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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">M9WMfWC9k4cgHvnP4yKshQH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240880</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Nova F&#243;rmula Corrigida para Estimar Corretamente a Press&#227;o A&#243;rtica Central a Partir de Medi&#231;&#245;es Perif&#233;ricas da Bra&#231;adeira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8510-3505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ozgeyik</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5065-3283</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaypakli</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hatay University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hatay University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mehmet Ozgeyik &#8226; Eskisehir City Hospital Department of Cardiology - Cavdarlar Street, 26100, Odunpazar&#305;, Eskisehir - Turquia E-mail: <email>mehmetozgeyik@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240880</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="commentary" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250543" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) tem import&#226;ncia crucial na perfus&#227;o tecidual. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a f&#243;rmula mais utilizada foi sugerida por Gauer, que utiliza as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e de pulso (PP) coletadas pela art&#233;ria il&#237;aca (PAM = PAD + 0,333 x PP). No entanto, seus resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o confi&#225;veis para registros n&#227;o invasivos, pois as press&#245;es arteriais s&#227;o mais elevadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Derivamos uma f&#243;rmula corrigida para o c&#225;lculo correto da PAM a partir dos registros de press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva: PAM = PADmanguito + [0,33 + (0,43 &#8211; 0,0038 x PADmanguito)] x PPmanguito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 149 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os tra&#231;ados da press&#227;o arterial intra-a&#243;rtica e do manguito foram obtidos simultaneamente. O coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o &#233; 0,333 para todos os c&#225;lculos. O desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o foi calculado com a f&#243;rmula do coeficiente PP &#8722;0,333. Essas duas f&#243;rmulas foram comparadas usando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear e o crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A press&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia medida foi de 111,5 &#177; 13,0 mmHg. A press&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia calculada pela f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e pela f&#243;rmula corrigida foi de 105,8 &#177; 13,5 e 111,3 &#177; 12,1, respectivamente. O R, R<sup>2</sup> e AIC da f&#243;rmula corrigida foram melhores do que os da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o [(0,905 vs. 0,887), (0,818 vs. 0,787) e (858,9 vs. 1002,7), respectivamente].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo para o c&#225;lculo da PAM a partir de medidas do pulso, e a f&#243;rmula corrigida tem melhor precis&#227;o do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o para estimativa da PAM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Uma Nova F&#243;rmula Corrigida para Estimar Corretamente a Press&#227;o A&#243;rtica Central a Partir de Medi&#231;&#245;es Perif&#233;ricas da Bra&#231;adeira</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/M9WMfWC9k4cgHvnP4yKshQH/93f416a6c4527930186f2e0725b078d9d6f355c7.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulso Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Palpa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A perfus&#227;o tecidual &#233; muito importante para manter as fun&#231;&#245;es vitais do corpo. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) tem import&#226;ncia crucial na perfus&#227;o tecidual. Valores mais altos e mais baixos de PAM afetam negativamente os mecanismos celulares. Portanto, o corpo deve garantir uma PAM est&#225;vel, e o c&#225;lculo correto da PAM pode salvar vidas em situa&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas.</p>
      <p>O c&#225;lculo da press&#227;o arterial central m&#233;dia exata &#233; obtido a partir da press&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtica. A &#225;rea sob a curva da forma de onda press&#227;o-tempo de um ciclo card&#237;aco completo com a integral ponderada no tempo &#233; a maneira correta de calcular a press&#227;o arterial central m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> C&#225;lculos da PAM por diferentes f&#243;rmulas foram sugeridas at&#233; agora. A primeira f&#243;rmula sugerida por Gauer usa press&#245;es sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e de pulso (PP) coletadas pela art&#233;ria il&#237;aca <inline-formula id="ii1"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAM</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>333</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os estudos seguintes mostraram que essa f&#243;rmula tinha baixa precis&#227;o e adicionaram par&#226;metros como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) para obter f&#243;rmulas mais corretas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por fim, Kaypakli et al. compararam todas as f&#243;rmulas e sugeriram uma f&#243;rmula melhor para o c&#225;lculo da PAM <inline-formula id="ii2"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAM</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>16</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>00107</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>06</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>000773</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>FC</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> No entanto, a obten&#231;&#227;o de valores de press&#227;o arterial intra-a&#243;rtica geralmente n&#227;o &#233; vi&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, os par&#226;metros de press&#227;o arterial do esfigmoman&#244;metro de manguito s&#227;o utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da PAM. A f&#243;rmula de Gauer &#233; geralmente utilizada para o c&#225;lculo da PAM, pois &#233; f&#225;cil de usar. No entanto, esta f&#243;rmula emp&#237;rica n&#227;o foi comparada com uma f&#243;rmula melhor anteriormente. Neste estudo, derivamos uma f&#243;rmula corrigida para o c&#225;lculo da press&#227;o arterial central m&#233;dia a partir dos registros da press&#227;o arterial do manguito:<inline-formula id="ii3"><mml:math><mml:mtext> Press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PAD manguito </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0038</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mtext> PAD manguito </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PP manguito </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a calcular a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia a partir de medi&#231;&#245;es do manguito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Cento e quarenta e nove pacientes (70 homens e 79 mulheres) submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o entre maio de 2023 e dezembro de 2023 (<italic>All-comers design</italic>). O tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foi determinado no in&#237;cio do estudo. Pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;50%, doen&#231;as valvares leves ou graves, desequil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas e menores de 18 anos foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito, e nosso Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Local aprovou o estudo.</p>
      <p>O hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, os par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos e as caracter&#237;sticas basais foram obtidos a partir de registros hospitalares. O mesmo cardiologista realizou visualiza&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas antes das angiografias. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Simpson.</p>
      <p>Todas as angiografias coron&#225;rias foram realizadas pela art&#233;ria femoral. Cateteres diagn&#243;sticos 6 F (<italic>Pig-tail</italic>) foram inseridos na raiz da aorta para c&#225;lculo das press&#245;es a&#243;rticas m&#233;dias. A PAM foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo da curva de &#225;rea sob press&#227;o-tempo. Um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico automatizado padr&#227;o (Bosomat, Bosooscillomat, Bosch, Jungingen, Alemanha, tamanho da bexiga 28 x 12,5) foi usado para medi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica. Os tra&#231;ados da press&#227;o arterial intra-a&#243;rtica e do manguito foram obtidos simultaneamente. Durante as aferi&#231;&#245;es, todos os pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal. Todas as aferi&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas pelo mesmo cardiologista.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para verificar se as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e um valor de p &gt; 0,05 foi definido como dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Dados categ&#243;ricos e cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como porcentagem (%) e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), respectivamente. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows v. 23 foi utilizado para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, e valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        <p>Calculamos o coeficiente PP para valores medidos com a f&#243;rmula de <inline-formula id="ii4"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext>PAM medido</mml:mtext><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mtext>PAD</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mtext>PP</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>. Como o coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o &#233; 0,333 para todos os c&#225;lculos, o desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o foi calculado com a f&#243;rmula do coeficiente PP &#8722; 0,333. Em seguida, determinamos as correla&#231;&#245;es do desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas cont&#237;nuas. Como decidimos que a PAD das medi&#231;&#245;es do manguito est&#225; mais correlacionada com o desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o (R: -,393, p &lt; 0,001), realizamos uma an&#225;lise de gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o do desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o com a PAD das medi&#231;&#245;es do manguito. Neste gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o, reunimos esta equa&#231;&#227;o: <inline-formula id="ii5"><mml:math><mml:mtext> desvio do coeficiente </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PAD do manguito </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>Depois, adicionamos esta equa&#231;&#227;o &#224; f&#243;rmula original, que &#233; <inline-formula id="ii6"><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAM</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Portanto, conclu&#237;mos com esta f&#243;rmula: <inline-formula id="ii7"><mml:math><mml:mtext> Press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PAD </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> manguito </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PAD manguito </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PP manguito </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> As diferen&#231;as entre a PAM medida e a PAM calculada foram determinadas em cada ponto de medi&#231;&#227;o e foram usadas para avaliar a precis&#227;o das duas f&#243;rmulas diferentes: a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o <inline-formula id="ii8"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAM</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> e a f&#243;rmula corrigida <inline-formula id="ii9"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PAMa&#243;rtica </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PADmanguito </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>43</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PADmanguito</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>. Primeiramente, usamos o m&#233;todo gr&#225;fico descrito por Bland e Altman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Calculamos R, R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, res&#237;duos quadrados m&#233;dios (MSR = soma dos quadrados res&#237;duos/n) e a raiz quadrada do erro quadr&#225;tico m&#233;dio (RMSE = &#8730;MSR) usando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. Todas as seis suposi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para o uso da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foram verificadas. Como valores maiores de R e R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> indicam maior precis&#227;o, eles indicam concord&#226;ncia te&#243;rica perfeita quando s&#227;o iguais a 1. Valores menores de RMSE e MSR indicam maior precis&#227;o; indicam concord&#226;ncia te&#243;rica perfeita quando s&#227;o iguais a 0. Tamb&#233;m obtivemos o crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC) a partir de modelos lineares generalizados usando a f&#243;rmula <inline-formula id="ii10"><mml:math><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
        <p>O AIC fornece um valor matem&#225;tico para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de diferentes m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo. Valores menores indicam melhor precis&#227;o. Finalmente, testamos a precis&#227;o das quatro f&#243;rmulas usando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Houve um total de 298 pontos de medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de 149 pacientes diferentes (149 medi&#231;&#245;es intra-a&#243;rticas e 149 medi&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas do manguito). As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia intra-a&#243;rtica medida foi de 111,5 &#177; 13,0 mmHg. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia intra-a&#243;rtica calculada pela f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e pela f&#243;rmula corrigida foi de 105,8 &#177; 13,5 e 111,3 &#177; 12,1, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a PA diast&#243;lica medida pelo manguito e a diferen&#231;a entre a PA diast&#243;lica intra-a&#243;rtica e a PA diast&#243;lica medida pelo manguito. Este resultado nos mostra que as medi&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas do manguito aumentam mais do que as medi&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas em valores diast&#243;licos altos. As diferen&#231;as entre as press&#245;es a&#243;rticas m&#233;dias medidas e calculadas, conforme descrito por Bland e Altman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> para a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e a f&#243;rmula corrigida, foram demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> mostra as correla&#231;&#245;es entre as diferen&#231;as entre a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia medida e calculada e as press&#245;es arteriais diast&#243;licas medidas pelo manguito para as f&#243;rmulas padr&#227;o e calculada. Este resultado indica que a f&#243;rmula corrigida funciona melhor do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o em valores de PAD mais elevados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N=149</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo Masculino,%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (47,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (33,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (58,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (33,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de DAC (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (12.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (31,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">111,9 &#177; 36,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS intra-a&#243;rtica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">145,6 &#177; 22,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD intra-a&#243;rtica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86,6 &#177; 9,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS medida pelo manguito (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">143,9 &#177; 21,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD medida pelo manguito (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86,7 &#177; 12,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso medida pelo manguito (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">57,2 &#177; 16,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o m&#233;dia intraa&#243;rtica medida (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">111,5&#177; 13,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o m&#233;dia intra-a&#243;rtica calculada (f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o) (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">105,8 &#177; 13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o m&#233;dia intra-a&#243;rtica calculada (f&#243;rmula corrigida) (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">111,3 &#177; 12,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">77,2 &#177; 11,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">58,9&#177; 3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (28,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA ou BRA (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (40,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">25(16,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (29,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PA diast&#243;lica medida pelo manguito e a diferen&#231;a entre a PA diast&#243;lica intra-a&#243;rtica e a PA diast&#243;lica medida pelo manguito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as entre as press&#245;es a&#243;rticas m&#233;dias medidas e calculadas de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e a f&#243;rmula corrigida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre as diferen&#231;as entre a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia medida e calculada e as press&#245;es arteriais diast&#243;licas medidas pelo manguito para f&#243;rmulas padr&#227;o e calculadas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas cont&#237;nuas com desvio do coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> demonstra uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e a PAD medida pelo manguito.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas cont&#237;nuas com desvio do coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">-0,079</td>
                <td align="center">0,337</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,285</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,393</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso</td>
                <td align="center">-0,078</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,174</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,579</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso: (Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia intra-a&#243;rtica - press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica do manguito) / Press&#227;o de pulso do manguito. Desvio do coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o: Coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso - 0,33.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o desvio do coeficiente PP da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica medida pelo manguito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros de precis&#227;o para prever a press&#227;o arterial central m&#233;dia s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Embora valores mais altos de R e R<sup>2</sup> indiquem maior precis&#227;o, valores mais baixos de RMSE e MSR mostram maior precis&#227;o. O R da f&#243;rmula corrigida (0,905) foi melhor do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o (0,887). O R<sup>2</sup> da f&#243;rmula corrigida (0,818) foi melhor do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o (0,787) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>). O RMSE e o MSR da f&#243;rmula corrigida foram 5,577 mmHg e 31,104 mmHg<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, que foram melhores do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o, que foi de 6,042 mmHg e 36,506 mmHg<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente. Valores mais baixos de AIC indicam melhor precis&#227;o. O valor de AIC da f&#243;rmula corrigida (858,9) foi superior ao da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o (1002,7).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de precis&#227;o de diferentes f&#243;rmulas para predizer a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro de precis&#227;o</th>
                <th>F&#243;rmula padr&#227;o</th>
                <th>F&#243;rmula corrigida</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>R</td>
                <td align="center">0,887</td>
                <td align="center">0,905</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,787</td>
                <td align="center">0,818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Res&#237;duos quadrados m&#233;dios (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">36.506</td>
                <td align="center">31.104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Erro quadr&#225;tico m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">6.042</td>
                <td align="center">5.577</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC)</td>
                <td align="center">1002.746</td>
                <td align="center">858.912</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia intra-a&#243;rtica da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o e da f&#243;rmula corrigida segundo R e R2.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial central m&#233;dia medida foi prevista de forma independente apenas pela f&#243;rmula corrigida na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada (beta = 0,975, p &lt; 0,001). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada de duas f&#243;rmulas diferentes para prever a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia medida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Beta</th>
                <th>IC de 95% para Beta</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>F&#243;rmula corrigida</td>
                <td align="center">0,975</td>
                <td align="center">0,901 -1,050</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F&#243;rmula Padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
                <td align="center">-0,205 - 0,398</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a calcular a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia a partir de medi&#231;&#245;es do manguito. A principal descoberta deste estudo &#233; que, quando comparada &#224; f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o de Gauer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a nova f&#243;rmula corrigida se mostrou mais precisa do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o em termos de todos os crit&#233;rios de precis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O aumento da press&#227;o arterial est&#225; relacionado &#224; morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Especialmente, a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica central (PAC) prediz eventos cardiovasculares mais do que a press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em contraste com o aumento da PAC, na situa&#231;&#227;o de sepse e choque, a PAM tem uma import&#226;ncia cr&#237;tica para estimar danos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A PAM &#233; almejada para estar acima de 65 mmHg para reduzir a fal&#234;ncia de &#243;rg&#227;os em choque s&#233;ptico; no entanto, o c&#225;lculo depende da canula&#231;&#227;o arterial central ou radial. Portanto, a estimativa da PAC com t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas pode ser muito ben&#233;fica para os m&#233;dicos em termos do processo de tomada de decis&#227;o, especialmente para prever a perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os em pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas, como dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, sepse e choque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, o c&#225;lculo da PAC &#233; mais dif&#237;cil e caro do que as medidas do manguito e precisa de uma abordagem invasiva. Muitas f&#243;rmulas foram criadas para descobrir o c&#225;lculo de PAM mais preciso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, essas f&#243;rmulas foram produzidas usando os valores da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica central. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo para o c&#225;lculo da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia a partir de medidas do manguito.</p>
      <p>A f&#243;rmula corrigida &#233; comparada com a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o. A f&#243;rmula corrigida &#233; superior &#224; f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o em todos os par&#226;metros de precis&#227;o de AIC, R, R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, MSR e RMSE. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, a nova f&#243;rmula corrigida prev&#234; a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia de forma independente, ao contr&#225;rio da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o. Todas essas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas mostraram que a f&#243;rmula corrigida calcula a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia com mais precis&#227;o do que a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica &#233; afetada n&#227;o apenas pelo volume sist&#243;lico card&#237;aco, mas tamb&#233;m pela elasticidade, pelo di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria e pela onda refletida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#192; luz desses dados, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica central &#233; maior que a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica, e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica central &#233; menor que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica devido &#224; onda refletida e &#224; diferen&#231;a nos di&#226;metros arteriais, respectivamente. O padr&#227;o ouro para o c&#225;lculo da PAM &#233; obtido a partir da &#225;rea sob a curva da forma de onda press&#227;o-tempo de um ciclo card&#237;aco inteiro, e esse c&#225;lculo depende da integral ponderada no tempo das press&#245;es intra-a&#243;rticas instant&#226;neas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Para calcular a PAM com simplicidade, os pesquisadores usaram as PAS e PAD intra-a&#243;rticas com diferen&#231;as de tempo constantes. Nos estudos seguintes, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi adicionada &#224;s f&#243;rmulas para obter valores de PAM mais corretos. Normalmente, a PAD &#233; maior que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica. No entanto, na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais alta, o encurtamento do tempo diast&#243;lico &#233; muito maior que o tempo sist&#243;lico. Como mencionado anteriormente, a onda refletida aumenta os valores da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica na aorta central; no entanto, o aumento diast&#243;lico &#233; muito maior devido &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do tempo diast&#243;lico. Portanto, o c&#225;lculo da PAM de acordo com a medi&#231;&#227;o pontual das press&#245;es arteriais (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) necessitou de ajustes para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, na &#225;rea perif&#233;rica, a onda refletida &#233; menos eficaz porque esses pontos est&#227;o mais pr&#243;ximos dos locais de reflex&#227;o, e a onda refletida precisa percorrer uma dist&#226;ncia menor de volta. Portanto, o c&#225;lculo da PAM com base nas medidas do manguito do esfigmoman&#244;metro n&#227;o necessita de corre&#231;&#227;o da depend&#234;ncia temporal, de modo que a f&#243;rmula corrigida inclui apenas os valores de PP e PAD. Em nosso estudo, o desvio do coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso da f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o apresentou a correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte com a PAD (R = -0,393, p &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis, como PAS (R = -0,285, p &lt; 0,001) e idade (R = -0,174, p &lt; 0,035).</p>
      <p>O aumento da PAD medida pelo manguito &#233; maior do que o aumento da PAD central (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Essa situa&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada a dois mecanismos diferentes. Primeiro, a fun&#231;&#227;o el&#225;stica da aorta &#233; maior do que a das art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Portanto, em algum n&#237;vel, a PAD mais alta n&#227;o pode ser compensada pelas art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas, ao contr&#225;rio da aorta. Em segundo lugar, a medi&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtica &#233; obtida diretamente por um cateter de angiografia. No entanto, a medi&#231;&#227;o do manguito &#233; obtida do lado de fora da art&#233;ria e est&#225; associada &#224; press&#227;o refletida na parede arterial. Portanto, o aumento da press&#227;o arterial distende mais a parede arterial, resultando em art&#233;rias mais r&#237;gidas e aumento das medidas do manguito. Todos esses poss&#237;veis mecanismos podem explicar a discrep&#226;ncia entre as medi&#231;&#245;es da PAD perif&#233;rica e central. A diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia medida e calculada &#233; negativamente correlacionada com a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica medida pelo manguito quando a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o &#233; usada. No entanto, a PAD mais alta medida pelo manguito n&#227;o afeta a diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia medida e a calculada quando a f&#243;rmula corrigida &#233; utilizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Isso nos mostra que a f&#243;rmula corrigida &#233; mais confi&#225;vel em valores mais altos de PAD, pois a f&#243;rmula corrigida possui uma corre&#231;&#227;o da PAD no desvio do coeficiente de press&#227;o de pulso.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Primeiro, as medidas do manguito foram realizadas a partir da art&#233;ria braquial; no entanto, n&#227;o confirmamos o fluxo sangu&#237;neo das art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via, axilar e braquial, e que qualquer grau de estenose pode afetar as medidas da press&#227;o arterial. Segundo, as medidas do manguito foram obtidas enquanto o paciente estava deitado e o manguito estava no mesmo n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, as medidas do manguito s&#227;o realizadas quando os pacientes est&#227;o sentados e o n&#237;vel do manguito &#233; um pouco mais baixo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o cora&#231;&#227;o. Isso tamb&#233;m resulta em press&#245;es mais altas do manguito. Finalmente, a rigidez arterial &#233; afetada por algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, como idade, hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo. As medidas perif&#233;ricas do manguito geralmente dependem da rigidez arterial. Portanto, os pr&#243;ximos estudos devem incluir pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas semelhantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a valida&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula corrigida nos pr&#243;ximos estudos, esta f&#243;rmula poder&#225; ser testada em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, como choque s&#233;ptico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular aguda p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e ruptura de cordas. Em conclus&#227;o, nossa f&#243;rmula corrigida &#233; superior &#224; f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o para estimativa precisa da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia a&#243;rtica. Todos os par&#226;metros de precis&#227;o utilizados neste estudo demonstram maior precis&#227;o da nova f&#243;rmula corrigida. Al&#233;m disso, a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o &#233; mais propensa a erros de c&#225;lculo em valores mais altos de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. No entanto, a f&#243;rmula corrigida funciona bem, independentemente do valor da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, sist&#243;lica e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Osmangazi University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 14. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240880i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A New Corrected Formula for Correct Estimation of Mean Central Aortic Pressure from Peripheral Cuff Measurements</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8510-3505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ozgeyik</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5065-3283</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaypakli</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hatay University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mehmet Ozgeyik &#8226; Eskisehir City Hospital Department of Cardiology - Cavdarlar Street, 26100, Odunpazar&#305;, Eskisehir - T&#252;rkiye E-mail: mehmetozgeyik@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="commentary" id="r2" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250543i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Mean arterial pressure (MAP) has critical importance in tissue perfusion. In clinical practice, the most used formula was suggested by Gauer, which uses systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and pulse (PP) pressures gathered via the iliac artery (MAP = DBP + 0.333 x PP). However, its results are not reliable for noninvasive recordings as blood pressures are higher.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> We derived a corrected formula for the correct calculation of MAP from the noninvasive cuff blood pressure recordings: MAP = DBPcuff + [0.33 + (0.43 &#8211; 0.0038 x DBPcuff)] x PPcuff.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 149 patients were included in this study. Intra-aortic and cuff blood pressure tracings were obtained simultaneously. The PP coefficient of the standard formula is 0.333 for all calculations. The PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula was calculated with the formula of PP coefficient &#8722; 0.333. These two formulas were compared using linear regression analysis and Akaike information criterion (AIC). The level of significance was set at 5% in the statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The measured intra-aortic mean pressure was 111.5&#177;13.0 mmHg. The calculated intra-aortic mean pressure by the standard formula and the corrected formula was 105.8&#177;13.5 and 111.3&#177;12.1, respectively. The R, R<sup>2</sup>, and AIC of the corrected formula were better than the standard formula [(0.905 vs 0.887), (0.818 vs 0.787), and (858.9 vs 1002.7), respectively].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for the calculation of the MAP from cuff measurements, and the corrected formula has better accuracy than the standard formula for estimation of the MAP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: A New Corrected Formula for Correct Estimation of Mean Central Aortic Pressure from Peripheral Cuff Measurements</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Palpation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Tissue perfusion is very important to maintain the vital functions of the body. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) has critical importance in tissue perfusion. Both higher and lower values of MAP affect the cell mechanisms negatively. Therefore, the body should ensure a stable MAP, and the correct calculation of MAP is lifesaving in critical situations.</p>
        <p>Calculation of the exact mean central blood pressure is gained from the intra-aortic pressure. The area under the curve of the pressure&#8211;time waveform of one entire cardiac cycle with the time-weighted integral is the correct way to calculate mean central blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Calculations of MAP by different formulas have been suggested so far. The first formula suggested by Gauer uses systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and pulse (PP) pressures gathered via the iliac artery <inline-formula id="ii11"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>MAP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DBP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.333</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In addition, the next studies showed that this formula had low accuracy, and they added parameters like heart rate (HR) to obtain more correct formulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Lastly, Kaypakli et al. compared all formulas and suggested a better formula for the MAP calculation <inline-formula id="ii12"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>MAP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0107</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.06</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.000773</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>HR</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> However, obtaining intra-aortic blood pressure values is not usually feasible in daily clinical practice.</p>
        <p>In clinical practice, cuff sphygmomanometer blood pressure parameters are used for MAP calculation. Gauer&#8217;s formula is generally used for MAP calculation as it is easy to use. However, this empirical formula has not been compared to a better formula before. In this study, we derived a corrected formula for the calculation of mean central blood pressure from cuff blood pressure recordings:<inline-formula id="ii13"><mml:math><mml:mtext> Mean aortic </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> pressure </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBP cuff </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBPcuff </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PP cuff </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for the calculation of the mean aortic pressure from cuff measurements.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <p>One hundred forty-nine patients (70 males, 79 females) who underwent elective coronary angiography were included in this study. <italic>We included all patients who were compatible with the exclusion criteria between May 2023 and December 2023 (All-comers design). The sample size was not determined at the beginning of the study</italic>. Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%, mild or severe valve diseases, electrolyte imbalance, rhythm disturbances, acute coronary syndromes, and younger than 18 years were excluded from the study. All patients provided written informed consent, and our Local Ethics Committee approved the study.</p>
        <p>Medical history, blood parameters, and baseline characteristics were gained from hospital recordings. The same cardiologist performed echocardiography visualizations before the angiographies. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated by Simpson&#8217;s equation.</p>
        <p>All coronary angiographies were performed via the femoral artery. 6 F diagnostic catheters (Pig-tail) were placed in the aortic root for calculation of the mean aortic pressures. MAP was computed by the area-under-the-pressure-time curve method. A standard automated oscillometric device (Bosomat, Bosooscillomat, Bosch, Jungingen, Germany, bladder size 28 x 12.5) was used for peripheral cuff blood pressure measurements. Intra-aortic and cuff blood pressure tracings were obtained simultaneously. During the measurements, all patients were in sinus rhythm. The same cardiology specialist obtained all measurements.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to test if the variables were normally distributed, and a p-value &gt;0.05 was defined as normally distributed data. Categorical and continuous data were expressed as a percentage (%) and mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), respectively. Pearson&#8217;s correlation was used to examine the relationship between continuous variables. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows v. 23 was used for statistical analyses, and p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>We calculated the PP coefficient for measured values with the formula of <inline-formula id="ii14"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext>measured MAP</mml:mtext><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mtext>DBP</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mtext>PP</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>. As the PP coefficient of the standard formula is 0.333 for all calculations, the PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula was calculated with the formula of PP coefficient &#8722; 0.333. Then we determined the correlations of the PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula with clinical continuous variables. As we decided that the DBP from cuff measurements is correlated most with PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula (R: -,393, p&lt; 0.001), we performed a scatter plot analysis of PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula with DBP from cuff measurements. In this scatter plot graphic, we gathered this equation: <inline-formula id="ii15"><mml:math><mml:mtext> PP coefficient deviation </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBP cuff </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>.Afterwards, we added this equation to the original formula, which is <inline-formula id="ii16"><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>MAP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DBP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>. Therefore, we concluded with this formula: <inline-formula id="ii17"><mml:math><mml:mtext> Mean aortic pressure </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBP cuff </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBP cuff) </mml:mtext><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PP cuff </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> The differences between the measured MAP and the calculated MAP were determined at each measurement point and were used to evaluate the accuracy of the two different formulas: the standard formula <inline-formula id="ii18"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DBP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> and the corrected formula <inline-formula id="ii19"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext> MAorticP </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBP </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> cuff </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0038</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> DBP cuff </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> PP cuff </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>. First, we used the graphical method described by Bland and Altman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> We calculated R, R2, mean square residuals (MSR = sum of square residuals/n), and the root mean square error (RMSE = &#8730;MSR) using linear regression analysis. All six necessary assumptions for using linear regression analysis were verified. As higher R and R2 values indicate greater accuracy, they indicate perfect theoretical agreement when they are equal to 1. Lower values of RMSE and MSR indicate greater accuracy; they indicate perfect theoretical agreement when they are equal to 0. We also obtained the Akaike information criterion (AIC) from generalized linear models using the formula <inline-formula id="ii20"><mml:math><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The AIC gives a mathematical value for the assessment of different calculation methods. Lower values indicate better accuracy. We finally tested the accuracy of the four formulas using multivariate linear regression analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>There were a total of 298 blood pressure measurement points from 149 different patients (149 intra-aortic measurements and 149 simultaneous cuff measurements). The information regarding the baseline characteristics of the study population is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The measured intra-aortic mean pressure was 111.5 &#177; 13.0 mmHg. The calculated intra-aortic mean pressure by the standard formula and the corrected formula was 105.8 &#177; 13.5 and 111.3 &#177; 12.1, respectively. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the negative correlation between cuff-measured DBP and the difference between intra-aortic diastolic BP and cuff-measured DBP. This result shows us that cuff diastolic measurements increase more than aortic measurements at high diastolic values. The differences between measured and calculated mean aortic pressures as described by Bland and Altman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> for the standard formula and the corrected formula were demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> shows the correlations between the differences between measured and calculated mean aortic pressure and cuff-measured DBP for standard and calculated formulas. This result points out that the corrected formula works more properly than the standard formula at higher DBP values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and demographic features</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>N=149</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.2 &#177; 10.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex Male,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (47.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (33.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (58.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (33.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD history (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (12.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (31.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g / dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 1.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg / dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg / dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">111.9 &#177; 36.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intraaortic SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">145.6 &#177; 22.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intraaortic DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">86.6 &#177; 9.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cuff-measured SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.9 &#177; 21.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cuff-measured DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">86.7 &#177; 12.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cuff-measured Pulse pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2 &#177; 16.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Measured intraaortic mean pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">111.5&#177; 13.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calculated intraaortic mean pressure (standard formula) (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">105.8 &#177; 13.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calculated intraaortic mean pressure (corrected formula)(mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">111.3&#177; 12.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate (beat/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2 &#177; 11.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection Fraction</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9&#177; 3.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (28.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi or ARB (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (40.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25(16.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#252;retik (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (29.5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>LDL: low density lipoprotein; ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; CAD: coronary artery disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation between cuff-measured diastolic BP and the difference between intra-aortic diastolic BP and cuff-measured diastolic BP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Differences between measured and calculated mean aortic pressures according to heart rate for the standard formula and the corrected formula.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation between the differences between measured and calculated mean aortic pressure and cuff-measured diastolic blood pressures for standard and calculated formulas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Bivariate correlation analysis of clinical continuous variables with pulse pressure coefficient deviation of the standard formula is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. In addition, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> demonstrates a positive correlation between the PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula and cuff-measured DBP.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Bivariate correlation analysis of clinical continuous variables with pulse pressure coefficient deviation of the standard formula</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,079</td>
                  <td align="center">0.337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,285</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,393</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,078</td>
                  <td align="center">0.344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,174</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection Fraction</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">0.579</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Pulse pressure coefficient: (Intra-aortic mean arterial pressure - cuff diastolic blood pressure)/ cuff Pulse pressure. Pulse pressure coefficient deviation of the standard formula: Pulse pressure coefficient - 0.33.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation between PP coefficient deviation of the standard formula and cuff-measured diastolic blood pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Parameters of accuracy to predict mean central blood pressure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. Although higher values of R and R<sup>2</sup>indicate greater accuracy, lower values of RMSE and MSR show greater accuracy. The R of the corrected formula (0.905) was better than the standard formula (0.887). The R<sup>2</sup> of the corrected formula (0.818) was better than the standard formula (0.787) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>). The RMSE and MSR of the corrected formula were 5.577 mmHg and 31.104 mmHg<sup>2</sup>, respectively, which were better than the standard formula, which was 6.042 mmHg and 36.506 mmHg<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Lower AIC values indicate better accuracy. The AIC value of the corrected formula (858.9) was superior to the standard formula (1002.7).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of accuracy parameters of different formulas to predict mean arterial pressure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Accuracy parameter</th>
                  <th>Standard formula</th>
                  <th>Corrected Formula</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>R</td>
                  <td align="center">0.887</td>
                  <td align="center">0.905</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.787</td>
                  <td align="center">0.818</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean square residuals (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.506</td>
                  <td align="center">31.104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Root mean square error (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.042</td>
                  <td align="center">5.577</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Akaike information criterion (AIC)</td>
                  <td align="center">1002.746</td>
                  <td align="center">858.912</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of intra-aortic mean blood pressure of standard formula and corrected formula according to R and R2.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240880-40880-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Measured mean central blood pressure was independently predicted by only the corrected formula in the multivariate linear regression analysis (beta = 0.975, p &lt; 0.001). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the multivariate linear regression analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate linear regression analysis of two different formulas to predict the measured mean aortic pressure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Beta</th>
                  <th>95% CI for Beta</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corrected Formula</td>
                  <td align="center">0.975</td>
                  <td align="center">0.901 -1.050</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Standard Formula</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.205 - 0.398</td>
                  <td align="center">0.528</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for the calculation of the mean aortic pressure from cuff measurements. The main finding of this study is that when compared to the standard formula of Gauer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> the new corrected formula was found to be more accurate than the standard formula in terms of all accuracy criteria.</p>
        <p>Increased arterial blood pressure is related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Especially, central aortic pressure (CAP) predicts cardiovascular events more than peripheral blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In contrast to increased CAP, in the situation of sepsis and shock, MAP has a critical importance for estimating end-organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> MAP is targeted to be above 65 mmHg to reduce organ failure for septic shock; however, the calculation depends on central or radial arterial cannulation. Therefore, the estimation of CAP with noninvasive techniques may be very beneficial for clinicians in terms of the decision-making process, especially to predict organ perfusion in patients with critical conditions such as aortic dissection, sepsis, and shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, CAP calculation is more difficult and expensive than cuff measurements and needs an invasive approach. Many formulas have been created to find out the most accurate MAP calculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, these formulas were produced using the values of the CAP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for the calculation of the mean aortic pressure from cuff measurements.</p>
        <p>The corrected formula is compared with the standard formula. The corrected formula is superior to the standard formula according to all accuracy parameters of AIC, R, R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, MSR, and RMSE. In multivariate linear regression analysis, the new corrected formula predicts mean aortic pressure independently, unlike the standard formula. All these statistical analyses showed that the corrected formula calculates mean aortic pressure more accurately than the standard formula.</p>
        <p>Peripheral artery pressure is affected by not only cardiac stroke volume, but also elasticity, the diameter of the artery, and the reflected wave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In light of these data, central diastolic pressure is more than peripheral diastolic pressure, and central systolic pressure is less than peripheral systolic pressure because of the reflected wave and the difference in arterial diameters, respectively. The gold standard for MAP calculation is obtained from the area under the curve of the pressure&#8211;time waveform of one entire cardiac cycle, and this calculation depends on the time-weighted integral of the instantaneous intra-aortic pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In order to calculate MAP with simplicity, researchers used intra-aortic systolic and diastolic pressures with constant time differences. In the next studies, heart rate was added to formulas to obtain more correct MAP values. Normally, DBP is longer than systolic pressure. However, in the higher heart rate, diastolic time shortening is much more than systolic time. As mentioned before, reflected wave augments the SBP and DBP values in the central aorta; however, diastolic augmentation is much greater because of diastolic time duration. Therefore, the calculation of the MAP according to spot measurement of SBP and DBP needed adjustments for heart rate. However, in the peripheral area, the reflected wave is less effective because these points are closer to the reflection sites, and the reflected wave has to travel back a shorter distance. Therefore, MAP calculation according to sphygmomanometry cuff measurements does not need time dependency correction, so the corrected formula includes only PP and DBP values. In our study, the pulse pressure coefficient deviation of the standard formula was found to be most strongly correlated with DBP (R = &#8722;0.393, p &lt; 0.001) compared with other variables such as SBP (R = &#8722;0.285, p &lt; 0.001) and age (R = -0.174, p &lt; 0.035).</p>
        <p>The increase in cuff-measured DBP is greater than the increase in central DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). This situation may be related to two different mechanisms. Firstly, the elastic function of the aorta is greater than peripheral arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Therefore, at some level, higher diastolic blood pressure cannot be compensated by the peripheral arteries, unlike the aorta. Secondly, intra-aortic measurement is obtained directly by an angiography catheter. However, cuff measurement is obtained from the outside of the artery and is associated with the pressure reflected on the arterial wall. So, increased blood pressure stretches the artery wall more, resulting in stiffer arteries and increased cuff measures. All of these possible mechanisms may explain the discrepancy between the peripheral and central DBP measurements. The difference between measured and calculated mean aortic pressure is negatively correlated with the cuff-measured diastolic pressure when the standard formula is used. However, higher cuff-measured DBP does not affect the difference between measured and calculated mean aortic pressure when the corrected formula is used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). This shows us that, corrected formula is more reliable in higher DBP values because the corrected formula has a DBP correction in pulse pressure coefficient deviation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>First, cuff measurements were performed from the brachial artery; however, we did not confirm the blood flow of the subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries, and that any degree of stenosis may affect the blood pressure measurements. Second, the cuff measurements were obtained while the patient was lying down and the cuff was at the same level as the heart. However, in clinical practice, cuff measurements are performed when the patients are sitting down and the cuff level is a bit lower compared with the heart. This also results in higher cuff pressures. Finally, arterial stiffness is affected by some clinical features like age, hypertension, and smoking. Peripheral cuff measurements usually depend on arterial stiffness. Therefore, the next studies should include patients with similar clinical features.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>After validation of the corrected formula in the next studies, this formula may be tested with different clinical scenarios such as septic shock, acute decompensated heart failure, acute post-myocardial infarction-related ventricular septal defect, and chordal rupture. In conclusion, our corrected formula is superior to the standard formula for accurate estimation of aortic mean arterial pressure. All of the accuracy parameters used in this study show better accuracy of the new corrected formula. In addition, the standard formula is more prone to a miscalculation in higher diastolic blood pressure values. However, the corrected formula works well, independently of the value of the diastolic, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1-en">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2-en">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Osmangazi University under the protocol number 14. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3-en">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn4-en" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
