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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">J47BzSy3CnwLsCcQPcqC4PF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250426</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Silenciar ou Estabilizar: Eis a Quest&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0040-5270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bicho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Prof. Dr. Fernando Fonseca</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Amadora</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Prof. Dr. Fernando Fonseca, Amadora &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital CUF Tejo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos, Hospital CUF Tejo, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cat&#243;lica Medical School</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cat&#243;lica Medical School, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University College London</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Cardiovascular Science</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jo&#227;o Bicho Augusto &#8226;</bold> Centro de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos &#8211; Hospital CUF Tejo &#8211; Av. 24 de Julho 171A, <postal-code>1350-352</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail:<email>joao.andre.augusto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250426</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtirretina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia por transtirretina amiloide (ATTR-CM) era anteriormente considerada uma doen&#231;a progressiva inevit&#225;vel, com desfechos devastadores. Os m&#233;dicos frequentemente a desconsideravam, visto que o arsenal terap&#234;utico dispon&#237;vel era muito limitado. Historicamente, os tratamentos ofereciam principalmente al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico, sem alterar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Felizmente, a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada nos trouxe tratamentos modificadores da doen&#231;a com o potencial de transformar o curso da ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em n&#237;vel molecular, a ATTR-CM se desenvolve quando a transtirretina (TTR), geralmente uma prote&#237;na transportadora est&#225;vel para tiroxina e vitamina A, se dissocia de sua configura&#231;&#227;o tetram&#233;rica em mon&#244;meros e fibrilas amiloides que se acumulam no mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Duas classes principais de f&#225;rmacos t&#234;m sido estudadas para o tratamento da ATTR-CM: estabilizadores e silenciadores. Estabilizadores, como tafamidis e acoramidis, atuam estabilizando a configura&#231;&#227;o tetr&#226;mera da TTR, prevenindo assim sua degrada&#231;&#227;o e subsequente deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrilas amiloides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em contraste, silenciadores, como patisiran e vutrisiran, inibem a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de TTR por meio de mecanismos de interfer&#234;ncia de RNA, reduzindo essencialmente a fonte do precursor amiloide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Historicamente, o estudo ATTR-ACT foi o primeiro ensaio de Fase III a demonstrar que um medicamento para ATTR-CM, o tafamidis, poderia reduzir a mortalidade por todas as causas, dando aos estabilizadores uma vantagem competitiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, com classes de medicamentos mais novas, qual op&#231;&#227;o &#233; a melhor para nossos pacientes?</p>
    <p>Para esclarecer e (indiretamente) comparar a efic&#225;cia dessas estrat&#233;gias, Facin et al. conduziram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica abrangente e meta-an&#225;lise abrangendo sete ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) envolvendo mais de 2.500 pacientes com ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em todos os ensaios, estabilizadores ou silenciadores foram comparados com placebo. Os autores descobriram que os estabilizadores de TTR diminu&#237;ram significativamente a mortalidade e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, fornecendo fortes evid&#234;ncias em apoio ao seu uso cl&#237;nico. Em contraste, os silenciadores n&#227;o mostraram nenhum impacto significativo nesses resultados prim&#225;rios; no entanto, eles melhoraram a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida (por exemplo, dist&#226;ncia do teste de caminhada de seis minutos) e os n&#237;veis de biomarcadores (por exemplo, NT-proBNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses resultados lan&#231;am luz sobre o cen&#225;rio atual do tratamento de ATTR-CM, mas n&#227;o s&#227;o uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta. Essa aparente diferen&#231;a entre classes de medicamentos deve ser interpretada com base em evid&#234;ncias acumuladas e experi&#234;ncia do mundo real.</p>
    <p>Em primeiro lugar, as popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes diferem significativamente entre o estudo ATTR-ACT e os ensaios subsequentes, visto que o primeiro incluiu pacientes com doen&#231;a mais grave (uma vez que nenhum medicamento eficaz havia sido aprovado na &#233;poca, os diagn&#243;sticos eram escassos e tipicamente tardios) e menos formas de TTR selvagem (versus TTR heredit&#225;ria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Desde ent&#227;o, a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre o ATTR-CM aumentou e os m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico melhoraram, tamb&#233;m motivados pela disponibilidade do tafamidis, que permite a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a. O resultado &#233; uma mudan&#231;a necess&#225;ria nas caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes em estudos subsequentes. De modo geral, compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre estabilizadores e silenciadores n&#227;o s&#227;o poss&#237;veis devido &#224; discrep&#226;ncia entre as popula&#231;&#245;es do estudo inclu&#237;das nos ECRs correspondentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, os ECRs com silenciadores TTR tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o tipicamente mais curta, limitando o ac&#250;mulo de eventos cl&#237;nicos e o poder estat&#237;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Curiosamente, dados recentes de acompanhamento prolongado do estudo HELIOS-B (n&#227;o inclu&#237;do nesta meta-an&#225;lise no momento da revis&#227;o por pares do manuscrito) revelaram benef&#237;cios significativos do vutrisiran (um silenciador TTR), com redu&#231;&#245;es na mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade cardiovascular, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e admiss&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A exclus&#227;o deste conjunto de dados desta meta-an&#225;lise introduz um vi&#233;s contra silenciadores. O potencial benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico dos silenciadores permanece promissor, destacando a necessidade de per&#237;odos mais longos de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em terceiro lugar, como os pacientes agora s&#227;o diagnosticados e tratados mais precocemente, estudos recentes (como APOLLO-B e HELIOS-B) inclu&#237;ram pacientes com est&#225;gios mais leves de ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Essas distin&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o importantes, pois influenciam as taxas de eventos, a resposta &#224; terapia e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, nossa avalia&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio do tratamento. Deve-se notar que os silenciadores oferecem uma via biol&#243;gica distinta, visando a forma&#231;&#227;o de amiloide, o que pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento da doen&#231;a em est&#225;gio inicial ou mesmo pr&#233;-sintom&#225;tica, onde a redu&#231;&#227;o da TTR circulante pode ter o potencial de interromper completamente a deposi&#231;&#227;o de amiloide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Mais ECRs s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para abordar essa quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, ECRs recentes adicionaram camadas de complexidade ao incluir pacientes em terapia combinada. O conceito de usar um silenciador e um estabilizador juntos &#233; biologicamente atraente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias ainda s&#227;o escassas, e n&#227;o podemos ignorar os custos subjacentes para os sistemas de sa&#250;de. As avalia&#231;&#245;es de pacientes j&#225; em tafamidis no HELIOS-B s&#227;o observacionais em vez de randomizadas e s&#227;o influenciadas pelo vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O grande estudo CARDIO-TTRansform em andamento visa estudar eplontersen (silenciador TTR) em mais de 1.400 pacientes, o que deve lan&#231;ar luz sobre o uso de silenciadores TTR como terapia de primeira linha e esclarecer o uso da terapia combinada em ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> At&#233; que tenhamos evid&#234;ncias robustas, a estrat&#233;gia de combina&#231;&#227;o deve ser reservada para subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes, como aqueles que apresentam falha do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Agora temos op&#231;&#245;es em ATTR-CM, mas ainda enfrentamos um dilema: devemos priorizar estabilizadores com benef&#237;cios comprovados em termos de mortalidade ou explorar as vantagens recentemente sugeridas dos silenciadores? Al&#233;m disso, quem s&#227;o os pacientes que mais podem se beneficiar dos silenciadores?</p>
    <p>Embora os estabilizadores pare&#231;am atualmente ser a terapia de primeira linha para ATTR-CM, os silenciadores podem ser pelo menos t&#227;o eficazes em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes, particularmente em casos de TTR heredit&#225;ria, doen&#231;a inicial (com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada), polineuropatia concomitante ou em casos com contraindica&#231;&#245;es aos estabilizadores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#8211; ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Esta meta-an&#225;lise representa um progresso substancial e abre caminho para o tratamento personalizado. A escolha de uma classe medicamentosa em detrimento de outra &#233; atualmente uma estrat&#233;gia que depende de uma pan&#243;plia de fatores e inclui as evid&#234;ncias que temos acumulado nos &#250;ltimos anos. Embora um algoritmo de tratamento seja prefer&#237;vel, esse "desconforto cl&#237;nico" &#233; essencialmente a arte da Medicina.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Tabela 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de estabilizadores e silenciadores TTR no tratamento ATTR-CM</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup width="33%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Recurso</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Estabilizadores TTR</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Silenciadores TTR</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Estabilizar o tetr&#226;mero TTR, prevenindo a dissocia&#231;&#227;o em fibrilas amiloides</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Reduzir a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de TTR (interfer&#234;ncia de RNA)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="top">Exemplos de drogas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Tafamidis, Acoramidis</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Patisiran, Vutrisiran, Inotersen</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Impacto na mortalidade</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o significativa estabelecida (ATTR-ACT, ATTRibute)</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o promissora e significativa no acompanhamento prolongado (HELIOS-B)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Benef&#237;cio significativo comprovado</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Evid&#234;ncias promissoras (HELIOS-B estendido)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Melhoria do estado funcional</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Melhoria significativa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Melhoria significativa</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="top">Biomarcadores (por exemplo, NT-proBNP)</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o estabelecida</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o significativa estabelecida</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Perfis de pacientes ideais</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">ATTR-CM estabelecido, doen&#231;a mais grave</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">ATTR heredit&#225;rio, ATTR-CM em est&#225;gio inicial, fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, polineuropatia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="top">Considera&#231;&#245;es renais/hep&#225;ticas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Metabolismo hep&#225;tico (tafamidis); cautela em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica grave, dados limitados em casos de insufici&#234;ncia renal grave</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Geralmente favor&#225;vel, particularmente vutrisiran (perfil hep&#225;tico e renal seguro)</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>TTR: transtirretina; ATTR: transtirretina amiloide; ATTR-CM: cardiomiopatia por transtirretina amiloide.</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Terapias Modificadoras de Doen&#231;a para a Cardiomiopatia por Amiloidose por Transtirretina: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250426i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>To Silence or to Stabilize: That is the Question</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0040-5270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bicho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Amadora</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Prof. Dr. Fernando Fonseca, Amadora &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos, Hospital CUF Tejo, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cat&#243;lica Medical School, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jo&#227;o Bicho Augusto &#8226;</bold> Centro de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos &#8211; Hospital CUF Tejo &#8211; Av. 24 de Julho 171A, <postal-code>1350-352</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>joao.andre.augusto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Transthyretin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) was previously considered an inescapable progressive disease leading to devastating outcomes. Clinicians often disregarded ATTR-CM, as the therapeutical arsenal available was very limited. Historically, treatments have offered mostly symptomatic relief without altering disease progression. Fortunately, the last decade brought us disease-modifying treatments with the potential to transform the course of ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At a molecular level, ATTR-CM develops when transthyretin (TTR), usually a stable transport protein for thyroxine and vitamin A, dissociates from its tetrameric configuration into monomers and amyloid fibrils that accumulate in the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Two key drug classes have been studied for the treatment of ATTR-CM: stabilizers and silencers. Stabilizers, such as tafamidis and acoramidis, act by stabilizing the TTR tetramer configuration, thus preventing its breakdown and subsequent deposition of amyloid fibrils.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In contrast, silencers, such as patisiran and vutrisiran, inhibit the hepatic production of TTR via RNA interference mechanisms, essentially reducing the source of the amyloid precursor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Historically, the ATTR-ACT study was the first Phase III trial to demonstrate that a drug for ATTR-CM, tafamidis, could reduce all-cause mortality, giving stabilizers a competitive edge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, with newer drug classes, which option is the best for our patients?</p>
      <p>To clarify and (indirectly) compare the effectiveness of these strategies, Facin et al. conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving over 2,500 ATTR-CM patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In all trials, either stabilizers or silencers were compared against placebo. The authors found that TTR stabilizers significantly decreased mortality and hospitalizations, providing strong evidence in support of their clinical use. In contrast, silencers did not show any significant impact on these primary outcomes; however, they did improve functional capacity, quality of life (e.g., six-minute walk test distance), and biomarker levels (e.g., NT-proBNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These results shed light on the current landscape of ATTR-CM treatment, but they are not a head-to-head comparison. Such a seeming difference between drug classes must be interpreted based on accumulating evidence and real-world experience.</p>
      <p>First, patient populations differ significantly between the ATTR-ACT study and subsequent trials, as the former included patients with more severe disease (since no efficient drug was approved at the time, diagnoses were scarce and typically late) and fewer forms of wild-type TTR (versus hereditary TTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Since then, ATTR-CM awareness has increased, and diagnostic methods have improved, also motivated by the availability of tafamidis, which allows for earlier disease detection. The result is a necessary change of patient baseline characteristics in subsequent studies. Overall, direct comparisons between stabilizers and silencers are not possible due to the discrepancy between the study populations included in the corresponding RCTs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Second, RCTs of TTR silencers were typically of shorter duration, limiting the accumulation of clinical events and statistical power.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Interestingly, recent extended follow-up data from the HELIOS-B trial (not included in this meta-analysis at the time the manuscript was peer-reviewed) revealed significant benefits of vutrisiran (a TTR silencer), with reductions in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, hospitalizations, and admissions for heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The exclusion of this dataset from this meta-analysis introduces a bias against silencers. The potential clinical benefit of silencers remains promising, highlighting the need for longer periods of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Third, since patients are now both diagnosed and treated earlier, recent trials (such as APOLLO-B and HELIOS-B) included patients with milder stages of ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These distinctions are important as they influence event rates, response to therapy, and, ultimately, our assessment of treatment benefit. It should be noted that silencers offer a distinct biological pathway by targeting amyloid formation, which could have implications for the treatment of early or even pre-symptomatic disease, where reduction of circulating TTR could have the potential to halt amyloid deposition entirely.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> More RCTs are needed to address this issue.</p>
      <p>Finally, recent RCTs have added layers of complexity by including patients under combination therapy. The concept of using a silencer and a stabilizer together is biologically appealing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, evidence is still scarce, and we cannot overlook the underlying costs to the healthcare systems. Assessments of patients already on tafamidis in HELIOS-B are observational rather than randomized and are influenced by selection bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The ongoing, large CARDIO-TTRansform trial aims to study eplontersen (TTR silencer) in over 1,400 patients, which is expected to shed light on the use of TTR silencers as the first-line therapy and clarify the use of combination therapy in ATTR-CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Until we have robust evidence, the combination strategy should be reserved for specific patient subgroups, such as those who experience treatment failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We now have choices in ATTR-CM, but we are still facing a dilemma: should we prioritize stabilizers with proven mortality benefits or explore the recently suggested advantages of silencers? Furthermore, who are the patients who might benefit the most from silencers?</p>
      <p>Although stabilizers currently seem to be the first-line therapy for ATTR-CM, silencers might be at least as effective in specific subgroups of patients, particularly in hereditary TTR, early disease (with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction), concurrent polyneuropathy, or in cases with contraindications to stabilizers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#8211; see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. This meta-analysis represents substantial progress and opens the window to personalized care. Choosing one drug class over the other is currently a strategy that depends on a panoply of factors and includes the evidence we have been accumulating in recent years. Although a treatment algorithm would be preferable, this "clinical discomfort" is essentially the art of Medicine.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de estabilizadores e silenciadores TTR no tratamento ATTR-CM</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Feature</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">TTR Stabilizers</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">TTR Silencers</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Mechanism of action</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Stabilize TTR tetramer, preventing dissociation into amyloid fibrils</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Reduce hepatic TTR production (RNA interference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Drugs examples</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tafamidis, Acoramidis</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Patisiran, Vutrisiran, Inotersen</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Mortality impact</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Significant reduction established (ATTR-ACT, ATTRibute)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Promising, significant reduction in extended follow-up (HELIOS-B)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hospitalizations reduction</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Proven significant benefit</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Promising evidence (extended HELIOS-B)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Functional status improvement</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Significant improvement</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Significant improvement</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Biomarkers (e.g., NT-proBNP)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Reduction established</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Significant reduction established</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ideal patient profiles</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Established ATTR-CM, more severe disease</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hereditary ATTR, early-stage ATTR-CM, preserved left ventricular function, polyneuropathy</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Renal/hepatic considerations</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hepatic metabolism (tafamidis); caution in severe hepatic dysfunction, limited data in severe renal impairment</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Generally favorable, particularly vutrisiran (safe hepatic and renal profile)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>TTR: transthyretin; ATTr: transthyretin amyloid; ATTR-CM: transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Disease-Modifying Therapies for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
