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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">z8yFkFM8WqPz8c4rxmc8rTQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240847</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Transcript&#244;mica por Sequenciamento de Alto Rendimento da Express&#227;o de lncRNAs e mRNAs em Pacientes com Fluxo Lento Coron&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-3242-9619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Haibing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Yi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhai</surname>
            <given-names>Xueqin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Lijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kahaerjiang</surname>
            <given-names>Aerziya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Xinjiang Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Urumqi</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi&#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Xin Jiang Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Urumqi</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Xinjiang</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label> Haibing Jiang &#8226; Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, 116, Huanghe Road, Urumqi, 830041 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>jianghaibing1017@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240847</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="commentary" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250553" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os RNAs longos n&#227;o codificantes (lncRNAs) e os microRNAs (miRNAs) s&#227;o considerados elementos-chave na fisiopatologia do fluxo lento coron&#225;rio (FLC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar as redes biol&#243;gicas complexas envolvidas no FLC por meio do sequenciamento do transcriptoma completo, visando identificar potenciais biomarcadores diagn&#243;sticos e alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O sequenciamento do transcriptoma completo foi realizado em amostras de tr&#234;s pacientes com FLC e tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos controle pareados. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram identificados 854 lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos, sendo 425 com express&#227;o reduzida e 429 com express&#227;o aumentada. A an&#225;lise de vias do KEGG mostrou enriquecimento significativo de lncRNAs em vias associadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos e metab&#243;licos, e progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas. Al&#233;m disso, foram identificados 1.999 mRNAs diferencialmente expressos, dos quais 990 estavam regulados negativamente e 1.009, positivamente. A an&#225;lise de fun&#231;&#227;o molecular revelou participa&#231;&#227;o em liga&#231;&#227;o a prote&#237;nas, regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade de quinases, atividade de transferase de ubiquitina-prote&#237;na e liga&#231;&#227;o a RNA. A an&#225;lise de vias KEGG indicou que os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos estavam principalmente envolvidos em autofagia, sarampo, prote&#243;lise mediada por ubiquitina, via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o por receptores do tipo NOD, via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF), via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o por receptores do tipo Toll (TLR) e via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos apresentaram enriquecimento significativo em vias KEGG relacionadas &#224; autofagia, sarampo e degrada&#231;&#227;o mediada por ubiquitina, al&#233;m de cascatas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o envolvendo receptores do tipo NOD, TNF, TLR e NF-&#954;B. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise Transcript&#244;mica por Sequenciamento de Alto Rendimento da Express&#227;o de lncRNAs e mRNAs em Pacientes com Fluxo Lento Coron&#225;rio</title>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sequenciamento de Nucleot&#237;deos em Larga Escala</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA Mensageiro</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA Longo n&#227;o Codificante</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Tianshan Talents&#8221; Medical and Health High &#8211; Level Personal Training Program</funding-source>
          <award-id>TSYc202301B053</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por &#8220;Tianshan Talents&#8221; Medical and Health High &#8211; Level Personal Training Program, number: TSYc202301B053.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="20"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O fluxo lento coron&#225;rio (FLC) est&#225; intimamente associado ao surgimento de diversas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do fen&#244;meno do FLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o tem sido relacionada a diversos fatores contribuintes, incluindo transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de salusina-&#946;, homociste&#237;na, cistatina C, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A resposta inflamat&#243;ria pode desempenhar um papel central em m&#250;ltiplos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, como a obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular e a forma&#231;&#227;o de microtrombos, considerados elementos-chave na patog&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram que determinados RNAs longos n&#227;o codificantes (lncRNAs) podem regular fatores inflamat&#243;rios a jusante, influenciando assim o desenvolvimento do FLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Danaii et al. propuseram que os microRNAs (miRNAs) podem atuar como potenciais biomarcadores para o diagn&#243;stico do FLC e o monitoramento da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em pacientes acometidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Com base nesses achados, os lncRNAs e miRNAs parecem desempenhar pap&#233;is significativos na fisiopatologia do FLC. No entanto, considerando a complexidade da condi&#231;&#227;o e as diversas fun&#231;&#245;es dos RNAs n&#227;o codificantes no sistema cardiovascular, focar em apenas algumas mol&#233;culas pode n&#227;o proporcionar uma compreens&#227;o abrangente dos mecanismos subjacentes.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do transcriptoma completo oferece uma perspectiva mais ampla, permitindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos principais lncRNAs e miRNAs envolvidos no FLC, bem como suas poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es. Essa abordagem pode contribuir para uma compreens&#227;o mais profunda da base molecular do FLC e apoiar futuras aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>O sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-seq) tem sido amplamente utilizado para investigar perfis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica em tecidos e c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, oferecendo subs&#237;dios para a compreens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares associadas a condi&#231;&#245;es como o FLC e a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo, uma forma de doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Um estudo transcript&#244;mico do FLC, utilizando RNA extra&#237;do de mon&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico, revelou padr&#245;es diferenciais de express&#227;o g&#234;nica e uma associa&#231;&#227;o com a inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, a patog&#234;nese do FLC permanece complexa e pouco compreendida, e at&#233; o momento apenas alguns estudos aplicaram o sequenciamento do transcriptoma especificamente ao FLC.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o panorama transcript&#244;mico de pacientes com FLC por meio do sequenciamento de alto rendimento de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico, a fim de identificar genes e vias potencialmente envolvidas no desenvolvimento do FLC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo, apoiado pelo financiamento n&#186; 2016XE0113, foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os participantes foram plenamente informados sobre os objetivos do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, garantindo a prote&#231;&#227;o dos direitos e do bem-estar dos participantes.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos tr&#234;s pacientes diagnosticados com FLC com base em angiografia coronariana, al&#233;m de tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos com achados coronarianos normais nesse exame, recrutados no Hospital de Medicina Tradicional Chinesa da Regi&#227;o Aut&#244;noma Uigur de Xinjiang. Esses indiv&#237;duos foram alocados, respectivamente, nos grupos caso e controle. Todos os participantes foram inicialmente suspeitos de apresentar DAC n&#227;o complicada e n&#227;o possu&#237;am hist&#243;rico de diabetes, miocardiopatia, vasculite, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo ou doen&#231;as end&#243;crinas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos</title>
        <p>O FLC foi definido como a perfus&#227;o tardia de qualquer vaso coron&#225;rio distal principal, excedendo tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos, conforme observado durante a angiografia coronariana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram selecionados com base em crit&#233;rios rigorosos de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, a fim de garantir a confiabilidade e validade dos achados do estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que apresentavam hipotens&#227;o (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 90 mmHg no momento da angiografia) na aus&#234;ncia de uso de medicamentos vasodilatadores, ou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 60 batimentos por minuto sem influ&#234;ncia de f&#225;rmacos que modulam a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos que haviam apresentado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda &#8212; incluindo angina inst&#225;vel &#8212; no m&#234;s anterior. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com qualquer estenose de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &gt; 50% n&#227;o foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o. Dados cl&#237;nicos, &#237;ndices laboratoriais e amostras de sangue foram coletados e analisados de todos os participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos experimentais</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Constru&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados e processo de sequenciamento</title>
          <p>O RNA total foi extra&#237;do das amostras de sangue ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, lise e precipita&#231;&#227;o. A integridade do RNA isolado foi avaliada por meio de procedimentos anal&#237;ticos padr&#227;o, seguida por uma an&#225;lise de qualidade. Em seguida, os RNAs riboss&#244;micos (rRNAs) foram removidos para o enriquecimento de mRNAs e RNAs n&#227;o codificantes. O RNA restante foi fragmentado e transcrito reversamente em DNA complementar (cDNA). Em seguida, os cDNAs com extremidades cegas passaram por liga&#231;&#227;o de adaptadores e adi&#231;&#227;o de caudas. A biblioteca de cDNA resultante foi submetida &#224; separa&#231;&#227;o por eletroforese em gel de agarose, sendo recortada a faixa correspondente ao tamanho-alvo. Os fragmentos de cDNA selecionados foram ent&#227;o amplificados por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e submetidos ao sequenciamento de alto rendimento utilizando uma plataforma automatizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de amostras e processamento de sangue total</title>
          <p>A etapa inicial consistiu no registro e identifica&#231;&#227;o precisos de amostras de 4 ml de sangue total coletadas de pacientes diagnosticados, com cada amostra rotulada de acordo com o prontu&#225;rio do paciente. Ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, os componentes plasm&#225;ticos e celulares foram separados. O plasma, localizado na camada superior ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, foi transferido para tubos Eppendorf de 1,5 ml, sendo adicionados 400 &#956;l de plasma em cada tubo. Os tubos foram ent&#227;o selados e armazenados em ultrafreezer a &#8211;80 &#176;C para preserva&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A centrifuga&#231;&#227;o foi realizada a 3.000 rpm durante 10 minutos, garantindo a separa&#231;&#227;o eficiente do plasma. O pellet celular resultante foi ressuspenso em Tamp&#227;o de Lise ACK (am&#244;nio-cloreto-pot&#225;ssio) (Bioseth, Zhenjiang, China) e transferido para tubos Eppendorf novos de 1,5 ml. O pellet de cada paciente foi dividido igualmente em dois grupos para an&#225;lises posteriores, assegurando a integridade das amostras para os procedimentos subsequentes.</p>
          <p>Os tubos Eppendorf contendo as c&#233;lulas ressuspensas foram incubados &#224; temperatura ambiente por 5 minutos para promover a lise celular. Em seguida, foi realizada a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o para separa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes. Para melhorar a efici&#234;ncia da lise, o tratamento com Tamp&#227;o de Lise ACK foi repetido duas a tr&#234;s vezes, garantindo a ruptura completa das c&#233;lulas. Ap&#243;s a etapa final de lise, as amostras foram lavadas com solu&#231;&#227;o salina fisiol&#243;gica para remover res&#237;duos do tamp&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Para a extra&#231;&#227;o de RNA, os leuc&#243;citos de um dos conjuntos de tubos Eppendorf de 1,5 ml foram processados utilizando um protocolo de ressuspens&#227;o e precipita&#231;&#227;o &#224; base de TRIzol, com o reagente TRIzol (Invitrogen, EUA). Outro conjunto de tubos contendo leuc&#243;citos foi mantido sem tratamento e armazenado a &#8211;80 &#176;C para uso futuro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste das amostras de RNA</title>
          <p>A integridade e a pureza das amostras de RNA foram avaliadas por meio de um processo de controle de qualidade (CQ) em m&#250;ltiplas etapas. Inicialmente, foi realizada eletroforese em gel de agarose para detectar degrada&#231;&#227;o e contamina&#231;&#227;o. Esse m&#233;todo separa fragmentos de &#225;cidos nucleicos por tamanho, permitindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o visual da integridade do RNA. Em seguida, foi realizada an&#225;lise espectrofotom&#233;trica para determinar a pureza do RNA, utilizando-se a raz&#227;o A260/A280 como indicador padr&#227;o. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de alta precis&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de RNA foi ent&#227;o realizada com o fluor&#237;metro Qubit&#174; 3.0, assegurando uma medi&#231;&#227;o precisa do rendimento de RNA. Por fim, foi utilizado o sistema Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer com o kit RNA Nano 6000 Assay para avalia&#231;&#227;o da integridade do RNA. Essa an&#225;lise gerou um n&#250;mero de integridade de RNA (RIN), que fornece uma medida quantitativa da qualidade do RNA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Constru&#231;&#227;o e teste da biblioteca</title>
          <p>Para a constru&#231;&#227;o da biblioteca de lncRNAs, foi selecionada uma amostra de 3 microgramas de RNA total como material de partida. Os RNAs riboss&#244;micos foram posteriormente removidos com precis&#227;o, utilizando o kit Ribo-Zero&#8482; Gold (Human/Mouse/Rat, Illumina, EUA). Diferentes identificadores (&#237;ndices) foram escolhidos para a constru&#231;&#227;o das bibliotecas, conforme as instru&#231;&#245;es operacionais do kit NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep para Illumina (NEB, Ipswich, EUA). De forma simplificada, o processo de constru&#231;&#227;o da biblioteca foi dividido em quatro etapas principais. Primeiramente, ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o dos rRNAs, selecionaram-se os reagentes apropriados. Uma vez obtido o mRNA, aplicou-se o tamp&#227;o de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o para gerar os fragmentos desejados. Em seguida, esses fragmentos foram utilizados como moldes para a s&#237;ntese da primeira fita de cDNA. A s&#237;ntese da segunda fita de cDNA foi realizada com a adi&#231;&#227;o de RNase H e dNTPs (dUTP). Na terceira etapa, ap&#243;s a elimina&#231;&#227;o inicial dos rRNAs, foi utilizado um kit de purifica&#231;&#227;o para realizar a limpeza das amostras. A etapa seguinte envolveu uma sequ&#234;ncia detalhada de procedimentos, incluindo a integra&#231;&#227;o do Grupo B&#225;sico A e o reparo das extremidades. Por fim, o fragmento-alvo obtido por eletroforese em gel de agarose foi recuperado, e a amplifica&#231;&#227;o por PCR (Qiagen, Alemanha) foi realizada para completar a constru&#231;&#227;o da biblioteca.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da constru&#231;&#227;o da biblioteca, foi realizada a dilui&#231;&#227;o quantitativa utilizando o fluor&#237;metro Qubit 3.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, EUA), ajustando-se a concentra&#231;&#227;o da biblioteca para 1 ng/&#956;l. Com a fase de constru&#231;&#227;o finalizada, o equipamento Agilent 2100 (Agilent, EUA) foi utilizado para medir o tamanho do inserto. A PCR quantitativa (qPCR) foi realizada com o equipamento CFX96 (Bio-Rad, EUA) e o kit fluorescente iQ SYBR GRN (Bio-Rad, EUA). A concentra&#231;&#227;o efetiva da biblioteca foi quantificada com precis&#227;o (concentra&#231;&#227;o efetiva &gt; 10 nM) para assegurar a qualidade da biblioteca. Ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o da biblioteca, diferentes bibliotecas foram agrupadas no <italic>flow cell</italic> de acordo com os requisitos de concentra&#231;&#227;o efetiva e volume de dados-alvo. A gera&#231;&#227;o de clusters no cBot foi seguida do sequenciamento em plataforma de alto rendimento Illumina (NovaSeq 6000, Illumina, EUA), com obten&#231;&#227;o de leituras pareadas de 150 pb. Em seguida, foi realizada uma s&#233;rie de procedimentos, incluindo a aplica&#231;&#227;o do Grupo B&#225;sico A e a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do reparo das extremidades. A biblioteca foi ent&#227;o submetida &#224; qPCR, desde que o tamanho do inserto estivesse dentro dos par&#226;metros esperados, sendo exigida uma concentra&#231;&#227;o efetiva superior a 10 nM para garantir sua qualidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sequenciamento em m&#225;quina</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o da constru&#231;&#227;o das bibliotecas, as bibliotecas qualificadas foram agrupadas no <italic>flow cell</italic> de forma adequada, conforme a concentra&#231;&#227;o efetiva estabelecida e os objetivos definidos para o sequenciamento. Em seguida, ap&#243;s a forma&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida dos clusters, as amostras foram submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise transcript&#244;mica por sequenciamento de alto rendimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise transcript&#244;mica por sequenciamento de alto rendimento</title>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-processamento dos dados e CQ:</title>
          <p>As leituras brutas geradas pelo sequenciamento de alto rendimento foram fornecidas no formato FASTQ. Para obter leituras de alta qualidade adequadas &#224;s an&#225;lises posteriores, foi realizado um processo de filtragem de qualidade. Inicialmente, utilizou-se o software fastp<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> para CQ e remo&#231;&#227;o de adaptadores. Bases de baixa qualidade foram filtradas, resultando em um conjunto de leituras limpas de alta qualidade (<italic>clean reads</italic>). Em seguida, essas leituras limpas foram comparadas com sequ&#234;ncias de rRNA utilizando o software SortMeRNA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> sendo removidas aquelas que apresentaram correspond&#234;ncia. As leituras restantes foram mantidas para as an&#225;lises subsequentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Alinhamento gen&#244;mico e processamento dos transcritos:</title>
          <p>O software Hisat2<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (http://www.psc.edu/user-resources/software/hisat2) foi utilizado para alinhar as <italic>clean reads</italic> ao genoma de refer&#234;ncia, com os par&#226;metros padr&#227;o aplicados. A montagem dos transcritos foi realizada por meio do <italic>software</italic> StringTie, gerando novos isoformas de transcritos. Esses isoformas foram comparados com a anota&#231;&#227;o do genoma de refer&#234;ncia utilizando o Cuffcompare, a fim de identificar transcritos conhecidos e novos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de lncRNAs:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos lncRNAs n&#227;o possui potencial codificador de prote&#237;nas. Foram selecionados transcritos com dois ou mais &#233;xons e comprimento superior a 200 pb. Os lncRNAs candidatos foram identificados por meio da predi&#231;&#227;o do potencial codificador utilizando as ferramentas CPC, CNCI, Pfam e PLEK.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o transcricional, an&#225;lise de express&#227;o diferencial, enriquecimento funcional e an&#225;lise de agrupamento:</title>
          <p>As <italic>clean reads</italic> com os rRNAs removidos foram alinhadas aos transcritos de refer&#234;ncia (mRNAs e lncRNAs) utilizando o software Bowtie2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e os resultados foram armazenados em arquivos bin&#225;rios de alinhamento (formato BAM). O software <italic>eXpress</italic> foi utilizado para quantificar a abund&#226;ncia dos transcritos, fornecendo tanto a contagem de leituras quanto os valores de <italic>fragments per kilobase of transcript per million</italic> (FPKM).</p>
          <p>Para experimentos com r&#233;plicas biol&#243;gicas, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi realizada por meio da fun&#231;&#227;o estimateSizeFactors do pacote DESeq (2012) no R.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A express&#227;o diferencial foi avaliada com a fun&#231;&#227;o nbinomTest, que calcula os valores de p e as raz&#245;es de mudan&#231;a (<italic>fold change</italic>). Para experimentos sem r&#233;plicas biol&#243;gicas, a an&#225;lise de express&#227;o diferencial foi conduzida com base no pacote edgeR (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> utilizando o teste de distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial negativa (NB). As contagens de leitura foram avaliadas quanto &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica por meio desse teste, e os valores de CPM (<italic>counts per million</italic>) foram utilizados para estimar os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica.</p>
          <p>Os genes diferencialmente expressos com valor de p inferior a 0,05 foram selecionados, e um teste de distribui&#231;&#227;o hipergeom&#233;trica foi realizado no software R para conduzir as an&#225;lises de enriquecimento em ontologia g&#234;nica (<italic>gene ontology</italic>, GO) e na Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Essas an&#225;lises permitiram identificar as fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas e vias mais impactadas pelos genes diferencialmente expressos (<italic>differentially expressed genes</italic>, DEGs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de splicing alternativo, polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNP) e INDELs:</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de <italic>splicing</italic> alternativo foi realizada utilizando o <italic>software</italic> ASprofile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os programas Samtools<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e BCFtools<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> foram utilizados para identificar os s&#237;tios de SNPs e INDELs. Para detalhes sobre o procedimento espec&#237;fico, consulte o site do Samtools website (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/mpileup.shtml). Todos os <italic>softwares</italic> foram executados com os par&#226;metros padr&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o, quantifica&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise diferencial de circRNAs:</title>
          <p>Com base no banco de dados circBase,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> os dados de sequenciamento foram inicialmente analisados utilizando o software CIRI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> para a predi&#231;&#227;o de circRNAs. Os resultados preditos foram ent&#227;o comparados com o banco de dados para identificar tanto circRNAs conhecidos quanto novos. Os genes sobrepostos foram extra&#237;dos e anotados com base nas posi&#231;&#245;es cromoss&#244;micas dos circRNAs.</p>
          <p>A abund&#226;ncia de circRNAs foi quantificada utilizando RPM (leituras em jun&#231;&#227;o por milh&#227;o de leituras). Para experimentos com replica&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi realizada por meio da fun&#231;&#227;o estimateSizeFactors do pacote DESeq (2012) no R, e os valores p e de mudan&#231;a na express&#227;o (<italic>fold change</italic>) foram calculados com a fun&#231;&#227;o nbinomTest. Para experimentos sem replica&#231;&#227;o, a express&#227;o diferencial foi determinada utilizando o pacote edgeR (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html), com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o NB.</p>
          <p>CircRNAs com valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados diferencialmente expressos de forma significativa. As an&#225;lises de enriquecimento funcional em GO e KEGG foram conduzidas com base nos genes sobrepostos, a fim de identificar as fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas e vias mais afetadas pelos circRNAs diferencialmente expressos. Al&#233;m disso, foi realizado o agrupamento hier&#225;rquico n&#227;o supervisionado, e os padr&#245;es de express&#227;o de circRNAs entre as amostras foram visualizados por meio de um mapa de calor (<italic>heatmap</italic>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de intera&#231;&#245;es entre circRNAs e miRNAs:</title>
      <p>Como os circRNAs cont&#234;m m&#250;ltiplos s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o para miRNAs, suas intera&#231;&#245;es com miRNAs podem ser previstas utilizando ferramentas consolidadas de predi&#231;&#227;o de genes-alvo de miRNAs. A fun&#231;&#227;o de um determinado circRNA pode, ent&#227;o, ser inferida com base na anota&#231;&#227;o funcional dos genes-alvo associados aos seus miRNAs correspondentes. Para esp&#233;cies animais, as predi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com o software miRanda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Para esp&#233;cies vegetais, utilizou-se o software psRNATarget.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho amostral</title>
        <p>Como este estudo se encontra em fase explorat&#243;ria, adotou-se um tamanho amostral de n = 3, ap&#243;s cuidadosa considera&#231;&#227;o de custo-benef&#237;cio e potencial de descoberta.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A express&#227;o diferencial de um mesmo transcrito entre diferentes amostras foi calculada com base nos dados de RNA-seq. Para avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o, utilizou-se o valor de FoldChange como medida da altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de um transcrito entre dois grupos, enquanto o valor de p ou a <italic>false discovery rate</italic> (FDR &#8212; taxa de descoberta falsa, ou p-valor ajustado) foi utilizado para determinar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O valor de p de cada transcrito foi calculado e ajustado para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es. Transcritos foram considerados diferencialmente expressos de forma significativa quando o FoldChange foi superior a 2 e o valor de p foi inferior a 0,05.</p>
      <p>Para compara&#231;&#245;es com replica&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas, os n&#237;veis diferenciais de express&#227;o g&#234;nica foram calculados utilizando o teste de distribui&#231;&#227;o NB no pacote DESeq. A signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as nas contagens de leitura foi avaliada por meio do teste de distribui&#231;&#227;o NB. O valor de basemean foi utilizado para estimar os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Para compara&#231;&#245;es sem replica&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas, utilizou-se o pacote edgeR para an&#225;lise e c&#225;lculo dos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica. A signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as nas contagens foi testada com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o NB, e os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica foram estimados por meio dos valores de CPM.</p>
      <p>Para identificar varia&#231;&#245;es entre diferentes amostras, a an&#225;lise de express&#227;o g&#234;nica diferencial &#233; fundamental, uma vez que as principais diferen&#231;as se refletem no n&#237;vel do transcrito. Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de transcritos com express&#227;o diferencial deve ser priorizada. Em seguida, devem ser realizadas an&#225;lises abrangentes de enriquecimento funcional em KEGG e GO, a fim de investigar as vias biol&#243;gicas e fun&#231;&#245;es afetadas. A an&#225;lise de enriquecimento em GO classifica os genes em tr&#234;s categorias: componente celular (CC), fun&#231;&#227;o molecular (MF) e processo biol&#243;gico (BP), identificando fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas significativamente associadas aos DEGs, por meio do teste exato de Fisher, considerando-se p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Da mesma forma, a an&#225;lise de enriquecimento em KEGG utiliza dados gen&#244;micos para identificar vias enriquecidas e &#233; realizada com o pacote clusterProfiler no RStudio (vers&#227;o 4.3.1; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, &#193;ustria), com um limiar de FDR &lt; 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> apresenta os dados mais relevantes deste estudo. Dois grupos experimentais foram analisados, cada um composto por tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos (uma mulher e dois homens). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 56 anos para o grupo caso e 54 anos para o grupo controle. Nenhuma comorbidade relevante foi identificada em ambos os grupos. O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o diferencial de cada transcrito foi avaliado utilizando o software DESeq, e a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as nas contagens de leitura foi determinada por meio do teste de distribui&#231;&#227;o NB. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica foram estimados com base no valor de basemean.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos transcritos com express&#227;o diferencial de lncRNAs</title>
        <p>Dentre os 854 lncRNAs que apresentaram n&#237;veis de express&#227;o alterados, 425 estavam regulados negativamente e 429, regulados positivamente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresentam, respectivamente, o gr&#225;fico de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel e o <italic>volcano plot</italic>, que visualizam os padr&#245;es de express&#227;o diferencial dos transcritos de lncRNAs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel dos transcritos com lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de vulc&#227;o dos transcritos com lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos. O gr&#225;fico exibe o log2 (raz&#227;o de mudan&#231;a) no eixo x e o &#8211;log10(p) no eixo y. Os pontos vermelhos indicam transcritos com express&#227;o diferencial significativa, enquanto os pontos azuis e cinzas representam diferen&#231;as n&#227;o significativas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Mapa de calor da express&#227;o diferencial de lncRNAs</title>
          <p>O mapa de calor, gerado com o pacote <italic>pheatmap</italic> no R, demonstrou alta similaridade entre as amostras de um mesmo grupo, ao passo que foi observada express&#227;o diferencial significativa entre os grupos. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mapa de calor da express&#227;o diferencial dos lncRNAs. (C: grupo controle; M: grupo com fluxo lento coron&#225;rio).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de enriquecimento funcional dos genes-alvo</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre lncRNAs e mRNAs com o objetivo de identificar transcritos de mRNAs associados aos lncRNAs. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas significativas quando o valor absoluto do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o excedeu 0,8 e o valor de p foi inferior a 0,05. A anota&#231;&#227;o funcional, incluindo as an&#225;lises de enriquecimento em GO e KEGG, foi conduzida com os mRNAs associados a cada lncRNA diferencialmente expresso. Os c&#225;lculos e os gr&#225;ficos foram gerados para cada entrada g&#234;nica nos n&#237;veis 2 das categorias GO e KEGG, com base no status de regula&#231;&#227;o positiva ou negativa. Ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>, nas quais R se refere ao ambiente gr&#225;fico utilizado.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de barras de enriquecimento GO (48 principais termos). Os nomes dos termos GO est&#227;o representados no eixo x; o n&#250;mero de genes associados &#233; indicado no eixo y &#224; direita.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de enriquecimento KEGG. Os nomes das vias KEGG s&#227;o exibidos no eixo y, e a porcentagem de genes associados &#233; mostrada no eixo x.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf05.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de enriquecimento funcional foi empregada para predizer os genes-alvo, identificando 48 entradas relevantes em GO. Os achados inclu&#237;ram processos metab&#243;licos e processos metab&#243;licos celulares na categoria de BP; organelas intracelulares e citoplasma na categoria de CC; e atividade antioxidante, atividade reguladora de enzimas e atividade catal&#237;tica na categoria de MF. Para aprofundar a investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre as poss&#237;veis fun&#231;&#245;es desses lncRNAs, a an&#225;lise de vias do KEGG revelou que sua express&#227;o diferencial estava significativamente enriquecida em vias relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos, doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas. Os 20 lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos mais relevantes est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Top 20 lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos em pacientes com FLC</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">lncRNA</th>
                    <th>Regula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th>
                      <italic>Fold change</italic>
                    </th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-SLC46A2</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">307,6339927</td>
                    <td align="center">8,16 &#215; 10<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-DCAF4L1</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">301,9088015</td>
                    <td align="center">2,37&#215; 10<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-RAB23</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">293,4177516</td>
                    <td align="center">1,72 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-LIPI</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">270,2219717</td>
                    <td align="center">0,03287567</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-IGF2BP3</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">199,1040392</td>
                    <td align="center">2,15 &#215; 10<sup>-7</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-IFNGAS1</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">139,3191716</td>
                    <td align="center">0,013423961</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-METTL2B</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">98,3100766</td>
                    <td align="center">0,018769756</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-POLR3K</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">95,02233003</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001041257</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-SOWAHB</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">84,70402792</td>
                    <td align="center">0,000120964</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-PRKAB2</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">81,24009487</td>
                    <td align="center">0,023770486</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GAS5</td>
                    <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                    <td align="center">81,15583069</td>
                    <td align="center">0,000277837</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LINC01949</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,019016197</td>
                    <td align="center">5,39 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-CTSV</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,01855816</td>
                    <td align="center">0,003755983</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-KCNE1B</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,016836927</td>
                    <td align="center">0,013494903</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-WDR73</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,016808486</td>
                    <td align="center">0,012120027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LINC00535</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,016156596</td>
                    <td align="center">0,002651937</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LINC00205</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,012744693</td>
                    <td align="center">0,000840344</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TUG1</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,012376483</td>
                    <td align="center">0,014487006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-SNRPN</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,009096652</td>
                    <td align="center">0,003332174</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-PIGBOS1</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,008201513</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001535038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>lnc-SPI1</td>
                    <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                    <td align="center">0,004864076</td>
                    <td align="center">1,29 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados dos transcritos com express&#227;o diferencial de mRNAs</title>
          <p>Um total de 1.999 mRNAs apresentou express&#227;o diferencial, dos quais 990 estavam regulados negativamente e 1.009 regulados positivamente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 7</xref> exibem, respectivamente, o gr&#225;fico de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel e o <italic>volcano plot</italic>, os quais ilustram os perfis de express&#227;o diferencial dos transcritos de mRNAs.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel dos transcritos com mRNAs diferencialmente expressos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf06.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08">
              <label>Figura 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de vulc&#227;o dos transcritos com mRNAs diferencialmente expressos. O gr&#225;fico exibe o log2 da altera&#231;&#227;o de express&#227;o (fold change) no eixo x e o &#8211;log10(p) no eixo y. Os pontos vermelhos e verdes indicam diferen&#231;as significativas; os pontos azuis e cinza representam diferen&#231;as n&#227;o significativas.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf07.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise funcional dos transcritos com express&#227;o diferencial</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de enriquecimento em GO dos transcritos diferencialmente expressos:</title>
        <p>A triagem das entradas de GO para transcritos com FoldChange superior a 2 resultou na identifica&#231;&#227;o de 1.985 entradas significativamente enriquecidas entre os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos. A an&#225;lise de agrupamento das 10 principais entradas, classificadas em ordem decrescente de &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p), envolveu predominantemente processos biol&#243;gicos como defesa contra invas&#227;o viral, inibi&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do genoma viral, via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do interferon tipo I, disrup&#231;&#227;o da polariza&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o de proteases.</p>
        <p>Os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos tamb&#233;m apresentaram enriquecimento significativo em 271 componentes celulares. As 10 principais entradas, com base na ordem decrescente de &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p), inclu&#237;ram componentes como citoplasma, nucleoplasma, complexo quinase Atg1/ULK1, n&#250;cleo e locais de montagem de fagos, conforme identificado na an&#225;lise de agrupamento.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, foram identificadas 531 fun&#231;&#245;es moleculares com enriquecimento significativo. As 10 principais, classificadas por ordem decrescente de &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p), revelaram fun&#231;&#245;es como liga&#231;&#227;o a prote&#237;nas, modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade de prote&#237;na quinase, atividade de transferase de ubiquitina-prote&#237;na e liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cido ribonucleico.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 8</xref> apresenta o gr&#225;fico de barras com os 30 principais resultados de enriquecimento em GO. As entradas de GO com FoldChange transcricional superior a 2 foram filtradas separadamente para as tr&#234;s categorias, priorizando-se as 10 principais de cada uma com base nos respectivos valores de &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p) em ordem decrescente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de barras do enriquecimento GO (30 principais termos). As barras vermelhas representam os 10 principais termos de processo biol&#243;gico, as barras verdes os 10 principais termos de componente celular, e as barras azuis os 10 principais termos de fun&#231;&#227;o molecular. Os nomes dos termos GO est&#227;o no eixo x; o eixo y mostra os valores de &#8211;log10(p).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de enriquecimento em KEGG e mapeamento das vias dos DEGs:</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a triagem de 20 vias com FoldChange transcricional superior a 2, observou-se que os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos estavam significativamente enriquecidos em vias relacionadas &#224; autofagia, sarampo, sistema ubiquitina&#8211;proteassoma, sinaliza&#231;&#227;o por receptores do tipo NOD, sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF), sinaliza&#231;&#227;o por receptores do tipo Toll (TLR) e via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 9</xref> apresenta um <italic>bubble plot</italic> com os 20 principais resultados de enriquecimento em KEGG, com as vias classificadas em ordem decrescente de acordo com os respectivos valores de &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de bolhas do enriquecimento KEGG (20 principais termos). Os nomes das vias KEGG est&#227;o representados no eixo y; os valores de p s&#227;o mostrados no eixo x. O tamanho das bolhas reflete o n&#250;mero de genes associados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf09.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Top 20 mRNAs diferencialmente expressos:</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os 20 mRNAs com maior express&#227;o diferencial.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Top 20 mRNAs diferencialmente expressos em pacientes com FLC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Gene</th>
                  <th>Regula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>
                    <italic>Fold change</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRPB1</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">1424,292887</td>
                  <td align="center">8,76 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OTOF</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">749,2769265</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033541446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDC27</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">372,4377459</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000308112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FCGR1B</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">293,4635502</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002402462</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HLA-DRB4</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">288,483249</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000897273</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MEF2C</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">279,7159676</td>
                  <td align="center">7,28 &#215; 10<sup>-9</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATG13</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">241,9462662</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001107754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EPB41</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">173,0302956</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004740905</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ZNF45</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">140,5873565</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000840983</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLC39A9</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">136,1707782</td>
                  <td align="center">5,10 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PBRM1</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007401108</td>
                  <td align="center">6,99 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2RX5</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006490159</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001694951</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EPB41</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006205606</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033667873</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SRRM1</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006097372</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#215; 10<sup>-11</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ZNF445</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006009509</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005438717</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCR3</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005964356</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004797579</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALG13</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004730269</td>
                  <td align="center">6,94 &#215; 10<sup>-7</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABCA7</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004689293</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019145994</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>KHSRP</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004116791</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00809256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MAP4K4</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00314662</td>
                  <td align="center">4,34 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O sequenciamento transcript&#244;mico de alto rendimento realizado neste estudo revelou um total de 854 lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos, dos quais 425 estavam regulados negativamente e 429 regulados positivamente. A an&#225;lise de enriquecimento funcional identificou 48 entradas principais em GO. As predi&#231;&#245;es de coexpress&#227;o e colocaliza&#231;&#227;o destacaram processos metab&#243;licos e metabolismo celular na categoria de BP, bem como atividade antioxidante, regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica e atividade catal&#237;tica na categoria de MF. Na categoria de CC, componentes como jun&#231;&#245;es celulares, organelas da matriz extracelular e organelas intracelulares foram associados ao citoplasma. A an&#225;lise de vias do KEGG demonstrou que os lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos estavam significativamente enriquecidos em vias relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos, doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas.</p>
      <p>Os lncRNAs s&#227;o reconhecidos por sua participa&#231;&#227;o em processos fisiol&#243;gicos e patol&#243;gicos, exercendo fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias e estruturais em diversas atividades biol&#243;gicas, como <italic>imprinting</italic> gen&#233;tico, controle epigen&#233;tico, prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, processos de desenvolvimento, envelhecimento e apoptose, emergindo, assim, como moduladores-chave em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os lncRNAs t&#234;m sido implicados na regula&#231;&#227;o do FLC e de suas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em estudos relacionados ao DCAF4L1, gene codificador adjacente que &#233; um componente chave do complexo de ubiquitina ligase CUL4-DDB1, foi demonstrado que esse gene influencia a progress&#227;o tumoral por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o de pontos de controle do ciclo celular e de vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o apopt&#243;tica. Um lncRNA possivelmente transcrito nesse l&#243;cus, referido como lnc-DCAF4L1 (ainda n&#227;o oficialmente anotado), &#233; hipoteticamente capaz de regular a inflama&#231;&#227;o imune. No entanto, seu mecanismo preciso requer valida&#231;&#227;o experimental, por exemplo, por meio de t&#233;cnicas como o <italic>chromatin conformation capture</italic> (4C-seq).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante destacar que o lncRNA cl&#225;ssico GAS5 (<italic>growth arrest-specific 5</italic>) desempenha pap&#233;is distintos em diferentes redes patol&#243;gicas. Ele regula fatores imunes, como a IL-10, por meio do mecanismo de RNA end&#243;geno competidor (ceRNA) em doen&#231;as autoimunes, modula a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da insulina em dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e contribui para processos neuroinflamat&#243;rios ao influenciar a ativa&#231;&#227;o de micr&#243;glias em condi&#231;&#245;es neurodegenerativas. Essa multifuncionalidade posiciona o GAS5 como um importante n&#250;cleo molecular para pesquisas interligadas entre diferentes doen&#231;as. Embora varia&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o de genes codificadores de prote&#237;nas sejam reconhecidas, investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para elucidar suas implica&#231;&#245;es funcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos demonstraram que lncRNAs como MALAT1 e NEAT1 desempenham um papel na promo&#231;&#227;o de respostas inflamat&#243;rias no FLC por meio de diferentes vias moleculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O MALAT1 foi identificado como um biomarcador para a predi&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o reperfus&#227;o durante a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (pPCI) e como um potencial alvo terap&#234;utico para o FLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis do lncRNA AF131217.1 e o FLC tem sido investigada, sugerindo um papel regulador desse lncRNA na inflama&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo FLC por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o do fator semelhante ao Kr&#252;ppel 4 (KLF4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> No entanto, no presente estudo, MALAT1 e NEAT1 n&#227;o foram identificados como tendo fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias em pacientes com FLC.</p>
      <p>Outros lncRNAs diferencialmente expressos identificados neste estudo &#8212; incluindo lnc-SLC46A2, lnc-RAB23 e lnc-LIPI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), com exce&#231;&#227;o de lnc-DCAF4L1 e GAS5 &#8212; ainda n&#227;o foram previamente descritos na literatura. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses lncRNAs e o FLC permanece indefinida e requer investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais para ser validada. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos pelos quais os lncRNAs contribuem para o FLC e para explorar seu potencial como alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      <p>Dentre os 1.999 mRNAs diferencialmente expressos, 990 estavam regulados negativamente e 1.009 regulados positivamente. De acordo com a an&#225;lise de agrupamento em GO das 10 principais entradas, classificadas por &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p), os principais processos biol&#243;gicos inclu&#237;ram resposta &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o viral, regula&#231;&#227;o negativa da express&#227;o do genoma viral, via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do interferon tipo I, despolariza&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e ativa&#231;&#227;o da atividade de proteases. Os principais componentes celulares envolvidos foram o citoplasma, nucleoplasma, complexo quinase Atg1/ULK1, n&#250;cleo e local de montagem de fagos. As fun&#231;&#245;es moleculares estavam predominantemente relacionadas &#224; liga&#231;&#227;o a prote&#237;nas, regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade de prote&#237;na quinase, atividade de transferase de ubiquitina-prote&#237;na e liga&#231;&#227;o a RNA. A an&#225;lise de KEGG mostrou que os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos estavam significativamente enriquecidos nas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o dos TLR e na via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B.</p>
      <p>O estudo conduzido por Coto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> identificou que a varia&#231;&#227;o em NFKBIZ &#233; um fator de risco independente para DAC de in&#237;cio precoce. A pesquisa incluiu 609 homens com DAC de in&#237;cio precoce e 423 homens saud&#225;veis no grupo controle. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos foi observada nas frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas ou genot&#237;picas de NFKB1 rs28362491 (&#8722;94 delATTG) ou NFKBIA rs8904; no entanto, a frequ&#234;ncia da dele&#231;&#227;o NFKBIZ rs3217713 foi significativamente maior no grupo com DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a an&#225;lise KEGG indicou que a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B desempenha um papel na varia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de mRNAs, sugerindo que a inflama&#231;&#227;o pode ser um dos mecanismos patol&#243;gicos subjacentes ao FLC. No entanto, as pesquisas sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NFKBIZ e FLC ainda est&#227;o em est&#225;gio inicial. Os mRNAs regulados positivamente e negativamente identificados neste estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) ainda n&#227;o foram previamente associados ao FLC na literatura existente. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para elucidar os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos que vinculam esses mRNAs ao FLC.</p>
      <p>Diferentemente de pesquisas anteriores, que frequentemente se concentraram em lncRNAs ou miRNAs isoladamente, este estudo oferece uma perspectiva mais abrangente ao integrar os perfis de express&#227;o de lncRNAs e mRNAs, bem como suas intera&#231;&#245;es no contexto do FLC. Embora estudos anteriores j&#225; tenham sugerido a participa&#231;&#227;o de lncRNAs como MALAT1 em respostas inflamat&#243;rias e na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, nossos achados destacam especificamente a desregula&#231;&#227;o de lncRNAs como ANRIL, MALAT1 e LINC00305 em pacientes com FLC, oferecendo novas perspectivas sobre potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos e biomarcadores.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o pequeno tamanho amostral, com apenas tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo. Esse n&#250;mero limitado pode n&#227;o capturar adequadamente a variabilidade biol&#243;gica, reduzindo o poder estat&#237;stico e, consequentemente, comprometendo a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo n&#227;o incluiu outros tipos de RNAs n&#227;o codificantes, como os microRNAs, que tamb&#233;m podem ser relevantes. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es indicam que estudos futuros com coortes maiores e mais diversas s&#227;o essenciais para validar os resultados obtidos e para elucidar de forma mais completa os mecanismos subjacentes ao FLC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo confirma que os lncRNAs &#8212; definidos como transcritos com mais de 200 pares de bases &#8212; desempenham pap&#233;is cruciais no FLC, com mecanismos potenciais envolvendo, principalmente, a modula&#231;&#227;o de vias inflamat&#243;rias e a regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. No entanto, os lncRNAs e mRNAs regulados positiva e negativamente identificados neste estudo ainda n&#227;o foram previamente associados ao FLC na literatura. S&#227;o necess&#225;rias pesquisas adicionais para esclarecer os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos que sustentam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses transcritos e o FLC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo IACUE-20210301-18. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por &#8220;Tianshan Talents&#8221; Medical and Health High &#8211; Level Personal Training Program, number: TSYc202301B053.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240847i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcriptome High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of lncRNA and mRNA Expression in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-3242-9619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Haibing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Yi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhai</surname>
            <given-names>Xueqin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Lijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kahaerjiang</surname>
            <given-names>Aerziya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Haibing Jiang &#8226; Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, 116, Huanghe Road, Urumqi, 830041 &#8211; China E-mail: jianghaibing1017@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="commentary" id="r2" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250553i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to play key roles in the pathophysiology of coronary slow flow (CSF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to explore the complex biological networks involved in CSF using whole-transcriptome sequencing, with the goal of identifying potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed on samples from three patients with CSF and three matched control subjects. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 854 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, with 425 downregulated and 429 upregulated. KEGG pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of lncRNAs in pathways associated with cardiovascular diseases, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative disease progression. Additionally, 1,999 mRNAs were differentially expressed, including 990 downregulated and 1,009 upregulated. Molecular function analysis identified roles in protein binding, regulation of kinase activity, ubiquitin-protein transferase activity, and RNA binding. KEGG analysis indicated that the differentially expressed mRNAs were primarily involved in autophagy, measles, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and the NF-&#954;B signaling pathway.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways related to autophagy, measles, and ubiquitin-mediated degradation, as well as in signaling cascades involving NOD-like receptors, TNF, TLR, and NF-&#954;B. Further studies are required to validate these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transcriptome High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of lncRNA and mRNA Expression in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</kwd>
        <kwd>Messenger RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Long Noncoding RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary slow flow (CSF) is thought to be closely associated with the onset of various manifestations of the CSF phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This condition has been linked to several contributing factors, including psychiatric disorders, serum salusin-&#946; levels, homocysteine, cystatin C, body mass index, and systemic immune-inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The inflammatory response may play a central role in multiple pathophysiological processes, such as microvascular obstruction and microthrombus formation, which are considered key elements in the pathogenesis of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies have shown that certain long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate downstream inflammatory factors, thereby influencing the development of CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Danaii et al. proposed that microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosing CSF and monitoring the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) in affected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Based on these findings, lncRNAs and miRNAs appear to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of CSF. However, given the complexity of the condition and the diverse functions of non-coding RNAs in the cardiovascular system, focusing on only a few molecules may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms.</p>
        <p>Whole-transcriptome analysis offers a broader perspective by enabling the identification of key lncRNAs and miRNAs involved in CSF and their potential interactions. This approach may contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of CSF and support future clinical applications.</p>
        <p>RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has been widely used to investigate gene expression profiles in cardiac tissues and cells, providing insights into molecular changes associated with conditions such as CSF and Takotsubo syndrome, a form of coronary microvascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A transcriptomic study of CSF using RNA extracted from peripheral blood monocytes revealed differential gene expression patterns and an association with inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the pathogenesis of CSF remains complex and poorly understood, and only a few studies to date have applied transcriptome sequencing specifically to CSF.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic landscape of patients with CSF through high-throughput sequencing of peripheral blood leukocytes in order to identify genes and pathways potentially involved in the development of CSF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects</title>
          <p>This study, supported by grant number 2016XE0113, was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were fully informed about the study objectives and provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, ensuring the protection of participants&#8217; rights and welfare.</p>
          <p>Three patients diagnosed with CSF based on coronary angiography, along with three individuals with normal coronary angiography findings, were enrolled at the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. These individuals were assigned to the case group and control group, respectively. All participants were initially suspected of having uncomplicated coronary heart disease and had no history of diabetes, cardiomyopathy, vasculitis, connective tissue disorders, or endocrine diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic criteria</title>
          <p>CSF was defined as a delayed perfusion of any major distal coronary vessel exceeding three cardiac cycles, as observed during coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Participants were selected according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the reliability and validity of the study findings. Patients were excluded if they presented with hypotension (systolic blood pressure &#8804; 90 mmHg at the time of angiography) in the absence of vasodilator medication use, or if they had a heart rate &lt; 60 beats per minute without the influence of heart rate&#8211;modifying drugs. Individuals who had experienced an acute myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome &#8212; including unstable angina pectoris &#8212; within the previous month were also excluded. In addition, patients with any coronary artery stenosis &gt; 50% were not eligible for inclusion. Clinical data, laboratory indices, and blood samples were collected and analyzed from all participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental methods</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Database construction and sequencing process</title>
            <p>Total RNA was extracted from blood samples following centrifugation, lysis, and precipitation. The integrity of the isolated RNA was evaluated using standard analytical procedures, followed by a quality assessment. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) were subsequently removed to enrich for mRNAs and non-coding RNAs. The remaining RNA was fragmented and reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). Next, blunt-ended cDNAs underwent adaptor ligation and tailing. The resulting cDNA library was size-selected using agarose gel electrophoresis, and the band corresponding to the target size was excised. The selected cDNA fragments were then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subjected to high-throughput sequencing using an automated sequencing platform.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Sample collection and processing of whole blood specimens</title>
            <p>The initial step involved accurate documentation and identification of 4 mL whole blood samples collected from diagnosed patients, with each sample labeled according to the patient registry. Following centrifugation, plasma and cellular components were separated. The plasma, located in the upper layer after centrifugation, was transferred into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes, with each tube receiving 400 &#956;L of plasma. The tubes were then sealed and stored in an ultra-low temperature freezer at &#8211;80&#176;C for preservation.</p>
            <p>Centrifugation was performed at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes to ensure effective separation of plasma. The resulting cellular pellet was resuspended in ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) Lysis Buffer (Bioseth, Zhenjiang, China) and transferred into fresh 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes. Each patient&#8217;s pellet was evenly divided into two groups for further analysis, ensuring sample integrity for subsequent procedures.</p>
            <p>The Eppendorf tubes containing the resuspended cells were incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes to promote lysis. Centrifugation was then carried out to separate the components. To improve lysis efficiency, treatment with ACK Lysis Buffer was repeated two to three times, ensuring thorough cell disruption. After the final lysis step, the samples were rinsed with physiological saline to remove residual buffer.</p>
            <p>For RNA extraction, leukocytes in one set of 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes were processed using a TRIzol-based resuspension&#8211;precipitation protocol with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA). Another set of leukocyte-containing tubes was left untreated and stored at &#8211;80&#176;C for future use.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>RNA sample testing</title>
            <p>The integrity and purity of the RNA samples were evaluated through a multi-step quality control (QC) process. Initially, agarose gel electrophoresis was used to detect degradation and contamination. This method separates nucleic acid fragments by size, allowing for the visual assessment of RNA integrity. Next, spectrophotometric analysis was performed to determine RNA purity, with the A260/A280 ratio used as a standard indicator. High-precision quantification of RNA concentration was then conducted using the Qubit&#174; 3.0 Fluorometer, ensuring accurate measurement of RNA yield. Finally, the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer with the RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit was employed to assess RNA integrity. This analysis generated an RNA integrity number (RIN), which provides a quantitative measure of RNA quality.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Construction and testing of the library</title>
            <p>For the lncRNA library construction, a 3-microgram sample of total RNA was chosen as the starting material. The ribosomal RNAs were subsequently removed from the samples with precision, facilitated by the Ribo-Zero&#8482; Gold Kit (Human/Mouse/Rat, Illumina, USA). Different index labels were selected respectively for library construction based on the operating instructions of the NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB, Ipswich, USA). In simpler terms, the whole process of the library construction consisted of four parts. Firstly, starting with the essential step of rRNA removal, one should then proceed to select the pertinent reagent kits. After securing the mRNA, the application of a fragmentation buffer yields the desired mRNA fragments. Secondly, fragments were used as templates, then the first-strand cDNA was synthesized. The second-strand cDNA synthesis was completed by adding RNase H and dNTPs (dUTP). Thirdly, the rRNAs were initially eliminated, after which a purification kit was employed to carry out the purification. This was followed by a cascade of detailed operations, including the integration of Basic Group A and the subsequent end repair. Finally, the target fragment in the agarose gel electrophoresis was recovered, and PCR amplification (Qiagen, Germany) was performed to complete the construction of the library.</p>
            <p>Upon the culmination of library construction, quantitative dilution utilizing the Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was conducted, resulting in a library concentration adjusted to 1 ng/&#956;L. With the library construction phase concluded, the Agilent 2100 (Agilent, USA) was engaged to measure the insert size. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using the Bio-RAD CFX96 (Bio-Rad, USA) fluorescent quantitative PCR instrument and the Bio-RAD iQ SYBR GRN Kit (Bio-Rad, USA). The effective concentration of the library was accurately quantified (effective concentration &gt; 10 nM) to ensure the quality of the library. After qualified library detection, different libraries were pooled to the flow cell according to the requirements of effective concentration and target data volume. cBot clusters were sequenced using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform (NovaSeq 6000, Illumina, USA), and 150 bp paired-end reads were obtained. Subsequently, a chain of operations was implemented, such as the application of Basic Group A and the finalization of end repair. The library was then positioned for qPCR, provided the insert size aligned with expectations, with the library&#8217;s effective concentration required to surpass 10 nM to ensure its quality.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Machine sequencing</title>
            <p>Once the library construction reached its final stage, the qualified libraries were adeptly pooled onto the flow cell, conforming to the designated effective concentration and the set sequencing goals. Thereafter, the samples underwent comprehensive transcriptome high-throughput sequencing analysis once the clusters were successfully established.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Transcriptome high-throughput sequencing analysis</title>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Data preprocessing and QC:</title>
            <p>The raw reads generated from high-throughput sequencing were provided in FASTQ format. To obtain high-quality reads suitable for downstream analysis, quality filtering was performed. First, the fastp software<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> was used for QC and adapter removal. Low-quality bases were filtered out, resulting in a set of high-quality clean reads. The clean reads were then compared against rRNA sequences using SortMeRNA software,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and any matched reads were removed. The remaining reads were retained for subsequent analyses.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Genome alignment and transcript splicing:</title>
            <p>Hisat2<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (http://www.psc.edu/user-resources/software/hisat2) was used to align the clean reads to the reference genome, with default parameters applied. Transcript assembly was performed using StringTie software, generating new transcript isoforms. These were compared against the reference genome annotation using Cuffcompare to identify known and novel transcripts.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Prediction of lncRNAs:</title>
            <p>Most lncRNAs lack protein-coding potential. Transcripts with two or more exons and a length greater than 200 bp were selected. Candidate lncRNAs were identified through coding potential prediction using CPC, CNCI, Pfam, and PLEK.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Transcriptional quantification, differential expression analysis, functional enrichment, and cluster analysis:</title>
            <p>Clean reads with rRNA removed were aligned to reference transcripts (mRNA and lncRNA) using Bowtie2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and the results were stored in binary alignment (BAM) files. eXpress was used to quantify transcript abundance, providing both read counts and fragments per kilobase of transcript per million (FPKM) values.</p>
            <p>For experiments with biological replicates, data normalization was performed using the estimateSizeFactors function in the DESeq (2012) R package.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Differential expression was assessed using the nbinomTest function to calculate <italic>p</italic>-values and fold changes. For experiments without biological replicates, differential expression analysis was conducted based on the edgeR package (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> using the negative binomial distribution test. Read counts were evaluated for statistical significance using a negative binomial (NB) test, and counts per million (CPM) values were used to estimate gene expression levels.</p>
            <p>Differential genes with a p-value less than 0.05 were selected, and a hypergeometric distribution test was performed in R to conduct gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. These analyses were used to identify the biological functions and pathways most affected by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Additionally, the pheatmap function in R was employed to perform unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the DEGs, and a heatmap was generated to visualize their expression patterns across different samples.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Alternative splicing, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and INDEL analysis:</title>
            <p>Alternative splicing analysis was conducted using ASprofile software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Samtools<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and BCFtools<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> were used to identify SNP and INDEL sites. For details on the specific procedure, please refer to the Samtools website (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/mpileup.shtml). All software was run using default parameters.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>circRNA identification, quantification, and differential analysis:</title>
            <p>Based on the circBase database,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> sequencing data were first analyzed using CIRI software<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> to predict circRNAs. The predicted results were then compared with the database to identify both known and novel circRNAs. Overlapping genes were extracted and annotated based on the chromosomal positions of circRNAs.</p>
            <p>CircRNA abundance was quantified using RPM (spliced reads per million reads). For experiments with biological replication, data normalization was performed using the estimateSizeFactors function in the DESeq (2012) R package, and p-values and fold change values were calculated using the nbinomTest function. For experiments without replication, differential expression was determined using the edgeR package (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html), based on the negative binomial distribution.</p>
            <p>CircRNAs with p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were conducted based on overlapping genes to identify the biological functions and pathways most affected by the differentially expressed circRNAs. In addition, unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed, and circRNA expression patterns across samples were visualized using a heat map.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prediction of circRNA&#8211;miRNA target interactions:</title>
        <p>Since circRNAs contain multiple miRNA binding sites, their interactions with miRNAs can be predicted using established miRNA target gene prediction tools. The function of a given circRNA can then be inferred based on the functional annotation of its associated miRNA target genes. For animal species, predictions were performed using miRanda software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> For plant species, predictions were carried out using psRNATarget software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size</title>
          <p>As this study was in the exploratory phase, a sample size of n = 3 was adopted after careful consideration of cost-effectiveness and discovery potential.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Differential expression of the same transcript among different samples was calculated using RNA-seq data. To assess expression variation, FoldChange was used to measure the change in expression levels of a given transcript between two samples, while the p-value or false discovery rate (FDR) (adjusted p-value) was used to evaluate statistical significance. Each transcript&#8217;s p-value was calculated and adjusted for multiple testing. Transcripts were considered significantly differentially expressed if the FoldChange was greater than 2 and the p-value was less than 0.05.</p>
        <p>For comparisons with biological replication, gene differential expression levels were calculated using the negative binomial distribution test in the DESeq software package. The significance of read count differences was assessed using the NB distribution test. The basemean value was used to estimate gene expression levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> For comparisons without biological replication, the edgeR software package was used to analyze and calculate gene expression levels. The significance of read differences was tested using the NB distribution, and gene expression levels were estimated using the CPM value.</p>
        <p>To discern variations among different samples, gene differential expression analysis is pivotal, as differences are primarily reflected at the transcript level. Therefore, identifying transcripts with differential gene expression should be prioritized. Subsequently, comprehensive KEGG pathway enrichment and GO functional enrichment analyses should be performed to investigate the biological pathways and functions affected. GO enrichment analysis categorizes genes into cellular component (CC), molecular function (MF), and biological process (BP), identifying significant biological functions associated with DEGs using Fisher&#8217;s exact test, with p &lt; 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Similarly, KEGG enrichment analysis uses genomic data to identify enriched pathways, and is performed using the clusterProfiler package in RStudio (version 4.3.1; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), with an FDR &lt; 0.05 threshold.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> presents the most important data from this study. There were two experimental groups, each consisting of three individuals (one female and two males). The mean age was 56 years for the case group and 54 years for the control group. No notable comorbidities were identified in either group. The level of differential gene expression for each transcript was assessed using the DESeq software, and the significance of read count differences was evaluated using the NB test. Gene expression levels were estimated based on the basemean value.</p>
        <p/>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of transcripts with differential expression of lncRNA</title>
          <p>Among the 854 lncRNAs that displayed altered expression levels, 425 were downregulated, while 429 were upregulated. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> present the moving average chart and the volcano plot, respectively, which visualize the differential expression patterns of the lncRNA transcripts.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Moving average chart of transcripts with differentially expressed lncRNAs.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Volcano plot of transcripts with differentially expressed lncRNAs. The plot displays log2(fold change) on the x-axis and &#8211;log10(p-value) on the y-axis. Red dots indicate significantly differentially expressed transcripts, while blue and grey dots represent non-significant differences.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>Heat map of differential expression of lncRNA</title>
            <p>The heat map, generated using the pheatmap package in R, demonstrated high similarity between samples within the same group, while significant inter-group differential expression was observed. Results are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Heat map of differentially expressed lncRNAs (C: control group; M: coronary slow flow group).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Functional enrichment analysis of target genes</title>
            <p>A correlation analysis between lncRNAs and mRNAs was conducted to identify lncRNA-associated mRNA transcripts. Correlations were considered significant if the absolute value of the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.8 and the p-value was less than 0.05. Functional annotation, including GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, was performed on the mRNAs associated with each differentially expressed lncRNA. Calculations and plots were generated for each gene entry at the GO and KEGG level 2 categories, based on upregulation and downregulation status. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>, where R refers to the plotting environment.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05001">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; GO enrichment bar plot (top 48 terms). GO term names are shown on the x-axis; the number of associated genes is indicated on the right y-axis.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f06001">
                <label>Figure 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; KEGG enrichment plot. KEGG pathway names are displayed on the y-axis, and the percentage of associated genes is shown on the x-axis.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Functional enrichment analysis was used to predict the target genes, identifying 48 key GO entries. The findings included metabolic processes and cellular metabolic processes in the BP category; intracellular organelles and cytoplasm within the CC category; and antioxidant activity, enzyme regulatory activity, and catalytic activity in the MF category. To further explore the potential functions of these lncRNAs, KEGG pathway analysis revealed that their differential expression was significantly enriched in pathways related to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Top 20 differentially expressed lncRNAs are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1001">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Top 20 differentially expressed lncRNAs in patients with CSF</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">lncRNA</th>
                      <th>Regulation</th>
                      <th>Fold change</th>
                      <th>p-value</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-SLC46A2</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">307.6339927</td>
                      <td align="center">8.16 &#215; 10<sup>-13</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-DCAF4L1</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">301.9088015</td>
                      <td align="center">2.37&#215; 10<sup>-23</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-RAB23</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">293.4177516</td>
                      <td align="center">1.72 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-LIPI</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">270.2219717</td>
                      <td align="center">0.03287567</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-IGF2BP3</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">199.1040392</td>
                      <td align="center">2.15 &#215; 10<sup>-7</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-IFNGAS1</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">139.3191716</td>
                      <td align="center">0.013423961</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-METTL2B</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">98.3100766</td>
                      <td align="center">0.018769756</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-POLR3K</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">95.02233003</td>
                      <td align="center">0.001041257</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-SOWAHB</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">84.70402792</td>
                      <td align="center">0.000120964</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-PRKAB2</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">81.24009487</td>
                      <td align="center">0.023770486</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>GAS5</td>
                      <td align="center">Up</td>
                      <td align="center">81.15583069</td>
                      <td align="center">0.000277837</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>LINC01949</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.019016197</td>
                      <td align="center">5.39 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-CTSV</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.01855816</td>
                      <td align="center">0.003755983</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-KCNE1B</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.016836927</td>
                      <td align="center">0.013494903</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-WDR73</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.016808486</td>
                      <td align="center">0.012120027</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>LINC00535</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.016156596</td>
                      <td align="center">0.002651937</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>LINC00205</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.012744693</td>
                      <td align="center">0.000840344</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>TUG1</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.012376483</td>
                      <td align="center">0.014487006</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-SNRPN</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.009096652</td>
                      <td align="center">0.003332174</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-PIGBOS1</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.008201513</td>
                      <td align="center">0.001535038</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>lnc-SPI1</td>
                      <td align="center">Down</td>
                      <td align="center">0.004864076</td>
                      <td align="center">1.29 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Results of transcripts with differential mRNA expression</title>
            <p>A total of 1,999 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed, including 990 that were downregulated and 1,009 that were upregulated. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 7</xref> display the moving average chart and the volcano plot, respectively, which illustrate the differential expression profiles of the mRNA transcripts.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f07001">
                <label>Figure 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Moving average chart of transcripts with differentially expressed mRNAs.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f08001">
                <label>Figure 7</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Volcano plot of transcripts with differentially expressed mRNAs. The plot displays log2(fold change) on the x-axis and &#8211;log10(p-value) on the y-axis. Red and green dots indicate significant differences; blue and gray dots represent non-significant differences.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Functional analysis on transcripts with differential expression</title>
        <sec>
          <title>GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed transcripts:</title>
          <p>The screening of GO entries for transcripts with a FoldChange greater than 2 resulted in the identification of 1,985 entries significantly enriched among the differentially expressed mRNAs. Clustering analysis of the top 10 entries, ranked by decreasing &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p-values), primarily involved biological processes such as defense against viral invasion, inhibition of viral genome expression, type I interferon signaling pathway, disruption of mitochondrial polarization, and enhancement of protease function.</p>
          <p>The differentially expressed mRNAs were also significantly enriched in 271 cellular components. The top 10 entries, based on decreasing &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p-values), included components such as the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex, nucleus, and phage assembly sites, as identified through clustering analysis.</p>
          <p>Additionally, 531 molecular functions were found to be significantly enriched. The top 10 entries, ranked by decreasing &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p-values), revealed molecular functions such as protein binding, modulation of protein kinase activity, ubiquitin-protein transferase activity, and ribonucleic acid binding.</p>
          <p>Refer to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 8</xref> for the bar plot illustrating the top 30 GO enrichment results. GO entries with transcriptional FoldChange greater than 2 were filtered separately for the three categories, with the top 10 entries from each category prioritized based on their &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p-values) in descending order.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; GO enrichment bar plot (top 30 terms). Red bars represent the top 10 biological process terms, green bars the top 10 cellular component terms, and blue bars the top 10 molecular function terms. GO term names are on the x-axis; &#8211;log10(p-value) is on the y-axis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>KEGG enrichment analysis and pathway network plotting of DEGs:</title>
          <p>Following the screening of 20 pathway entries with a transcriptional FoldChange greater than 2, differentially expressed mRNAs were found to be significantly enriched in pathways related to autophagy, measles, the ubiquitin&#8211;proteasome system, NOD-like receptor signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, toll-like (TLR) signaling, and the NF-&#954;B signaling pathway. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10001">Figure 9</xref> presents a bubble plot of the top 20 KEGG enrichment results, with pathway entries ranked in descending order based on their corresponding &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p-values).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10001">
              <label>Figure 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; KEGG enrichment bubble plot (top 20 terms). KEGG pathway names are shown on the y-axis; p-values are displayed on the x-axis. Bubble size reflects the number of associated genes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-09-e20240847-40847-gf10-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Top 20 differentially expressed mRNAs:</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> displays the top 20 mRNAs with differential expression.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Top 20 differentially expressed mRNAs in patients with CSF</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Gene</th>
                    <th>Regulation</th>
                    <th>Fold chang<italic>e</italic></th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SIRPB1</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">1424.292887</td>
                    <td align="center">8.76 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OTOF</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">749.2769265</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033541446</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CDC27</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">372.4377459</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000308112</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FCGR1B</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">293.4635502</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002402462</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HLA-DRB4</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">288.483249</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000897273</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MEF2C</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">279.7159676</td>
                    <td align="center">7.28 &#215; 10<sup>-9</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATG13</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">241.9462662</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001107754</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EPB41</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">173.0302956</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004740905</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ZNF45</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">140.5873565</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000840983</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SLC39A9</td>
                    <td align="center">Up</td>
                    <td align="center">136.1707782</td>
                    <td align="center">5.10 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PBRM1</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007401108</td>
                    <td align="center">6.99 &#215; 10<sup>-5</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P2RX5</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006490159</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001694951</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EPB41</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006205606</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033667873</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SRRM1</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006097372</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 &#215; 10<sup>-11</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ZNF445</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006009509</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005438717</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCR3</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005964356</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004797579</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALG13</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004730269</td>
                    <td align="center">6.94 &#215; 10<sup>-7</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ABCA7</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004689293</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019145994</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>KHSRP</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004116791</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00809256</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MAP4K4</td>
                    <td align="center">Down</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00314662</td>
                    <td align="center">4.34 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Transcriptome high-throughput sequencing in this study revealed that a total of 854 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, with 425 downregulated and 429 upregulated. Functional enrichment analysis identified 48 core GO entries. Co-expression and co-localization predictions highlighted metabolic processes and cellular metabolism under BP, and antioxidant activity, regulation of enzymatic activity, and catalytic activity under MF. Within the CC category, components such as cell junctions, extracellular matrix organelles, and intracellular organelles were correlated with the cytoplasm. KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs were significantly enriched in pathways related to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.</p>
        <p>LncRNAs are recognized for their involvement in both physiological and pathological processes, serving regulatory and structural functions in diverse biological activities, including genetic imprinting, epigenetic control, cellular proliferation, developmental processes, aging, and apoptosis, thus emerging as key modulators in numerous cardiovascular conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> LncRNAs have been implicated in regulating CSF and its associated complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In studies concerning DCAF4L1, the adjacent coding gene, which is a key component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex, has been shown to influence tumor progression by modulating cell cycle checkpoints and apoptotic signaling pathways. A lncRNA potentially transcribed at this locus, referred to as lnc-DCAF4L1 (not yet officially annotated), is hypothesized to regulate immune inflammation. However, its precise mechanism requires experimental validation, such as through chromatin conformation capture (4C-seq).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Notably, the classical lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) plays distinct roles within disease networks. It regulates immune factors such as IL-10 via the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism in autoimmune diseases, modulates the insulin signaling pathway in metabolic disorders, and contributes to neuroinflammatory processes by influencing microglial activation in neurodegenerative conditions. This multifunctionality positions GAS5 as a central molecular hub for cross-disease research. While variations in the expression of protein-coding genes are acknowledged, further investigation is needed to elucidate their functional implications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have shown that lncRNAs such as MALAT1 and NEAT1 play a role in promoting inflammatory responses in CSF through various molecular pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> MALAT1 has been identified as a biomarker for predicting the no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) and as a potential therapeutic target for CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Additionally, the correlation between lncRNA AF131217.1 levels and CSF has been investigated, suggesting a regulatory role for this lncRNA in CSF-induced inflammation through modulation of Kr&#252;ppel-like factor 4 (KLF4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> However, in the present study, MALAT1 and NEAT1 were not identified as having regulatory functions in patients with CSF.</p>
        <p>Other differentially expressed lncRNAs identified in this study &#8212; including lnc-SLC46A2, lnc-RAB23, lnc-LIPI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>), excluding lnc-DCAF4L1 and GAS5 &#8212; have not been previously reported in the literature. The relationship between these lncRNAs and CSF remains unclear and requires further investigation to be validated. Additional research is needed to clarify the specific mechanisms by which lncRNAs contribute to CSF and to explore their potential as therapeutic targets.</p>
        <p>Among the 1,999 differentially expressed mRNAs, 990 were downregulated and 1,009 were upregulated. According to the GO clustering analysis of the top 10 entries, ranked by &#8211;log<sub>10</sub>(p-value), the main biological processes included response to viral infection, negative regulation of viral genome expression, type I interferon signaling pathway, mitochondrial depolarization, and activation of protease activity. The primary cellular components involved were the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex, nucleus, and phage assembly site. Molecular functions were predominantly related to protein binding, regulation of protein kinase activity, ubiquitin-protein transferase activity, and RNA binding. KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly enriched in the TLR signaling pathway and NF-&#954;B signaling pathway.</p>
        <p>The study by Coto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> found that variation in NFKBIZ is an independent risk factor for early-onset CAD. Their research included 609 males with early-onset CAD and 423 healthy males in the control group. No significant inter-group differences were observed in the allele or genotype frequencies of NFKB1 rs28362491 (&#8722;94 delATTG) or NFKBIA rs8904; however, the frequency of the NFKBIZ rs3217713 deletion was significantly higher in the CAD group compared to controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In our study, KEGG analysis indicated the NF-&#954;B signaling pathway plays a role in the variation of mRNA expression, suggesting inflammation may be one of the underlying pathological mechanisms in CSF. However, research on the relationship between NFKBIZ and CSF is still in its early stages. The upregulated and downregulated mRNAs identified in this study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>) have not been previously reported as being associated with CSF in the existing literature. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms linking mRNAs to CSF.</p>
        <p>Unlike previous research that often focused on individual lncRNAs or miRNAs, this study offers a more comprehensive perspective by integrating both lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles, as well as their interactions in the context of CSF. While earlier studies have suggested the involvement of lncRNAs such as MALAT1 in inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction, our findings specifically highlight the dysregulation of lncRNAs including ANRIL, MALAT1, and LINC00305 in patients with CSF, providing new insights into potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of study</title>
          <p>The main limitation of this study is the small sample size, with only three individuals in each group. This limited number may not adequately capture biological variability, thereby reducing statistical power and potentially compromising the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the study did not include other types of non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, which may also be relevant. These limitations suggest that future studies with larger and more diverse cohorts are essential to validate these results and to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying CSF.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study confirms that lncRNAs &#8212; defined as transcripts longer than 200 base pairs &#8212; play crucial roles in CSF, with potential mechanisms primarily involving the modulation of inflammatory pathways and regulation of endothelial function. However, the upregulated and downregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs identified in this study have not been previously reported to be associated with CSF in literature. Further research is needed to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying the relationship between these transcripts and CSF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by &#8220;Tianshan Talents&#8221; Medical and Health High &#8211; Level Personal Training Program, number: TSYc202301B053.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
