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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">R95swshnfPCWYwMmnpDwPJz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000900308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240777</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240777</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>For&#231;a de Preens&#227;o Manual na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Constru&#231;&#227;o de uma Equa&#231;&#227;o de Refer&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8739-6727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Parahiba</surname>
            <given-names>Suena Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7017-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;dina Caroline Ternus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-0473-3723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Knobloch</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dapper</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bowra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perry</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid Dalira Schweigert</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luft</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3620-4334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4374-4419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Eneida Rejane Rabelo-Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400. CEP <postal-code>90040-060</postal-code> , Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>eneidarabelo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>09</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240777</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (FPM) &#233; um indicador fundamental da for&#231;a muscular global e da capacidade funcional em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). No entanto, ainda n&#227;o foram publicadas equa&#231;&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;ficas para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva da FPM em pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal com pacientes com IC est&#225;vel, com idade entre 18 e 79 anos, diagnosticados h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses. O valor m&#225;ximo da FPM foi obtido a partir de tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas. Dados cl&#237;nicos e avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas foram coletados. A amostra foi dividida aleatoriamente em dois ter&#231;os (n=174) para deriva&#231;&#227;o e um ter&#231;o (n=100) para valida&#231;&#227;o. Um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada foi aplicado para desenvolver a equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, incluindo vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,25 conforme determinado pelo teste de Wald.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As amostras de deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas basais. Os pacientes eram predominantemente homens, idosos e brancos. A equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva derivada foi: FPM prevista = &#8722;39,732 + (10,771 &#215; sexo [feminino = 0; masculino = 1]) &#8722; (0,158 &#215; idade [anos]) + (35,096 &#215; altura [m]) + (0,448 &#215; circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha [cm]) &#8722; (4,224 &#215; classe da NYHA [I/II = 0; III/IV = 1]). Ao ser aplicada na amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o, a equa&#231;&#227;o subestimou a FPM real em 0,68 &#177; 8,93 kg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Idade, sexo, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha e classe NYHA foram os principais determinantes da FPM em pacientes com IC. A equa&#231;&#227;o derivada apresentou boa acur&#225;cia preditiva e pode servir como refer&#234;ncia &#250;til para interpretar medi&#231;&#245;es de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>For&#231;a de Preens&#227;o Manual na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Constru&#231;&#227;o de uma Equa&#231;&#227;o de Refer&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            <attrib>A equa&#231;&#227;o proposta mostrou boa concord&#226;ncia em predizer a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (FPM) e pode auxiliar na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da medida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</attrib>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>For&#231;a da M&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES), C&#243;digo de financiamento 001.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A capacidade funcional oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o direta e n&#227;o invasiva do estado f&#237;sico e est&#225; associada ao progn&#243;stico e a outros desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (FPM) est&#225; relacionada &#224; fragilidade, uma condi&#231;&#227;o que afeta cerca de 40% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). A fragilidade est&#225; intimamente ligada ao envelhecimento, ao decl&#237;nio cognitivo e ao aumento da complexidade no manejo cl&#237;nico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>A FPM tem sido investigada como uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo para avaliar a capacidade funcional, podendo ser facilmente aplicada em ambientes cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup> &#201; uma medida influenciada por fatores antropom&#233;tricos, sexo e envelhecimento. Embora a FPM avalie principalmente um grupo de m&#250;sculos do membro superior, ela &#233; considerada um indicador da for&#231;a muscular global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente reconhecida como um par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC, a FPM foi avaliada em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que incluiu 7350 pacientes com per&#237;odos de acompanhamento variando de tr&#234;s a 43 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o em 1 Kg na FPM est&#225; associada a um aumento de 8% no risco de mortalidade (risco relativo de 1,08; intervalo de confian&#231;a &#8211; IC &#8211; de 95%: 1,05 a 1,11; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>Diante das evid&#234;ncias apresentadas, a FPM pode se tornar um marcador de rotina para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento de pacientes com IC na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </sup> O uso de equa&#231;&#245;es e tabelas de refer&#234;ncia representa um m&#233;todo alternativo de predi&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro. No entanto, os dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura s&#227;o baseados em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis, e as f&#243;rmulas atuais de predi&#231;&#227;o da FPM n&#227;o s&#227;o adaptadas a condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que afetam a hemodin&#226;mica, o que pode levar a avalia&#231;&#245;es imprecisas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup> Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar uma equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da FPM em pacientes com IC. A metodologia central do estudo est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref> .</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal incluiu pacientes adultos e idosos (com idade entre 18 e 79 anos) com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de IC, independentemente da classifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes em atendimento ambulatorial foram recrutados por conveni&#234;ncia na cl&#237;nica de IC de um hospital p&#250;blico de alta complexidade no Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre agosto de 2018 e julho de 2023.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hist&#243;rico de transplante card&#237;aco; IC descompensada aguda; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral ou cirurgia nos tr&#234;s meses anteriores &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo; congest&#227;o perif&#233;rica e/ou edema; hist&#243;rico de angina inst&#225;vel; em terapia renal substitutiva; com tumores malignos (ativos ou em remiss&#227;o) nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos; infec&#231;&#227;o aguda; diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a neurodegenerativa; ou incapacidade de realizar testes funcionais (por exemplo, usu&#225;rios de cadeira de rodas, amputados, indiv&#237;duos com sequelas motoras ou defici&#234;ncias). Crit&#233;rios adicionais de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram contraindica&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica, como presen&#231;a de pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) superior a 39 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>A etiologia da IC, a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional (segundo a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> &#8211; NYHA), o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, as comorbidades e outros dados cl&#237;nicos e sociodemogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos a partir de registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos e confirmados durante a anamnese realizada por pesquisadores treinados. Os dados inclu&#237;ram avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica de peso (Kg), altura (m), IMC (Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (cm), prega cut&#226;nea tricipital (mm), circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o (cm) e circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha (cm). As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por pesquisadores treinados, certificados por um supervisor experiente antes do in&#237;cio da coleta de dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>For&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual</title>
        <p>A FPM foi avaliada utilizando um dinam&#244;metro manual Jamar calibrado (Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, EUA). As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com a m&#227;o dominante, com os pacientes sentados, quadris flexionados a 90&#176;, bra&#231;os ao lado do tronco e cotovelos flexionados a 90&#176;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> </sup> Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a apertar o aparelho com for&#231;a m&#225;xima e receberam incentivo verbal do pesquisador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Foram realizadas tr&#234;s contra&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas, com intervalo de um minuto entre cada tentativa. O maior valor entre as tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es foi registrado como resultado final da HGS.</p>
        <p>A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual prevista (FPMp) foi calculada utilizando uma equa&#231;&#227;o de desenvolvida para pacientes com IC, conforme detalhado na se&#231;&#227;o de "an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica".</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado por um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (protocolo n&#250;mero 5057.8121.200005327), e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o SPSS ( <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> ), vers&#227;o 18.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como valores absolutos e relativos. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a coleta dos dados, dois ter&#231;os dos participantes foram alocados aleatoriamente para formar a amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o utilizando o comando de sele&#231;&#227;o de casos no SPSS. Os participantes restantes foram inclu&#237;dos na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o. Para avaliar a similaridade entre as amostras de deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o, foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson (&#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, conforme apropriado. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p = 0,05 foi adotado para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Para desenvolver a equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva na amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada inicialmente uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada. Vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,25 (teste de Wald) foram selecionadas para inclus&#227;o no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada subsequente e para avalia&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s modelos preditivos foram desenvolvidos para estimar a FPM em pacientes com IC (Material Suplementar). O modelo final foi selecionado com base em seu desempenho estat&#237;stico e adequa&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Subsequentemente, a equa&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada &#224; amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o para calcular os valores de FPMp. A acur&#225;cia preditiva foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise de res&#237;duos e correla&#231;&#227;o. Os res&#237;duos foram calculados subtraindo os valores preditos dos valores observados: Res&#237;duos = FPM observada (medida por dinamometria) &#8211; FPMp (derivada da equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia).</p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre os valores observados e os preditos foi avaliada utilizando o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC), que quantifica a concord&#226;ncia absoluta. Valores de ICC &lt;0,5 foram considerados baixos, valores entre 0,5 e 0,75 moderados, valores entre 0,75 e 0,90 bons, e entre 0,90 e 1,0 considerados excelentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o foram utilizados para visualizar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores observados e os preditos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu 274 pacientes com IC clinicamente est&#225;veis, predominantemente homens idosos, autodeclarados como de cor branca, sendo 82% classificados como NYHA classe I ou II ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). A amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o (n = 174) e a amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o (n = 100) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas ou cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas amostras de deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o, segundo faixa et&#225;ria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o <break/> (n = 174)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o <break/> (n = 100)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,0 <break/> (53,8-67)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,0 <break/> (57-67,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,331</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idosos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">104 (59,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (62)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,716</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (63,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (74)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,082</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Etnia branca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">129 (74,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (79,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,407</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (24-41)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,5 (25-40)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,842</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA (I/II)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">142 (81,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,616</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (29,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (31,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,847</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (52,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (48,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DRC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (8,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (11,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (9,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (8,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,624</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (7,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (9,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,654</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (16,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (21,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,371</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IECA/BRA ou sacubitril/valsartana</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">140 (80,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82 (81,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,883</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueador</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">167 (96,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96 (96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,532</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">144 (83,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (87,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,303</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Espironolactona</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (70,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (69,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,836</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso, Kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78,2 <break/> (64,5-89,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79,3 <break/> (65,6-90)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,930</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Altura, m</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6&#177;0,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,7&#177;0,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,282</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, Kg/m&#178;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,5 <break/> (25-31,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,6 <break/> (24,3-30,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,722</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CB, cm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,7&#177;4,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,4&#177;4,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,609</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PCT, mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,1 <break/> (13,1-23,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16,1 <break/> (12,6-21,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,335</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CMB, cm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,7&#177;2,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,8&#177;3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,898</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CP, cm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,1&#177;3,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">37,9&#177;3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,744</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FPM, Kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (20-36,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (22-39,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,176</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; CMB: circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o; CP: circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FPM: for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual; FPM<sub><italic>p</italic></sub>: for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual predita; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva segundo a New York Heart Association; PCT: prega cut&#226;nea tricipital; as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como valores absolutos e relativos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o (n = 174), as vari&#225;veis com maior poder explicativo para a FPM foram sexo, idade, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha e classe funcional da NYHA, com valores de R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ajustado de 0,427, 0,043, 0,446, 0,093 e 0,031, respectivamente. Com base nessas vari&#225;veis, a equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o para FPM em pacientes com IC (de 18 a 79 anos) foi: FPMp = &#8722;39,732 + (10,771 &#215; sexo [feminino = 0; masculino = 1]) &#8722; (0,158 &#215; idade [anos]) + (35,096 &#215; altura [m]) + (0,448 &#215; circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha [cm]) &#8722; (4,224 &#215; classe NYHA [I/II = 0; III/IV = 1]) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Esse modelo apresentou um R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de 0,578 e um R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ajustado de 0,565. Ao ser aplicado &#224; amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o, o res&#237;duo m&#233;dio entre os valores observados e preditos foi de 0,025 &#177; 7,601 Kg, sendo considerado uma vari&#225;vel com comportamento sim&#233;trico (valor de p = 0,200).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coeficientes e estat&#237;sticas da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada para for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (m&#227;o dominante) na amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com idade entre 18 e 79 anos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Modelo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente B n&#227;o padronizado</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Constante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-39,732</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-70,070, -9,394</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (feminino = 0; masculino = 1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,771</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,308, 14,233</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,158</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,261, -0,054</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Altura (m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35,096</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,251, 52,941</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha(cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,448</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,138, 0,758</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA (I/II = 0; III/IV = 1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-4,224</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-7,234, -1,213</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p><italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; NYHA: classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva de acordo com a</italic> New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada &#224; amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o. Os diagramas de dispers&#227;o e suas respectivas linhas de ajuste linear est&#227;o apresentados na Figura Suplementar 1. O eixo y representa os valores observados da for&#231;a de preens&#227;o (medidos com um dinam&#244;metro) da m&#227;o dominante, enquanto o eixo x mostra os valores previstos (em Kg), derivados da equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, tamb&#233;m para a m&#227;o dominante. De modo geral, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) entre os valores observados e os previstos foi de 0,69, e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC) foi de 0,79 (IC 95%: 0,69 a 0,86; p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando boa concord&#226;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Res&#237;duos</title>
        <p>Na amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o, a FPMp m&#233;dia foi de 29,45 &#177; 8,90 kg, em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma for&#231;a de preens&#227;o observada m&#233;dia de 30,13 &#177; 12,33 kg. Isso resultou em um res&#237;duo m&#233;dio de 0,68 &#177; 8,93 kg, indicando que a pHGS foi, em m&#233;dia, 680 g inferior ao valor observado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo prop&#245;e uma equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para prever os valores de FPM em pacientes com IC, com base em dados coletados de indiv&#237;duos clinicamente est&#225;veis. Os dados foram obtidos seguindo protocolos previamente publicados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup> Os resultados indicam que 57% da vari&#226;ncia na FPM pode ser explicada pela influ&#234;ncia combinada de sexo, idade, estatura, classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA e circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha. A equa&#231;&#227;o proposta oferece uma alternativa para estimar os valores esperados de FPM em IC, permitindo que cl&#237;nicos e pesquisadores comparem medidas em pacientes ambulatoriais e potencialmente extrapolem seu uso para situa&#231;&#245;es de descompensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Apesar da forte correla&#231;&#227;o observada, os res&#237;duos entre os valores preditos e os valores observados de FPM n&#227;o podem ser ignorados. O mesmo foi descrito em um estudo populacional com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, no qual a FPM foi predita com base na idade, estatura e peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, os res&#237;duos m&#233;dios foram de 1,41 &#177; 5,57 Kg para a m&#227;o dominante e 1,03 &#177; 5,44 Kg para a m&#227;o n&#227;o dominante, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Wang et al. tamb&#233;m demonstraram que os valores de pFPM podem diferir dos valores medidos em uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa revis&#227;o de literatura anterior, n&#227;o foram identificadas equa&#231;&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia que se aplicassem especificamente &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o com IC. No entanto, grupos de pesquisa brasileiros desenvolveram equa&#231;&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia para indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> </sup> Por exemplo, Novaes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>&#179; propuseram as seguintes equa&#231;&#245;es: FPM (m&#227;o dominante) = 39,996 &#8211; [0,382 &#215; idade (anos)] + [0,174 &#215; peso (Kg)] + [13,628 &#215; sexo (feminino = 0; masculino = 1)]; FPM (n&#227;o dominante) = 44,968 &#8211; [0,420 &#215; idade (anos)] + [0,110 &#215; peso (Kg)] + [9,274 &#215; sexo (feminino = 0; masculino = 1)].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esse estudo incluiu apenas indiv&#237;duos com 50 anos ou mais e relatou coeficientes de regress&#227;o ajustados de 0,677 para a m&#227;o dominante e 0,546 para a m&#227;o n&#227;o dominante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>&#179; No entanto, ao serem testadas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de homens brasileiros de meia-idade, os CCIs entre os valores preditos e medidos foram baixos &#8212; 0,52 para a m&#227;o dominante e 0,42 para a m&#227;o n&#227;o dominante &#8212; indicando acur&#225;cia preditiva limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Esses resultados sugerem que as equa&#231;&#245;es possuem validade restrita quando extrapoladas para popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes daquelas originalmente estudadas.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, Lopes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> desenvolveram equa&#231;&#245;es preditivas para a FPM em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros saud&#225;veis, adultos jovens e de meia-idade, incorporando vari&#225;veis adicionais como a circunfer&#234;ncia do antebra&#231;o e o comprimento da m&#227;o, al&#233;m do sexo. As equa&#231;&#245;es propostas foram: FPM (m&#227;o dominante) = &#8722;15,490 + (10,787 &#215; sexo [feminino = 0; masculino = 1]) + (0,558 &#215; circunfer&#234;ncia do antebra&#231;o [cm]) + (1,763 &#215; comprimento da m&#227;o [cm]); e FPM (m&#227;o n&#227;o dominante) = &#8722;9,887 + (12,832 &#215; sexo [feminino = 0; masculino = 1]) + (2,028 &#215; comprimento da m&#227;o [cm]). Essas equa&#231;&#245;es foram capazes de explicar aproximadamente 71% da variabilidade na FPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise das equa&#231;&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia revela que certas vari&#225;veis exercem maior influ&#234;ncia sobre a FPM. Um estudo demonstrou que, entre as medidas antropom&#233;tricas do antebra&#231;o e da m&#227;o, a largura da m&#227;o &#233; o melhor preditor de FPM em adultos jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, a estatura &#233; amplamente reconhecida na literatura como a vari&#225;vel antropom&#233;trica mais associada &#224; FPM. A altura reflete parte da estrutura &#243;ssea, e a massa &#243;ssea tamb&#233;m contribui para o desempenho muscular e de for&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </sup> O <italic>International Working Group on Sarcopenia</italic> recomenda incluir a altura na avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular relativa, especialmente no contexto da incapacidade funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Assim, a inclus&#227;o da estatura em modelos preditivos de FPM &#233; essencial para obter valores condizentes com as caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e anat&#244;micas do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
      <p>Como o esperado, houve diferen&#231;a na for&#231;a entre homens e mulheres, que se estendeu a outros grupos musculares do membro superior. Mulheres apresentam aproximadamente 30% da for&#231;a masculina na flex&#227;o de ombro e na rota&#231;&#227;o interna/externa. Embora o mecanismo de for&#231;a na esc&#225;pula se mantenha consistente entre os padr&#245;es de movimento, as mulheres geram apenas entre 55% e 62% da for&#231;a observada nos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; for&#231;a do punho, as mulheres produzem aproximadamente 60&#8211;65% da for&#231;a de flex&#227;o/extens&#227;o masculina, cerca de 55&#8211;60% da for&#231;a de prona&#231;&#227;o/supina&#231;&#227;o e entre 60&#8211;70% da for&#231;a de desvio ulnar/radial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Em geral, mulheres apresentam menor capacidade de produ&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens; no entanto, quando a for&#231;a &#233; normalizada pela massa corporal, as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos tornam-se menos acentuadas &#8211; em alguns casos, as mulheres at&#233; superam os homens em m&#233;tricas de for&#231;a. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; particularmente evidente durante movimentos de flex&#227;o e extens&#227;o em condi&#231;&#245;es isocin&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A idade tamb&#233;m desempenha papel significativo na predi&#231;&#227;o da FPM, principalmente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular associada ao envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em humanos, os sistemas neuromuscular e sensorial s&#227;o essenciais para a gera&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a m&#225;xima de preens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> </sup> Com o passar dos anos, a degrada&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica desses sistemas pode levar &#224; lentid&#227;o e &#224; inconsist&#234;ncia na gera&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a pelas m&#227;os.</p>
      <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva para indiv&#237;duos com IC exigiu a inclus&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha, um indicador de massa corporal magra. Essa decis&#227;o &#233; respaldada por pesquisas anteriores que indicam que a FPM se correlaciona com a for&#231;a muscular geral em pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a inclus&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da NYHA introduz uma vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica amplamente utilizada, baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o das limita&#231;&#245;es da atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Um estudo anterior demonstrou diferen&#231;as clinicamente significativas na FPM entre pacientes com maior comprometimento funcional, classificados como NYHA III/IV. Para cada quilograma adicional na FPM, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 2% na probabilidade de ser classificado como NYHA III ou IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para a FPM podem servir como ferramentas &#250;teis para interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, visto que os pacientes frequentemente apresentam valores basais significativamente abaixo dos padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia estabelecidos para popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis. Para enfrentar as limita&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da aus&#234;ncia de valores de refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;ficos para pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, Dilloway et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> propuseram uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva adaptada a esse grupo. A amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o foi composta por indiv&#237;duos bem nutridos, conforme a avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva global. Equa&#231;&#245;es separadas foram desenvolvidas para cada sexo, utilizando vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas como altura e idade. Por meio dessas equa&#231;&#245;es, a FPM esperada foi calculada e comparada &#224; FPM observada, medida por dinamometria. Essa compara&#231;&#227;o resultou no &#237;ndice de FPM (%), que os autores sugeriram como um par&#226;metro personalizado que oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da fraqueza muscular em pacientes submetidos &#224; hemodi&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a propor uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva para a FPM em pacientes com IC. Embora o estudo apresente limita&#231;&#245;es, como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia e a aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento longitudinal da FPM nos mesmos indiv&#237;duos, as fortes correla&#231;&#245;es e a alta acur&#225;cia preditiva da equa&#231;&#227;o sugerem que ela pode se tornar uma ferramenta valiosa na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, especialmente para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fragilidade. No entanto, essa equa&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada uma abordagem inicial para o monitoramento da capacidade f&#237;sica, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia da repeti&#231;&#227;o da medida em cada consulta do paciente. Estudos futuros podem contribuir para esclarecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a variabilidade da FPM e a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da IC.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, embora este estudo tenha inclu&#237;do um processo de valida&#231;&#227;o interna, a valida&#231;&#227;o externa da equa&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para confirmar sua generaliza&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es diversas com IC. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas para avaliar sua aplicabilidade em diferentes contextos cl&#237;nicos. An&#225;lises adicionais voltadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da utilidade cl&#237;nica da equa&#231;&#227;o podem favorecer uma ado&#231;&#227;o mais ampla dessa ferramenta, potencialmente como marcador progn&#243;stico. Isso poderia reduzir a depend&#234;ncia de m&#233;todos mais complexos, que frequentemente s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de implementar e serem interpretados em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Encontramos que idade, sexo, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha e classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA foram os principais determinantes da FPM em indiv&#237;duos com IC. A equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva derivada dessas vari&#225;veis demonstrou forte concord&#226;ncia com os valores de FPM medidos. Assim, a equa&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia proposta pode servir como uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica &#250;til para interpretar medi&#231;&#245;es de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o em pacientes com IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material Suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl1">
        <label>*Material Suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/R95swshnfPCWYwMmnpDwPJz/eef5eee1b324734585dab3b71444fb9ff3ad6a5e.pdf">clique aqui</media> .</p>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES), C&#243;digo de financiamento 001.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Suena Medeiros Parahiba pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5057.8121.200005327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos ao programa NHANES por fornecer os dados publicamente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    </ack>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3620-4334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4374-4419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Eneida Rejane Rabelo-Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400. Postal Code <postal-code>90040-060</postal-code> , Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>eneidarabelo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Handgrip strength (HGS) is a key indicator of overall muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with heart failure (HF). However, no reference equations specific to this population have been previously published.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to develop and validate a reference equation for predicting HGS in patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with stable HF, aged 18&#8211;79 years, diagnosed for at least three months. Maximum HGS value was obtained from three consecutive measurements. Clinical data and anthropometric assessments were collected. The sample was randomly divided into two-thirds (n=174) for derivation and one third (n=100) for validation. A multivariate regression model was applied to develop the predictive equation, including variables with a p-value &lt; 0.25 as determined by the Wald test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Derivation and validation samples showed no significant differences at baseline. Patients were predominantly male, older adults, and white. The derived equation was: Predicted HGS = &#8722;39.732 + (10.771 * gender [female = 0; male = 1]) - (0.158 * age [years]) + (35.096 * height [m]) + (0.448 * calf circumference [cm]) - (4.224 * the New York Heart Association class [I /II = 0; III/IV = 1]). When applied to the validation sample, the equation underestimated actual HGS by 0.68 &#177; 8.93 Kg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Age, sex, height, calf circumference, and NYHA class were key determinants of HGS in HF patients. The derived equation showed good predictive accuracy and may serve as a useful reference for interpreting grip strength in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Handgrip Strength in Heart Failure: Developing a Reference Equation</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            <attrib>The developed equation showed good agreement in predictinh HGS and can guide grip strength interpretation in HF patients.</attrib>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hand Strength</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre and partially funded by the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre and partially funded by the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Functional capacity provides a direct and noninvasive assessment of physical status and is associated with prognosis and other clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Handgrip strength (HGS) is known to be associated with frailty, a condition that affects about 40% of HF patients. Frailty is closely linked to ageing, cognitive decline, and increased complexity in clinical management in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>HGS has been investigated as a simple, low-cost alternative for assessing functional capacity, and can be easily applied in clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup>It is a measurement influenced by anthropometric factors, gender, and aging. Although HGS primarily evaluates a group of upper body muscles, it is considered an indicator of overall muscle strength.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>HGS, recently recognized as a prognostic parameter in patients with HF, was evaluated in a systematic review including 7,350 patients with follow-up periods ranging from three to 43 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>It was shown that a 1 Kg decrease in HGS is associated with an 8% increase in mortality risk (relative risk 1.08; 95% confidence interval &#8211; CI &#8211; 1.05 to 1.11; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>Given the evidence presented, HGS measurement could become a routine marker for assessing and monitoring patients with HF in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </sup>The use of equations and reference tables is an alternative method for predicting and evaluating this parameter. However, existing literature is based on data from healthy populations, and current prediction formulas for HGS are not adapted to clinical conditions that affect hemodynamics, which may lead to inaccurate assessments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup>Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a reference equation for evaluating HGS in patients with HF. The core methodology of the study is presented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection and clinical data</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study included adult and elderly patients (18 to 79 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of HF, regardless of their ejection fraction classification. Patients receiving outpatient care were recruited from a HF outpatient clinic of a high-complexity public hospital in Brazil, using a convenience sampling approach. Data were collected from August 2018 to July 2023.</p>
          <p>Patients were excluded if they had a history of heart transplant, acutely decompensated HF; acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or surgery within the three months prior to study participation; peripheral congestion and/or edema; history of unstable angina; were undergoing renal replacement therapy; had malignant tumors (active or in remission) within the last five years; acute infection; prior diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease; or were unable to perform functional tests (e.g., wheelchair users, amputees, those with motor sequelae or disabilities). Additional exclusion criteria included contraindications for bioelectrical impedance analysis such as metal prostheses, and body mass index (BMI) &gt;39 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
          <p>HF etiology, functional classification (according to the New York Heart Association &#8211; NYHA), pharmacological treatment, comorbidities, and other clinical and sociodemographic data were obtained from electronic medical records and confirmed during history taking by trained researchers. The data included anthropometric assessment of weight (Kg), height (m), BMI (Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), arm circumference (cm), triceps skinfold (mm), mid-arm circumference (cm), and calf circumference (cm). The assessments were conducted by trained researchers certified by an experienced supervisor prior to data collection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Handgrip Strength</title>
          <p>HGS was measured using a calibrated Jamar hand dynamometer (Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA). Assessments were performed using the dominant hand, with patients seated, hips flexed at 90&#176;, arms hanging alongside the torso, and elbows bent at 90&#176;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> </sup>Patients were instructed to squeeze the handle with maximum effort and received verbal encouragement from the researcher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Three maximal contractions were performed, with a one-minute interval between each attempt. The highest value among the three trials was recorded as the final HGS result.</p>
          <p>Predicted HGS (pHGS) was calculated using a reference equation developed for patients with HF, as detailed in the Statistical Analysis section.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study was approved by a Research Ethics Committee (protocol number 5057.8121.200005327), and all patients signed an informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Version 18.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, and categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative values. Continuous variables were assessed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
          <p>After data collection, two-thirds of the participants were randomly allocated to form a derivation sample using the case selection command in SPSS. The remaining participants were included in the validation cohort. To assess the similarity between the derivation and validation samples, comparisons were made using Pearson's chi-square test ( <italic>&#967;</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) for categorical variables and the unpaired Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, as appropriate. A significance level of p = 0.05 was adopted for all comparisons.</p>
          <p>To develop the prediction equation in the derivation sample, an initial univariate regression analysis was performed. Variables with a p-value &lt; 0.25 (Wald test) were selected for inclusion in the subsequent multivariate regression model and assessment of the correlation coefficient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>Three predictive models were developed to estimate HGS in patients with HF (Supplementary Material). The final model was chosen based on its statistical performance and relevance to the characteristics of the studied population. Subsequently, the equation was applied to the validation sample to calculate the pHGS. Predictive accuracy was assessed using residuals and correlation analysis. Residuals were calculated by subtracting the predicted values from the observed values. That is, residuals = observed HGS (measured by dynamometry) - pHGS (derived from the reference equation).</p>
          <p>Agreement between observed and predicted values was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which quantifies absolute agreement. ICC values were considered poor if less than 0.5, moderate if between 0.5 and 0.75, good if between 0.75 and less than 0.9, and excellent if between 0.9 and 1.00.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Scatter plots were used to visualize the correlation between the observed and predicted values.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study included 274 clinically stable HF patients, predominantly older adult men, self-identified as having white skin color, 82% classified as NYHA I or II ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> ). The derivation sample (n = 174) and the validation sample (n = 100) showed no significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure in the derivation and validation samples by age group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Derivation Sample <break/> (n = 174)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Validation Sample <break/> (n = 100)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.0 <break/> (53.8-67)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.0 <break/> (57-67.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.331</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Elderly</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104 (59.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (62)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.716</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (63.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (74)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">White ethnicity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129 (74.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (79.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (24-41)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.5 (25-40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA (I/II)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">142 (81.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.616</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (29.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (31.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.847</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SAH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (52.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (48.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CKD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (8.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (11.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (9.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (8.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (9.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (21.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ACE-I/ARB or sacubitril/valsartan</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 (80.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82 (81.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.883</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Beta blocker</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">167 (96.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96 (96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">144 (83.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (87.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (70.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (69.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.836</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight, Kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78.2 <break/> (64.5-89.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79.3 <break/> (65.6-90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.930</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Height, m</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.6&#177;0.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.7&#177;0.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.282</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, Kg/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.5 <break/> (25-31.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.6 <break/> (24.3-30.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AC, cm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.7&#177;4.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.4&#177;4.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.609</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TSF, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.1 <break/> (13.1-23.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.1 <break/> (12.6-21.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MAC, cm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.7&#177;2.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.8&#177;3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.898</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CC, cm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.1&#177;3.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37.9&#177;3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.744</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HGS, kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (20-36.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (22-39.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.176</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>AC: arm circumference; AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; CC: calf circumference; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HF: heart failure; HGS: handgrip strength; pHGS: predicted handgrip strength; MAC: mid-arm circumference; NYHA: congestive heart failure functional class according to New York Heart Association; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; TSF: triceps skinfold. Continuous variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, and categorical variables are expressed as absolute and relative values.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the analysis of the derivation sample (n = 174), the variables with the greatest explanatory power for HGS were sex, age, height, calf circumference and NYHA functional class, with adjusted R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>values of 0.427, 0.043, 0.446, 0.093 and 0.031 respectively. Based on these variables, the prediction equation for HGS in HF patients (18 to 79 years) was: pHGS = &#8722;39.732 + (10.771 * gender [female = 0; male = 1]) - (0.158 * age [years]) + (35.096 * height [m]) + (0.448 * calf circumference [cm]) - (4.224 * NYHA [I /II = 0; III/IV = 1]) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> ). This model had an R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>of 0.578 and an adjusted R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>of 0.565. When applied to the derivation sample itself, the mean residual of the observed versus predicted values was 0.025 &#177; 7.601 Kg, which was found to be a symmetrically behaving variable (p-value = 0.200).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coefficients and statistics of the multivariate regression analysis for handgrip strength (dominant hand) in the derivation sample of patients with heart failure aged 18 to 79 years</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Model</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Unstandardized Coefficient, B</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Constant</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-39.732</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-70.070, -9.394</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex (female = 0; male = 1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.771</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.308, 14.233</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.158</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.261, -0.054</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35.096</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.251, 52.941</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Calf circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.448</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.138, 0.758</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA (I/II = 0; III/IV = 1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-4.224</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-7.234, -1.213</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CI: confidence interval; HF: heart failure; HGS: handgrip strength; NYHA: congestive heart failure functional class according to New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation</title>
          <p>The equation was applied to the validation sample. The scatter plots and their linear fitted lines are shown in Supplementary Figure 1. The y-axis represents the observed grip strength values (measured with a dynamometer) of the dominant hand, and the x-axis shows the predicted values (in Kg), derived from the reference equation, for the dominant hand. Overall, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the observed and predicted values was 0.69, and the ICC was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.86; p &lt; 0.001), demonstrating good agreement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Residuals</title>
          <p>In the validation sample, the mean pHGS was 29.45 &#177; 8.90 Kg, compared to a mean observed HGS of 30.13 &#177; 12.33 Kg. This resulted in a mean residual of 0.68 &#177; 8.93 Kg, indicating that the pHGS was, on average, 680 g lower than the observed value.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study proposes a reference equation for predicting HGS values in patients with HF, based on data collected from clinically stable individuals. The data were obtained following protocols published in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup>The results indicate that 57% of the variance in HGS can be explained by the combined influence of gender, age, height, NYHA classification, and calf circumference. The proposed equation provides an alternative for estimating expected HGS values in HF, allowing clinicians and researchers to compare measurements in outpatients and potentially extrapolate its use to decompensation scenarios.</p>
        <p>Despite the strong correlation found, the residuals between predicted and observed HGS values cannot be overlooked. The same has been described in a population-based study involving healthy individuals, where HGS was predicted based on age, height, and weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>In that study, the mean residuals were 1.41 &#177; 5.57 Kg and 1.03 &#177; 5.44 kg for the dominant and non-dominant hands, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>Wang et al. also shown that pHGS values may differ from measured HGS in a considerable proportion of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our previous literature review, no reference equations were identified that specifically apply to a population with HF. However, Brazilian research groups have developed reference equations for healthy individuals from the general Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> </sup>For example, Novaes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>proposed the following equations: Dominant hand HGS = 39.996 &#8722; (0.382 &#215; age [years]) + (0.174 &#215; weight [Kg]) + (13.628 &#215; sex [female = 0; male = 1]); non-dominant hand HGS = 44.968 &#8722; (0.420 &#215; age [years]) + (0.110 &#215; weight [kg]) + (9.274 &#215; sex [female = 0; male = 1]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study included only individuals aged 50 years or older and reported adjusted regression coefficients of 0.677 for the dominant hand and 0.546 for the non-dominant hand.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>However, when tested in a population of middle-aged Brazilian men, the ICCs between the predicted and measured values were low (0.52 for the dominant hand and 0.42 for the non-dominant hand), indicating limited predictive accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>These results suggest that the equations may have limited validity when extrapolated to populations beyond those originally studied.</p>
        <p>In contrast, Lopes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>developed predictive equations for HGS in healthy young adult and middle-aged Brazilian individuals, incorporating additional variables such as forearm circumference and hand length, in addition to gender. The proposed equations were: Dominant hand HGS = &#8722;15.490 + (10.787 &#215; gender [female = 0; male = 1]) + (0.558 &#215; forearm circumference, [cm]) + (1.763 &#215; hand Length [cm]); Non-dominant had HGS = - 9.887 + (12.832 &#215; gender [female = 0; male = 1]) + (2.028 &#215; hand length [cm]). These equations had the capacity to explain 71% of the variability in HGS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An analysis of the reference equations reveals that certain variables have a more significant influence on HGS. One study showed that, among the anthropometric measurements of the forearm and hand, hand width is the best predictor of HGS in young adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Nevertheless, height is widely recognized in the literature as the anthropometric variable most closely associated with HGS. Height reflects part of bone structure, and bone mass also contributes to muscle and strength and performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </sup>The International Working Group on Sarcopenia recommends including height when assessing relative muscle mass, particularly in the context of functional disability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>Thus, incorporating height into predictive models for HGS is essential to obtain values that are consistent with an individual's structural and anatomical characteristics.</p>
        <p>As expected, there was a difference in strength between men and women, which extended to other upper-limb muscle groups. Women exhibit approximately 30% of male strength in shoulder flexion and internal/external rotation. Although the scapular strength mechanism remains consistent across movement patterns, women generate only 55% to 62% of the strength observed in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>In terms of wrist strength, women produce approximately 60&#8211;65% of male flexion/extension strength, about 55-60% of pronation/supination strength, and 60&#8211;70% of ulnar/radial deviation force.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>Overall, women exhibit lower force production capacities compared to men; however, when strength is normalized by body mass, the gender differences become less pronounced, and in some cases, women surpass men in strength metrics. This phenomenon is particularly evident during flexion and extension movements under isokinetic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Age also plays a significant role in predicting an individual's HGS, primarily due to age-related declines in muscle strength.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>In humans, both the neuromuscular and sensory systems are essential to generating maximum grip force.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> </sup>Over time, physiological degradation in these systems can lead to slower and less consistent grip strength responses.</p>
        <p>The prediction equation for individuals with HF required the inclusion of calf circumference, an indicator of lean body mass. This decision is supported by previous research indicating that HGS correlates with overall muscle strength in patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Furthermore, the inclusion of the NYHA functional classification introduces a widely used clinical variable, based on the assessment of physical activity limitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>A previous study demonstrated clinically significant differences in HGS among patients with greater functional impairment, as classified by NYHA III/IV. Specifically, for each additional kilogram in HGS, there was a 2% decrease in the likelihood of being classified as NYHA III or IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Condition-specific HGS prediction equations can serve as valuable tools for clinical interpretation, as patients often exhibit baseline values significantly below the reference standards established for healthy populations. To address the limitations posed by the absence of specific reference values for patients undergoing hemodialysis, Dilloway et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>proposed a predictive equation tailored to this group. The derivation sample comprised well-nourished individuals, as assessed by the Subjective Global Assessment. Separate equations were developed for each gender using demographic variables such as height and age. Using these equations, the expected HGS was calculated and compared to the observed HGS measured by dynamometry. This comparison yielded the HGS index (%), which the authors proposed as personalized metric offering a more precise assessment of muscle weakness in patients undergoing hemodialysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to propose a prediction equation for HGS in patients with HF. Although this study presents limitations, such as reliance on a convenience sample and the lack of longitudinal HGS monitoring within the same individuals, the strong correlations and high predictive accuracy of the equation suggest it could become a valuable tool in clinical practice, particularly for assessing frailty. Nevertheless, this equation should be viewed as an initial approach to monitoring physical capacity, highlighting the importance of repeated measurements at each patient visit. Future studies may help elucidate the relationship between HGS variability and HF functional classification.</p>
        <p>Additionally, although this study included an internal validation process, external validation of the equation is essential to confirm its generalizability across diverse HF populations. This limitation highlights the need for further research to evaluate its applicability in different clinical settings. Further analyses aimed at evaluating the clinical utility of the equation could encourage broader adoption of this tool, potentially as a prognostic marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>This could reduce reliance on more complex methods that are often difficult to implement and interpret in unfavorable clinical conditions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We found that age, sex, height, calf circumference, and NYHA classification were key determinants of HGS in individuals with HF. The predictive equation derived from these variables demonstrated strong concordance with measured HGS values. As such, the proposed reference equation can serve as a useful clinical tool for interpreting grip strength measurements in patients with HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/R95swshnfPCWYwMmnpDwPJz/eef5eee1b324734585dab3b71444fb9ff3ad6a5e.pdf">click here</media> .</p>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre and partially funded by the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Suena Medeiros Parahiba, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 5057.8121.200005327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
