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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4BCz673fqwJMHjqdVv3d9NL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o Dose-Resposta entre Trajet&#243;rias de Intensidade da Atividade F&#237;sica no Lazer e Diabetes entre Homens e Mulheres no ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3163-4108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luis Messias dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Polessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3989-6989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Del Carmen Bisi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giatii</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prefeitura Municipal de Petr&#243;polis</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Secretaria de Educa&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petr&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Prefeitura Municipal de Petr&#243;polis - Secretaria de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Petr&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Estat&#237;sticas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Estat&#237;sticas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Andr&#233; Luis Messias dos Santos Duque &#8226; Prefeitura Municipal de Petropolis - Secretaria de Educa&#231;&#227;o - Rua da Imperatriz, 193. CEP 25685-060, Petr&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andre_dourado@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250091</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A atividade f&#237;sica (AF) desempenha um papel fundamental na preven&#231;&#227;o do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM-2). No entanto, os achados sobre a influ&#234;ncia da intensidade da AF no DM-2 ao longo do tempo ainda s&#227;o inconsistentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF no lazer e DM-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu dados basais do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (2008-2010) e ao longo de 11 anos de acompanhamento de 5.777 mulheres e 4.590 homens, com idades entre 35 e 75 anos. As trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF no lazer foram avaliadas por meio do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ), enquanto o DM-2 foi identificado por autorrelato, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o ou crit&#233;rios laboratoriais. Foi utilizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ordinal para estimar raz&#245;es de chances (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes com DM-2 (14,4% dos homens e 5% das mulheres) e uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o sem diabetes (22,1% dos homens e 40,8% das mulheres) foram observadas entre aqueles com trajet&#243;ria de alta intensidade. Comparado &#224;s trajet&#243;rias de intensidade moderada, a alta intensidade conferiu prote&#231;&#227;o contra DM-2: OR 0,63 (IC95% = 0,40-0,98) para homens, e OR 0,33 (IC95% = 0,14-0,79) para mulheres, e as trajet&#243;rias de baixa intensidade conferiu maior chance de pr&#233;-diabetes entre os homens [OR = 1,36 (IC95% = 1,09-1,69)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A AF de maior intensidade ao longo do tempo esteve associada a uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de DM-2 em homens e mulheres. Assim, programas visando a preven&#231;&#227;o e o controle do DM-2 devem enfatizar a import&#226;ncia da manuten&#231;&#227;o de atividades de alta intensidade ao longo do tempo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o Dose-Resposta entre Trajet&#243;rias de Intensidade da Atividade F&#237;sica no Lazer e Diabetes entre Homens e Mulheres no ELSA-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Alguns dos efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos da atividade f&#237;sica que conferem prote&#231;&#227;o contra o diabetes.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4BCz673fqwJMHjqdVv3d9NL/d193bc21121e9260663b251bca4cf21295f87625.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4BCz673fqwJMHjqdVv3d9NL/47daadb3e788e0786016295a33597244da3615d0.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4BCz673fqwJMHjqdVv3d9NL/8605fc3eb8d80e3448984502b099608f85f4ba70.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Trajet&#243;ria de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) &#233; um grupo de dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo dos carboidratos que ocorre quando a glicose &#233; subutilizada como fonte de energia ou superproduzida devido &#224; glicog&#234;nese e glicogen&#243;lise prejudicadas, resultando em hiperglicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>O DM &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica: segundo a <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF), 537 milh&#245;es de pessoas tinham diabetes em 2021, n&#250;mero que pode subir para 643 milh&#245;es em 2030 e 783 milh&#245;es at&#233; 2045. No Brasil, a doen&#231;a afeta 12,5 milh&#245;es de pessoas, e esse n&#250;mero deve chegar a 20,3 milh&#245;es em 2045.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O DM &#233; um fator de risco relevante para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, cegueira, insufici&#234;ncia renal e amputa&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores. Entre 2000 e 2019, a taxa de mortalidade por DM aumentou 13% em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Como resultado, o DM est&#225; associado a altos custos de sa&#250;de: os gastos relacionados ao DM foram de aproximadamente US$ 43 bilh&#245;es no Brasil em 2021, tornando o pa&#237;s o terceiro com os maiores custos relacionados ao DM no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O DM tipo 2 (DM-2), que representa mais de 95% dos casos, resulta de uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre gen&#233;tica e estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Medidas relacionadas ao estilo de vida, como redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, mudan&#231;a nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e aumento da Atividade F&#237;sica (AF), s&#227;o essenciais para o combate &#224; doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>A import&#226;ncia da AF no enfrentamento do DM-2 tem sido amplamente destacada na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a AF deve ser promovida como uma estrat&#233;gia priorit&#225;ria para a preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os benef&#237;cios da AF associados &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o do DM-2 incluem redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina, melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas beta-pancre&#225;ticas e da prote&#237;na transportadora de glicose (GLUT-4), maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o da glicose para produ&#231;&#227;o de energia, redu&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo, e melhora da sensibilidade &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Devido aos benef&#237;cios fisiol&#243;gicos resultantes da pr&#225;tica de AF ao longo do tempo, a literatura cient&#237;fica tem enfatizado cada vez mais sua import&#226;ncia no combate ao DM-2. A Figura Central apresenta alguns dos efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos da AF que protegem contra o diabetes.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo recente que analisou os padr&#245;es das trajet&#243;rias de AF na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de DM-2, foram examinados dados de 99 532 participantes recrutados no Reino Unido. Os resultados indicaram que trajet&#243;rias de AF de maior intensidade reduziram significativamente o risco de DM-2, destacando a import&#226;ncia de praticar AF ao longo do tempo, especialmente em intensidades mais altas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, o efeito dose-resposta entre intensidade da AF e risco de DM-2 ainda &#233; inconsistente na literatura, e n&#227;o est&#225; claro qual intensidade de AF proporciona os maiores benef&#237;cios no combate &#224; doen&#231;a. Em uma metan&#225;lise e revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que investigou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre tipos espec&#237;ficos de AF e o risco de DM-2, foram observados benef&#237;cios significativos para AF de intensidade leve, moderada ou vigorosa, com redu&#231;&#245;es mais pronunciadas no risco de DM-2 em n&#237;veis mais baixos de AF. Por outro lado, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise de estudos de coorte prospectivos que analisou os resultados de pesquisas sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF ao longo do tempo e a incid&#234;ncia de DM-2 concluiu que n&#237;veis mais altos de AF (maior dura&#231;&#227;o ou intensidade) em momentos de lazer estavam associados a uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente menor de DM-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Em contraste, Koloverou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> analisaram o efeito da AF na incid&#234;ncia de DM-2 ao longo de 10 anos e encontraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 53% na incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a para AF moderada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com AF leve, mas n&#227;o identificaram resultados significativos para AF intensa.</p>
      <p>Diante do exposto, torna-se evidente que novos estudos longitudinais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes intensidades de AF ao longo do tempo e o DM-2, visando estrat&#233;gias mais eficazes para enfrentar a doen&#231;a. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF de lazer e DM-2, comparando os resultados entre homens e mulheres participantes de um estudo longitudinal brasileiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo ELSA-Brasil: popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
        <p>Os dados foram extra&#237;dos do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), um estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico, do tipo coorte, conduzido em cinco institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino superior e uma institui&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa nas regi&#245;es Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. O estudo investigou fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento e &#224; progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. No basal, (2008-2010), o ELSA-Brasil incluiu 15105 servidores p&#250;blicos ativos e aposentados, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, provenientes de cinco universidades (Universidade Federal da Bahia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo) e uma institui&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa (Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz). At&#233; o momento, foram realizadas tr&#234;s visitas presenciais de acompanhamento (2012-2014, 2017-2019 e 2022-2024). T&#233;cnicos treinados e certificados conduziram testes cl&#237;nicos e antropom&#233;tricos, al&#233;m de entrevistas detalhadas por meio de question&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) e por todos os comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa dos seis centros de estudo envolvidos. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado, garantindo a seguran&#231;a e confidencialidade dos dados. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (ENSP/Fiocruz) (CAEE: 61848922.7.0000.5240).</p>
        <p>Os participantes dos seis centros de pesquisa foram considerados eleg&#237;veis se responderam aos question&#225;rios sobre AF no basal e nas duas primeiras visitas de acompanhamento, al&#233;m de fornecerem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o desfecho. Foram exclu&#237;dos os casos de &#243;bitos ocorridos ao longo do tempo, assim como os participantes com dados de AF n&#227;o plaus&#237;veis (&gt; 840 minutos/semana de AF leve, &gt; 630 minutos/semana de AF moderada ou &gt; 420 minutos/semana de AF intensa).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A AF foi avaliada por meio da se&#231;&#227;o de AF no lazer do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ &#8211; vers&#227;o longa) em tr&#234;s momentos (basal e duas primeiras visitas de acompanhamento). Essa se&#231;&#227;o inclui quest&#245;es sobre a frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o da AF no lazer, medidas em minutos por semana, obtidas pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o de cada atividade realizada pela sua frequ&#234;ncia semanal, e classificadas em atividades de intensidade leve, moderada e intensa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A intensidade da AF refere-se ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico necess&#225;rio para realizar uma atividade e pode ser leve, moderada ou intensa. Est&#225; relacionada ao gasto energ&#233;tico e pode ser expressa em m&#250;ltiplos de Equivalentes Metab&#243;licos da Tarefa (METs), calculados com base na quantidade de AF realizada. O MET semanal &#233; obtido pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia semanal pela dura&#231;&#227;o da AF realizada, considerando 3,3 METs para AF leve, 4,0 METs para AF moderada e 8,0 METs para AF intensa.</p>
        <p>A intensidade da AF foi classificada com base nos METs semanais dos participantes e categorizada, em cada um dos tr&#234;s momentos, como leve (participante relatou n&#227;o praticar AF ou faz&#234;-lo em menor intensidade do que nas outras categorias); moderada (participante atingiu 600 MET-min/semana), ou intensa (participante atingiu 1500 MET-min/semana em AF intensa ou 3000 MET-min/semana em uma combina&#231;&#227;o de AF leve, moderada ou intensa).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As trajet&#243;rias de AF ao longo dos tr&#234;s momentos (2008-10, 2012-14 e 2017-19) foram especificadas como leve, moderada ou intensa quando essa intensidade ocorreu em dois ou mais momentos. Os participantes com tr&#234;s classifica&#231;&#245;es de intensidade diferentes foram considerados como &#8220;sem padr&#227;o&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho</title>
        <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, s&#227;o utilizados os crit&#233;rios propostos pela IDF, que consideram altera&#231;&#245;es na glicemia de jejum e na glicemia ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de 75g de glicose oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) &#8211; a fra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina que se liga &#224; glicose &#8211; tamb&#233;m &#233; utilizada nos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>O pr&#233;-diabetes, que se refere a pessoas com toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose comprometida e/ou glicemia de jejum alterada, est&#225; associado a um risco aumentado de desenvolver DM-2 e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas, sendo tamb&#233;m baseado nos crit&#233;rios propostos pela IDF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o do DM-2 foi baseada em exames laboratoriais, informa&#231;&#245;es autorrelatadas sobre diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, coletadas na segunda visita de acompanhamento (2017-2019). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum, com medi&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum e HbA1c, seguida de um teste padronizado de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose com 75g e uma segunda amostra de sangue coletada duas horas depois para medir a glicemia s&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os participantes que relataram um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio ou usaram medica&#231;&#227;o para diabetes nas &#250;ltimas duas semanas foram classificados como diab&#233;ticos. Os participantes sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes foram classificados como diab&#233;ticos se apresentassem glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, glicemia ap&#243;s duas horas &#8805; 200 mg/dL, ou HbA1c &#8805; 6,5%. Os participantes foram classificados como pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos se apresentassem glicemia de jejum entre 100 mg/dL e 125 mg/dL, glicemia ap&#243;s duas horas entre 140 mg/dL e 200 mg/dL, HbA1c entre 5,8% e 6,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Foram selecionadas covari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; AF e ao DM-2, com base na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> que pudessem ser usadas para ajuste dos modelos. Essas vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;ram sexo (masculino/feminino), idade (35-44, 45-54, 55-64 e &#8805; 65 anos), renda per capita, ra&#231;a/cor autorrelatada (branca ou n&#227;o branca; esta &#250;ltima incluindo preta, parda, amarela e ind&#237;gena), estado civil (com parceiro ou sem parceiro; este &#250;ltimo incluindo divorciado, solteiro ou vi&#250;vo), situa&#231;&#227;o de emprego (ativo ou aposentado), escolaridade &#8211; alta, ou seja, ensino superior; ou baixa escolaridade (ensino m&#233;dio completo ou menos), abuso de &#225;lcool (Sim/N&#227;o, definido como &#8805; 140 gramas de &#225;lcool por semana para mulheres e &#8805; 210 para homens), tabagismo (ex-fumante, fumante ou nunca fumou), consumo di&#225;rio de frutas (Sim/N&#227;o), consumo di&#225;rio de vegetais (Sim/N&#227;o). As vari&#225;veis de condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de inclu&#237;ram hipertrigliceridemia (Sim/N&#227;o, definida como triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL), estado nutricional, e hipertens&#227;o arterial. O estado nutricional foi obtido por meio do &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica Toledo<sup>&#174;</sup>) pela altura ao quadrado. Os participantes foram classificados como n&#227;o obesos (IMC &lt; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>) ou obesos (IMC &#8805; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A hipertens&#227;o arterial (Sim/N&#227;o) foi definida como press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. A press&#227;o arterial casual foi medida no bra&#231;o esquerdo, ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, utilizando um monitor de press&#227;o oscilom&#233;trico validado (Omron HEM 705CPINT, EUA), com o participante sentado em um ambiente tranquilo e temperatura controlada (20-24&#176;C). Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es em intervalos de um minuto, e a press&#227;o arterial casual foi calculada como a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo e realizadas utilizando o software R, vers&#227;o 4.2.2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e comportamentais utilizou frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As propor&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e do teste t de <italic>Student</italic> pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. A vari&#225;vel renda (cont&#237;nua) foi descrita utilizando m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Foram estimados modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ordinal, com os resultados expressos em raz&#245;es de chances (ORs) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre trajet&#243;ria da intensidade da AF e DM-2. Com base na literatura, os efeitos espec&#237;ficos das trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF sobre o DM-2 foram avaliados por meio da sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de ajuste sociodemogr&#225;ficas (idade, renda, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor, estado civil) que deveriam estar associadas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o e ao desfecho, al&#233;m de precederem o desfecho. A modelagem come&#231;ou com o modelo completo, e as vari&#225;veis de ajuste estatisticamente n&#227;o significativas foram removidas uma a uma. Os modelos de ajuste foram avaliados utilizando o Crit&#233;rio de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC), a categoria de refer&#234;ncia foi AF em intensidade moderada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 15 105 participantes do momento basal do ELSA-Brasil, 12 636 atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (fornecendo dados de AF no basal e nas duas visitas de acompanhamento). Ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo das perdas de seguimento, valores n&#227;o plaus&#237;veis e dados falantes de AF ou DM-2, a amostra final foi composta por 10 367 participantes, dos quais 5777 (55,7%) eram mulheres e 4590 (44,3%) eram homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra do estudo, ELSA-Brasil (2008-2019).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o total de participantes com DM-2 foi de 20% na segunda visita de seguimento (23,2% dos homens e 18% das mulheres). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta uma descri&#231;&#227;o dos participantes com base em vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do diabetes. De modo geral, o DM-2 aumentou com a idade e foi mais frequente entre participantes com uma trajet&#243;ria de baixa intensidade da AF, n&#237;veis mais baixos de escolaridade, ra&#231;a/etnia autorrelatada como n&#227;o branca, aposentados, ex-fumantes, aqueles que n&#227;o relataram consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool, aqueles que consumiam frutas diariamente e aqueles classificados com hipertrigliceridemia e hipertens&#227;o. A propor&#231;&#227;o de DM-2 diminuiu significativamente quando as trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF passaram de moderada para intensa, especialmente entre mulheres.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo pelas vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas basais, sexo e classifica&#231;&#227;o do diabetes na segunda visita de acompanhamento; Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="3">Homens (N = 4590)</th>
                <th colspan="3">Mulheres (N = 5777)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Normal</th>
                <th>Pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th>Diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th>Normal</th>
                <th>Pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th>Diab&#233;ticos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n = 797 (17,3%)</th>
                <th>n = 2371 (59,5%)</th>
                <th>n = 1062 (23,2%)</th>
                <th>n = 1522 (26,3%)</th>
                <th>n = 3214 (55,6%)</th>
                <th>n = 1041 (18,1%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Trajet&#243;ria da intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica *</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fraca</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">59,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,8</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
                <td align="center">22,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,5</td>
                <td align="center">54,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta</td>
                <td align="center">22,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">40,8</td>
                <td align="center">54,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td align="center">19,3</td>
                <td align="center">32,1</td>
                <td align="center">57,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Grupo et&#225;rio (anos)*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>35 - 44</td>
                <td align="center">27,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">42,0</td>
                <td align="center">48,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45 - 54</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">16,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>55 - 64</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,7</td>
                <td align="center">29,5</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 65</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">56,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">56,4</td>
                <td align="center">31,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Escolaridade*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,7</td>
                <td align="center">31,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
                <td align="center">26,9</td>
                <td align="center">20,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renda per capita (m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o)***</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3.646,12 &#177; 2.625,29</td>
                <td align="center">2.625,29 &#177; 2.991,99</td>
                <td align="center">3.567,55 &#177; 3.050,03</td>
                <td align="center">4.229,28 &#177; 3.235,25</td>
                <td align="center">3.984,41 &#177; 3.169,99</td>
                <td align="center">3.563,11 &#177; 3.142,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatada *</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o branco</td>
                <td align="center">34,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">53,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
                <td align="center">55,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estado civil***</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem parceiro</td>
                <td align="center">19,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,2</td>
                <td align="center">20,8</td>
                <td align="center">24,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com parceiro</td>
                <td align="center">17,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,4</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o de emprego n*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">18,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,5</td>
                <td align="center">29,1</td>
                <td align="center">55,4</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aposentado</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">56,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Tabagismo*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">61,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
                <td align="center">58,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Abuso de &#225;lcool</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,9</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,6</td>
                <td align="center">55,4</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">64,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,0</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,4</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Consumo di&#225;rio de frutas ***</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">61,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">29,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,9</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Consumo di&#225;rio de vegetais***</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">60,8</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">24,0</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
                <td align="center">56,2</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Estado nutricional**</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o obeso</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">61,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,4</td>
                <td align="center">31,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obeso</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">38,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Hipertrigliceridemia*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,4</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
                <td align="center">55,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">57,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">33,5</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
                <td align="center">35,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*p&lt;0,05 para ambos os sexos; **p&lt;0,05 para homens; ***p&lt;0,05 para mulheres.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">3</xref>, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar a rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre as trajet&#243;rias da intensidade da AF e a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos participantes. Em ambos os sexos, maior intensidade de AF ao longo do tempo foi associada a menores propor&#231;&#245;es de DM-2. Entre os homens, as propor&#231;&#245;es foram 24,1%, 22,3% e 14,4%, respectivamente, para as trajet&#243;rias de AF leve, moderada e intensa. Entre as mulheres, as propor&#231;&#245;es foram 18,7%, 17,3% e 5%, respectivamente. Para os homens e mulheres classificados como &#8220;sem padr&#227;o&#8221; de trajet&#243;ria da intensidade de AF, as propor&#231;&#245;es foram 19,3% e 10,7%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos homens por trajet&#243;ria de intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica; Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o das mulheres por trajet&#243;ria de intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica; Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es ajustadas para vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas mostraram que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a trajet&#243;ria moderada, a intensidade forte proporcionou prote&#231;&#227;o contra DM-2 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-diabetes [OR = 0,63 (IC95% = 0,40-0,98) para homens, OR = 0,33 (IC95% = 0,14-0,79) para mulheres]. Por outro lado, entre os homens classificados como normais, a trajet&#243;ria de AF leve foi associada a maior chance de o participante ser pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico [OR = 1,36 (IC95% = 1,09-1,69)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Para os homens, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF e DM-2 foi mais bem analisada pelo modelo ajustado por idade, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor, ocupa&#231;&#227;o e renda <italic>per capita</italic>. Para as mulheres, o melhor modelo foi o ajustado por idade, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor, ocupa&#231;&#227;o e renda per capita.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo com base em vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas da linha de base, sexo e classifica&#231;&#227;o do diabetes na segunda visita de acompanhamento; Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Trajet&#243;rias da intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica</th>
                <th colspan="2">Homens</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR bruto (IC95%)</th>
                <th>OR ajustado *(IC95%)</th>
                <th>OR bruto (IC95%)</th>
                <th>OR ajustado **(IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Pr&#233;-diabetes/ Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Alta</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,68; 1,44)</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 (0,81; 1,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 (0,47; 1,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,54; 1,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (1,00; 1,54)</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,09; 1,69)</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (0,97; 1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,99; 1,45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Diabetes/ Pr&#233;-diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">Alta</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (0,34; 0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,40; 0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 (0,12; 0,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 (0,14; 0,79)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,85; 1,27)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,89; 1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,83; 1,27)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,82; 1,28)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>* ajustado por grupo et&#225;rio, escolaridade e ra&#231;a/cor autorrelatada. ** ajustado por grupo et&#225;rio, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor autorrelatada, situa&#231;&#227;o de emprego e renda per capita.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo longitudinal brasileiro a examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF e DM-2, al&#233;m de vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas, em tr&#234;s momentos distintos.</p>
      <p>Os resultados indicam que, para ambos os sexos, uma trajet&#243;ria de alta intensidade da AF esteve associada a menores chances de o participante ser classificado como portador de DM-2. A AF de alta intensidade tem sido identificada como essencial para promover a sa&#250;de e prevenir doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>Por exemplo, uma revis&#227;o recente, que considerou diferentes delineamentos de estudo, indicou que a AF de alta intensidade confere maiores benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, reduz o risco de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis e melhora a sa&#250;de mental, sugerindo que novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica de AF deveriam enfatizar atividade de alta intensidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A AF de alta intensidade &#233; uma maneira eficiente de promover a sa&#250;de sem exigir muito tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>A literatura cient&#237;fica apresenta descobertas interessantes que motivam a pr&#225;tica de AF de alta intensidade. Um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado investigou o efeito do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade e baixo volume sobre o risco cardiometab&#243;lico e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em mulheres com DM-2 e idade m&#233;dia de 44,5 anos. Ap&#243;s 16 semanas de acompanhamento, foram observados benef&#237;cios significativos na glicemia de jejum, na HbA1c, na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, nos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL e triglicer&#237;deos, no peso corporal e IMC, na circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e na gordura subcut&#226;nea. Al&#233;m disso, concluiu-se que as mulheres que participaram do programa de AF apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o nas doses di&#225;rias de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes e anti-hipertensivos, e que o tempo semanal necess&#225;rio para alcan&#231;ar esses benef&#237;cios foi 25 a 56% menor do que o recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, um estudo realizado com dados de 71 893 adultos no Reino Unido, com um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 5,9 anos, encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre AF intensa e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade (por todas as causas, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e c&#226;ncer): risco absoluto de 2,12% para &gt; 0 e &lt; 10 minutos de AF intensa; 1,78% para 10 a &lt; 30 minutos; 1,47% para 30 a &lt; 60 minutos; 1,10% para &gt; 60 minutos. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que 15 a 20 minutos por semana de AF intensa estavam associados a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 16 a 40% na taxa de mortalidade (todas as causas, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e c&#226;ncer), com redu&#231;&#245;es adicionais ocorrendo at&#233; 50 a 57 minutos por semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Outro estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> com dados de 25 241 participantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 61,8 anos e 6,9 anos de acompanhamento, concluiu que apenas 4,4 minutos por dia de AF intensa reduziram o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas e por c&#226;ncer em 26 a 30%, al&#233;m de reduzir o risco de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em 32 a 34%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo longitudinal recente, com um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 6,8 anos, examinou dados de 70 830 participantes brit&#226;nicos, com idade m&#233;dia de 61,6 anos, e investigou associa&#231;&#245;es entre AF e obesidade abdominal com o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que tanto a AF moderada quanto a AF intensa reduzem o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares causadas pela obesidade abdominal, embora seja necess&#225;rio cerca de 15 vezes mais AF moderada para alcan&#231;ar resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com AF intensa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta, em ambos os sexos, entre as trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF e o DM-2. Uma maior intensidade de AF esteve associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva na propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes com diabetes e a um aumento naqueles classificados como normais, corroborando uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise dose-resposta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de dados de 81 estudos, concluiu-se que a AF de alta intensidade esteve associada a uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de DM-2 [RR = 0,61 (IC95% = 0,51-0,74)] do que a AF de intensidade moderada [RR = 0,68 (IC95% = 0,52-0,90)]. Outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, baseada em dados de 28 estudos longitudinais, que examinou associa&#231;&#245;es dose-resposta entre AF no lazer e incid&#234;ncia de DM-2, tamb&#233;m encontrou que o aumento da intensidade da AF gerou maiores benef&#237;cios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Refor&#231;ando esses achados, um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte examinou as rela&#231;&#245;es dose-resposta entre atividade f&#237;sica (AF) total/espec&#237;fica por intensidade e a incid&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM-2), considerando e estratificando por diferentes n&#237;veis de risco gen&#233;tico. Ao analisar dados de 59.325 participantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 61,1 anos e um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 6,8 anos, os autores encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre AF de intensidade moderada e intensa e a incid&#234;ncia de DM-2, sugerindo que pessoas com alto risco gen&#233;tico de DM-2 devem praticar AF de intensidade moderada a intensa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, vale destacar que o estudo n&#227;o separou AF moderada de intensa, tornando imposs&#237;vel identificar exatamente o papel da intensidade na prote&#231;&#227;o contra DM-2.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, um estudo prospectivo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> realizado com dados do Reino Unido investigou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o ritmo de caminhada autorrelatado e a incid&#234;ncia de DM-2, explorando se o risco variaria com os n&#237;veis de AF e o tempo de caminhada. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de 4442 participantes, acompanhados por 7,4 anos, concluiu-se que caminhar em intensidade baixa ou moderada estava associado a um maior risco de DM-2, quando comparado &#224; caminhada em alta intensidade.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, um estudo examinou dados de 90044 participantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 56 anos (40 a 69 anos), para investigar como o volume (dura&#231;&#227;o) e a intensidade de AF estavam associados &#224; incid&#234;ncia de DM-2. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, para o mesmo volume de AF, a alta intensidade preveniu o DM-2 de forma mais eficaz do que a intensidade moderada ou leve [OR 0,88 (IC95% 0,85-0,91); OR 0,97 (IC95% 0,96-0,98); OR 0,99 (IC95% 0,98-1,00), respectivamente].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os efeitos preventivos da AF de alta intensidade podem ser explicados pelos mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que ocorrem no organismo durante a pr&#225;tica, incluindo o aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. Durante a AF, a capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pode aumentar at&#233; 20 vezes, com incrementos ainda maiores nos m&#250;sculos ativos. Essas demandas energ&#233;ticas levam os m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos a esgotarem suas reservas de glicog&#234;nio, triglicer&#237;deos e &#225;cidos graxos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Considerando que quanto mais intensa a AF, maior a necessidade energ&#233;tica, pode-se dizer que a AF intensa proporciona maiores efeitos protetores ao organismo. Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#225;tica de AF em alta intensidade estimula o metabolismo anaer&#243;bico al&#225;tico e l&#225;tico, promovendo um aumento nos n&#237;veis de GLUT-4, o que, por sua vez, melhora a capta&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o DM-2 resulte de uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa que envolve elementos gen&#233;ticos, socioecon&#244;micos e comportamentais, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas crescentes destacando a relev&#226;ncia da AF no manejo do DM-2, mesmo na presen&#231;a de outros fatores de risco. Recentemente, um estudo investigou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e diferentes intensidades de AF com o risco de DM-2 em estudo coorte populacional e, ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de dados de 88000 participantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 62,2 anos, foi constatado que um n&#237;vel mais alto de AF, independentemente da intensidade, mitiga o risco de DM-2 causado pela curta dura&#231;&#227;o do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pontos fortes do estudo incluem sua natureza inovadora, o diagn&#243;stico de DM-2 por meio de testes cl&#237;nicos e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da AF e de vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas em tr&#234;s momentos distintos, al&#233;m da separa&#231;&#227;o das diferentes intensidades de AF e da estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo.</p>
      <p>No entanto, o estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. Essas incluem o uso do gasto energ&#233;tico na AF para classificar a intensidade, uma medida que varia conforme o tipo de AF (corrida, nata&#231;&#227;o, dan&#231;a, ciclismo, muscula&#231;&#227;o etc.), caracter&#237;sticas individuais (sexo, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, peso, idade, biomec&#226;nica, n&#237;vel de hidrata&#231;&#227;o) e condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais (temperatura, umidade). O IPAQ n&#227;o identifica esses fatores e n&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura sobre os valores a serem multiplicados para AF leve, moderada ou intensa. Por&#233;m, o IPAQ &#233; um instrumento validado e amplamente utilizado em estudos populacionais. Al&#233;m disso, embora existam outras formas de avaliar a pr&#225;tica de AF, como o uso de aceler&#244;metros e tecnologias vest&#237;veis, esses recursos s&#227;o caros, o que dificulta sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em estudos com grandes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Outra poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; que o tipo de AF praticada pelos participantes n&#227;o foi identificado e, assim, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar qual tipo de AF proporcionaria maiores benef&#237;cios no combate ao DM-2. No entanto, a literatura cient&#237;fica indica que tanto o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio como o treinamento de for&#231;a conferem a mesma magnitude de prote&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia, pois as trajet&#243;rias de intensidade da AF consideram tr&#234;s momentos distintos, enquanto os &#243;bitos e perdas por DM-2 foram exclu&#237;dos. Por fim, tamb&#233;m &#233; imposs&#237;vel estimar a dire&#231;&#227;o de qualquer causalidade. Uma vez que os participantes foram classificados quanto ao DM-2 (normal, pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico ou diab&#233;tico) apenas na segunda visita de acompanhamento, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar se eles passaram a praticar AF de maior intensidade ao longo do tempo em resposta ao diagn&#243;stico ou n&#227;o. No entanto, foi observado que, ao longo dos anos, os participantes com trajet&#243;rias de AF de maior intensidade estavam mais protegidos contra o DM-2.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados destacam a relev&#226;ncia da pr&#225;tica de AF de alta intensidade ao longo do tempo na preven&#231;&#227;o do DM-2, sugerindo seu potencial como uma ferramenta n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica essencial no combate &#224; doen&#231;a. Como os benef&#237;cios podem ser alcan&#231;ados sem necessidade de longos per&#237;odos de atividade f&#237;sica, espera-se que os achados deste estudo contribuam para a melhoria das diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o do DM-2 e forne&#231;am um guia pr&#225;tico para a ado&#231;&#227;o da AF de alta intensidade de forma acess&#237;vel &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da ENSP pelo apoio financeiro, que viabilizou o pagamento da taxa de publica&#231;&#227;o deste artigo.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250091i</article-id>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Prefeitura Municipal de Petr&#243;polis - Secretaria de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Petr&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Estat&#237;sticas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Andr&#233; Luis Messias dos Santos Duque &#8226;</bold> Prefeitura Municipal de Petropolis - Secretaria de Educa&#231;&#227;o - Rua da Imperatriz, 193. Postal Code 25685-060, Petr&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: andre_dourado@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Physical activity (PA) plays a fundamental role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2). However, findings regarding the influence of PA intensity on DM-2 over time remain inconsistent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To examine the dose-response association between leisure-time PA intensity trajectories and DM-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The study included data from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), at baseline (2008-2010) and from 11 years&#8217; follow-up, of 5777 women and 4590 men, aged from 35 to 75 years. Leisure-time PA intensity trajectories were assessed by means of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, while DM-2 was identified by self-reporting, use of medication or laboratory criteria. Ordinal logistical regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A lower proportion of participants with DM-2 (14.4% of men and 5% of women) and a higher proportion without diabetes (22.1% of men and 40.8% of women) were observed in those with a high-intensity trajectory. Compared to the moderate-intensity trajectory, high-intensity conferred protection against DM-2 (OR=0.63 [95% CI=0.40-0.98]) for men and women (OR=0.33 [95% CI=0.14-0.79]) and the low-intensity trajectory conferred a greater chance of pre-diabetes among men OR=1.36 [95% CI=1.09-1.69].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Higher-intensity PA over time was associated with a lower proportion of DM-2 cases among men and women. Thus, programs aimed at preventing and controlling DM-2 should emphasize the importance of maintaining high-intensity activities over time.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dose-Response Association between Leisure-Time Physical Activity Intensity Trajectories and Diabetes among Men and Women in ELSA-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Some of the physiological effects of physical activity that provide protection against diabetes.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Trajectory</kwd>
        <kwd>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Lifestyle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs when glucose is underutilised as an energy source or over-produced by impaired glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, resulting in hyperglycaemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> DM is an important public health problem: the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported that 537 million people had diabetes in 2021, a figure that may rise to 643 million in 2030 and 783 million by 2045.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, the disease affects 12.5 million people and this number is projected to reach 20.3 million in 2045.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>DM is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, blindness, renal insufficiency and lower-limb amputation. Between 2000 and 2019 the DM mortality rate increased by 13% in low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As a result, DM is associated with high health care costs: DM-related expenditure was approximately US$ 43 billion in Brazil in 2021, making it the country with the third-highest DM-related costs in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Type 2 DM (DM-2), which accounts for more than 95% of cases, results from a complex interaction between genetics and lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Lifestyle measures, such as reducing body weight, changing eating habits and increasing physical activity (PA) are essential to combating the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The importance of PA in combating DM-2 has been widely highlighted in the literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and PA should be promoted as a priority strategy for preventing the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The benefits of PA that are associated with DM-2 prevention result from reduced insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion, improved beta-pancreatic cell function and production of glucose transporter protein (GLUT-4), greater use of glucose for energy production, reduction of adipose tissue, and improved insulin sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Due to the physiological benefits resulting from the practice of PA over time, the scientific literature has increasingly emphasized its importance in tackling DM-2. The Central Illustration presents some of the physiological effects of PA that provide protection against diabetes.</p>
        <p>In a recent study that analyzed patterns of PA trajectories for reducing the risk of DM-2, data from 99,532 participants recruited from the UK were examined. The results indicated that higher-intensity PA trajectories significantly reduced the risk of DM-2, highlighting the importance of engaging in PA over time, especially at higher intensities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the dose-response effect between PA intensity and the risk of DM-2 remains inconsistent in the literature, and it is unclear which PA intensity provides the greatest benefits in addressing the disease. In a meta-analysis and systematic review that investigated the association between specific types of PA and the risk of DM-2, significant benefits were observed for PA of light, moderate, or vigorous intensity, with more pronounced reductions in DM-2 risk at lower levels of PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In turn, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies that analyzed the results of studies investigating the association between PA over time and the incidence of DM-2 concluded that higher levels of leisure-time PA (either greater duration or intensity) were associated with a significantly lower incidence of DM-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Conversely, Koloverou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> analyzed the effect of PA on the incidence of DM-2 over a 10-year period and found a 53% reduction in the incidence of the disease for moderate PA, when compared with low PA, and did not find significant results for strong PA.</p>
        <p>Given the above, it becomes evident that new longitudinal studies are needed to explore the association between different intensities of PA over time and DM-2, aiming for more effective strategies to address the disease. Thus, this study aims to analyze the dose-response relationship between leisure-time PA intensity trajectories and DM-2, comparing the results between men and women participating in a Brazilian longitudinal study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>The ELSA-Brasil study: population and sample</title>
          <p>Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (<italic>Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto</italic>, ELSA-Brasil), a prospective, multi-center cohort study conducted at five institutions of higher education and one research institution in Brazil&#8217;s northeast, south and southeast regions. The study investigated factors relating to the development and progression of non-communicable chronic diseases. At the baseline (2008-2010), ELSA-Brasil included 15,105 active and retired public servants, aged from 35 and 74 years, from five universities (<italic>Universidade Federal da Bahia</italic>, <italic>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</italic>, <italic>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</italic>, <italic>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</italic> and <italic>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>) and one research institution (<italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</italic>). To date, there have been three in-person follow-up visits (2012 to 2014, 2017 to 2019 and 2022 to 2024). Trained, certified research technicians conducted clinical and anthropomorphic tests and detailed interviews by questionnaire.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>ELSA-Brasil was approved by Brazil&#8217;s national research ethics committee (<italic>Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa</italic>, CONEP) and by all the research ethics committees of the six study centers involved. All participants signed an informed consent form, and data secrecy and confidentiality were ensured. This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the <italic>Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</italic> (ENSP/Fiocruz) (CAEE: 61848922.7.0000.5240).</p>
          <p>Participants from the six research centers were considered eligible if they answered the questionnaires on PA at the baseline and at the first two follow-up visits and offered information on the outcome. Deaths occurring over time were excluded, as were participants with non-plausible PA data (&gt; 840 minutes/week of weak PA, &gt; 630 minutes/week of moderate PA or &gt; 420 minutes/week of strong PA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exposure variable</title>
          <p>PA was assessed by means of the leisure-time PA section of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ &#8211; long version) at three timepoints (baseline and first two follow-up visits). The section comprises questions on the frequency, intensity and duration of leisure-time PA, measured in minutes/week obtained by multiplying the duration of each of the activities performed by its weekly frequency, and classified into activities of weak, moderate and strong intensity. PA intensity is the degree of physical effort required to perform a PA and may be weak, moderate or strong.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> It is related to energy expenditure and can be expressed in multiples of metabolic equivalents of task (METs), calculated by the amount of PA performed. Weekly MET is obtained by multiplying weekly frequency by the duration of PA performed, considering 3.3, 4.0 and 8.0 METs, respectively, to constitute weak, moderate and strong PA.</p>
          <p>PA intensity was classified by participant&#8217;s weekly METs, and was categorized, at each of the three points in time, as either weak (participant reported not engaging in PA or doing so less than in the other categories); moderate (participant attained 600 MET-min/week) or strong (participant attained 1500 MET-min/week in strong PA or 3000 MET-min/week in a combination of weak, moderate or strong PA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The PA trajectory across the three points in time (2008-10, 2012-14 and 2017-19) was specified as of weak, moderate or strong intensity when that intensity occurred at two or more of the points in time. Participants with three different intensity classifications were considered &#8220;no pattern&#8217;&#8217;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome</title>
          <p>For the diagnosis of diabetes, the criteria proposed by the IDF are used, which consider changes in fasting blood glucose and blood glucose after ingestion of 75g of oral glucose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, the assessment of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) &#8211; the fraction of hemoglobin that binds to glucose &#8211; is also used in the diagnostic criteria for the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Prediabetes, which refers to people with impaired glucose tolerance and/or fasting glucose and is associated with an increased risk of developing DM-2 and related complications, was also based on the criteria proposed by the IDF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>DM-2 classification was based on laboratory tests, self-reported information of prior medical diagnosis and use of medication collected at the second follow-up visit (2017-2019). Blood samples were taken by 12-hour fasting venipuncture and measurement of fasting glycemia and HbA1c, followed by a standardized 75g glucose tolerance test and a second blood sample taken two hours later to measure serum glycemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Participants who reported a prior diagnosis or were using medication for diabetes in the past two weeks were classified as diabetic. Participants with no prior diagnosis of diabetes were classified as diabetic if their fasting glycaemia was &#8805; 126 mg/dL; 2h glycaemia was &#8805; 200 mg/dL or HbA1c &#8805; 6.5%. Participants with fasting glycemia &gt; 100mg/d and &lt; 125 mg/dl; or 2-h glycaemia &gt; 140 mg/dL and &lt; 200 mg/d; or HbA1c &#8805; 5.8 and &lt; 6.4%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> were classified as prediabetic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Covariables</title>
          <p>The sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical covariables were selected, based on the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> if they were associated with PA and DM-2 and could potentially be used to adjust the models. These were sex (male/female); age (35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and &#8805; 65 years); per capita income; self-reported race/color (white or non-white; the latter comprising black, mixed, yellow and indigenous); marital status (partnered or not partnered, the latter comprising divorced, single or widowed); employment situation (active or retired); level of schooling (highly schooled, i.e., higher education, or little schooling, i.e., complete upper secondary education or less); alcohol abuse (Yes/No, defined as &#8805; 140 grams of alcohol per week for women and &#8805; 210 for men); tobacco use (former smoker, smoker or never smoked); ate fruit daily (Yes/No); and ate vegetables daily (Yes/No). The health condition variables were hypertriglyceridemia (Yes/No, defined as triglycerides &#8805;150 mg/dL); nutrition status; and arterial hypertension. Nutrition status was obtained by way of body mass index (BMI), calculated by dividing weight (Toledo&#174; electronic scales) by height squared. Participants were classified as not obese (BMI &lt; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>) or obese (BMI &#8805; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Hypertension (Yes/No) was defined as arterial pressure of &#8805; 140/90 mmHg or use of anti-hypertensive medication. Casual arterial pressure was measured on the left arm, after five minutes&#8217; rest, using a validated oscillometric blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM 705CPINT, USA) with the participant seated in a quiet setting at controlled temperature (20-24&#176;C). Three measurements were taken at one-minute intervals and casual PA was calculated as the mean of the last two of the three measurements.</p>
          <p>Data were collected from the ELSA-Brasil baseline and two follow-up visits. Baseline data were used for the variables age, schooling, race/color, marital status and ate fruit and vegetables daily. For tobacco use, alcohol abuse, nutrition status and hypertriglyceridemia, the criterion was used in constructing the PA intensity trajectories (at least two identical responses were considered to classify the participant), so as to reflect consistent behavior over time. The information used for the variable &#8220;income&#8221; was from the second follow-up visit. For hypertension, participants who were diagnosed with the disease in at least one of the three moments were considered to have hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>All analyses were stratified by sex and performed using R software, version 4.2.2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral variables used absolute and relative frequencies. Proportions were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables and Student&#8217;s t-test paired for continuous variables, to a 5% level of significance. The income variable was described using mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          <p>Ordinal logistic regression models were estimated, with results expressed in odds ratios (ORs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) to evaluate the association between PA intensity trajectories and DM-2. Drawing on the literature, the specific effects of PA intensity trajectories on DM-2 were assessed by selecting sociodemographic adjustment variables (age, income, schooling, race/color, marital status) that should be associated with exposure and outcome, as well as preceding the outcome. Modelling began with the complete model, and statistically non-significant adjustment variables were removed one by one. The adjustment models were evaluated using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the reference category was the moderate intensity trajectory.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 15,105 baseline participants in ELSA-Brasil, 12,636 met the inclusion criteria (providing PA data at the baseline and the two follow-up visits). After computing losses to follow-up, non-plausible values and missing PA or DM-2 data, the final sample comprised 10,367 participants, 5,777 (55.7%) of whom were women and 4,590 (44.3%), men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p/>
        <p>The proportion of participants with DM-2 was 20% at the second follow-up visit (23.2% of the men and 18% of the women). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> provides a description of participants based on sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables by diabetes classification. In general, DM-2 increased with age and was more frequent among participants with a weak PA intensity trajectory, lower education levels, non-white self-reported race/ethnicity, retirees, former smokers, those who did not report abusive alcohol consumption, those who consumed fruits daily, and those classified with hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension. The proportion of DM-2 decreased significantly when the PA intensity trajectory shifted from moderate to strong, particularly among women.</p>
        <p/>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">3</xref>, it is possible to observe the dose-response relationship between the trajectories of PA intensity and the classification of participants. In both sexes, greater PA intensity over time was found to be associated with lower proportions of DM-2. Among the men were 24.1%, 22.3% and 14.4%, respectively, for the weak, moderate and strong PA trajectories; among women, the proportions were, respectively, 18.7%, 17.3% and 5%. For the men and women with no PA intensity trajectory pattern, the proportions were, respectively, 19.3% and 10.7% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">3</xref>).</p>
        <p/>
        <p/>
        <p>Adjusted associations for sociodemographic variables showed that, compared to the moderate trajectory, strong intensity provided protection against type 2 diabetes in relation to pre-diabetes (OR = 0.63[95%CI = 0.40-0.98] for men and OR = 0.33[95%CI = 0.14-0.79] for women). Meanwhile, among the men classified as normal, the weak intensity trajectory was associated with greater odds of the participant&#8217;s being prediabetic (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.09-1.69) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). For the men, the association between PA intensity trajectories and DM-2 was best analyzed by the model adjusted by age, schooling and race/color. For the women, the best model was that adjusted by age, schooling, race/color, occupation and <italic>per capita</italic> income.</p>
        <p/>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal Brazilian study to examine dose-response association between PA intensity trajectories and DM-2 and related sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical variables at three points in time.</p>
        <p>The results indicate that, for both sexes, a strong PA intensity trajectory was associated with smaller odds of the participant&#8217;s being classified as having DM-2. Strong intensity PA has been identified as essential to promoting health and preventing disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> For example, a recent review that considered different study designs indicated that strong intensity PA conferred greater health benefits, reduced the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases and improved mental health, and suggested that new recommendations for engaging in PA should emphasize strong intensity PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Strong intensity PA is an efficient manner of promoting health without entailing spending major amounts of time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The scientific literature offers interesting findings that motivate engagement in strong-intensity PA. A randomized clinical trial that investigated the effect of low-volume, high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk and exercise capacity in women with DM-2 and mean age 44.5 years. At 16 weeks&#8217; follow-up, they found significant benefits in fasting glycemia, HbA1c, systolic arterial pressure, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, BMI, waist circumference and subcutaneous fat. They also concluded that women who took the PA program showed reductions in daily dosages of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertensive medications and that the weekly time taken to achieve those benefits was 25 to 56% less than recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More recently, a study conducted with data from 71,893 adults in the United Kingdom, with mean follow up of 5.9 years, found a dose-response association between strong PA and reduced mortality (from all causes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer): absolute risk of 2.12% for &gt; 0 and &lt; 10 minutes of strong PA; 1.78% for 10 to &lt; 30 minutes; 1.47% for 30 to &lt; 60 minutes; 1.10% for &gt; 60 minutes. They concluded that 15 to 20 minutes per week of strong PA was associated with a 16 to 40% lower mortality rate (all causes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer), with the additional reductions occurring up to 50 to 57 minutes per week.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In the same direction, a study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> with data from 25,241 participants of mean age 61.8 years, with 6.9 years&#8217; follow-up, concluded that only 4.4 minutes per day of strong PA reduced the risk of mortality from all causes and from cancer by 26 to 30%, in addition to reducing the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease by 32 to 34%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent longitudinal study with a mean follow-up period of 6.8 years, which examined data from 70,830 British participants of mean age 61.6 years, investigated associations between PA and abdominal obesity with the risk of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The authors concluded that both moderate and strong PA reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by abdominal obesity, although about 15 times more moderate PA is required to achieve outcomes similar to those achieved with strong PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study found a dose-response association, in both sexes, between PA intensity trajectories and DM-2. Stronger PA intensity was associated with a progressive reduction in the proportion of participants with diabetes and an increase in those classified as normal, corroborating a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> After analyzing data from 81 studies, it was concluded that strong-intensity PA was associated with a greater reduction in the risk of DM-2 (RRs 0.61 [95%CI 0.51-0.74]) than moderate-intensity PA (RR 0.68 [95%CI 0.52-0.90]). Another systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 28 longitudinal studies that examined for dose-response associations between leisure-time PA and incidence of DM-2, also found that increased PA intensity yielded greater benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Reinforcing these findings, a prospective cohort study examined the dose-response relationships between total/intensity-specific physical activity and incident DM-2 accounting for and stratified by different levels of genetic risk. Examining data from 59,325 participants with mean age 61.1 years and after a mean follow-up period of 6.8 years, the authors found a linear association between moderate and strong intensity PA and incidence of DM-2, suggesting that people at high genetic risk of DM-2 should engage in moderate to strong intensity PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Note, however, that they did not separate moderate from strong intensity, and thus it was not possible to identify exactly the role of intensity in protection against DM-2.</p>
        <p>Similarly, a prospective study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> using data from the United Kingdom investigated the association between self-reported walking pace and the incidence of DM-2, exploring whether the risk would differ according to PA levels and walking time. After analyzing 4,442 participants who were followed for 7.4 years, the authors concluded that walking at low or moderate intensity was associated with a higher risk for DM-2 when compared with walking at high intensity.</p>
        <p>More recently, a study examined data from 90,044 participants with mean age 56 years (40 to 69 years), to investigate how PA volume (duration) and intensity were associated with incidence of DM-2. They concluded that, for the same PA volume, strong intensity prevented DM-2 more effectively than moderate or light intensity (OR 0.88 [95%CI 0.85-0.91]; OR 0.97 [95%CI 0.96-0.98]; OR 0.99 [95%CI 0.98-1.00]), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The preventive effects of strong-intensity PA can be explained by the physiological mechanisms occurring in the organism during PA, which include increased oxygen intake. During PA, oxygen intake can increase by up to 20 times, with even greater increases in the active muscles. These energy needs lead skeletal muscles to deplete its reserves of glycogen, triglycerides and fatty acids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Given that the more intense the PA the greater the energy needs, strong PA can be said to yield greater protective effects on the organism. Furthermore, practicing PA at a higher intensity stimulates anaerobic alactic and lactic metabolism, promoting an increase in GLUT-4 levels, which, in turn, enhances peripheral glucose uptake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although DM-2 is the result of a complex interaction that encompasses genetic, socioeconomic, and behavioral elements, there is increasing scientific evidence highlighting the relevance of PA in DM-2 management, even in the presence of other risk factors. Recently, a study investigated the association of sleep duration and different intensities of PA with the risk of DM-2 in a population-based cohort study, and after analyzing data from 88,000 participants with a mean age of 62.2 years, it was found that a higher level of PA, regardless of intensity, mitigates the risk of DM-2 caused by short sleep duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Strengths of the study include its innovative nature, the diagnosis of DM-2 by clinical tests and assessment of PA and sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical variables at three points in time, the separation of different intensities of PA and stratification by sex.</p>
        <p>However, the study also has limitations. These include the use of energy expenditure in PA to classify the intensity, a measure that changes with PA type (running, swimming, dancing, cycling, weight training etc.), individual characteristics (sex, body composition, weight, age, biomechanics, level of hydration), and environmental conditions (of temperature, humidity). The IPAQ does not identify these factors and there is no consensus in the literature as to the values to be multiplied for weak, moderate or strong PA. All the same, the IPAQ is a validated instrument used in population studies. Furthermore, although there are other ways to assess the practice of PA, such as the use of accelerometers and wearable technology, these resources are expensive, which makes their use in studies with large populations difficult.</p>
        <p>Another possible limitation of the study is that the type of PA participants engaged in was not identified, and it was not possible to identify what PA type would yield greatest benefits in combating DM-2. However, the literature does indicate that both aerobic exercise and strength training confer the same magnitude of protection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Another limitation of this study is survival bias, because the PA intensity trajectories considered three points in time, while deaths and losses to DM-2 were excluded. Lastly, it is also impossible to estimate the direction of any causality, since participants were classified by DM-2 (normal, prediabetic or diabetic) only at the second follow-up visit, we could not determine whether participants engaged in greater intensity PA over time in response to their diagnosis or not. However, we did observe that, over the years, participants with greater-intensity PH trajectories were more protected against DM-2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results highlight the relevance of engaging in high-intensity PA over time in the prevention of DM-2, suggesting its potential as an essential non-pharmacological tool in combating the disease. Since the benefits can be achieved without requiring long exercise duration, it is expected that the findings of this study will contribute to the improvement of DM-2 prevention guidelines and provide a practical guide for adopting high-intensity PA in a way that is accessible to the population.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Study sample selection criteria, ELSA-Brasil (2008-2019).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification of men by physical activity intensity trajectories, Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification of women by physical activity intensity trajectories, Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250091-50091-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Description of the study population by baseline sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical variables, sex, and diabetes classification at the second follow-up visit; Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Men (N = 4590)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Women (N = 5777)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Normal</th>
                  <th>Prediabetic</th>
                  <th>Diabetic</th>
                  <th>Normal</th>
                  <th>Prediabetic</th>
                  <th>Diabetic</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th> n = 797 (17.3%) </th>
                  <th> n = 2371 (59.5%) </th>
                  <th> n = 1062 (23.2%) </th>
                  <th>n = 1522 (26.3%)</th>
                  <th> n = 3214 (55.6%) </th>
                  <th>n = 1041 (18.1%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Physical activity intensity trajectories*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">16.6</td>
                  <td align="center">59.3</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5</td>
                  <td align="center">55.8</td>
                  <td align="center">18.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5</td>
                  <td align="center">22.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5</td>
                  <td align="center">54.2</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Strong</td>
                  <td align="center">22.1</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5</td>
                  <td align="center">14.4</td>
                  <td align="center">40.8</td>
                  <td align="center">54.2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No pattern</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">65.9</td>
                  <td align="center">19.3</td>
                  <td align="center">32.1</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age group (years)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35 to 44</td>
                  <td align="center">27.5</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">42.0</td>
                  <td align="center">48.6</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45 to 54</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td align="center">23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">24.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.3</td>
                  <td align="center">16.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55 to 64</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">23.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">56.5</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">56.4</td>
                  <td align="center">31.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Schooling*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.3</td>
                  <td align="center">19.7</td>
                  <td align="center">31.2</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low</td>
                  <td align="center">14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9</td>
                  <td align="center">20.4</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Per capita income (mean and standard deviation)***</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,646.12 &#177; 2,625.29</td>
                  <td align="center">2,625.29 &#177; 2,991.99</td>
                  <td align="center">3,567.55 &#177; 3,050.03</td>
                  <td align="center">4,229.28 &#177; 3,235.25</td>
                  <td align="center">3,984.41 &#177; 3,169.99</td>
                  <td align="center">3,563.11 &#177; 3,142.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Self-reported race/skin colour*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-white</td>
                  <td align="center">34.1</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">53.7</td>
                  <td align="center">22.2</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">21.1</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">21.1</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1</td>
                  <td align="center">55.3</td>
                  <td align="center">14.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital status***</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not partnered</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.2</td>
                  <td align="center">20.8</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5</td>
                  <td align="center">55.3</td>
                  <td align="center">20.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Partnered</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0</td>
                  <td align="center">59.4</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9</td>
                  <td align="center">55.9</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Employment situation*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active</td>
                  <td align="center">18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.5</td>
                  <td align="center">29.1</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Retired</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">56.6</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">56.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tobacco use*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never smoked</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">16.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">61.3</td>
                  <td align="center">22.8</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4</td>
                  <td align="center">58.1</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alcohol abuse</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9</td>
                  <td align="center">64.1</td>
                  <td align="center">22.0</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">64.4</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ate fruit daily***</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3</td>
                  <td align="center">61.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.7</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.9</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">57.9</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7</td>
                  <td align="center">24.9</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ate vegetables daily***</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">16.8</td>
                  <td align="center">60.8</td>
                  <td align="center">22.4</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3</td>
                  <td align="center">54.8</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0</td>
                  <td align="center">25.7</td>
                  <td align="center">56.2</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anthropometric status**</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-obese</td>
                  <td align="center">20.5</td>
                  <td align="center">61.0</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4</td>
                  <td align="center">31.9</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5</td>
                  <td align="center">12.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obese</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">38.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.9</td>
                  <td align="center">31.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertriglyceridemia*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">21.1</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">57.9</td>
                  <td align="center">31.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6</td>
                  <td align="center">32.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Arterial hypertension*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">33.5</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6</td>
                  <td align="center">55.1</td>
                  <td align="center">35.3</td>
                  <td align="center">14.4</td>
                  <td align="center">54.8</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*p&lt;0.05 for both sexes; **p&lt;0.05 for men; ***p&lt;0.05 for women.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the association between physical activity intensity trajectories and diabetes classification in men and women; Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Classification</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Physical activity intensity trajectory</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Men</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Crude OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR *(95%CI)</th>
                  <th>Crude OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR **(95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Prediabetes/ Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Strong</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.68; 1.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 (0.81; 1.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 (0.47; 1.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.54; 1.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 (1.00; 1.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.09; 1.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (0.97; 1.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (0.99; 1.45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Diabetes/ Prediabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">Strong</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 (0.34; 0.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 (0.40; 0.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28 (0.12; 0.68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33 (0.14; 0.79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.85; 1.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (0.89; 1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.83; 1.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.82; 1.28)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>* adjusted for age group, schooling and self-reported race/color. **adjusted for schooling, self-reported race/color, employment situation and per capita income.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank the Graduate Program in Public Health Epidemiology at ENSP for the financial support that made the payment of the publication fee possible.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Andr&#233; Luis Messias dos Santos Duque, from Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (ENSP/Fiocruz).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (ENSP/Fiocruz) under the protocol number CAEE: 61848922.7.0000.5240. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author Andr&#233; Luis Messias dos Santos Duque.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) and the Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (FINEP e CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
