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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cWmfCkVLxFP8x6BJzMqbWCm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250550</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Para Al&#233;m dos Fatores Biol&#243;gicos: A Face Social das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5957-9286</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanetti</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ol&#237;via Barboza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Barretos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata, Barretos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Lucas Borges Pereira</bold> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Barretos &#8211; Av. Loja Ma&#231;&#244;nica Renovadora 68, N&#176; 100. CEP <postal-code>14785-002</postal-code>, Bairro Aeroporto, Barretos, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lucasborgespereira82@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250550</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Determinantes Sociais da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Desigualdades de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Vulnerabilidade Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), que incluem as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e as doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV), representam a principal causa de morte globalmente e no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora avan&#231;os significativos tenham sido feitos na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento, a mortalidade por DCV ainda exibe disparidades marcantes, frequentemente correlacionadas com indicadores socioecon&#244;micos e de vulnerabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Historicamente, a compreens&#227;o dos fatores de risco para DCV se concentrou em aspectos biol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias apontam para o papel crucial dos Determinantes Sociais de Sa&#250;de (DSS), que englobam as condi&#231;&#245;es sociais, econ&#244;micas, culturais, &#233;tnicas, educacionais e ambientais, na formula&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para o cuidado integral &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de vulnerabilidade social (IVS) foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada para quantificar a vulnerabilidade no Brasil. Ele &#233; composto por 16 indicadores distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es principais: infraestrutura urbana (IVS-IU), capital humano (IVS-CH), e renda e trabalho (IVS-RT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O IVS fornece uma vis&#227;o abrangente das fragilidades sociais, permitindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas e popula&#231;&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis. A compreens&#227;o de suas dimens&#245;es &#233; fundamental para direcionar pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas que visem &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o das iniquidades em sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>O estudo "&#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares no Brasil de 2000 a 2021" pretendeu analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do IVS e suas dimens&#245;es, associado com as taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV, no Brasil e nas unidades federativas (UF), no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2021. De delineamento ecol&#243;gico, utilizou dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade e do Atlas de Vulnerabilidade Social.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou que o IVS total, bem como as dimens&#245;es IVS-CH e IVS-RT apresentaram forte correla&#231;&#227;o com as taxas de mortalidade por DCBV e DIC. Em contraste, a dimens&#227;o IVS-IU apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais fraca com a mortalidade por DCBV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora a infraestrutura seja um componente importante da vulnerabilidade social, seu impacto direto sobre esses desfechos parece menos expressivo que o das dimens&#245;es capital humano, que incluem educa&#231;&#227;o, sa&#250;de, renda e trabalho. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;da ao fato de que os principais determinantes das DCBV, como renda, escolaridade, condi&#231;&#245;es laborais, estilo de vida e acesso a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, exercem influ&#234;ncia mais direta e imediata sobre os comportamentos de risco, o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de e a gest&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas. Por outro lado, d&#233;ficits estruturais como aus&#234;ncia de saneamento b&#225;sico, &#225;gua pot&#225;vel, ilumina&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica, coleta de lixo e exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o impactam sobretudo doen&#231;as infecciosas, respirat&#243;rias, acidentes e viol&#234;ncia, que, embora relevantes, n&#227;o figuram entre os determinantes imediatos da mortalidade por DCBV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ademais, avan&#231;os na infraestrutura b&#225;sica em muitas regi&#245;es podem ter reduzido sua variabilidade ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Utilizar outros indicadores sociais, como &#237;ndice de Gini, que mede a desigualdade, ou os par&#226;metros que comp&#245;em as dimens&#245;es do IVS pode ajudar a compreender melhor por que capital humano e renda e trabalho se correlacionam mais fortemente com a mortalidade, visto que as tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es apresentam associa&#231;&#227;o entre si. Nesse contexto, e diante das expressivas desigualdades regionais e sociais que caracterizam o Brasil, se torna imprescind&#237;vel o uso estrat&#233;gico e integrado das ferramentas de monitoramento epidemiol&#243;gico dispon&#237;veis, como os dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS), os levantamentos populacionais do IBGE (&#237;ndice de Gini, censo, intercensos, proje&#231;&#245;es) e os &#237;ndices produzidos por organismos como o PNUD (IDH, IDHM), para subsidiar pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de cardiovascular mais equitativas e baseadas em evid&#234;ncias. Destaca-se tamb&#233;m a necessidade de investir na capacita&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de sa&#250;de em ci&#234;ncia de dados e epidemiologia, ampliando sua habilidade de interpretar e aplicar esses indicadores na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e na gest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os achados do estudo inferem que, apesar da melhora geral nos indicadores de IVS ao longo do per&#237;odo, as regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste do Brasil permaneceram com os maiores n&#237;veis de vulnerabilidade em todas as dimens&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, popula&#231;&#245;es negras e rurais apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade, e a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina mostrou maior vulnerabilidade na dimens&#227;o IVS-RT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#192; vista disso, embora as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de promo&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular devam contemplar toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, devem incluir estrat&#233;gias de triagem e cuidado mais sens&#237;veis &#224;s desigualdades sociais, com aten&#231;&#227;o especial a grupos historicamente mais vulner&#225;veis, como popula&#231;&#245;es negras, rurais, das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, e mulheres em situa&#231;&#227;o de maior vulnerabilidade socioecon&#244;mica, frequentemente agravada por desigualdade de g&#234;nero, sobrecarga de cuidados e menor acesso a recursos econ&#244;micos e de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O artigo refor&#231;a que boas condi&#231;&#245;es de vida (socioecon&#244;micas e educacionais) est&#227;o intimamente ligadas a melhores desfechos cardiovasculares. Para mitigar o fardo das DCVs no Brasil, &#233; importante que as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas considerem os DSS. Isso inclui investimentos em educa&#231;&#227;o, gera&#231;&#227;o de emprego e renda, e a garantia de acesso equitativo a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de de qualidade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o e o enfrentamento das desigualdades sociais s&#227;o passos fundamentais para reduzir as disparidades na sa&#250;de cardiovascular e promover um bem-estar mais abrangente para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>&#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares no Brasil de 2000 a 2021</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250550i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond Biological Factors: The Social Face of Cardiovascular Disease in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5957-9286</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanetti</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ol&#237;via Barboza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Barretos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata, Barretos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Lucas Borges Pereira &#8226;</bold> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Barretos &#8211; Av. Loja Ma&#231;&#244;nica Renovadora 68, N&#176; 100. Postal Code <postal-code>14785-002</postal-code>, Bairro Aeroporto, Barretos, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>lucasborgespereira82@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Determinants of Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Inequities</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Vulnerability</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which include ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), represent the leading cause of death globally and in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although significant advances have been made in prevention and treatment, CVD mortality still exhibits striking disparities, often correlated with socioeconomic and vulnerability indicators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Historically, understanding CVD risk factors has focused on biological aspects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, evidence points to the crucial role of Social Determinants of Health (SDH), which encompass social, economic, cultural, ethnic, educational, and environmental conditions, in formulating strategies for comprehensive health care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Institute of Applied Economic Research developed the Social Vulnerability Index IVS (<italic>&#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social</italic>) to quantify vulnerability in Brazil. It consists of 16 indicators distributed across three main dimensions: urban infrastructure (IVS-IU), human capital (IVS-CH), and income and labor (IVS-RT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The IVS provides a comprehensive view of social fragilities, allowing the identification of more vulnerable areas and populations. Understanding its dimensions is essential for directing public policies aimed at reducing health inequities.</p>
      <p>The study " Social Vulnerability Index and Mortality from Ischemic Heart Diseases and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Brazil from 2000 to 2021" aimed to analyze the evolution of the IVS and its dimensions, associated with mortality rates from IHD and CBVD, in Brazil and the federative units (UF), in the period from 2000 to 2021. With an ecological design, it used data from the Mortality Information System and the Social Vulnerability Atlas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This study showed that the total IVS, as well as the IVS-CH and IVS-RT dimensions, strongly correlated with CBVD and IHD mortality rates. In contrast, the IVS-IU dimension had a weaker correlation with CBVD mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although infrastructure is an important component of social vulnerability, its direct impact on these outcomes appears less significant than that of the human capital dimensions, which include education, health, income, and work. This may be attributed to the fact that the main determinants of CBVD, such as income, education, working conditions, lifestyle, and access to health services, exert a more direct and immediate influence on risk behaviors, access to health care, and the management of chronic conditions. On the other hand, structural deficits such as the lack of basic sanitation, drinking water, public lighting, garbage collection, and exposure to pollution have a particular impact on infectious and respiratory diseases, accidents, and violence, which, although relevant, are not among the immediate determinants of mortality from CBVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Furthermore, advances in basic infrastructure in many regions may have reduced its variability over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Using other social indicators, such as the Gini index, which measures inequality, or the parameters that comprise the IVS dimensions, can help better understand why human capital, income, and labor correlate more strongly with mortality, given that these three dimensions are interrelated. In this context, and given the significant regional and social inequalities that characterize Brazil, the strategic and integrated use of available epidemiological monitoring tools, such as data from the Unified Health System (DATASUS), population surveys from the IBGE (Gini index, census, intercensuses, projections), and indices produced by organizations such as the UNDP (HDI, HDI-M), is essential to support more equitable and evidence-based public cardiovascular health policies. It is also important to invest in training healthcare professionals in data science and epidemiology, expanding their ability to interpret and apply these indicators in clinical practice and management.</p>
      <p>The study's findings infer that, despite the overall improvement in IVS indicators over the period, the North and Northeast regions of Brazil remained with the highest levels of vulnerability across all dimensions. Furthermore, Black and rural populations were more vulnerable, and the female population showed greater vulnerability in the IVS-RT dimension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, although public policies to promote cardiovascular health should encompass the entire population, they should include screening and care strategies that are more sensitive to social inequalities, with special attention to historically more vulnerable groups, such as Black, rural populations in the North and Northeast regions, and women in situations of greater socioeconomic vulnerability, often aggravated by gender inequality, care burden, and reduced access to economic and health resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The article reinforces that good living conditions (socioeconomic and educational) are closely linked to better cardiovascular outcomes. To mitigate the burden of CVDs in Brazil, public policies must consider the SDH. This includes investments in education, job and income generation, and ensuring equitable access to quality health services. Identifying and addressing social inequalities are fundamental steps toward reducing disparities in cardiovascular health and promoting broader well-being for the entire Brazilian population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Social Vulnerability Index and Mortality from Ischemic Heart Diseases and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Brazil from 2000 to 2021</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
