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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9gPgqQktNBZBXdWJQ4PzRCF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250376</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Para Al&#233;m da Aterosclerose: &#201; Tempo de Olhar para as V&#225;lvulas na Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2727-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Santo Ant&#243;nio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Santo Ant&#243;nio, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Sofia Cabral</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto, Cardiology Department - Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code>, Porto - Portugal E-mail: <email>msofiacabral@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>08</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250376</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Valvar</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Risco Cardiovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) continuam sendo a principal causa de morbilidade e mortalidade entre os doentes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), ultrapassando largamente o risco de progress&#227;o para est&#225;dio terminal da doen&#231;a renal e sendo respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 40% a 50% de todos os &#243;bitos nos est&#225;dios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Temos assistido a uma crescente aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; interse&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca (DVC), a qual desempenha um papel importante nas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e nos desfechos adversos observados nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular, que afeta predominantemente as v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral, constitui a manifesta&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica da DVC neste contexto, representando um processo altamente prevalente, progressivo e de relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica significativa, impulsionado por altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo mineral, pela sua intera&#231;&#227;o com inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica persistente e pelo ambiente ur&#234;mico t&#243;xico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar do crescente reconhecimento do seu impacto cl&#237;nico, os fundamentos biol&#243;gicos deste processo permanecem n&#227;o completamente compreendidos, mesmo com o surgimento de nova evid&#234;ncia que come&#231;a a esclarecer os mecanismos que conduzem &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular na DRC.</p>
    <p>Embora tenham sido identificadas v&#225;rias vias mecan&#237;sticas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> continuam faltando marcadores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais robustos que permitam prever o seu desenvolvimento. Neste sentido, o estudo de Concei&#231;&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> oferece uma contribui&#231;&#227;o valiosa para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular, ajudando a preencher uma lacuna relevante no conhecimento atual e sublinhando a necessidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o continuada sobre as suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e os mecanismos subjacentes nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de elevado risco.</p>
    <p>A sua revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica se baseou em vinte estudos observacionais, envolvendo 13.314 doentes de diferentes contextos geogr&#225;ficos, incluindo indiv&#237;duos em di&#225;lise e fora dela. A maioria dos estudos apresentava um desenho transversal, com um n&#250;mero mais reduzido de estudos de coorte e apenas um estudo caso-controle, refletindo o car&#225;ter predominantemente descritivo e observacional da evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel. A amplitude da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, aliada ao rigor metodol&#243;gico adotado, oferece uma vis&#227;o abrangente do corpo de evid&#234;ncia existente neste dom&#237;nio ainda pouco explorado.</p>
    <p>Entre os 38 fatores de risco identificados, a idade avan&#231;ada (tipicamente acima dos 55 anos) foi o mais consistentemente associado &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular, tendo sido reportado em metade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. Estes dados refor&#231;am o conceito de que o envelhecimento constitui um determinante importante da degenera&#231;&#227;o valvular na DRC, tal como ocorre no contexto mais amplo da doen&#231;a valvular associada &#224; idade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>Importa salientar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, mesmo antes de atingir o limiar diagn&#243;stico convencional para DRC avan&#231;ada, foi frequentemente associada &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular, com v&#225;rios estudos reportando associa&#231;&#245;es significativas com valores inferiores a 50 ml/min/1,73 m&#178;. Estas observa&#231;&#245;es desafiam a ideia de que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular constitui um fen&#243;meno exclusivo dos est&#225;dios finais da doen&#231;a, apontando antes para o seu in&#237;cio precoce ao longo da trajet&#243;ria da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. De igual modo, entre os doentes em terap&#234;utica de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal, maiores dura&#231;&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise ou di&#225;lise peritoneal foram associadas a uma maior probabilidade de calcifica&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral, sugerindo um impacto cumulativo da exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao ambiente ur&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>Marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica (prote&#237;na C reativa, interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa) e de desgaste proteico-energ&#233;tico (hipoalbumin&#233;mia) foram tamb&#233;m recorrentemente associados &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular, particularmente em doentes em di&#225;lise. Estas associa&#231;&#245;es indicam que a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a disfun&#231;&#227;o nutricional poder&#227;o atuar como motores ativos da patologia valvular na DRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por fim, altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo mineral e hormonal, incluindo n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de f&#243;sforo, produto c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo, hormona paratiroideia, fator de crescimento fibrobl&#225;stico 23 (FGF-23) e n&#237;veis reduzidos de Klotho, emergiram como contribuintes fortes e biologicamente plaus&#237;veis para a patologia valvular. Estes dados acrescentam ao reconhecimento crescente de que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o na DRC n&#227;o resulta apenas do dep&#243;sito passivo de minerais, entendido como a precipita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o regulada de complexos c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo, mas constitui antes um processo fisiopatol&#243;gico ativo e orquestrado, que envolve m&#250;ltiplas vias bioqu&#237;micas e afeta simultaneamente estruturas vasculares e valvulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para al&#233;m da aterosclerose acelerada, este processo inclui padr&#245;es de calcifica&#231;&#227;o que, embora n&#227;o exclusivos da DRC, s&#227;o mais proeminentes e clinicamente relevantes nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar de esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica fornecer uma vis&#227;o abrangente do conjunto de fatores potencialmente associados &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular na DRC, a predomin&#226;ncia de estudos observacionais e transversais, a heterogeneidade das popula&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;das e as defini&#231;&#245;es inconsistentes de desfechos limitam a robustez das conclus&#245;es e a sua aplicabilidade generalizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, aspectos corretamente reconhecidos pelos pr&#243;prios autores. Ainda assim, o conjunto de evid&#232;ncia proveniente de diversas fontes oferece uma base s&#243;lida para a formula&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses e sublinha a necessidade urgente de investiga&#231;&#227;o prospectiva e padronizada nesta &#225;rea.</p>
    <p>De forma mais abrangente, os dados apontam para a necessidade de uma estrat&#233;gia cardiovascular proativa em nefrologia, com a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica do envolvimento valvular integrada na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco e no planejamento dos cuidados a longo prazo. Em paralelo, o aprofundamento da investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular na DRC continua sendo essencial para aproximar o conhecimento fisiopatol&#243;gico da interven&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Ao consolidar evid&#234;ncia dispersa num enquadramento estruturado, Concei&#231;&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> fazem uma contribui&#231;&#227;o oportuna e relevante para a compreens&#227;o do envolvimento valvular na DRC. O seu trabalho chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para o tema frequentemente negligenciado da calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvular neste contexto, uma condi&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais reconhecida como um potenciador do risco cardiovascular, e destaca a sua fisiopatologia complexa e multifatorial.</p>
    <p>&#192; medida que cresce a consci&#234;ncia do impacto cardiovascular associado &#224; DRC, o avan&#231;o na preven&#231;&#227;o e na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a valvular exigir&#225; uma colabora&#231;&#227;o sustentada entre nefrologia e cardiologia, apoiada por evid&#234;ncia prospectiva robusta e integrada em modelos de investiga&#231;&#227;o e pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Preditores Cl&#237;nicos e Laboratoriais do Desenvolvimento de Valvopatias na Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250376i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond Atherosclerosis: Mind the Valves in Chronic Kidney Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2727-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Santo Ant&#243;nio, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Sofia Cabral</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto, Cardiology Department - Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code>, Porto - Portugal E-mail: <email>msofiacabral@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Valvular Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Risk</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), far surpassing the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease, and accounting for approximately 40% to 50% of all deaths in the advanced stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Growing attention has been directed toward the intersection of renal dysfunction and valvular heart disease (VHD), which plays a major role in the cardiovascular complications and adverse outcomes observed in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Valvular calcification, particularly affecting the aortic and mitral valves, is the hallmark manifestation of VHD in this setting, representing a highly prevalent, progressive, and prognostically significant process driven by disordered mineral metabolism, its crosstalk with persistent inflammation, and the toxic uremic milieu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite growing acknowledgment of its clinical impact, the biological underpinnings remain incompletely understood, even as emerging evidence begins to clarify the processes driving valvular calcification in CKD.</p>
      <p>While several mechanistic pathways have been identified,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> robust clinical and laboratory markers that predict its development remain elusive. In this regard, the study by Concei&#231;&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> offers valuable insight into the factors associated with valvular calcification, helping to address a relevant blind spot in current knowledge and underscoring the need for continued research into its clinical implications and underlying mechanisms in this high-risk population. Their systematic review was based on twenty observational studies involving 13,314 patients from varied geographic contexts, including individuals both on and off dialysis. Most were cross-sectional in design, with fewer cohort studies and a single case-control study, reflecting the predominantly descriptive and observational nature of the available evidence. The breadth of the population analyzed, combined with the methodological rigor adopted, offers a comprehensive overview of the existing body of evidence in this still underexplored domain. Among the thirty-eight risk factors identified, advanced age (tipically above 55 years),was the most consistently associated with valvular calcification, reported in half of the studies reviewed. These findings lend further support to the concept that ageing represents a major determinant in valvular degeneration in CKD, as it does in the broader context of age-related valve disease in the general population.</p>
      <p>Notably, a decline in gomerular filtration rate, even before reaching the conventional diagnostic threshold for advanced CKD, was frequently associated with valvular calcification, with several studies reporting significant associations at levels below 50 ml/min/1.73 m&#178;. These observations challenge the notion that valvular calcification is merely a late-stage phenomenon, instead pointing to its early onset along the trajectory of renal impairment. Similarly, among patients undergoing renal replacement therapy, longer durations of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were associated with a higher likelihood of aortic and mitral valve calcification, suggesting a cumulative impact of chronic exposure to the uremic environment.</p>
      <p>Markers of chronic inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and protein-energy wasting (hypoalbuminemia) were also recurrently associated with valvular calcification, particularly in patients undergoing dialysis. These associations indicate that inflammation and nutritional derangement may act as active drivers of valvular pathology in CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, disturbances in mineral and hormonal metabolism, including elevated serum phosphate, calcium-phosphate product, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and reduced levels of Klotho, emerged as strong and biologically plausible contributors to valvular pathology. This adds to the growing recognition that calcification in CKD is not solely the result of passive mineral deposition, understood as the unregulated precipitation of calcium-phosphate complexes, but rather an active and orchestrated pathophysiological process involving multiple biochemical pathways and affecting both vascular and valvular structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Beyond accelerated atherosclerosis, it also encompasses calcification patterns that, while not unique to CKD, are nevertheless more prominent and clinically significant in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>While this systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the constellation of factors potentially associated with valvular calcification in CKD, the predominance of observational and cross-sectional designs, together with population heterogeneity and inconsistent outcome definitions, constrains the strength of the conclusions and limits their applicability across clinical settings, as correctly acknowledged by the authors. Nevertheless, the aggregation of evidence from diverse sources offers a robust basis for hypothesis generation and underscores the urgent need for prospective, standardized research in this area. Broadly, the findings call for a proactive cardiovascular strategy in nephrology, with routine evaluation of valvular involvement embedded in risk assessment and long-term care. In parallel, deepening research into the underlying mechanisms of valvular calcification in CKD remains critical to bridging the gap between pathophysiological insight and clinical intervention.</p>
      <p>By consolidating scattered evidence into a structured framework, Concei&#231;&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> make a timely and important contribution to our understanding of valvular involvement in CKD. Their work brings renewed attention to the underappreciated burden of valvular calcification in this setting, a condition increasingly recognized as a cardiovascular risk multiplier, and draws attention to its complex, multifactorial pathophysiology.</p>
      <p>As awareness of the cardiovascular burden associated with CKD grows, advancing prevention and early detection of valvular disease will require sustained collaboration between nephrology and cardiology, supported by robust, prospective evidence and integrated into evolving research and clinical frameworks.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
          <p>Preditores Cl&#237;nicos e Laboratoriais do Desenvolvimento de Valvopatias na Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
