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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Vhb5mJjyqpHtgPQvPXvcH3y</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Rela&#231;&#227;o Troponina/Linf&#243;cito em Pacientes com Miocardite Associada a Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-1652-1867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Wanwen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Wenhao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Caiyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cai</surname>
            <given-names>Junying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Xinqing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Chengzhi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Yuwen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pharmacy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangzhou Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangdong</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangzhou Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangdong </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangzhou Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangdong</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangzhou Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangdong</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangzhou Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangdong</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangzhou Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangdong</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Yuwen He e Chengzhi Zhou &#8226; The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University No.28, Qiaozhong Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510145 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>heyuwen82@126.com</email>, <email>doctorzcz@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: </label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250047</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A miocardite associada a inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico (ICI) &#233; um evento adverso relacionado ao sistema imunol&#243;gico (IrAE) raro, mas potencialmente fatal. A troponina card&#237;aca (cTn) e a contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos (ALC) foram relatadas como associadas &#224; miocardite por ICI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi investigar o valor progn&#243;stico da combina&#231;&#227;o dessas duas caracter&#237;sticas (raz&#227;o cTn/ALC) na miocardite associada &#224; ICI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Nosso centro realizou uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 46 pacientes com miocardite por ICI (casos) e 46 pacientes sem miocardite ap&#243;s receberem ICI (controles). Obtivemos dados sobre enzimas card&#237;acas, par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos de rotina e outros biomarcadores cl&#237;nicos. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como um n&#237;vel &#945; bilateral de 0,05. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas covari&#225;veis e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos da miocardite mediada por ICI tamb&#233;m foi testada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Valores anormalmente elevados de cTn (p &lt; 0,001), raz&#227;o cTn/ALC (p &lt; 0,001) e diminui&#231;&#227;o de ALC (p &lt; 0,001) foram observados em pacientes que desenvolveram miocardite por ICI. A raz&#227;o cTn/ALC foi associada ao desenvolvimento de miocardite grave (OR, 5,05; IC 95%, 1,22-20,84; p = 0,025). A an&#225;lise de sobrevida e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox indicaram que uma raz&#227;o cTn/ALC mais alta emergiu como um preditor independente significativo para eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) [RR, 5,64; IC 95%, 1,43-22,34; p = 0,014].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Um aumento na raz&#227;o cTn/ALC foi associado &#224; gravidade da miocardite por ICI e pode ser um preditor eficaz de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina</kwd>
        <kwd>Contagem de Linf&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau</funding-source>
          <award-id>202102010186</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau</funding-source>
          <award-id>202201020466</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023A30</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Guangzhou Medical University</funding-source>
          <award-id>02-445-2301186</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (202102010186, 202201020466); Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association (2023A30) and Guangzhou Medical University (02-445-2301186).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O inibidor do checkpoint imunol&#243;gico (ICI), que foi aprovado para tratamento de primeira linha em uma infinidade de tipos de c&#226;ncer, demonstrou efic&#225;cia not&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o ICI pode ser acompanhado por um perfil de toxicidades autoimunes conhecidas como eventos adversos relacionados ao sistema imunol&#243;gico (IrAEs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados mostrou que IrAEs fatais ocorreram em 0,43% dos pacientes que receberam inibidores da prote&#237;na 1 de morte celular programada (PD-1)/ligante 1 de morte celular programada (PD-L1), entre os quais a miocardite associada &#224; ICI (0,24%) foi comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dados consistentes do mundo real confirmaram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de miocardite<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e uma alta mortalidade de miocardite mediada por ICI, variando de 35-50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores progn&#243;sticos &#233; crucial para reconhecer prontamente pacientes com risco de desfechos ruins de miocardite associada &#224; ICI e fornecer terapia personalizada precoce.</p>
      <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de indicadores circulat&#243;rios pode ser um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo promissor para investigar fatores que afetam o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com miocardite grave ap&#243;s receberem ICI. A troponina card&#237;aca (cTn), um biomarcador de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, est&#225; frequentemente associada &#224; gravidade e aos desfechos da miocardite associada &#224; ICI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dados recentes sugerem que par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos, como a contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos (ALC), est&#227;o associados &#224; miocardite por ICI e apresentam um importante papel progn&#243;stico para eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) subsequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Como a cTn &#233; um biomarcador card&#237;aco espec&#237;fico com alta sensibilidade e a ALC &#233; o &#250;nico par&#226;metro declinado que foi significativamente diferente entre o grupo com miocardite e o grupo sem miocardite, questionamos se a integra&#231;&#227;o dessas duas caracter&#237;sticas &#8212; alto n&#237;vel de cTn e baixo n&#237;vel de ALC &#8212; poderia superar qualquer par&#226;metro isoladamente. Portanto, objetivamos validar a hip&#243;tese de que a raz&#227;o entre cTn e ALC (raz&#227;o cTn/ALC), esperada ser alta no primeiro e baixa no &#250;ltimo, melhoraria a capacidade de prever o risco de desfechos ruins em pacientes com miocardite mediada por ICI, amplificando a diferen&#231;a significativa. Poucos estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC e desfechos cl&#237;nicos de miocardite associada a ICI foram relatados. Portanto, conduzimos um estudo retrospectivo de 46 pacientes com miocardite associada a ICI e 46 controles para caracterizar o papel da raz&#227;o cTn/ALC na miocardite por ICI. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Um estudo observacional, retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico foi conduzido em um grande hospital. Pacientes que desenvolveram miocardite associada &#224; ICI (casos) de maio de 2019 a agosto de 2022, incluindo aqueles que foram transferidos para o nosso hospital devido &#224; miocardite, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os controles foram selecionados aleatoriamente de todos os pacientes que iniciaram a terapia com ICI durante o mesmo intervalo de tempo e foram confirmados como n&#227;o tendo desenvolvido quaisquer IrAEs na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1. O procedimento aleat&#243;rio foi realizado usando uma sequ&#234;ncia num&#233;rica aleat&#243;ria gerada por computador, garantindo que cada paciente eleg&#237;vel tivesse a mesma chance de ser inclu&#237;do no grupo controle. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram falta de dados cl&#237;nicos, outras causas de miocardite, pacientes com comorbidades inflamat&#243;rias, pacientes com outros IrAEs relevantes e doen&#231;as infecciosas e pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal. Este estudo foi revisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica de um grande hospital. Os participantes forneceram seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar deste estudo. A investiga&#231;&#227;o obedeceu aos princ&#237;pios descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal), fatores de risco cardiovascular, estado de malignidade (tipo de c&#226;ncer e est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico), medicamentos para c&#226;ncer (terapia tumoral pr&#233;via e status do tratamento com ICI), desfechos cl&#237;nicos (MACE e sobrevida) e par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos (biomarcadores card&#237;acos e c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas) foram extra&#237;dos retrospectivamente de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos. Os dados foram registrados no momento do in&#237;cio da miocardite associada &#224; ICI no grupo com miocardite e antes da &#250;ltima dose de ICI nos controles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico e defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de miocardite por ICI foi realizado por oncologistas e cardiologistas experientes com base nos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos das diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia ou nas caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas padr&#227;o presentes na bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da miocardite relacionada &#224; ICI foi realizada usando os Crit&#233;rios Comuns de Toxicidade para Eventos Adversos (vers&#227;o 5.0)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os casos foram categorizados como miocardite grave se apresentassem miocardite de grau &#8805; 3, enquanto miocardite leve foi definida como miocardite de grau &#8804; 2. MACE foi definido como um composto de morte cardiovascular, parada card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico e bloqueio card&#237;aco completo hemodinamicamente significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A sobrevida livre de MACE de pacientes com miocardite relacionada &#224; ICI foi calculada a partir do diagn&#243;stico de miocardite associada &#224; ICI at&#233; o MACE ou a &#250;ltima data de acompanhamento. A rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC foi calculada usando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC = cTn (pg/mL)/ALC (K/&#956;L).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram resumidas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana com intervalo interquartil (IIQ). A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando um teste-t para amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney. O teste qui-quadrado (&#967;2) ou exato de Fisher foi usado para analisar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi realizada para avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es lineares entre cTn/ALC e NT-proBNP, bem como entre cTn/ALC e outros marcadores laboratoriais cl&#237;nicos. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o e os valores de p correspondentes foram calculados para determinar se existem associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre as vari&#225;veis. Curvas ROC (<italic>Receiver-Operating Characteristic</italic>) foram constru&#237;das para avaliar a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria da raz&#227;o cTn/ALC para diagn&#243;stico, diferencia&#231;&#227;o de gravidade e predi&#231;&#227;o de MACE e para calcular o valor de corte ideal usando o &#205;ndice de Youden. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as entre as AUCs foi avaliada usando o teste DeLong, implementado no SPSS (vers&#227;o 27.0). An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univari&#225;vel e multivari&#225;vel foram realizadas para identificar fatores associados &#224; miocardite grave, com raz&#245;es de chances (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% calculados usando estimativa de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foi conduzida para avaliar as potenciais intera&#231;&#245;es entre cTn/ALC, NT-proBNP e outros marcadores laboratoriais cl&#237;nicos na predi&#231;&#227;o de MACE. Termos de intera&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo de regress&#227;o. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram usadas para quantificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC e a sobrevida livre de MACE. Modelos de risco proporcional de Cox univari&#225;vel e multivari&#225;vel foram constru&#237;dos para determinar os fatores progn&#243;sticos associados &#224; sobrevida livre de MACE em pacientes com miocardite, com raz&#245;es de risco (RR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% estimados com base na fun&#231;&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a parcial. Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de P &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas utilizando o SPSS Statistics 26.0 e o GraphPad Prism 9.4. As figuras foram criadas utilizando o GraphPad Prism 9.4 e o Microsoft PowerPoint 16.71.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Um total de 46 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de miocardite associada &#224; ICI foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, e apenas um caso foi confirmado patologicamente (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>). Dada a raridade da miocardite associada &#224; ICI e a disponibilidade limitada de dados, inclu&#237;mos todos os casos eleg&#237;veis identificados durante o per&#237;odo do estudo (amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais de todos os pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Entre os 46 pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 60 &#177; 11 anos, e 76,1% eram do sexo masculino. Pacientes com fatores de risco card&#237;aco representaram 50,0% dos casos, entre os quais o tabagismo representou 32,6%, seguido pela hipertens&#227;o (21,7%), que n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos de miocardite e controle.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos casos de miocardite e controles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Casos (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Controles (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, y, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">61&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,731</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35 (76,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (76,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC, kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22,2&#177;3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">23,4&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (atual ou passado), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (41,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,388</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,599</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum fator de risco cardiovascular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,835</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de c&#226;ncer prim&#225;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (78,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (97,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tumores gastrointestinais, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Timoma, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepatoma, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer renal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento pr&#233;vio de c&#226;ncer</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quimioterapia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (41,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,832</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores de VEGF ou EGFR, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (19,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radia&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,432</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento ICI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monoterapia com ICI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICI combina quimioterapia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (67,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (93,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICI combina inibidores de VEGF ou EGFR, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo ICI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qualquer PD-1</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (95,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qualquer PD-L1</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; VEGF: Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular; EGFR: Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Epid&#233;rmico; ICI: inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum para ICI em nossa coorte foi c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o. A maioria dos pacientes em ambos os grupos foi tratada com inibidores de PD-1. Al&#233;m disso, a terapia combinada (ICI combinado com quimioterapia ou ICI combinado com terapia-alvo) foi o tipo de tratamento predominante em ambos os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados dos exames laboratoriais no grupo miocardite e no grupo controle</title>
        <p>Comparamos os resultados dos exames cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com miocardite com os dos controles. O n&#237;vel de cTn na apresenta&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior em pacientes com miocardite por ICI do que nos controles, enquanto uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada na ALC no grupo com miocardite. Um aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC foi observado no grupo com miocardite (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados de exames laboratoriais na apresenta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico e controles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Casos (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Controles (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTn (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 (0,20-4,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 (0,00-0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1326,25 (335,90-6198,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,37 (28,42-240,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">659,75 (205,70-3451,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,50 (41,45-89,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,50 (27,00-123,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.00 (7.00-14.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,30-0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55 (1,00-2,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMB (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,30-0,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 (0,50-0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,85 (7,20-16,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,25 (3,00-5,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">179,00 (96,00-254,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">229,00 (187,00-318,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o cTn/ALC</td>
                  <td align="center">2,47 (0,30-11,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 (0,00-0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados dos exames laboratoriais no grupo com miocardite grave e no grupo com miocardite leve</title>
        <p>No grupo com miocardite, 31 pacientes (67,3%) apresentaram miocardite grave associada &#224; ICI. No momento da apresenta&#231;&#227;o, a mediana de cTn foi de 2,19 pg/mL no grupo com miocardite grave e de 0,03 pg/mL no grupo com miocardite leve. Por outro lado, pacientes com miocardite grave apresentaram menor ALC na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com miocardite leve. A rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC aumentou significativamente no grupo com miocardite grave. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada demonstrou que uma rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC mais alta foi independente e positivamente correlacionada com miocardite grave (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados dos exames laboratoriais na apresenta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com miocardite leve e miocardite grave</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Miocardite grave (n=31)</th>
                  <th>Miocardite leve (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTn (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,19 (0,48-9,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 (0,01-0,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3000,50 (528,50-9049,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">282,05 (22,20-860,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">991,35 (300,20-4013,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">280,80 (154,05-2147,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,50 (44,00-141,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.00 (16.00-38.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 (0,20-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,60-1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMB (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0,30-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 (0,25-0,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,65 (9,20-17,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,45 (3,25-11,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">168,50 (79,00-255,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">207,00 (168,50-227,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,423</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR(mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,8 (13,84-116,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,26 (14,23-116,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,235</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFN-&#947; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58 (1,01-3,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 (0,34-2,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (0,77-3,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22(0,65-3,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia hormonal (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (4-37)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3-24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose total de terapia hormonal (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1500,00 (570,00-3584,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1000,00(600,00-3180,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o cTn/ALC</td>
                  <td align="center">4,87 (1,98-19,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 (0,00-0,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica dos resultados dos exames laboratoriais associados &#224; gravidade da miocardite associada &#224; inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (1,00-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (1,00-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,99-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMB (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47 (0,34-6,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,606</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 (1,08-1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (1,00-1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99(0,98-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,609</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,98-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,412</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFN-&#947; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,79 (0,50-6,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,368</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,22-1,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,416</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia hormonal (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (0,97-1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose total de terapia hormonal (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,695</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o cTnI/ALC</td>
                  <td align="center">4,66 (1,23-17,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">5,05 (1,22-20,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de troponina e linf&#243;citos e o progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Durante um acompanhamento mediano de 69 dias (IIQ: 17-227), MACE ocorreu em 18 casos (39,1%) e 16 de 46 (34,8%) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>). Curvas ROC foram usadas para calcular o ponto de corte ideal para prever MACE em pacientes com miocardite. Para avaliar o valor preditivo da raz&#227;o cTn/ALC para desfechos em pacientes com miocardite mediada por ICI, curvas ROC para raz&#227;o cTn/ALC, cTn e ALC foram comparadas. Em m&#250;ltiplas curvas ROC para identificar pacientes que desenvolveram MACE, a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC mostrou melhor desempenho do que cTn ou ALC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). No entanto, o teste de DeLong n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na AUC entre a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC e cTn (p = 0,77) ou ALC (p = 0,30). Com base na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, determinou-se que o valor de corte ideal da raz&#227;o cTn/ALC foi de 2,54 por meio do &#205;ndice de Youden. Os pacientes com miocardite foram classificados em dois grupos [grupo com raz&#227;o cTn/ALC baixa (raz&#227;o cTn/ALC &lt; 2,54) e grupo com raz&#227;o cTn/ALC alta (raz&#227;o cTn/ALC &#8805; 2,54)] de acordo com o valor de corte e a curva de Kaplan-Meier foi gerada. Uma curva de sobrevida livre de MACE significativamente menor foi observada em pacientes com raz&#227;o cTn/ALC &#8805; 2,54 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). N&#227;o foi encontrada rela&#231;&#227;o linear significativa ou intera&#231;&#227;o potencial entre a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC e NT-proBNP ou outras vari&#225;veis (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">Tabelas Suplementares 3 e 4</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Rela&#231;&#227;o Troponina/Linf&#243;cito em Pacientes com Miocardite Associada a Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250047-50047-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para determinar se a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC era um preditor independente de MACE em pacientes que sofriam de miocardite associada &#224; ICI, tamb&#233;m realizamos an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>). Pacientes com miocardite foram divididos em um grupo alto e um grupo baixo de acordo com o valor de corte ideal de cada covari&#225;vel obtido usando curvas ROC. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada mostrou que pacientes com uma raz&#227;o cTn/ALC maior (&#8805; 2,54) tiveram um progn&#243;stico pior. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox multivariada, uma raz&#227;o cTn/ALC maior foi significativamente e independentemente associada a uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida livre de MACE em pacientes com miocardite relacionada &#224; ICI. Portanto, a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC permaneceu um forte preditor independente de sobrevida livre de MACE em pacientes com miocardite mediada por ICI ap&#243;s o ajuste para outros fatores de confus&#227;o. Esses dados sugeriram o valor da raz&#227;o cTn/ALC para predizer MACE em pacientes com miocardite mediada por ICI.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados de exames laboratoriais na apresenta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com progn&#243;stico de miocardite associada &#224; inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>MACE (n=18)</th>
                  <th>Livre de MACE (n=28)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTn (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,57 (0,41-22,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26 (0,04-2,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4848,00 (3775,00-9120,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1746,00 (334,80-5604,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2218,80 (457,85-3305,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">407,2 (183,10-1965,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">109,00 (82,00-207,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,00 (17,00-120,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,40-1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,70-1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMB (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30 (0,10-0,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30 (0,30-1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,409</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,60 (4,45-11,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,60 (3,80-10,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,676</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">247,00 (129,50-337,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">105,00 (213,00-299,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFN-&#947; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98 (0,49-3,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55 (1,15-3,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,620</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,53-3,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (0,88-2,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,538</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,80 (23,03-122,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,04 (9,59-116,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,142</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia hormonal (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.00 (4.00-39.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.00 (5.00-32.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose total de terapia hormonal (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1686,00 (932,00-3130,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1000,00 (570,00-3910,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o cTn/ALC</td>
                  <td align="center">6,53 (0,68-34,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37 (0,04-2,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>MACE: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o proporcional de Cox dos resultados de exames laboratoriais associados ao progn&#243;stico na miocardite associada &#224; inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                  <th>RR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (&lt;2872,50 vs. &#8805;2872,50, pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,46 (1,43-13,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">6,25 (1,63-23,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK (&lt;426,85 vs. &#8805;426,85, U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,68 (1,29-25,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (&lt;62,50 vs. &#8805;62,50, U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,09 (1,70-21,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAN (&lt;8,90 vs. &#8805;8,90, K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,02 (1,6-100,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">16,37 (1,75-153,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMC (&lt;0,55 vs. &#8805;0,55, K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09(0,45-2,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,843</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08(0,01-1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT (&lt;222,50 vs. &#8805;222,50, K/&#956;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00(0,99-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99(0,98-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,905</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (&lt;29,42 vs. &#8805;29,42, mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00(0,98-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,797</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02(0,98-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,370</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFN-&#947; (&lt;2,85 vs. &#8805;2,85, pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08(0,72-1,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                  <td align="center">0,901(0,47-1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,779</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-&#945;(&lt;2,67 vs. &#8805;2,67, pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20(0,74-1,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,444</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08(0,45-2,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,863</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia hormonal (&lt;28 vs. &#8805;28, dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99(0,94-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,775</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00(0,91-1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,966-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose total de terapia hormonal (&lt;1276 vs. &#8805;1276 mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00(0,99-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00(1,00-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,394</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o cTn/ALC (&lt;2,54 vs. &#8805;2,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,62 (2,15-26,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">5,64 (1,43-22,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo, investigamos o valor progn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos em pacientes com miocardite ap&#243;s terapia com inibidor de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico (ICI). Descobrimos que, entre os pacientes que desenvolveram miocardite ap&#243;s tratamento com ICI, rela&#231;&#245;es cTn/ALC mais altas no momento do in&#237;cio estavam associadas a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais graves e pior progn&#243;stico. Especificamente, a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC pode prever de forma eficaz e independente a gravidade e o progn&#243;stico da miocardite relacionada &#224; ICI. A rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC integra dois biomarcadores distintos, por&#233;m complementares: troponina card&#237;aca (cTn), um marcador espec&#237;fico de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, e ALC, que reflete o estado imunol&#243;gico sist&#234;mico e frequentemente est&#225; reduzida em casos graves. Comparado aos biomarcadores tradicionais cTn ou ALC, a cTn/ALC n&#227;o apenas considera a desregula&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica (ALC), mas tamb&#233;m amplifica o sinal de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (cTn). Como um biomarcador composto, a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC fornece uma reflex&#227;o mais precoce e abrangente do estado fisiopatol&#243;gico do paciente. Nosso estudo estabelece o valor de corte da rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC para predizer o progn&#243;stico da miocardite imunomediada. Quando a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC excede esse limite, o risco de mau progn&#243;stico aumenta significativamente. Portanto, esse limite pode ser usado para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com miocardite imunomediada, ajudando os m&#233;dicos a identificar prontamente pacientes com MACE de alto risco. Dada a ampla disponibilidade, padroniza&#231;&#227;o, baixo custo, natureza minimamente invasiva e facilidade de interpreta&#231;&#227;o das medidas de cTn e ALC, a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC pode servir como um marcador preditivo clinicamente vi&#225;vel para a gravidade e o progn&#243;stico da miocardite induzida por ICI.</p>
      <p>Em pacientes diagnosticados com miocardite por ICI, mais da metade dos casos evoluiria para miocardite grave, o que est&#225; associado ao mau progn&#243;stico da miocardite mediada por ICI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dados consistentes estabeleceram que a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de miocardite grave seguida de interven&#231;&#227;o com altas doses e corticoides precoces pode reduzir significativamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Portanto, indicadores para identificar a gravidade da miocardite por ICI s&#227;o urgentemente necess&#225;rios. Lei e Puzanov<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>relataram diferen&#231;as entre miocardite leve e grave. Ambos os estudos constataram que os n&#237;veis de troponina estavam significativamente elevados em pacientes com miocardite por ICI grave. No entanto, n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas nas c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas, incluindo linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em contraste, nosso estudo constatou que a ALC estava significativamente associada &#224; gravidade da miocardite por ICI. Em nossa an&#225;lise, encontramos n&#227;o apenas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca (cTn) e linf&#243;citos entre os grupos com miocardite leve e grave, mas tamb&#233;m um aumento significativo na rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC, que combina alta cTn e baixa ALC no grupo com miocardite grave. An&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas mostraram que a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC estava independentemente associada &#224; miocardite grave relacionada &#224; ICI.</p>
      <p>Enquanto isso, alguns estudos sugeriram que o NT-proBNP &#233; um marcador de progn&#243;stico e gravidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e poderia potencialmente servir como um marcador para a gravidade e progn&#243;stico da miocardite tamb&#233;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Portanto, tamb&#233;m coletamos e analisamos dados de NT-proBNP desses pacientes com miocardite. No entanto, nossa an&#225;lise constatou que o NT-proBNP n&#227;o est&#225; fortemente associado &#224; gravidade da miocardite imunomediada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Sugere-se que o NT-proBNP n&#227;o pode predizer a gravidade da miocardite imunomediada, enquanto a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC identificada neste estudo pode predizer a gravidade da miocardite imunomediada.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e o tratamento direcionado de pacientes com alto risco de MACE tamb&#233;m s&#227;o cruciais para a melhoria do progn&#243;stico. Um biomarcador barato e amplamente dispon&#237;vel que possa estratificar o risco de mau progn&#243;stico no momento do diagn&#243;stico pode ser &#250;til. A troponina &#233; um indicador altamente espec&#237;fico de dano ao tecido card&#237;aco e pode ser detectada no soro. Em um estudo de Waissengein, constatou-se que MACE &#233; mais comum em pacientes com cTn basal elevada em pacientes com eventos adversos cardiovasculares, incluindo miocardite. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de cTn no acompanhamento emergiram como um preditor independente significativo para o desenvolvimento de desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um estudo de Puzanov mostrou que um n&#237;vel mais alto de cTn estava associado ao aumento da mortalidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O exame de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas perif&#233;ricas &#233; um procedimento de rotina para pacientes com c&#226;ncer antes e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de ICI; portanto, as c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas perif&#233;ricas s&#227;o frequentemente utilizadas como indicadores progn&#243;sticos para pacientes com c&#226;ncer. Um estudo retrospectivo realizado por Drobni et al. demonstrou que houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na ALC desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; antes da &#250;ltima dose de ICI at&#233; o in&#237;cio da miocardite em pacientes com miocardite associada a ICI. Al&#233;m disso, uma maior diminui&#231;&#227;o na ALC foi associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE subsequentes. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o na ALC &gt; 35% foi associada a piores desfechos ap&#243;s miocardite mediada por ICI, sugerindo que a medi&#231;&#227;o da ALC poderia ser usada como um algoritmo diagn&#243;stico em miocardite associada a ICI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Outro estudo conduzido por Xie et al. mostrou que o n&#237;vel de ALC na apresenta&#231;&#227;o foi menor do que o n&#237;vel de ALC basal em pacientes com miocardite associada a ICI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>). Em nosso estudo, observamos n&#237;veis elevados de cTn e n&#237;veis reduzidos de ALC no grupo MACE. Mais importante ainda, a raz&#227;o entre esses dois marcadores (raz&#227;o cTn/ALC) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o progn&#243;stico de miocardite relacionada &#224; ICI. Com base na an&#225;lise ROC e na an&#225;lise de sobrevida, a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC demonstrou maior valor preditivo para MACE em compara&#231;&#227;o com cTn ou ALC isoladamente. O valor de corte ideal para a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC para avaliar o risco de MACE foi definido como 2,54. Sugere-se que a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC, como preditor do progn&#243;stico de miocardite imunomediada, tenha melhor valor cl&#237;nico em compara&#231;&#227;o com cTn e ALC como marcadores individuais. No entanto, al&#233;m da cTn e ALC, alguns estudos sugeriram que o NT-proBNP n&#227;o &#233; apenas um marcador progn&#243;stico para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas tamb&#233;m pode ser um indicador relevante para o progn&#243;stico de miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Portanto, tamb&#233;m coletamos dados de NT-proBNP de pacientes com miocardite imunomediada e analisamos sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico. Constatamos que o NT-proBNP tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes com miocardite imunomediada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>) e, portanto, realizamos a an&#225;lise da curva ROC. Os resultados mostraram que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o NT-proBNP, a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC apresenta valor preditivo superior para eventos de MACE. Esses achados indicam que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com cTn, ALC e NT-proBNP, a rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC &#233; um preditor de progn&#243;stico mais eficaz e clinicamente valioso em pacientes com miocardite imunomediada.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resumo dos estudos sobre o papel da contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos (ALC) e/ou cTnI na miocardite associada &#224; inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gico (ICI)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N</th>
                <th>Desenho do estudo</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI</th>
                <th>Principais descobertas do ALC</th>
                <th>Principal descoberta cTn</th>
                <th>Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1<sup>22</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">Linfopenia foi encontrada em 66,7% dos pacientes com IrAEs card&#237;acos (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">Todos os pacientes apresentaram eleva&#231;&#245;es no n&#237;vel de cTn.</td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2<sup>21</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">N / D</td>
                <td align="center">A troponina foi associada &#224; miocardite grave, e MACE (n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de troponina ap&#243;s miocardite) foram relacionados &#224; gravidade da miocardite.</td>
                <td align="center">2023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3<sup>23</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estudo prospectivo</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">N / D</td>
                <td align="center">Dentro de 72 horas de admiss&#227;o, a cTn aumentou em pacientes com miocardite em compara&#231;&#227;o ao limite superior de refer&#234;ncia, com graus variados.</td>
                <td align="center">2023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">N / D</td>
                <td align="center">N&#237;veis mais elevados de cTn na apresenta&#231;&#227;o correlacionaram-se com a progress&#227;o para miocardite grave. N&#237;veis mais elevados de cTn foram associados ao aumento da mortalidade.</td>
                <td align="center">2021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5<sup>13</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">Em alguns casos, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na ALC desde o in&#237;cio do estudo at&#233; antes da &#250;ltima dose de ICI e at&#233; o in&#237;cio do quadro de miocardite. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior na ALC tamb&#233;m foi associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores subsequentes.</td>
                <td align="center">N / D</td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6<sup>17</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">O n&#237;vel de ALC na apresenta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI foi menor que o n&#237;vel de ALC basal.</td>
                <td align="center">N / D</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiramente, o delineamento retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico introduz um potencial vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Nossa abordagem de amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia (incluindo todos os casos eleg&#237;veis durante o per&#237;odo do estudo) pode n&#227;o representar totalmente a popula&#231;&#227;o mais ampla de miocardite associada &#224; ICI, especialmente dada a raridade dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo controle, embora selecionado aleatoriamente, foi derivado da mesma institui&#231;&#227;o, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados. Em segundo lugar, o pequeno tamanho da amostra (n = 46) e a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento (mediana de 69 dias) restringem o poder estat&#237;stico para detectar associa&#231;&#245;es sutis e desfechos em longo prazo. Esses fatores tamb&#233;m podem contribuir para os intervalos de confian&#231;a mais amplos observados em nossas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e regress&#227;o de Cox. Embora nossos achados sugiram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o cTn/ALC e os desfechos, o amplo IC enfatiza a necessidade de valida&#231;&#227;o adicional em coortes maiores. Portanto, conduziremos futuros estudos multic&#234;ntricos com coortes maiores e acompanhamentos mais longos para validar nossos achados e refinar a utilidade progn&#243;stica da raz&#227;o cTn/ALC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, o aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC que ocorreu em pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI pode contribuir para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI. A rela&#231;&#227;o cTn/ALC na apresenta&#231;&#227;o emergiu como um preditor independente significativamente forte do progn&#243;stico em pacientes com miocardite associada &#224; ICI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Somos gratos aos pacientes do Primeiro Hospital Afiliado da Universidade M&#233;dica de Guangzhou que participaram deste estudo, bem como a todos os profissionais de sa&#250;de envolvidos no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.</p>
    </ack>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/circulationaha.123.062405</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">clique aqui.</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary_fig1.png">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do The Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2022-80. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Devido &#224; presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sens&#237;veis e &#224; cont&#237;nua curadoria de dados, o conjunto completo de dados n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel publicamente neste momento. No entanto, os dados necess&#225;rios para avaliar os resultados deste estudo podem ser disponibilizados aos revisores mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o, sob confidencialidade e conformidade &#233;tica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (202102010186, 202201020466); Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association (2023A30) and Guangzhou Medical University (02-445-2301186).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250047i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Troponin to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-associated Myocarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-1652-1867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Wanwen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Wenhao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Caiyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cai</surname>
            <given-names>Junying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Xinqing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Chengzhi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Yuwen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Yuwen He and Chengzhi Zhou &#8226; The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University No.28, Qiaozhong Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510145 &#8211; China E-mail: heyuwen82@126.com, doctorzcz@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis is a rare but life-threatening immune-related adverse event (irAE). Cardiac troponin (cTn) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) have been reported to be associated with ICI-myocarditis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the combination of these two features (cTn/ALC ratio) in ICI-associated myocarditis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Our center performed a retrospective analysis of 46 patients with ICI myocarditis (cases) and 46 patients without myocarditis after receiving ICI (controls). We obtained data on cardiac enzymes, routine blood parameters, and other clinical biomarkers. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided &#945; level of 0.05. The association between these covariates and the clinical outcomes of ICI-mediated myocarditis was also tested.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Abnormally elevated cTn (p &lt; 0.001), cTn/ALC ratio (p &lt; 0.001), and decreased ALC (p &lt; 0.001) were observed in patients who developed ICI-myocarditis. The cTn/ALC ratio was associated with the development of severe myocarditis (OR, 5.05; 95% CI, 1.22-20.84; p = 0.025). Survival analysis and Cox regression analysis indicated that a higher cTn/ALC ratio emerged as a significant independent predictor for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) [HR, 5.64; 95%CI, 1.43-22.34; p = 0.014].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> An increase in the cTn/ALC ratio was associated with the severity of ICI-myocarditis and could be an effective predictor of poor prognosis in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Lymphocyte Count</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), which has been approved for first-line treatment in a multitude of cancers, has demonstrated remarkable efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, ICI might be accompanied by a profile of autoimmune toxicities known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A systematic review of randomized controlled trials showed that fatal irAEs occurred in 0.43% of patients receiving programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, among which ICI-associated myocarditis (0.24%) was common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Real-world consistent data have confirmed a higher incidence of myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and a high fatality of ICI-mediated myocarditis, ranging from 35-50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, identifying prognostic biomarkers is crucial for promptly recognizing patients at risk of poor outcomes from ICI-associated myocarditis and providing early personalized therapy.</p>
        <p>Detection of circulatory indicators could be a promising non-invasive method to investigate factors affecting the prognosis of patients with severe myocarditis after receiving ICI. Cardiac troponin (cTn), a biomarker of myocardial injury, is frequently linked to the severity and outcomes of ICI-associated myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recent data suggest that hematological inflammatory parameters such as absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) are associated with ICI-myocarditis and show an important prognostic role for subsequent major adverse cardiac events (MACE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Since cTn is a cardiac-specific biomarker with high sensitivity and ALC is the only declined parameter that was significantly different between the myocarditis and non-myocarditis group, we wondered whether the integration of these two features&#8212;high cTn level and low ALC level&#8212;might outperform either parameter alone. Therefore, we aimed to validate the hypothesis that the ratio of cTn to ALC (cTn/ALC ratio), expected to be high in the former and low in the latter, would improve the ability to predict the risk of poor outcomes in patients with ICI-mediated myocarditis by amplifying the significant difference. Few studies on the relationship between the cTn/ALC ratio and clinical outcomes of ICI-associated myocarditis have been reported. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective study of 46 patients with ICI-associated myocarditis and 46 controls to characterize the role of cTn/ALC ratio in ICI-myocarditis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the cTn/ALC ratio in predicting clinical outcomes of patients with ICI-associated myocarditis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient population</title>
          <p>A retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted at a large hospital. Patients who developed ICI-associated myocarditis (cases) from May 2019 to August 2022, including those who were transferred to our hospital because of myocarditis, were included in the study. Controls were randomly selected from all patients who started ICI therapy during the same time interval and were confirmed not to develop any irAEs at a ratio of 1:1. The random procedure was performed using a computer-generated random number sequence, ensuring that each eligible patient had an equal chance of being included in the control group. The exclusion criteria included lack of clinical data, other causes of myocarditis, patients with inflammatory comorbidities, patients with other relevant irAEs and infectious diseases, and patients with liver or kidney dysfunction. This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of a large hospital. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The investigation conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection</title>
          <p>Demographics (age, gender, and body mass index), cardiovascular risk factors, malignancy status (cancer type and clinical stage), cancer medications (prior tumor therapy and ICI treatment status), clinical outcomes (MACE and survival), and hematological parameters (cardiac biomarkers and blood cells) were retrospectively extracted from electronic medical records. Data were recorded at the time of ICI-associated myocarditis onset in the myocarditis group and before the last ICI dose in the controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis and definitions</title>
          <p>Diagnosis of ICI myocarditis was performed by experienced oncologists and cardiologists based on the clinical criteria of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines or standard histological features present in endomyocardial biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ICI-related myocarditis grading was performed using the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events (version 5.0).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Cases were categorized as severe myocarditis if they displayed grade &#8805; 3 myocarditis, while mild myocarditis was defined as grade &#8804; 2 myocarditis. MACE was defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, and hemodynamically significant complete heart block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> MACE-free survival of ICI-related myocarditis patients was calculated from the diagnosis of ICI-associated myocarditis until MACE or the last follow-up date. The cTn/ALC ratio was calculated using the following equation: cTn/ALC ratio = cTn (pg/mL)/ALC (K/&#956;L).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were summarized as mean &#177; standard deviation or median with interquartile range (IQR). The normality of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were compared using either an independent-sample t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Chi-square (&#967;2) or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to analyze categorical variables. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the linear relationships between cTn/ALC and NT-proBNP, as well as between cTn/ALC and other clinical laboratory markers. The correlation coefficients and corresponding p-values were calculated to determine whether significant associations exist between the variables. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the discriminatory ability of the cTn/ALC ratio for diagnosis, differentiation of severity, and MACE prediction and to calculate the optimal cut-off value using the Youden Index. The statistical significance of differences between AUCs was evaluated using the DeLong test, implemented in SPSS (version 27.0). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with severe myocarditis, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated using maximum likelihood estimation. Additionally, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the potential interactions between cTn/ALC, NT-proBNP, and other clinical laboratory markers in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Interaction terms were included in the regression model. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to quantify the relationship between the cTn/ALC ratio and MACE-free survival. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to determine the prognostic factors associated with MACE-free survival in patients with myocarditis, with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimated based on the partial likelihood function. All statistical tests were two-tailed with a P &lt; 0.05 level of significance. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics 26.0 and GraphPad Prism 9.4. Figures were created using GraphPad Prism 9.4 and Microsoft PowerPoint 16.71.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and patient characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 46 patients clinically diagnosed with ICI-associated myocarditis were included in the study, and only one case was confirmed pathologically (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>). Given the rarity of ICI-associated myocarditis and the limited availability of data, we included all eligible cases identified during the study period (convenience sampling). The baseline clinical characteristics of all patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Among 46 patients with ICI-associated myocarditis, the mean age was 60 &#177; 11 years, and 76.1% were male. Patients with cardiac risk factors accounted for 50.0% of cases, among which smoking accounted for 32.6%, followed by hypertension (21.7%), which did not differ significantly between the myocarditis and control groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of myocarditis cases and controls</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Cases (n=46)</th>
                    <th>Controls (n=46)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, y, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">60&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">61&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.731</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">35 (76.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (76.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI, kg/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">22.2&#177;3.5</td>
                    <td align="center">23.4&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.109</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (current or past), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (32.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (41.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.388</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.536</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (17.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.599</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (47.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.835</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Primary cancer type</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lung cancer, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (78.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (97.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gastrointestinal tumors, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thymoma, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hepatoma, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.475</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renal cancer, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior cancer treatment</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chemotherapy, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (41.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (39.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.832</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VEGF or EGFR inhibitors, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (19.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (28.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.328</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Radiation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.432</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Surgery, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (34.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ICI treatment</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICI monotherapy, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICI combines chemotherapy, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (67.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (93.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICI combines VEGF or EGFR inhibitors, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (26.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.198</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ICI type</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Any PD-1</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (95.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.475</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Any PD-L1</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.475</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>BMI: body mass index; VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The most common indication for ICI in our cohort was lung cancer. Most patients in both groups were treated with PD-1 inhibitors. In addition, combination therapy (ICI combined with chemotherapy or ICI combined with targeted therapy) was the predominant treatment type in both groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of laboratory examination results in the myocarditis group and control group</title>
          <p>We compared the clinical examination results of patients with myocarditis with those of the controls. The cTn level on presentation was significantly higher in patients with ICI-myocarditis than in controls, while a significant decrease was observed in ALC in the myocarditis group. An increase in the cTn/ALC ratio was observed in the myocarditis group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory examination results on presentation in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis and controls</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Cases (n=46)</th>
                    <th>Controls (n=46)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88 (0.20-4.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00 (0.00-0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1326.25 (335.90-6198.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.37 (28.42-240.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">659.75 (205.70-3451.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.50 (41.45-89.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.50 (27.00-123.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.00 (7.00-14.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.30-0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55 (1.00-2.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.30-0.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65 (0.50-0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.85 (7.20-16.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.25 (3.00-5.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">179.00 (96.00-254.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">229.00 (187.00-318.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn/ALC ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">2.47 (0.30-11.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00 (0.00-0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of laboratory examination results in severe myocarditis group and mild myocarditis group</title>
          <p>In the myocarditis group, 31 patients (67.3%) experienced severe ICI-associated myocarditis. At the time of presentation, the median cTn was 2.19 pg/mL in the severe myocarditis group and 0.03 pg/mL in the mild myocarditis group. On the contrary, patients with severe myocarditis had lower ALC on presentation compared with patients with mild myocarditis. The cTn/ALC ratio significantly increased in the severe myocarditis group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a higher cTn/ALC ratio was independently and positively correlated with severe myocarditis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory examination results on presentation in patients with mild myocarditis and severe myocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Severe myocarditis (n=31)</th>
                    <th>Mild myocarditis (n=15)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.19 (0.48-9.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03 (0.01-0.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">3000.50 (528.50-9049.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">282.05 (22.20-860.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">991.35 (300.20-4013.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">280.80 (154.05-2147.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.089</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.50 (44.00-141.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.00 (16.00-38.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35 (0.20-0.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.60-1.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 (0.30-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40 (0.25-0.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.228</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.65 (9.20-17.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.45 (3.25-11.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">168.50 (79.00-255.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">207.00 (168.50-227.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.423</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP(mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.8 (13.84-116.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.26 (14.23-116.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.235</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFN-&#947; (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.58 (1.01-3.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38 (0.34-2.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.974</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (0.77-3.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22(0.65-3.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.335</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of hormone therapy (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (4-37)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (3-24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.115</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total dose of hormone therapy (mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">1500.00 (570.00-3584.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1000.00(600.00-3180.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.108</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn/ALC ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">4.87 (1.98-19.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07 (0.00-0.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Logistic regression analysis of Laboratory examination results associated with severity of immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (1.00-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.074</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (1.00-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.232</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.99-1.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.157</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47 (0.34-6.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.606</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27 (1.08-1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (1.00-1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99(0.98-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.609</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP(mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.98-1.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.412</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFN-&#947; (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.79 (0.50-6.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.368</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.22-1.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.416</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of hormone therapy (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 (0.97-1.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.181</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total dose of hormone therapy (mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.99-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.695</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTnI/ALC ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">4.66 (1.23-17.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                    <td align="center">5.05 (1.22-20.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation of troponin to lymphocyte ratio and prognosis</title>
          <p>During a median follow-up of 69 days (IQR: 17-227), MACE occurred in 18 cases (39.1%) and 16 out of 46 (34.8%) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). ROC curves were used to calculate the optimal cut-off point for predicting MACE in patients with myocarditis. To assess the predictive value of the cTn/ALC ratio for outcomes in patients with ICI-mediated myocarditis, ROC curves for cTn/ALC ratio, cTn, and ALC were compared. In multiple ROC curves for identifying patients who developed MACE, the cTn/ALC ratio showed better performance than cTn or ALC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001" specific-use="]">Central Illustration</xref>). However, the DeLong test revealed no statistically significant differences in AUC between the cTn/ALC ratio and cTn (p = 0.77) or ALC (p = 0.30). Based on ROC curve analysis, it was determined that the optimal cut-off value of the cTn/ALC ratio was 2.54 by means of the Youden Index. Myocarditis patients were classified into two groups [low cTn/ALC ratio group (cTn/ALC ratio&lt;2.54) and high cTn/ALC ratio group (cTn/ALC ratio &#8805; 2.54)] according to the cut-off value and the Kaplan-Meier curve was generated. A significantly lower MACE-free survival curve was observed in patients with a cTn/ALC ratio &#8805; 2.54 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). No significant linear relationship or potential interaction was found between the cTn/ALC ratio and NT-proBNP or other variables (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">Supplementary Tables 3 and 4</ext-link>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration:</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Prognostic Value of Troponin to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-associated Myocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20250047-50047-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>To determine whether the cTn/ALC ratio was an independent predictor of MACE in patients who suffered from ICI-associated myocarditis, we also performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>). Patients with myocarditis were divided into a high group and a low group according to the optimal cut-off value of each covariate obtained using ROC curves. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that patients with a higher cTn/ALC ratio (&#8805; 2.54) had a worse prognosis. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, a higher cTn/ALC ratio was significantly and independently associated with a trend toward reduced MACE-free survival in patients with ICI-related myocarditis. Therefore, the cTn/ALC ratio remained a strong independent predictor of MACE-free survival in patients with ICI-mediated myocarditis after adjusting for other confounding factors. These data suggested the value of the cTn/ALC ratio for predicting MACE in patients with ICI-mediated myocarditis.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory examination results on presentation in patients with prognosis in immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>MACE (n=18)</th>
                    <th>MACE free (n=28)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.57 (0.41-22.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26 (0.04-2.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">4848.00 (3775.00-9120.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1746.00 (334.80-5604.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2218.80 (457.85-3305.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">407.2 (183.10-1965.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.121</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">109.00 (82.00-207.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.00 (17.00-120.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60 (0.40-1.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.70-1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30 (0.10-0.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30 (0.30-1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.409</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ANC (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.60 (4.45-11.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.60 (3.80-10.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.676</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLT (K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">247.00 (129.50-337.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">105.00 (213.00-299.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFN-&#947; (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.98 (0.49-3.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55 (1.15-3.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.620</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.53-3.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (0.88-2.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.538</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.80 (23.03-122.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.04 (9.59-116.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.142</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of hormone therapy (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.00 (4.00-39.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.00 (5.00-32.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.554</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total dose of hormone therapy (mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">1686.00 (932.00-3130.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1000.00 (570.00-3910.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.181</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn/ALC ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">6.53 (0.68-34.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37 (0.04-2.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>MACE: major adverse cardiac events.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cox proportional regression analysis of laboratory examination results associated with prognosis in immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP (&lt;2872.50 vs. &#8805;2872.50, pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.46 (1.43-13.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">6.25 (1.63-23.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK (&lt;426.85 vs. &#8805;426.85, U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.68 (1.29-25.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (&lt;62.50 vs. &#8805;62.50, U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.09 (1.70-21.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ANC (&lt;8.90 vs. &#8805;8.90, K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.02 (1.6-100.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">16.37 (1.75-153.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMC (&lt;0.55 vs. &#8805;0.55, K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09(0.45-2.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.843</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08(0.01-1.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.064</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLT (&lt;222.50 vs. &#8805;222.50, K/&#956;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00(0.99-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99(0.98-1.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.905</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP (&lt;29.42 vs. &#8805;29.42, mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00(0.98-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.797</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02(0.98-1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.370</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFN-&#947; (&lt;2.85 vs. &#8805;2.85, pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08(0.72-1.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.921</td>
                    <td align="center">0.901(0.47-1.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.779</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TNF-&#945;(&lt;2.67 vs. &#8805;2.67, pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20(0.74-1.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.444</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08(0.45-2.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.863</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of hormone therapy (&lt;28 vs. &#8805;28, day)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99(0.94-1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.775</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00(0.91-1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.966-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total dose of hormone therapy (&lt;1276 vs. &#8805;1276 mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00(0.99-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00(1.00-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.394</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTn/ALC ratio (&lt;2.54 vs. &#8805;2.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.62 (2.15-26.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">5.64 (1.43-22.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this retrospective study, we investigated the prognostic value of the cTn/ALC ratio in predicting outcomes in patients with myocarditis following ICI therapy. We found that, among patients who developed myocarditis after ICI treatment, higher cTn/ALC ratios at the time of onset were associated with more severe clinical manifestations and worse prognosis. Specifically, the cTn/ALC ratio can effectively and independently predict the severity and prognosis of ICI-related myocarditis. The cTn/ALC ratio integrates two distinct but complementary biomarkers: cardiac troponin (cTn), a specific marker of myocardial injury, and ALC, which reflects the systemic immune status and is often reduced in severe cases. Compared to traditional biomarkers cTn or ALC, cTn/ALC not only accounts for immune dysregulation (ALC) but also amplifies the signal of myocardial injury (cTn). As a composite biomarker, the cTn/ALC ratio provides an earlier and more comprehensive reflection of the patient&#8217;s pathophysiological state. Our study establishes the cut-off value of the cTn/ALC ratio for predicting the prognosis of immune-related myocarditis. When the cTn/ALC ratio exceeds this threshold, the risk of poor prognosis significantly increases. Therefore, this threshold can be used for risk stratification in patients with immune-related myocarditis, helping clinicians to identify high-risk MACE patients promptly. Given the wide availability, standardization, low cost, minimally invasive nature, and ease of interpretation of both cTn and ALC measurements, the cTn/ALC ratio may serve as a clinically feasible predictive marker for the severity and prognosis of ICI-induced myocarditis.</p>
        <p>In patients diagnosed with ICI myocarditis, more than half of cases would progress to severe myocarditis, which is associated with poor prognosis of ICI-mediated myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Consistent data have established that early identification of severe myocarditis followed by high-dose and early corticosteroid intervention could significantly reduce the occurrence of MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Therefore, indicators to identify the severity of ICI-myocarditis are urgently needed. Both Lei and Puzanov10, 11 have reported differences between mild and severe myocarditis. Both studies found that troponin levels were significantly elevated in patients with severe ICI-myocarditis. However, they did not find significant differences in blood cells, including lymphocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In contrast, our study found that ALC was significantly associated with the severity of ICI-myocarditis. In our analysis, we found not only differences in cardiac troponin (cTn) and lymphocyte levels between the mild and severe myocarditis groups but also a significant increase in the cTn/ALC ratio, which combines high cTn and low ALC in the severe myocarditis group. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the cTn/ALC ratio was independently associated with severe ICI-related myocarditis.</p>
        <p>Meanwhile, some studies have suggested that NT-proBNP is a marker of prognosis and severity in heart failure, and it could potentially serve as a marker for the severity and prognosis of myocarditis as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, we also collected and analyzed NT-proBNP data from these myocarditis patients. However, our analysis found that NT-proBNP is not strongly associated with the severity of immune-related myocarditis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). It is suggested that NT-proBNP cannot predict the severity of immune-related myocarditis, whereas the cTn/ALC ratio identified in this study can predict the severity of immune-related myocarditis.</p>
        <p>Early identification and targeted treatment of patients at high risk of MACE are also crucial for the improvement of prognosis. An inexpensive and widely available biomarker that could stratify the risk of poor prognosis at the time of diagnosis may be useful. Troponin is a highly specific indicator of cardiac tissue damage and can be detected in serum. In a study by Waissengein, MACE was found to be more common in patients with an elevated baseline cTn in patients with cardiovascular irAEs, including myocarditis. In addition, elevated follow-up cTn level emerged as a significant independent predictor for the development of adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Similarly, a study by Puzanov showed that a higher cTn level was associated with increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Peripheral blood cell examination is a routine procedure for patients with cancer before and after ICI administration; therefore, peripheral blood cells are frequently used as prognostic indicators for patients with cancer. A retrospective study by Drobni et al. demonstrated that there was a statistically significant decrease in ALC from baseline to before the last ICI dose to presentation with myocarditis in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis. Moreover, a greater decrease in ALC was associated with the occurrence of subsequent MACE. An ALC reduction &gt; 35% was associated with worse outcomes after ICI-mediated myocarditis, suggesting that ALC measurement could be used as a diagnostic algorithm in ICI-associated myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Another study conducted by Xie et al. showed that the ALC level at presentation was lower than the baseline ALC level in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref>). In our study, we observed elevated cTn levels and reduced ALC levels in the MACE group. More importantly, the ratio of these two markers (cTn/ALC ratio) showed a significant correlation with the prognosis of ICI-related myocarditis. Based on ROC analysis and survival analysis, the cTn/ALC ratio demonstrated a higher predictive value for MACE compared to either cTn or ALC alone. The optimal cut-off value for the cTn/ALC ratio to assess MACE risk was defined as 2.54. It is suggested that the cTn/ALC ratio, as a predictor of the prognosis of immune-related myocarditis, has better clinical value compared to cTn and ALC as individual markers. Nevertheless, in addition to cTn and ALC, some studies have suggested that NT-proBNP is not only a prognostic marker for heart failure but may also be a relevant indicator for the prognosis of myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, we also collected NT-proBNP data from patients with immune-related myocarditis and analyzed its correlation with prognosis. We found that NT-proBNP is also associated with the prognosis of immune-related myocarditis patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>), and thus, we performed ROC curve analysis. The results showed that, compared to NT-proBNP, the cTn/ALC ratio has superior predictive value for MACE events. These findings indicate that compared to cTn, ALC, and NT-proBNP, the cTn/ALC ratio is a more effective and clinically valuable predictor of prognosis in patients with immune-related myocarditis.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Summary of studies on the role of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and/or cTnI in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) associated myocarditis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N</th>
                  <th align="left">Study design</th>
                  <th>Number of patients with ICI-associated myocarditis</th>
                  <th>Main finding of ALC</th>
                  <th>Main finding cTn</th>
                  <th>Publish year</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td>Retrospective study</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">Lymphopenia was found in 66.7% of patients with cardiac irAEs (66.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">All patients had elevations in cTn level.</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td>Retrospective study</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Troponin was associated with severe myocarditis, and MACE&#8212;peak troponin levels after myocarditis were related to myocarditis severity.</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td>Prospective study</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Within 72 hours of admission, cTn was increased in patients with myocarditis compared with the upper reference limit with varying degrees.</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td>Retrospective study</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Higher cTn level on presentation correlated with progression to severe myocarditis. Higher cTn level was associated with increased mortality.</td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td>Retrospective study</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">In some cases, there was a statistically significant decrease in ALC from baseline to before the last ICI dose to presentation with myocarditis. A greater decrease in ALC was also associated with the occurrence of subsequent MACE.</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td>Retrospective study</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">ALC level on presentation in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis was lower than the baseline ALC level.</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the retrospective and single-center design introduces potential selection bias. Our convenience sampling approach (including all eligible cases during the study period) may not fully represent the broader population of ICI-associated myocarditis, especially given the rarity of this condition. Additionally, the control group, although randomly selected, was derived from the same institution, which might limit the generalizability of our findings. Second, the small sample size (n=46) and short follow-up duration (median 69 days) restrict the statistical power to detect subtle associations and long-term outcomes. They may also contribute to the wider confidence intervals observed in our logistic regression and Cox regression analyses. While our findings suggest a strong association between the cTn/ALC ratio and outcomes, the wide CI emphasizes the need for further validation in larger cohorts. Therefore, we will conduct future multicenter studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-ups to validate our findings and refine the prognostic utility of the cTn/ALC ratio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In our cohort, the increase in the cTn/ALC ratio that occurred in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis could contribute to risk stratification in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis. The cTn/ALC ratio at presentation has emerged as a significantly strong independent predictor of the prognosis in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We are grateful to patients from The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University who participated in this study, as well as all healthcare workers involved in the diagnosis and treatment.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials:</label>
          <p> For additional information Supplemental Material 1, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 2, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12209/2025-0047_supplementary_fig1.png">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the The Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University under the protocol number 2022-80. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> Due to the presence of sensitive clinical information and ongoing data curation, the full dataset is not publicly available at this stage.However, data necessary to evaluate the findings of this study can be made available to reviewers upon request, under confidentiality and ethical compliance.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (202102010186, 202201020466); Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association (2023A30) and Guangzhou Medical University (02-445-2301186).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
