, Salvetti A, Tang R, et al. Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes During Long-Term Antihypertensive Treatment with Lacidipine and Atenolol in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). J Hypertens. 2005;23(5):1091-8. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000166852.18463.5e.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agabiti-Rosei</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trimarco</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muiesan</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reid</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvetti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes During Long-Term Antihypertensive Treatment with Lacidipine and Atenolol in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA)</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1091</fpage>
          <lpage>1098</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.hjh.0000166852.18463.5e</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-72. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chobanian</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izzo</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2560</fpage>
          <lpage>2572</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.289.19.2560</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Mancia G, Kjeldsen SE, Kreutz R, Pathak A, Grassi G, Esler M. Individualized Beta-Blocker Treatment for High Blood Pressure Dictated by Medical Comorbidities: Indications Beyond the 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Guidelines. Hypertension. 2022;79(6):1153-66. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19020.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mancia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjeldsen</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreutz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pathak</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grassi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Individualized Beta-Blocker Treatment for High Blood Pressure Dictated by Medical Comorbidities: Indications Beyond the 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1153</fpage>
          <lpage>1166</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Julius S. Risk/benefit Assessment of Beta-Blockers and Diuretics Precludes their Use for First-Line Therapy in Hypertension. Circulation. 2008;117(20):2706-15. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.695007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Messerli</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bangalore</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Julius</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk/benefit Assessment of Beta-Blockers and Diuretics Precludes their Use for First-Line Therapy in Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2706</fpage>
          <lpage>2715</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.695007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Dahl&#246;f B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Lyle PA, Zhang Z, Edelman JM. Atenolol as a Comparator in Outcome Trials in Hypertension: A Correct Choice in the Past, but not for the Future? Blood Press. 2007;16(1):6-12. doi: 10.1080/08037050701246386.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahl&#246;f</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjeldsen</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyle</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edelman</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atenolol as a Comparator in Outcome Trials in Hypertension: A Correct Choice in the Past, but not for the Future?</article-title>
          <source>Blood Press</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/08037050701246386</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Reinhart M, Puil L, Salzwedel DM, Wright JM. First-Line Diuretics versus other Classes of Antihypertensive Drugs for Hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;7(7):CD008161. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008161.pub3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reinhart</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puil</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salzwedel</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First-Line Diuretics versus other Classes of Antihypertensive Drugs for Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <size units="pages">CD008161</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD008161.pub3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Prejbisz A, Donnaloja F, Dobrowolski P, Tettamanti A, Januszewicz A, Zoghi M, et al. Physicians' Attitudes Toward Beta-Blockers for the Treatment of Hypertension in Italy, Poland, and Turkey. J Clin Hypertens. 2024;26(6):624-34. doi: 10.1111/jch.14819.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prejbisz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donnaloja</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrowolski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tettamanti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januszewicz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physicians' Attitudes Toward Beta-Blockers for the Treatment of Hypertension in Italy, Poland, and Turkey</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>624</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jch.14819</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Andrews JC, Sch&#252;nemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE Guidelines: 15. Going from Evidence to Recommendation-Determinants of a Recommendation's Direction and Strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sch&#252;nemann</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oxman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pottie</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meerpohl</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coello</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>GRADE Guidelines: 15. Going from Evidence to Recommendation-Determinants of a Recommendation's Direction and Strength</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>726</fpage>
          <lpage>735</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Leopold JA. Personalizing Treatments for Patients Based on Cardiovascular Phenotyping. Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev. 2022;7(1):4-16. doi: 10.1080/23808993.2022.2028548.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leopold</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Personalizing Treatments for Patients Based on Cardiovascular Phenotyping</article-title>
          <source>Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/23808993.2022.2028548</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Katsukunya JN, Soko ND, Naidoo J, Rayner B, Blom D, Sinxadi P, et al. Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in Africa: Paving the Way for a Pharmacogenetic-Based Approach for the Treatment of Hypertension in Africans. Int J Hypertens. 2023;2023:9919677. doi: 10.1155/2023/9919677.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katsukunya</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soko</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naidoo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rayner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blom</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinxadi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in Africa: Paving the Way for a Pharmacogenetic-Based Approach for the Treatment of Hypertension in Africans</article-title>
          <source>Int J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>2023</volume>
          <size units="pages">9919677</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2023/9919677</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Mengue SS, Bertoldi AD, Ramos LR, Farias MR, Oliveira MA, Tavares NU, et al. Access to and Use of High Blood Pressure Medications in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50(Suppl 2):8s. doi: 10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006154.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mengue</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertoldi</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farias</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>NU</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Access to and Use of High Blood Pressure Medications in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <size units="pages">8s</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006154</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o:</label>
        <p> A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia recomenda o uso de atenolol no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria em associa&#231;&#227;o com outros anti-hipertensivos considerados de primeira escolha (p. ex., diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos ou tiaz&#237;dico-similares em baixas doses, bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio do tipo diidropirid&#237;nico). A prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser individualizada, considerando as comorbidades, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e as prefer&#234;ncias de cada paciente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label/>
        <p>Trata-se de uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o fraca, sustentada por evid&#234;ncia de baixa ou muito baixa certeza, exceto na compara&#231;&#227;o entre atenolol e losartana, cuja certeza da evid&#234;ncia foi moderada nos desfechos em que se observou diferen&#231;a entre as estrat&#233;gias avaliadas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</label>
        <p>
          <italic>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva (Coordenador), Helena Cramer Veiga Rey, Humberto Graner Moreira, Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Nadine Oliveira Clausell &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2025-2027</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn7" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn8" specific-use="0066-782x-abc-122-09-e20250034-suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar:</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0034_supplement.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0034_supplement.pdf</ext-link> </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250034i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Atenolol in Antihypertensive Treatment: Recommendation from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9490-7997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Isaac Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2311-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0904-8564</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9901-6421</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Quenia Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4865-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Clinex, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 77, 2&#186; andar, Cardiologia. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: andreaaraujobrandao@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Editor&#8217;s note:</label>
          <p>As demonstrated in this systematic review, there is a scarcity of high-quality studies directly comparing atenolol with other classes of antihypertensive drugs. The available literature shows that atenolol reduces blood pressure to a similar extent as other first-line medications. However, there may be a slight superiority of other drug classes (e.g., thiazide diuretics, amlodipine, and losartan) in reducing cardiovascular outcomes, particularly stroke.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Hypertension (HTN) is a global public health issue, with high prevalence and a significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardioselective beta-blockers, such as atenolol, are widely used in the treatment of HTN, although their indication as first-line therapy remains controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the efficacy and safety of atenolol in the treatment of primary HTN, compared with other first-line classes of antihypertensive drugs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A systematic review was conducted based on a research question structured using the PICO format. Randomized clinical trials comparing atenolol with other antihypertensive agents were included. Searches were performed in three international databases. Methodological quality was assessed using the RoB 2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE system. The primary composite outcome was the occurrence of major cardiovascular events. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke, each analyzed separately.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Seven clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Compared with amlodipine and losartan, atenolol was associated with a slightly higher incidence of cardiovascular events, with low and moderate certainty of evidence, respectively. The combination of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride demonstrated a greater reduction in cardiovascular events compared to atenolol, although with very low certainty of evidence. Blood pressure (BP) reduction was similar across the compared treatments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Despite the limitations of available evidence, atenolol showed comparable efficacy in BP reduction, with small differences in cardiovascular outcomes favoring other antihypertensive classes. Its use may be considered among the options for combination therapy in the treatment of primary HTN in adults. Other beta-blockers were not evaluated in this systematic review.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Atenolol in Antihypertensive Treatment: Recommendation from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenolol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HTN) is one of the leading global and national public health concerns, responsible for approximately 10 million deaths per year worldwide, primarily due to cardiovascular complications such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, the reported prevalence of HTN was 21.4% (95% CI: 20.8 to 22.0) based on self-report; 22.8% (95% CI: 22.1 to 23.4) based on measured blood pressure (BP); and 32.3% (95% CI: 31.7 to 33.0) when considering either measured BP and/or reported use of antihypertensive medication(s).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Effective strategies for prevention, early diagnosis, and BP control are essential to mitigate the impact of HTN, especially among vulnerable populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pharmacological treatment of HTN remains a major challenge. Prominent studies on the topic, such as ACCORD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and SPRINT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which established more intensive BP control targets in the intervention groups (systolic BP &lt;120 mmHg), have shown that on average individuals with HTN require approximately three combined medications to reach that goal. In addition to increasing treatment costs and affecting patient adherence, this also highlights the need for a broader range of therapeutic options with proven clinical efficacy.</p>
        <p>Beta-blockers (BBs) are a heterogeneous group of drugs that act by blocking peripheral and central beta-adrenergic receptors as well as by inhibiting renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, they differ in terms of receptor selectivity and additional pharmacological effects. Introduced for clinical use in the 1960s, they became the most widely prescribed class of antihypertensive drugs during the 1980s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Later, in the 2000s, primary studies and meta-analyses were published suggesting that BBs, when analyzed as a group, were less effective than other antihypertensive classes &#8212; particularly in cerebrovascular protection &#8212; thereby relegating BBs to a secondary role in HTN management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A current point of concern is that these studies assumed equivalent clinical effects among different BBs in HTN, and at the time, the reviews did not account for the quality of the included studies (i.e., the certainty of evidence) in their conclusions.</p>
        <p>With the aim of addressing this gap in the treatment of HTN, and considering the best available scientific evidence, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (<italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>, SBC) commissioned the development of a Clinical Recommendation on the use of atenolol &#8212; the most widely used and available medication within the BB class &#8212; for the treatment of individuals with HTN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>To support the SBC Clinical Recommendation, a systematic review was conducted. The research question, structured in the PICO format, was: what is the efficacy and safety of treating HTN with atenolol compared to other antihypertensive agents? The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the number CRD42024563608.</p>
        <p>The rapid systematic review, the methodology employed in this document, belongs to the broader family of systematic reviews but differs from traditional approaches. This methodology was developed to maintain appropriate methodological rigor in the search for the best available evidence, while incorporating adaptations that allow for a shorter execution time. The main differences include restricting the language of primary articles to English; searching the grey literature only through references of retrieved studies and expert consultation; and using artificial intelligence to facilitate study selection and data extraction. Overall, this type of review is useful for supporting medical societies or health care institutions in making decisions that are sensitive, transparent, systematic, and evidence-based, guided by a question structured in the PICO format. Leading institutions in the field of methodology have described the standards for conducting this type of systematic review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The selection of atenolol for this systematic review, instead of other BBs, was a consensus among the authors and was based on objective criteria, such as: being widely known and available throughout the country; being distributed free of charge through the basic component of the Brazilian Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>, SUS); and, consequently, being included in the National List of Essential Medicines (ReNaMe 2024) and the Popular Pharmacy Program of Brazil (<italic>Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular do Brasil</italic>), coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Additionally, atenolol is the BB with the largest number of studies in HTN, showing a significant difference compared to others, such as metoprolol or propranolol, which have few comparative studies in patients with HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The pharmacological effects of sympathetic blockade vary across the different molecules in this class,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and may not be homogeneous in terms of BP reduction and clinical outcomes, which is why they were not grouped together in a single analysis.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were: (1) systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), or original RCTs, with at least two comparative arms; (2) presence of atenolol as the main drug in one of the intervention groups; (3) reporting of data on at least one of the outcomes of interest; (4) inclusion of adult patients aged 18 years or older; and (5) a minimum follow-up duration of 1 year.</p>
        <p>The exclusion criteria were: (1) RCTs in which atenolol was used as a second-line medication; (2) other clinical study designs; (3) RCTs with a pre-specified crossover design; and (4) post hoc analyses of RCTs that did not present new or additional data relevant to the outcomes analyzed.</p>
        <p>The primary outcome was a composite of major cardiovascular events, including all-cause mortality, stroke, and AMI. The selected secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary outcome, in addition to adverse events potentially reported in the original studies.</p>
        <p>Searches for studies related to the PICO question were conducted in three databases: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.</p>
        <p>Selection, data extraction of key study characteristics, and quality assessment were conducted independently by two experienced researchers. Risk of bias was also assessed independently using the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In cases of disagreement, a third methodologist was consulted. The certainty of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were determined based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The summary of effect for the comparisons between atenolol and other drugs was estimated through a network meta-analysis.</p>
        <p>A network meta-analysis is an advanced statistical technique that combines both direct and indirect evidence from multiple comparative studies to assess the efficacy of different interventions simultaneously &#8212; even when not all have been directly compared with each other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, this review included only direct comparisons between atenolol and six alternative treatments, in addition to a no-treatment arm. No indirect comparisons (e.g., comparing drugs A and C via studies that compared A with B and B with C) or full network comparisons were performed. Meta-analysis was conducted using the MetaInsight software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A detailed description of the methodology used in this rapid systematic review is available in the supplementary material, along with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist.</p>
        <p>A 5% threshold was adopted as the minimally important difference (MID) to define clinical relevance. Therefore, if a treatment demonstrates an effect whose confidence interval does not cross the line of no effect, it is considered statistically significant. However, to be deemed clinically relevant, the 95% CI must not touch the MID threshold of 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This threshold was established in advance by the Recommendation Panel, prior to the presentation and awareness of the results.</p>
        <p>The clinical recommendation was established by consensus during a meeting of a Recommendation Panel composed of experts appointed by the sponsoring organization. The entire project was overseen and funded by SBC, while the systematic review and the clinical recommendation process were conducted by an independent team of methodologists (LL, AB, and QD). The team of methodologists and the authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest related to this review.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The initial search for systematic reviews identified 815 publications. After removing duplicates, screening titles and abstracts, and applying the eligibility criteria, 17 articles were selected for full-text review. Of these, none specifically addressed the proposed research question; however, two documents had potential as sources of references for studies comparing atenolol with other classes of antihypertensive drugs in the treatment of HTN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> (Figure S1 &#8211; PRISMA flowchart of systematic review selection).</p>
        <p>Among these two studies, the review by Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> was selected as the main reference for identifying primary studies and for guiding the search strategy, as it was the most recent and comprehensive publication. This review included seven primary studies comparing atenolol with other classes of antihypertensive drugs, which were eligible for inclusion in the new review. Furthermore, its search strategy served as a model for updating the search to include RCTs published after 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The second database search, now focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to update the selection from the reference systematic review, identified 6,404 records. Of these, 669 were duplicates, and 5,727 studies were excluded based on titles and abstracts. In addition, a manual search of the reference lists from the systematic reviews selected in the first search was conducted. In this second phase, eight studies were selected for full-text review. However, no additional RCTs beyond the seven primary studies included in Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> met the inclusion criteria based on the PICO question and were therefore not added to the network meta-analysis (Figure S2 &#8211; PRISMA flowchart of RCT selection).</p>
        <p>The details of the search strategies, the documents excluded after full-text review, and the PRISMA flowcharts are provided in the supplementary material (Tables S1 to S4, Figures S1 and S2)<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-suppl01-en.pdf"/>.</p>
        <p>The updated search did not yield any additional studies evaluating the specific intervention (atenolol). The main characteristics of the seven primary randomized controlled trials included (originally selected in the review by Wiysonge et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>) are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>The included studies evaluated populations with HTN and varying clinical profiles, with sample sizes ranging from 884 to 22,576 participants and mean ages between 56 and 79 years. The populations comprised individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and additional cardiovascular risk factors, in addition to HTN. Further details of the methodology and study search/selection process can be found in the supplementary material.</p>
        <p>Effect summaries are presented in forest plots, comparing different treatments to atenolol (used as the reference). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs are reported. OR values greater than 1 indicate a higher likelihood of cardiovascular events with atenolol compared to the comparator treatment, whereas OR values less than 1 indicate a lower likelihood of events with atenolol.</p>
        <p>Regarding the primary outcome of major cardiovascular events, the combination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) demonstrated a protective profile, with a lower number of cardiovascular events compared to atenolol, exceeding the 5% threshold for the MID. Amlodipine and losartan also showed fewer events compared to atenolol; however, the lower bound of the 95% CI reached the 5% threshold, which reduces confidence in the clinical relevance of these findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Composite outcomes: major cardiovascular events (death, stroke, and acute myocardial infarction). Thin red horizontal lines highlight statistically significant differences, while thick red lines indicate clinically relevant differences. The vertical blue lines represent the 5% MID threshold. The certainty of the evidence for each comparison is shown on the right.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For the secondary outcomes &#8212; mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>), stroke (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>), and AMI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>) &#8212; the 95% CIs exceeded the MID threshold, indicating results within the range of no clinical relevance. In nearly all cases, the intervals also crossed the line of no effect, suggesting no statistically significant difference between treatment strategies.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcome: all-cause mortality according to different antihypertensive treatments compared to atenolol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcome: stroke, according to different antihypertensive treatments compared to atenolol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcome: acute myocardial infarction, according to different antihypertensive treatments compared to atenolol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Only three of the seven studies reported adverse events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>). Among them, the comparison with amlodipine was the only one to show a statistically significant difference, with bradycardia occurring more frequently in the atenolol group (OR 16.67; 95% CI: 11.77 to 23.61) &#8212; a clinically expected outcome for BBs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcome: adverse events, according to different antihypertensive treatments compared to atenolol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed for the primary composite outcome and for the individual secondary outcomes of all-cause mortality, AMI, and stroke across the seven RCTs. The assessment of risk of bias covered five domains per study: randomization, deviations from intended interventions, missing outcome data, outcome measurement, and selective reporting. Most of the downgrades in risk of bias were due to deviations from intended interventions (D2) and missing data (D3), as seen in the MRCOA26<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and COOPE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> studies, both classified as high risk of bias. The ASCOT-BPLA28<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and UKPDS39<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> studies showed moderate risk of bias due to issues with blinding and unexplained deviations. The INVEST30,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> LIFE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and ELSA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> studies were classified as low risk of bias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> and Supplementary Material).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk of bias (RoB 2) of the primary studies included in this systematic review. The five evaluated domains are shown, using the following color coding: green for low risk of bias, yellow for moderate risk, and red for high risk of bias. The final judgment per study is also presented, with respective symbols indicating the specific issue that led to a downgrade. Unexplained deviations from treatment (*); Blinding issues, multiple comparators (&#8224;); Treatment deviations, loss to follow-up, and lack of protocol (&#8225;); Treatment deviations, missing data not addressed (&#167;). D1: Randomization; D2: Treatment Deviations; D3: Missing Data; D4: Outcome Measurement; D5 Reported Data.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The certainty of the evidence, assessed using the GRADE system, ranged from very low to moderate. For studies comparing atenolol with verapamil, losartan, or lacidipine, the certainty of the evidence was rated as moderate. In contrast, studies comparing atenolol with hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride or with no treatment were classified as having very low certainty (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08001">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; GRADE assessment of the primary studies included in this systematic review. HCTZ: hydrochlorothiazide</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As a sensitivity analysis, in comparison to the network meta-analysis methodology, a conventional meta-analysis forest plot was generated, comparing atenolol with different antihypertensive classes grouped as a single comparator. Notably, the effect size estimates for each comparison (atenolol vs. other antihypertensives) differed numerically between the network meta-analysis and the conventional meta-analysis. In the latter, where comparator classes were grouped together, the results showed high heterogeneity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 8</xref>), reinforcing the argument that antihypertensive classes with distinct mechanisms of action should not be pooled into a single comparator group within a meta-analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09001">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Conventional meta-analysis comparing the composite outcome of cardiovascular events between atenolol and other antihypertensive drugs grouped as comparators.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20250034-50034-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For improved interpretation of the forest plots below, which represent the effects of each treatment strategy, the term &#8220;standard&#8221; was used to describe the comparator arm in the COOPE study (1998), in which atenolol (with the possible addition of bendroflumethiazide and methyldopa, if needed) was compared to no treatment. In that study, the comparator group would only receive antihypertensive therapy if the patient maintained BP values above 280/120 mmHg or experienced a stroke. The strategy labeled &#8220;placebo&#8221; refers to the third arm of the MRCOA study (1992), in which patients were allocated to receive atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride, or placebo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>BBs are a class of medications widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as HTN, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmias. They are also indicated for other conditions, including migraine prophylaxis, essential tremor, and the management of anxiety symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> These drugs act by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby reducing the effects of catecholamines on the heart and vascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> They also act on the central nervous system and inhibit renin secretion by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> There are different subclasses of BBs, including selective &#946;<sub>1</sub> receptor blockers, which have a lower impact on &#946;<sub>2</sub> receptors (e.g., atenolol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol), and non-selective BBs, which block both &#946;<sub>1</sub> and &#946;<sub>2</sub> receptors (e.g., propranolol). In addition, some BBs possess additional properties, such as vasodilatory activity, as observed in carvedilol and nebivolol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Common side effects of BBs include bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension, bronchospasm (particularly with non-selective agents), and sexual dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the 1970s and 1980s, these medications were considered first-line treatment for HTN, being recommended in 1983 by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the International Society of Hypertension, and in 1988 by the Joint National Committee.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, especially from the 1990s onward, original studies and meta-analyses were published comparing BBs to other classes of antihypertensive drugs, questioning the role of BBs in the treatment of HTN.</p>
        <p>In 2005, a systematic review was published that included 13 RCTs with 105,951 participants comparing BBs, as a group, to other classes of antihypertensive drugs. That same review also included seven trials with 27,433 individuals comparing BBs to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The conclusion categorically stated that the effectiveness of BBs was inferior, with an increased risk of stroke, and that they should therefore no longer be considered first-line agents for the treatment of primary HTN. In this review, the included primary studies assessed different BBs, which were pooled and compared to pooled classes of other antihypertensive drugs, as well as placebo. In some trials, a single study arm included more than one BB. In the final summary of the meta-analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between groups for all-cause mortality or AMI, but a statistically significant difference was observed for stroke &#8212; although not clinically relevant, as the 95% confidence interval exceeded the predefined MID threshold of 5%. A secondary analysis specifically comparing atenolol to pooled antihypertensive drug classes showed a statistically significant difference in mortality and a clinically relevant difference in stroke, both favoring the other drug classes. No assessment of the quality of the studies included was performed.</p>
        <p>In a systematic review published in 2007, Dahl&#246;f et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> conducted a meta-analysis of studies evaluating atenolol and other BBs vs. placebo or no treatment. At that time, BBs were no longer recommended as first-line options for HTN. Regarding stroke, results showed a statistically significant protective effect in favor of atenolol, with no significant difference observed for the composite outcome of cardiovascular events. In the discussion, the authors emphasized that the use of BBs reduces cardiovascular risk in HTN when compared to placebo or no treatment. However, they highlighted a clear superiority of losartan and amlodipine in more recent studies at the time &#8212; LIFE and ASCOT, respectively &#8212; for the outcome of stroke, concluding that BBs were no longer appropriate comparators in new RCTs.</p>
        <p>At that time, it was not standard practice to assess the quality of the primary studies; conclusions were based solely on the numerical estimates of benefits and harms associated with each strategy. A second methodological limitation of those studies lies in the comparison of BBs, as a single group, with a pooled group of distinct classes of antihypertensive drugs. This approach is questionable, as calcium channel blockers, thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics, and renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers have different mechanisms of action, side effect profiles, and potentially distinct efficacy outcomes.</p>
        <p>In 2017, the Cochrane Collaboration published a systematic review on BBs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> also analyzed as a pooled group, but this time compared with placebo and with other classes of antihypertensive drugs evaluated separately: diuretics, calcium channel blockers, RAAS inhibitors, and alpha-blockers. This review applied the GRADE tool to assess the certainty of evidence for each comparison, incorporating study quality into the final interpretation of results. The main findings showed a statistically significant reduction in stroke and in the composite outcome of cardiovascular events in favor of BBs compared with placebo. However, the 95% CIs exceeded the prespecified 5% threshold for minimal clinically important difference. As a result, this evidence was graded as low certainty. Moreover, when comparing pooled BBs with calcium channel blockers (for stroke and cardiovascular events) and with RAAS inhibitors (for stroke), the alternative treatments showed clinically relevant reductions in events, with certainty of evidence rated as moderate. These results reinforce the ongoing debate over whether the effects of BBs on BP and clinical outcomes, when analyzed as a group, are truly homogeneous &#8212; representing a class effect &#8212; or whether there are distinct actions among different generations of BBs, which would make pooling them in a single analysis methodologically inappropriate.</p>
        <p>In 2020, Thomopoulos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> conducted a systematic review on the use of BBs for the treatment of HTN. Although 87 studies were included, only 16 specifically focused on HTN. Of these, seven evaluated atenolol as the active treatment, four investigated propranolol, two analyzed metoprolol, one tested oxprenolol, one grouped atenolol and metoprolol in the same intervention arm, and one assessed any BB. In this review, the vast majority of the included RCTs addressed other conditions, mainly coronary artery disease and heart failure. The authors concluded that &#8220;compared with other antihypertensive drugs, BBs appear to be substantially less effective in protecting against stroke and all-cause mortality.&#8221; The comparison between pooled BBs and pooled antihypertensive drug classes showed a clinically relevant difference in stroke outcomes favoring the other medications in HTN-specific studies (RR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.38), and a clinically irrelevant difference for all-cause mortality (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.12). No separate analysis was conducted for atenolol, and heterogeneity was not reported alongside the forest plots. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool; however, the other GRADE components &#8212; heterogeneity, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias &#8212; were not considered collectively to determine the overall quality of the evidence (certainty of evidence).</p>
        <p>In a 2023 Cochrane Collaboration systematic review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> comparing diuretics with other classes of antihypertensive drugs, no differences were observed in the outcomes assessed when compared with BBs &#8212; including cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate.</p>
        <p>Despite these results, which showed mixed conclusions &#8212; some neutral and others unfavorable to BBs &#8212; this class of drugs continues to be widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of HTN. In a cross-sectional study published in 2024 by Prejbisz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> involving physicians from Italy, Poland, and T&#252;rkiye, approximately 23% of professionals reported prescribing BBs for HTN treatment, a proportion that increased to 30% when there were concomitant cardiovascular comorbidities.</p>
        <p>This systematic review was developed based on several methodological premises. First, the antihypertensive effect of different substances within the BB class does not appear to be homogeneous, as some act only on &#946;<sub>1</sub> receptors, others on both &#946;<sub>1</sub> and &#946;<sub>2</sub> receptors, and some also exhibit vasodilatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, grouping them into a single category while assuming the same antihypertensive effect may not be ideal. Second, combining multiple classes of antihypertensive drugs into a single comparator group significantly increases heterogeneity among studies, which meaningfully reduces confidence in the estimated effect. Third, conclusions should always be based on the comparative effect estimate (risk ratio), considering the previously defined MID, to determine whether a strategy produces a clinically relevant effect. Finally, it is essential to associate the estimated effect with the certainty of evidence assigned to each study supporting that result, preferably using the GRADE tool &#8212; which indicates how confident we can be in that information. If the quality is rated as low or very low, the actual effect in clinical practice may differ substantially from the observed estimate, underscoring the need for further RCTs to support any reliable conclusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In light of these premises and with the aim of addressing the existing knowledge gap, the decision was made to compare atenolol individually &#8212; considered the most commonly prescribed BB for the treatment of HTN in Brazil &#8212; with other antihypertensive drug classes, analyzed separately. Surprisingly, only a limited number of studies were found evaluating this direct comparison, and none of the comparator drugs appeared in more than one original study. Overall, these studies were completed over 20 years ago, displayed considerable variability in methodological quality, and yielded imprecise results.</p>
        <p>The network meta-analysis methodology employed in this review, although it did not include indirect or network comparisons in this case, offers the advantage of estimating the effect of atenolol with greater precision, without pooling various distinct classes of antihypertensive drugs, as commonly occurs in traditional meta-analyses. Moreover, no ranking of the different antihypertensive classes &#8212; a feature available in network meta-analysis &#8212; was generated, due to the high variability in the certainty of evidence across the original studies.</p>
        <p>Among the comparisons that showed a favorable effect for other antihypertensive classes in the composite outcome of &#8220;cardiovascular events,&#8221; the most pronounced effect (hydrochlorothiazide combined with amiloride) was associated with very low certainty of evidence &#8212; suggesting that the true effect may differ substantially from the observed result. For the other two drug classes that demonstrated benefit (amlodipine and losartan), the confidence intervals touched the previously defined MID threshold, with the certainty of evidence rated as low and moderate, respectively.</p>
        <p>Notably, some medical society recommendations against the use of atenolol are based on factors such as potency, dosage, frequency of administration, and pharmacokinetic interactions. In addition, daily doses of 100 to 200 mg have shown greater efficacy than 25 to 50 mg in patients with angina, which may also be relevant to the treatment of HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One fact that appears unequivocal is the magnitude of BP reduction in treatment arms using atenolol as the initial medication, compared to combinations administered in the comparator arms. In all included original studies, BP reduction was very similar between atenolol and the comparator drugs, suggesting a comparable antihypertensive effect across different drug classes.</p>
        <p>This document presents several limitations. The most important is the small number of studies with direct comparisons between atenolol and other antihypertensive drug classes. To adequately answer the PICO question, more studies &#8212; ideally more recent and with high methodological quality &#8212; would be necessary. This limitation is even more pronounced in studies evaluating HTN treatment with other BBs, such as metoprolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, and nebivolol, for which the scarcity of published articles precludes a reliable analysis. Second, although a network meta-analysis was conducted, the lack of indirect comparisons in this topic prevented the construction of an actual network of comparisons. Third, atenolol was not used as monotherapy in the included studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). This reflects common clinical practice in the treatment of HTN, where drug combinations are frequently required to achieve target BP levels. However, such a characteristic limits the interpretation of the observed antihypertensive effect, making it difficult to determine how much of the benefit is attributable to atenolol alone versus co-administered medications. The same reasoning applies to comparator drugs, which were also not used as monotherapy in these studies. Because of the limited efficacy of monotherapy in achieving adequate BP control for most patients, it is unlikely that RCTs isolating the effect of a single medication with precision will be feasible.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the clinical trials included in this systematic review (highlighting the coadministered antihypertensive medications in each study)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Year</th>
                  <th>Intervention</th>
                  <th>Additional antihypertensives</th>
                  <th>Primary outcomes</th>
                  <th>Secondary outcomes</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASCOT-BPLA</td>
                  <td align="center">2005</td>
                  <td align="center">Amlodipine</td>
                  <td align="center">In the amlodipine group: perindopril; in the atenolol group: bendrofluazide and potassium</td>
                  <td align="center">Fatal and nonfatal MI</td>
                  <td align="center">Death, stroke, coronary events, CV events, cardiovascular procedures, heart failure</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INVEST</td>
                  <td align="center">2003</td>
                  <td align="center">Verapamil</td>
                  <td align="center">Trandolapril and/or hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">Death, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, angina, adverse events, hospitalization, and BP control at 24 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LIFE</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">Losartan</td>
                  <td align="center">Hydrochlorothiazide and other classes of antihypertensives</td>
                  <td align="center">CV event</td>
                  <td align="center">Death, hospitalization for heart failure</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ELSA</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">Lacidipine</td>
                  <td align="center">Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">IMT</td>
                  <td align="center">Increase or reduction in carotid plaque (IMT &#8805; 1.3 mm), cardiovascular death, and nonfatal CV event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UKPDS39</td>
                  <td align="center">1998</td>
                  <td align="center">Captopril</td>
                  <td align="center">Furosemide, nifedipine, methyldopa, prazosin</td>
                  <td align="center">Death and diabetes-related death</td>
                  <td align="center">Macro- and microvascular complications, death, albuminuria, retinopathy, AMI, CAD, PAD, amputation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MRCOA</td>
                  <td align="center">1992</td>
                  <td align="center">Hydrochlorothiazide + Amiloride</td>
                  <td align="center">If necessary, the intervention from the other arm was used; also nifedipine</td>
                  <td align="center">Death, stroke, coronary events</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COOPE</td>
                  <td align="center">1986</td>
                  <td align="center">No treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">Bendrofluazide and methyldopa</td>
                  <td align="center">Death, stroke, AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">Symptoms</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; CV: cardiovascular; DM2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; IMT: intima-media thickness; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; N/A: not applicable; PAD: peripheral arterial disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>These facts pose an additional challenge to the development of a Clinical Recommendation addressing the proposed PICO question &#8212; a response that is greatly needed, as the use of atenolol in the treatment of HTN remains a current, widespread practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The members of the panel for this SBC Clinical Recommendation acknowledge that much of prior literature on this topic was interpreted during a time when the assessment of the quality of primary studies was not routinely applied. This may have contributed to an overestimation of the differences between BBs and other classes of antihypertensive agents in key cardiovascular outcomes. By incorporating the certainty of evidence, the difference between atenolol and other antihypertensive classes may be small, and that the reductions in BP values are comparable.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>HTN is a highly prevalent condition among adults, and its prevention and treatment should be priorities for any health care system. The findings of this review highlight the frequent need for combining antihypertensive agents in therapeutic regimens to achieve targets that prevent target organ damage and adverse outcomes.</p>
        <p>Although the evidence is limited, atenolol showed similar effectiveness in lowering BP, with only minor differences in cardiovascular outcomes favoring other classes of antihypertensive drugs. Therefore, the expert panel recommends that atenolol may be considered as one of the options for combination therapy in the treatment of primary HTN in adults. Other BBs were not evaluated in this systematic review.</p>
        <p>As with any clinical recommendation, prescribing decisions should be individualized and consider comorbidities, clinical characteristics, and patient preferences, along with the clinical judgment of the prescribing health professional.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the clinical trials included in this systematic review</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Year</th>
                  <th>Intervention</th>
                  <th>Follow-up (years)</th>
                  <th>Population</th>
                  <th>Age (mean)</th>
                  <th>Patients</th>
                  <th>Baseline mean BP (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>Final mean BP in treatment group (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>Final mean BP in atenolol group (mmHg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASCOT-BPLA (&#8224;)</td>
                  <td align="center">2005</td>
                  <td align="center">Amlodipine</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN and &#8805;3 CVRF</td>
                  <td align="center">40 to 79 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,257</td>
                  <td align="center">164/94</td>
                  <td align="center">136/77</td>
                  <td align="center">137/79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INVEST</td>
                  <td align="center">2003</td>
                  <td align="center">Verapamil</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN and CAD, &gt;50 years</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;50 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,576</td>
                  <td align="center">150/87 (//)</td>
                  <td align="center">131.3/77</td>
                  <td align="center">131/76.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LIFE (*)</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">Losartan</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN and LVH</td>
                  <td align="center">55 to 80</td>
                  <td align="center">9,193</td>
                  <td align="center">174/97</td>
                  <td align="center">143.8/80.4</td>
                  <td align="center">144.9/80.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ELSA (&#8225;)</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">Lacidipine</td>
                  <td align="center">3.75</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN</td>
                  <td align="center">45 to 75 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,334</td>
                  <td align="center">163/101</td>
                  <td align="center">141.4/85.5</td>
                  <td align="center">141.2/85.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UKPDS39</td>
                  <td align="center">1998</td>
                  <td align="center">Captopril</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN + T2DM</td>
                  <td align="center">26 to 65 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,148</td>
                  <td align="center">160/94</td>
                  <td align="center">144/83</td>
                  <td align="center">143/81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MRCOA</td>
                  <td align="center">1992</td>
                  <td align="center">HCTZ + Amiloride</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN</td>
                  <td align="center">65 to 74 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,396</td>
                  <td align="center">183/91</td>
                  <td align="center">150/77</td>
                  <td align="center">150/77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COOPE (&#167;)</td>
                  <td align="center">1986</td>
                  <td align="center">No treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">HTN</td>
                  <td align="center">60 to 79 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">884</td>
                  <td align="center">196/99</td>
                  <td align="center">180/89</td>
                  <td align="center">178/88</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>(*) CV events = total mortality; CV mortality + fatal and non-fatal AMI; fatal and non-fatal stroke. (&#8224;) It is not clearly defined whether MI and stroke results include only non-fatal events or also fatal ones. (&#8225;) CV events defined as MI, stroke, and CV death only (excluding total mortality). (&#167;) CV events = total mortality, total stroke, and total coronary disease. (//) Weighted average BP among patients using and not using anti-HTN. anti-HTN: antihypertensives; BP: blood pressure; CAD: coronary artery disease; CV: cardiovascular; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factors; HCTZ: hydrochlorothiazide; HTN: hypertension; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; MI: myocardial infarction; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1-en">
          <label>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</label>
          <p>
            <italic>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva (Coordinator), Helena Cramer Veiga Rey, Humberto Graner Moreira, Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Nadine Oliveira Clausell &#8211; Period 2025-2027</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2-en">
          <label>Recommendation:</label>
          <p> The Brazilian Society of Cardiology recommends the use of atenolol for the treatment of primary arterial hypertension in combination with other first-line antihypertensive agents (e.g., low-dose thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers). Prescription should be individualized and consider comorbidities, clinical characteristics, and patient preferences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3-en">
          <label/>
          <p>This is a weak recommendation, supported by low or very low certainty of evidence, except for the comparison between atenolol and losartan, for which the certainty of evidence was moderate in the outcomes where differences between treatment strategies were observed.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4-en">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5-en">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6-en">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn7-en" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn8-en" specific-use="0066-782x-abc-122-09-e20250034-suppl01-en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please click here:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0034_supplement.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0034_supplement.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding: </label>
          <p>This study was funded by Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
