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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nGSdmnFb4dyv7pbRPRJrKtP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250503</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desvendando a Liga&#231;&#227;o entre a Fibrose Hep&#225;tica Associada ao DHEADM e a Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Maria Cristina Izar &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mcoizar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250503</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 SciELO</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>SciELO</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Hep&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura M&#233;dio-intimal</kwd>
        <kwd>Idade Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica esteat&#243;tica associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica (DHEADM) est&#225; se tornando rapidamente a doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica mais prevalente globalmente, abrangendo o amplo espectro metab&#243;lico anteriormente atribu&#237;do &#224; doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sua progress&#227;o para fibrose e cirrose acarreta n&#227;o apenas riscos hep&#225;ticos, mas tamb&#233;m implica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas &#8212; a principal delas, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, agora reconhecida como a principal causa de mortalidade em pacientes com DHEADM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo prospectivo intitulado "Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Fibrose Hep&#225;tica Decorrente da Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Gordurosa Associada &#224; Disfun&#231;&#227;o Metab&#243;lica e Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> oferece insights oportunos e significativos sobre essa intera&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tico-cardiovascular. Ao avaliar marcadores vasculares n&#227;o invasivos, como a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida (EIMC) e a idade vascular (IV), os autores fornecem evid&#234;ncias de envelhecimento vascular acelerado em pacientes com DHEADM, particularmente aqueles com fibrose hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Em uma coorte de 114 indiv&#237;duos em risco de DHEADM &#8212; 84% dos quais eram mulheres, com idade mediana de 64 anos &#8212; esteatose foi identificada em 86,8% e fibrose em 27,2%. Pacientes com fibrose apresentaram EIMC e IV significativamente maiores, indicando remodelamento vascular prematuro. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi ainda mais pronunciada: aqueles com fibrose apresentaram EIMC m&#233;dia de 0,742 mm versus 0,653 mm (p &lt; 0,05), e sua IV excedeu a idade cronol&#243;gica em nove anos.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados refor&#231;am descobertas anteriores sobre a carga sin&#233;rgica de DHEADM e DM2 em resultados cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e o estresse oxidativo &#8212; todas caracter&#237;sticas da DHEADM &#8212; contribuem para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e altera&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Notavelmente, a fibrose hep&#225;tica representa um est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica em que as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas j&#225; est&#227;o em andamento.</p>
    <p>O uso de ferramentas n&#227;o invasivas, como a elastografia transit&#243;ria e a ultrassonografia da car&#243;tida, como empregadas no presente estudo, oferece valor cl&#237;nico pr&#225;tico. Essas modalidades contornam as limita&#231;&#245;es da bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica, permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O artigo de posicionamento de 2019 da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia apoia o uso da EIMC e das placas carot&#237;deas na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com comorbidades metab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos, incluindo coortes brasileiras, demonstraram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco metab&#243;licos &#8212; particularmente obesidade visceral e diabetes &#8212; e aumento da EIMC, refor&#231;ando o uso de imagens vasculares na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco para pacientes com DHEADM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A IV est&#225; ganhando aten&#231;&#227;o como um substituto mais significativo da sa&#250;de arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica, particularmente em popula&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas e metabolicamente em risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Sua eleva&#231;&#227;o no grupo de fibrose DHEADM sugere n&#227;o apenas dano arterial precoce, mas tamb&#233;m a utilidade potencial da IV como um biomarcador din&#226;mico em estrat&#233;gias preventivas.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, as implica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o claras. Em primeiro lugar, a DHEADM com fibrose deve ser reconhecida como um sinal de alerta para risco cardiovascular elevado. Os hepatologistas devem permanecer vigilantes quanto a complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, enquanto os cardiologistas devem incorporar avalia&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas &#8211; como escores de fibrose ou elastografia &#8211; nas avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco de rotina, especialmente em pacientes com DM2 ou s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, as interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida ganham maior valida&#231;&#227;o. Perda de peso, exerc&#237;cios e modifica&#231;&#245;es nutricionais continuam sendo a espinha dorsal do tratamento da DHEADM e s&#227;o conhecidos por influenciar positivamente tanto a histologia hep&#225;tica quanto a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Agentes farmacol&#243;gicos em investiga&#231;&#227;o para fibrose hep&#225;tica tamb&#233;m podem oferecer benef&#237;cios cardiometab&#243;licos sist&#234;micos, embora evid&#234;ncias longitudinais ainda estejam pendentes.</p>
    <p>Em terceiro lugar, essas descobertas refor&#231;am o apelo por triagem precoce e iniciativas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica voltadas para a DHEADM em grupos de alto risco. A integra&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de fibrose hep&#225;tica em protocolos de triagem cardiovascular pode identificar pacientes que, de outra forma, permaneceriam sem diagn&#243;stico at&#233; est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo demonstra que a fibrose hep&#225;tica associada &#224; DHEADM se correlaciona com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e envelhecimento vascular acelerado. Esses achados destacam a necessidade urgente de abordagens interdisciplinares para lidar com esse crescente impacto na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. A continuidade da investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para determinar se o tratamento da fibrose hep&#225;tica pode atenuar os desfechos cardiovasculares &#8212; uma fronteira em evolu&#231;&#227;o na medicina metab&#243;lica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Fibrose Hep&#225;tica Decorrente da Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica Gordurosa Associada &#224; Disfun&#231;&#227;o Metab&#243;lica e Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250503i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Unveiling the Link between MASLD-Associated Liver Fibrosis and Subclinical Atherosclerosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Maria Cristina Izar &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mcoizar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatic Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Intima-media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Age</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Metabolically-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is quickly becoming the most prevalent chronic liver condition globally, encompassing the broad metabolic spectrum formerly attributed to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Its progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis carries not only hepatic risks but systemic implications&#8212;chief among them, cardiovascular disease, now recognized as the leading cause of mortality in MASLD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The prospective study titled "Relationship between Liver Fibrosis Due to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Subclinical Atherosclerosis"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> offers timely and significant insights into this hepatic-cardiovascular interplay. By evaluating non-invasive vascular markers such as carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and vascular age (VA), the authors provide evidence of accelerated vascular aging in MASLD patients, particularly those with liver fibrosis.</p>
      <p>In a cohort of 114 individuals at risk for MASLD&#8212;84% of whom were women, with a median age of 64 years&#8212;steatosis was identified in 86.8%, and fibrosis in 27.2%. Patients with fibrosis exhibited significantly higher cIMT and VA, indicating premature vascular remodeling. Among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this association was further pronounced: those with fibrosis had a mean cIMT of 0.742 mm versus 0.653 mm (p &lt; 0.05), and their VA exceeded chronological age by nine years.</p>
      <p>These results reinforce prior findings on the synergistic burden of MASLD and T2DM on cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Chronic hepatic inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress&#8212;all hallmarks of MASLD&#8212;contribute to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Notably, hepatic fibrosis represents a systemic disease stage where cardiometabolic alterations are already in motion.</p>
      <p>The use of non-invasive tools such as transient elastography and carotid ultrasound, as employed in the present study, offers practical clinical value. These modalities circumvent the limitations of liver biopsy while allowing simultaneous cardiovascular risk assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The 2019 position paper from the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> supports the use of cIMT and carotid plaques in risk stratification, particularly in asymptomatic individuals with metabolic comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Multiple studies, including Brazilian cohorts, have shown a strong correlation between metabolic risk factors&#8212;particularly visceral obesity and diabetes&#8212;and increased cIMT, reinforcing the use of vascular imaging in risk assessment for MASLD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>VA is gaining attention as a more meaningful surrogate of arterial health compared to chronological age, particularly in diabetic and metabolically at-risk populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Its elevation in the MASLD fibrosis group suggests not only early arterial damage but also the potential utility of VA as a dynamic biomarker in preventive strategies.</p>
      <p>From a clinical standpoint, the implications are clear. First, MASLD with fibrosis should be recognized as a red flag for elevated cardiovascular risk. Hepatologists must remain vigilant to vascular complications, while cardiologists should incorporate hepatic assessments&#8212;such as fibrosis scores or elastography&#8212;into routine risk evaluations, especially in patients with T2DM or metabolic syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Second, lifestyle interventions gain further validation. Weight loss, exercise, and nutritional modifications remain the backbone of MASLD management and are known to influence both liver histology and vascular function positively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pharmacologic agents under investigation for hepatic fibrosis may also offer systemic cardiometabolic benefits, though longitudinal evidence remains pending.</p>
      <p>Third, these findings bolster the call for early screening and public health initiatives targeting MASLD in high-risk groups. Integrating hepatic fibrosis markers into cardiovascular screening protocols may identify patients who would otherwise remain unrecognized until later stages of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MASLD-associated liver fibrosis correlates with subclinical atherosclerosis and accelerated vascular aging. These findings highlight the urgent need for interdisciplinary approaches to address this expanding public health burden. Continued investigation is essential to determine whether targeting liver fibrosis can attenuate cardiovascular outcomes&#8212;an evolving frontier in metabolic medicine.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Relationship between Liver Fibrosis Due to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Subclinical Atherosclerosis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
