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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">L43ZjbV3m4yYd85db8HcJWF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240869</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Rela&#231;&#227;o Glicose/Linf&#243;cito e Les&#227;o Renal Aguda Induzida por Contraste em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio N&#227;o Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;k</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtul</surname>
            <given-names>Alparslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Or&#231;un</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5966-2488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalta</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Trakya University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mustafa Kemal Universitesi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Tayfur Ata Sokmen Tip Fakultesi,</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal Universitesi Tayfur Ata Sokmen Tip Fakultesi, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Murat G&#246;k &#8226; Cardiology Department, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne 22030 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drmuratg@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240869</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O metabolismo da glicose e a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica parecem estar fortemente relacionados a muitas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A rela&#231;&#227;o glicose-linf&#243;cito (RGL), um novo marcador promissor, tem sido reconhecida como um preditor confi&#225;vel de progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o existem estudos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e GLR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Esta an&#225;lise teve como objetivo investigar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre RGL e o risco de les&#227;o renal aguda induzida por contraste (LRAIC) ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os dados cl&#237;nicos de 592 pacientes com IAMST n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos tratados com ICPP entre fevereiro de 2021 e fevereiro de 2023 foram analisados retrospectivamente. Pacientes com doen&#231;a renal terminal, dados laboratoriais ausentes, c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias/infecciosas ou que faleceram durante o procedimento ou dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento foram exclu&#237;dos. A curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi utilizada para determinar o valor de corte ideal da RGL na LRAIC. Com base nesse valor de corte, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi categorizada em grupos de RGL alta (&#8805;4,16) e RGL baixa (&lt;4,16). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A incid&#234;ncia geral de LRAIC foi de 7,4%. O grupo de RGL alta apresentou uma incid&#234;ncia maior de LRAIC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de RGL baixa (30,9% vs. 1,3%, p&lt;0,001). Ap&#243;s ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, a RGL alta continuou sendo um preditor independente para LRAIC [raz&#227;o de chances (OR) 45,100, intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% 7,312-278,174, p&lt;0,001], assim como a creatinina na admiss&#227;o (OR: 10,459, IC 95% 1,169-93,583, p=0,036).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em conclus&#227;o, a RGL elevada foi um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de LRAIC ICPP em indiv&#237;duos com IAMST sem diabetes mellitus.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Renal Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A les&#227;o renal aguda induzida por contraste (LRAIC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o desafiadora, particularmente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMST), mesmo naqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o renal basal normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A resposta inflamat&#243;ria e o estresse oxidativo desempenham um papel significativo em sua fisiopatologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de LRAIC tem sido fortemente associada a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar prolongada e custos substanciais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o do risco de LRAIC e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos adequados de prote&#231;&#227;o renal podem melhorar substancialmente os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com IAMST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Assim, h&#225; uma necessidade evidente de biomarcadores novos e de f&#225;cil acesso para a r&#225;pida previs&#227;o do risco de LRAIC.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o glicose-linf&#243;cito (RGL) tem sido considerada um &#237;ndice do metabolismo da glicose e da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, sendo relatada como um promissor &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico em pacientes com v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dados recentes tamb&#233;m sugerem que a RGL pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas importantes em pacientes criticamente enfermos com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, existe apenas um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relatando o valor cl&#237;nico da RGL pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria na previs&#227;o da LRAIC em pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum estudo analisando a poss&#237;vel liga&#231;&#227;o entre RGL e LRAIC em pacientes com STEMI tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP). Assim, neste estudo retrospectivo, analisamos o valor potencial da RGL na admiss&#227;o para prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de LRAIC ap&#243;s ICPP em pacientes com IAMST sem diabetes mellitus, utilizando um banco de dados hospitalar retrospectivo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Um total de 614 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com IAMST submetidos &#224; ICPP foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo retrospectivo. Pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal (n=7), valores ausentes de glicose ou linf&#243;citos (n=2), c&#226;ncer (n=4), doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria/infecciosa (n=4) ou que faleceram durante o procedimento ou dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento (n=5) foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Um total de 592 indiv&#237;duos foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Trakya, Turquia. Devido ao desenho retrospectivo, a exig&#234;ncia de um termo de consentimento informado foi dispensada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes; IAMST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; ICPP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria; RGL: rela&#231;&#227;o glicose/linf&#243;citos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240869-40869-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas de todos os indiv&#237;duos antes da ICPP e 24, 48 e 72 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento para an&#225;lise laboratorial. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos. Esses inclu&#237;ram &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), idade, g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, n&#237;veis de colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, glicose s&#233;rica, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, creatinina, gl&#243;bulos brancos, linf&#243;citos e de plaquetas, RGL, troponina T e prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade. Um analisador hematol&#243;gico autom&#225;tico e contador de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas (XE-2100, Sysmex, Kobe, Jap&#227;o) foi usado para an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros do hemograma completo. A RGL foi calculada usando glicose sangu&#237;nea na admiss&#227;o (mmol/L)/contagem de linf&#243;citos (&#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L).</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAMST foi baseado nos seguintes crit&#233;rios sugeridos pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia: (1) angina pectoris t&#237;pica persistindo por mais de 30 minutos; (2) altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas no ECG (eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ponto J em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, manifestando-se como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST de 1,5 mm em mulheres, 2,5 mm em homens &lt; 40 anos, 2 mm em homens &#8805; 40 anos nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2&#8211;V3 e/ou 1 mm de eleva&#231;&#227;o em outras deriva&#231;&#245;es na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo); (3) eleva&#231;&#227;o nos marcadores s&#233;ricos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; (4) anatomia t&#237;pica na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto, indicando interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como a m&#233;dia (de tr&#234;s medidas) da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg, ou o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. O diabetes mellitus foi definido como hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5%, glicemia de jejum &#8805; 6,94 mmol/L, ou o uso de insulina ou outros medicamentos para diabetes. Pacientes j&#225; diagnosticados ou rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com diabetes n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O tabagismo ativo foi definido como tabagismo regular nos &#250;ltimos seis meses. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a evolu&#231;&#227;o da LRAIC, definida principalmente como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o absoluta da creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 0,027 mmol/L ou uma eleva&#231;&#227;o relativa da creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 25% ocorrendo dentro de 48&#8211;72 horas ap&#243;s ICPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes receberam rotineiramente uma &#250;nica dose de aspirina oral (300 mg), 600 mg de clopidogrel/180 mg de ticagrelor antes doa ICPP e 100 U/kg de heparina n&#227;o fracionada intravenosa (doses adicionais foram administradas quando apropriado, para atingir um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado &gt; 250 segundos). A ICPP foi realizada via acesso transfemoral utilizando instrumentos padr&#245;es (fios-guia padr&#227;o, cateteres e <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos). A decis&#227;o de usar antagonistas da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foi deixada a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista operador. A hidrata&#231;&#227;o intravenosa foi administrada conforme a prefer&#234;ncia do cardiologista da unidade de terapia intensiva coronariana. O meio de contraste utilizado no procedimento foi n&#227;o i&#244;nico e de baixa osmolaridade (Iohexol [Omnipaque; GE Healthcare Inc.]). O tempo total de isquemia (per&#237;odo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica) tamb&#233;m foi avaliado. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi avaliada por ecocardiografia bidimensional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi aplicado para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e comparadas usando o teste t para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil 25&#186;-75&#186;) e comparadas pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como contagens e porcentagens (%) e comparadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado. A curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi utilizada para determinar o valor de corte ideal da RGL para LRAIC. Todos os fatores potenciais para LRAIC foram inicialmente avaliados por an&#225;lise univariada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada e a raz&#227;o de chances (OR, <italic>odds ratio</italic>) ajustada tamb&#233;m foram realizadas na coorte do estudo para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre RGL e LRAIC. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o pacote de software estat&#237;stico SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois) vers&#227;o 24.0, e um valor de P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 592 indiv&#237;duos (idade m&#233;dia de 56,9 anos, 81,3% homens), a LRAIC foi observada em 44 (7,4%). As caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>; 63% (n=373) eram fumantes ativos e 30,9% (n=183) tinham hipertens&#227;o arterial. Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, o ponto de corte ideal para a RGL foi de 4,16, com boa sensibilidade (87%) e especificidade (88%) (AUC = 0,908, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Os indiv&#237;duos foram categorizados em dois grupos com base no valor de corte da RGL &#8211; 123 pacientes no grupo &#8220;RGL alta&#8221; (&#8805;4,16) e 469 pacientes no grupo &#8220;RGL baixa&#8221; (&lt;4,16). O grupo com RGL alta apresentou uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de LRAIC (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Os indiv&#237;duos do grupo RGL alta eram mais velhos e tinham uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente menor de tabagismo ativo, al&#233;m de uma maior porcentagem de mulheres, hipertens&#227;o arterial, les&#245;es coron&#225;rias multivasculares e pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com RGL baixa. Comparado ao grupo com RGL baixa, o grupo de indiv&#237;duos com RGL alta apresentou n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de glicose s&#233;rica, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, volume de contraste e tempo total de isquemia, al&#233;m de menor FEVE, triglicer&#237;deos, hemoglobina e contagem de linf&#243;citos na admiss&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia de sobreviv&#234;ncia hospitalar tamb&#233;m foi menor no grupo com RGL alta (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo a rela&#231;&#227;o glicose/linf&#243;cito (baixa ou alta)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Rela&#231;&#227;o glicose/linf&#243;cito</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Baixa (&lt; 4,16) (n=469)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Alta (&#8805; 4,16) (n=123)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">54,8 &#177;11,8</td>
                <td align="center">64,7&#177;13,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">76 (16,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (26,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo ativo</td>
                <td align="center">319(68,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (43,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">166 (35,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">133(28,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (40,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">110 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (22,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,1&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">127&#177;22</td>
                <td align="center">126&#177;25</td>
                <td align="center">0,635</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,8&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,4&#177;15,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">77,6&#177;14,7</td>
                <td align="center">80,1&#177;16,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47,8&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">43,7&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">10,50 &#177; 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">10,33 &#177; 2,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">3,13 &#177; 0,93</td>
                <td align="center">3,08 &#177; 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">3,78(2,66-5,12)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (2,09-4,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147 &#177;0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,137 &#177; 0,022</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (x10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 &#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (x10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (2,2-3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (0,9-1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas (x10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                <td align="center">245 (211-291)</td>
                <td align="center">233 (187-279)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia na admiss&#227;o (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">6,28 (5,50-7,28)</td>
                <td align="center">7,78 (6,33-9,78)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o glicose/linf&#243;cito na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">40 (30-53)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (83-143)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica na admiss&#227;o (&#181;mol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">90,1 &#177; 16,7</td>
                <td align="center">97,2 &#177; 26,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">6,02 (2,4-10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (3,5-10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de troponina T (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,813 (6,35-9,702)</td>
                <td align="center">4,767 (1,159-10,000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de IECA / BRA</td>
                <td align="center">387 (82,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (73,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de estatina</td>
                <td align="center">443 (94,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (94,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,547</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#245;es coron&#225;rias em m&#250;ltiplos vasos</td>
                <td align="center">210 (44,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (59,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto</td>
                <td align="center">169 (36,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (26,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">255 (54,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume de meio de contraste (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (100-200)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (110-200)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total de isquemia (min)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (90-180)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (90-240)</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,17 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td align="center">3,15 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,693</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria culpada</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">207 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (40,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,458</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">96 (20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (17,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria direita</td>
                <td align="center">166 (35,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (41,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LRAIC</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">38(30,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrevida no hospital</td>
                <td align="center">458 (97,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (86,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; IECA: inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina; LRAIC: les&#227;o renal aguda induzida por contraste; valores em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mediana (intervalo interquartil ou n&#250;mero (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da curva ROC da Rela&#231;&#227;o Glicose/Linf&#243;cito (RGL) na predi&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o renal aguda induzida por contraste em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240869-40869-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central:</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Rela&#231;&#227;o Glicose/Linf&#243;cito e Les&#227;o Renal Aguda Induzida por Contraste em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio N&#227;o Diab&#233;ticos</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240869-40869-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada revelou que a RGL elevada, idade, g&#234;nero feminino, alto IMC, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo ativo, contagem de plaquetas, hemoglobina, creatinina s&#233;rica, FEVE e volume de meio de contraste estavam relacionados com o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de LRAIC. Esse achado foi corroborado pelos resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada. A RGL elevada continuou sendo um preditor independente de LRAIC na coorte do estudo ap&#243;s o ajuste, com um OR de 45,100 (p&lt;0,001), juntamente com a creatinina (OR: 10,459, p=0,036) ap&#243;s ajuste para IMC, g&#234;nero, idade, comorbidades, FEVE, quantidade total de contraste e resultados laboratoriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada para les&#227;o renal aguda induzida por contraste em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Odds ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Odds ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,095 (1,068-1,123)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,053 (0,977-1,135)</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">3,387 (1,784-6,430)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,233 (0,318-15,685)</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">0,904 (0,818-0,998)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,905 (0,738-1,109)</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">3,597 (1,918-6,747)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,205 (0,437-11,131)</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,503 (0,208-1,216)</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,219 (0,112-0,428)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,562 (0,67-4,6866)</td>
                <td align="center">0,594</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">1,064 (0,992-1,142)</td>
                <td align="center">0,083</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RGL &#8805; 4,16</td>
                <td align="center">34,498 (14,145-84,136)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">45,100 (7,312-278,174)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas</td>
                <td align="center">0,994 (0,989-0,999)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,992 (0,980-1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-us</td>
                <td align="center">1,008 (0,987-1,029)</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">30,623 (9,659-97,090)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">10,459 (1,169-93,583)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">0,967 (0,572-0,777)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,877 (0,570-1,350)</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">0,985 (0,971-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">0,978 (0,955-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">1,009 (0,989-1,030)</td>
                <td align="center">0,376</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,924 (0,893-0,956)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,921 (0,848-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total de isquemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (0,999-1,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume de meio de contraste</td>
                <td align="center">1,008 (1,004-1,012)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,007 (0,998-1,015)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#245;es coron&#225;rias em m&#250;ltiplos vasos</td>
                <td align="center">0,611 (0,328-1,141)</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do stent</td>
                <td align="center">0,714 (0,340-1,499)</td>
                <td align="center">0,374</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento do stent</td>
                <td align="center">1,005 (0,979-1,030)</td>
                <td align="center">0,722</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RGL: rela&#231;&#227;o glicose/linf&#243;cito; PCR-us: Prote&#237;na C-reativa Ultrassens&#237;vel; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presente an&#225;lise sugere que a RGL &#233; um preditor independente de LRAIC em pacientes com IAMST n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos tratados com ICPP. Esse achado pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas, terap&#234;uticas e progn&#243;sticas importantes nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de LRAIC ap&#243;s ICPP depende amplamente das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais, juntamente com fatores que surgem durante a interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em concord&#226;ncia com estudos anteriores, a incid&#234;ncia de LRAIC foi de 7,4% em nosso estudo. Os mecanismos da LRAIC incluem principalmente a toxicidade tubular renal direta exercida pelo contraste e altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas renais que levam &#224; hip&#243;xia medular e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e posteriormente &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de radicais de oxig&#234;nio, e de subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras e trombog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A LRAIC tem sido um fator de risco para desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal basal, e uma limita&#231;&#227;o potencial para interven&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares invasivas, especialmente em pacientes com IAMST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A mitiga&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de LRAIC em pacientes com IAMST pode reduzir significativamente eventos adversos p&#243;s-procedimento e, assim, melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Muitos pesquisadores demonstraram que certos biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios derivados do hemograma podem desempenhar um papel crucial na previs&#227;o do risco de LRAIC no contexto do IAMST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, apenas alguns estudos analisaram o impacto combinado de fatores inflamat&#243;rios e glicose nesse contexto.</p>
      <p>A RGL &#233; um &#237;ndice inovador que reflete tanto o metabolismo da glicose quanto a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e tem sido sugerido como um marcador de risco promissor no contexto de malignidade e unidade de terapia intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, poucos estudos exploraram a relev&#226;ncia da RGL nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Importante destacar que este parece ser o primeiro estudo a explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a RGL pr&#233;-intervencional e o desenvolvimento de LRAIC em pacientes com IAMST (submetidos &#224; ICPPI), sugerindo que a RGL pode ser um preditor independente de LRAIC nesses indiv&#237;duos de alto risco. Portanto, este estudo aumentou ainda mais a utilidade cl&#237;nica desse &#237;ndice.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos absolutos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o independente entre RGL e LRAIC ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos. Por outro lado, a glicose s&#233;rica &#233; considerada um marcador metab&#243;lico potencialmente associado &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de uma inflama&#231;&#227;o sutil e persistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias crescentes demonstraram que n&#237;veis elevados de glicose podem desencadear estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica associada, que pode se manifestar pela express&#227;o de v&#225;rios mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em circunst&#226;ncias de hiperglicemia, c&#233;lulas endoteliais ativadas podem liberar citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias em resposta a sinais par&#225;crinos e aut&#243;crinos, geralmente demonstrando um ciclo vicioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a hiperglicemia pode induzir a oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose juntamente com a glica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o enzim&#225;tica de prote&#237;nas, levando a uma produ&#231;&#227;o desproporcionalmente alta de radicais livres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, mecanismos de defesa antioxidantes podem ter o potencial de prevenir tais danos patol&#243;gicos e a resist&#234;ncia emergente &#224; insulina, ainda mais agravada pelo estresse oxidativo associado &#224; hiperglicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, como um componente crucial da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da contagem de linf&#243;citos pode estar associada a um progn&#243;stico cardiovascular ruim no IAMST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Diversos estudos sugeriram biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios s&#233;ricos baseados em linf&#243;citos (incluindo a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> o &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> entre outros) como marcadores do desenvolvimento de LRAIC e desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes de diversas popula&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, apenas alguns estudos investigaram o impacto combinado de fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e glicose como fator metab&#243;lico. Em conjunto, a RGL representa o impacto sin&#233;rgico da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e da glicose, sugerindo seu valor cl&#237;nico &#250;nico. No entanto, o valor cl&#237;nico da RGL na previs&#227;o de LRAIC deve ser mais amplamente testado em pacientes com IAMST, bem como em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, trata-se de uma an&#225;lise de um &#250;nico centro, o que pode estar inerentemente associado a vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o, mesmo com um grande tamanho amostral. Segundo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar as mudan&#231;as seriadas no valor da RGL durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Terceiro, os n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica podem ser influenciados por altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, embora nenhum paciente da coorte do estudo tenha apresentado choque cardiog&#234;nico. Por fim, trata-se de uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, o que pode justificar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos prospectivos para confirmar essas descobertas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, mostramos, pela primeira vez, que a RGL na admiss&#227;o pode atuar como um preditor independente de LRAIC p&#243;s-procedimento em indiv&#237;duos com IAMST tratados com ICPP. Esses resultados podem impactar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, incluindo a possibilidade de utilizar a RGL em protocolos cl&#237;nicos e estrat&#233;gias de prote&#231;&#227;o renal, como hidrata&#231;&#227;o intravenosa e uso limitado de meio de contraste durante o procedimento. Estudos prospectivos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para entender melhor o mecanismo da rela&#231;&#227;o entre RGL elevada e LRAIC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/mca.0b013e328332ee15</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do T&#252;tf-Giri&#351;imsel Olmayan Bilimsel Ara&#351;tirmalar Etik Kurulu sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo TUTF-GOBAEK 2023/371. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240869i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Glucose/lymphocytes Ratio and Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Myocardial Infarction without Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;k</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtul</surname>
            <given-names>Alparslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Or&#231;un</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5966-2488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalta</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal Universitesi Tayfur Ata Sokmen Tip Fakultesi, Hatay &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Murat G&#246;k &#8226; Cardiology Department, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne 22030 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: drmuratg@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Glucose metabolism and systemic inflammation appears to be strongly related to many cardiovascular diseases. Glucose to lymphocyte ratio (GLR), a novel promising marker, has been recognized as a reliable predictor of prognosis in various cancers. However, there are still no studies on the association of cardiovascular disease with GLR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This analysis aimed to uncover the potential association between GLR and the risk for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in a ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Clinical data of 592 nondiabetic STEMI patients managed with PPCI from February 2021 to February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with end-stage kidney disease, missing laboratory data, cancers, inflammatory/infectious diseases, or died during the procedure or within 24 hours after the procedure were excluded. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff of GLR in CI-AKI. Based on the cutoff value, the study population was categorized into high-GLR (&#8805;4.16) and low-GLR (&lt;4.16) groups. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The overall CI-AKI incidence was 7.4%. The high-GLR group showed a higher CI-AKI incidence in comparison to the low-GLR group (30.9%vs1.3%, p&lt;0.001). Following adjustment for potential confounders, high-GLR still served as an independent predictor for CI-AKI (odds ratio [OR] 45.100, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.312-278.174, p&lt;0.001), as well as creatinine at admission (OR:10.459, 95%CI 1.169-93.583, p=0.036).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> In conclusion, a high GLR level served as an independent risk factor for CI-AKI evolution after PPCI in subjects with STEMI without diabetes mellitus.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Kidney Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) has been a challenging condition particularly in subjects with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) even in those with normal renal functions at baseline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Inflammatory response and oxidative stress play a significant role in its pathophysiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CI-AKI has been strongly associated with unfavorable outcomes, prolonged hospital stay as well as substantial healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, timely detection of CI-AKI risk and implementation of proper reno-protective algorithms may substantially improve clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Accordingly, there exists an obvious need for novel and easily accessible biomarkers for the quick prediction of CI-AKI risk in this context.</p>
        <p>The glucose-to-lymphocyte ratio (GLR) has been regarded as an index of glucose metabolism and systemic inflammatory response, and has been reported to serve as a promising prognostic index in subjects with various cancer types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, recent data also suggest that GLR could provide important prognostic information in critically ill patients with acute inflammatory diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> To date, there is only one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reporting the clinical value of preoperative GLR in predicting postoperative CI-AKI in intensive care unit patients following cardiac surgery. However, there has been no single study analyzing the potential link between GLR and CI-AKI in STEMI patients managed with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Accordingly, in this retrospective study, we analyzed the potential value of admission GLR in predicting CI-AKI following PPCI in patients with STEMI without diabetes mellitus using a retrospective hospital database.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of Patients</title>
          <p>A total of 614 nondiabetic subjects with STEMI undergoing PPCI were included in this retrospective study. Patients with end-stage kidney disease (n=7), missing values of glucose or lymphocyte (n=2), with known cancer (n=4), inflammatory/infectious disease (n=4), or died during the procedure or within 24 hours after the procedure (n=5) were excluded from the study. A total of 592 subjects were included in the final analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Trakya University Hospital, Turkey. Due to the retrospective design, the requirement to sign an informed consent form was waived.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study flow diagram; STEMI: ST-Elevation myocardial infarction, PPCI: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention, GLR: glucose-to-lymphocyte ratio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240869-40869-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Venous blood samples were obtained from all subjects before PPCI and at 24, 48 and 72 h following the procedure for laboratory analysis. Demographic data, medical features and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records. These included: body mass index (BMI), age, gender, hypertension, smoking status, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, serum glucose, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, creatinine, white blood cell, lymphocyte, and platelet levels, GLR, troponin t and high- sensitive C reactive protein. An automatic hematology analyzer and blood cell counter (XE-2100, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) was used for the analysis of complete blood cell parameters. The GLR was calculated using admission blood glucose (mmol/L)/lymphocyte count (&#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L).</p>
          <p>STEMI diagnosis was based on the following criteria suggested by the European Society of Cardiology: (1) typical angina pectoris persisting more than 30 min.; (2) dynamic alterations on ECG (ST-segment elevation at the J-point at least in two contiguous leads manifesting as an ST-segment elevation of 1.5 mm in women, 2.5 mm in men &lt; 40 years, 2 mm in men 40 years in the leads V2&#8211;V3 and/or 1 mm elevation in other leads in those without left bundle branch block); (3) elevation in serum markers of myocardial injury; (4) typical anatomy in the infarct-related artery indicating coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Hypertension was defined as the average (of three measurements) systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive medication. Diabetes mellitus was defined as glycohemoglobin &#8805; 6.5%, fasting blood glucose &#8805; 6.94 mmol/L, or the use of insulin or other diabetes medication. Patients already diagnosed with or newly diagnosed with diabetes were not included in the study. Active smoking was defined as regular smoking within the past six months. The primary outcome was CI-AKI evolution primarily defined as an absolute serum creatinine elevation of &#8805; 0.027 mmol/L or a relative elevation in serum creatinine &#8805; 25% within 48&#8211;72 h following the PPCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All patients were routinely administered a single dose of oral aspirin (300 mg), 600 mg of clopidogrel/180 mg of ticagrelor preceding the PPCI, and 100 U/kg of intravenous unfractioned heparin (additional doses were administered, where appropriate, to attain an activated clotting time value of &gt; 250 seconds). PPCI was implemented via the transfemoral route using standard clinical tools (standard guidewires, catheters and drug-eluting stents). The decision to use glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists was left to the discretion of the operating cardiologist. Intravenous hydration was given following the coronary intensive care unit cardiologist&#8217;s preference. The contrast medium used in the procedure was non-ionic and low-osmolar (Iohexol [Omnipaque; GE Healthcare Inc.]) The total ischemic time (the period starting from symptom onset to mechanical reperfusion) was also evaluated. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated with 2-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to verify the normal distribution of the variables. Continuous variables having normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and were compared using the independent sample t-test. Continuous variables in the absence of normal distribution were expressed as median (25th-75th interquartile range) and were compared by the Mann&#8211;Whitney U-test. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages (%) and were compared using the chi-square test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff value of GLR for CI-AKI. All potential factors for CI-AKI were first evaluated by univariate analysis. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Multivariate logistic regression and adjusted odds ratio (OR) were also performed in the study cohort to examine the relationship between GLR and CI-AKI. All analyses were performed using the SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois) 24.0 statistical software package, and a p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 592 subjects (mean age 56.9 years, 81.3% men), CI-AKI was observed in 44 (7.4%). The baseline characteristics were listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>; 63% (n=373) were active smokers and 30.9% (n=183) had arterial hypertension. In ROC curve analysis, the optimal cutoff value for the GLR was found to be 4.16, with good sensitivity (87%) and specificity (88%) (AUC = 0.908, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). The subjects were categorized into two groups based on the optimal cutoff of GLR &#8211; 123 patients in the high-GLR group (&#8805;4.16), and 469 patients in the low-GLR group (&lt;4.16). High-GLR group was found to have a significantly higher incidence of CI-AKI (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The subjects in the high GLR group were older and had a significantly lower prevalence of active smoking and a higher percentage of women, arterial hypertension, multivessel coronary lesions and balloon predilatation compared with low GLR group. Compared with the low-GLR group, the high-GLR group was found to have significantly higher serum glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, contrast media volume and total ischemia time, and lower LVEF, triglyceride, lower hemoglobin, lymphocyte count at admission. The incidence of in-hospital survival was also lower in the high-GLR group (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparisons of patient&#8217;s characteristics based on glucose to lymphocyte ratio cutoff</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Glucose to lymphocyte ratio</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low (&lt; 4.16) (n=469)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High (&#8805; 4.16) (n=123)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">54.8 &#177;11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">64.7&#177;13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (16.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (26.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">319(68.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (43.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (35.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">133(28.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (40.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (23.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (22.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.413</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">127&#177;22</td>
                  <td align="center">126&#177;25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.635</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.8&#177;13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">76.4&#177;15.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse rate (beat/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.6&#177;14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">80.1&#177;16.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.8&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">43.7&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.50 &#177; 2.33</td>
                  <td align="center">10.33 &#177; 2.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.13 &#177; 0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">3.08 &#177; 0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.78(2.66-5.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (2.09-4.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147 &#177;0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.137 &#177; 0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White blood cell count (x10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8 &#177;3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte count (x10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (2.2-3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (0.9-1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count (x10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">245 (211-291)</td>
                  <td align="center">233 (187-279)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum glucose at admission (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.28 (5.50-7.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.78 (6.33-9.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose to lymphocyte ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (30-53)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (83-143)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum creatinine at admission (&#181;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.1 &#177; 16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">97.2 &#177; 26.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.02 (2.4-10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9 (3.5-10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.272</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak troponin T value (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.813 (6.35-9.702)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.767 (1.159-10.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI / ARB use</td>
                  <td align="center">387 (82.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (73.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin use</td>
                  <td align="center">443 (94.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (94.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel coronary lesions</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (44.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (59.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Initial patency of infarct-related artery</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (36.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (26.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Balloon predilatation</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (54.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (66.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contrast media volume (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (100-200)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (110-200)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total ischemia time (min)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">120 (90-240)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.17 &#177; 0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15 &#177; 0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.722</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent length (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 14.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.693</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Culprit coronary artery</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left anterior descending</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (40.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.458</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left circumflex</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (20.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (17.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Right</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (35.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (41.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CI-AKI</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(30.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In hospital survival</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (97.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (86.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CI-AKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Note: Values are presented as the mean &#177; SD, median (25-75 IQR) or number (%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve analysis of the glucose to lymphocyte ratio (GLR) for predicting contrast-induced acute kidney injury in ST-Elevation acute myocardial infarction patients; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240869-40869-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between Glucose/lymphocytes Ratio and Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Myocardial Infarction without Diabetes Mellitus</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240869-40869-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high-GLR, age, women gender, high BMI, arterial hypertension, active smoking, platelet count, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, LVEF, and contrast media volume were related to the increased incidence of CI-AKI. This finding was further substantiated by the results of the multivariate analysis. High-GLR still served as an independent predictor of CI-AKI in the study cohort after adjustment, with the odds ratio (OR) was 45.100 (p&lt;0.001), together with creatinine (OR: 10.459, p=0.036) following adjustment for BMI, gender, age, comorbidities, LVEF, total amount of contrast and laboratory results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate regression analyses for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in ST-Elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.095 (1.068-1.123)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.053 (0.977-1.135)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">3.387 (1.784-6.430)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.233 (0.318-15.685)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.419</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.904 (0.818-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  <td align="center">0.905 (0.738-1.109)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.336</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">3.597 (1.918-6.747)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.205 (0.437-11.131)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.503 (0.208-1.216)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.219 (0.112-0.428)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.562 (0.67-4.6866)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.594</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White blood cell count</td>
                  <td align="center">1.064 (0.992-1.142)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GLR &#8805; 4.16</td>
                  <td align="center">34.498 (14.145-84.136)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">45.100 (7.312-278.174)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994 (0.989-0.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  <td align="center">0.992 (0.980-1.003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008 (0.987-1.029)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">30.623 (9.659-97.090)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">10.459 (1.169-93.583)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.967 (0.572-0.777)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.877 (0.570-1.350)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">0.985 (0.971-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">0.978 (0.955-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse rate</td>
                  <td align="center">1.009 (0.989-1.030)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.376</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0.924 (0.893-0.956)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.921 (0.848-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total ischemia time</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002 (0.999-1.004)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contrast media volume</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008 (1.004-1.012)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.007 (0.998-1.015)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel coronary lesions</td>
                  <td align="center">0.611 (0.328-1.141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">0.714 (0.340-1.499)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.374</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent length</td>
                  <td align="center">1.005 (0.979-1.030)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.722</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>CI-AKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury; STEMI: ST-Elevation myocardial infarction; CI: confidence interval; GLR: glucose to lymphocyte ratio; GLR: glucose to lymphocyte ratio; Hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present analysis suggests GLR as an independent predictor of CI-AKI in non-diabetic STEMI patients managed with PPCI. This finding may have important diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications in this group of patients.</p>
        <p>The incidence of CI-AKI following PPCI largely depends on the baseline clinical and demographic features along with factors emerging during the intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In agreement with previous studies, the overall CI-AKI incidence was 7.4% in our study. The mechanisms of CI-AKI primarily comprise direct renal tubular toxicity exerted by the contrast and a variety of renal hemodynamic alterations that lead to medullary hypoxia and inflammation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and ultimately to the release of oxygen radicals, and vasoconstrictor and thrombogenic substances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CI-AKI has been a risk factor for unfavorable outcomes irrespective of the baseline renal function and a potential limitation for invasive cardiovascular interventions particularly in STEMI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Mitigation of CI-AKI development in STEMI patients may significantly reduce postprocedural adverse events and thus improve clinical outcomes. Many researchers have demonstrated that certain hemogram-derived inflammatory biomarkers might play a crucial role in the prediction of CI-AKI risk in the setting of STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, only a couple of studies have analyzed the combined impact of inflammatory factors and glucose in this context.</p>
        <p>The GLR is a novel index that is reflective of both glucose metabolism and systemic inflammatory response and has been suggested as a promising risk marker in the setting of malignancy and intensive care unit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, few studies have explored the relevance of GLR in cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, this seems to be the first study to explore the relation between preinterventional GLR and CI-AKI in patients with STEMI (undergoing PPCI), suggesting that GLR may be an independent predictor of CI-AKI in these high-risk subjects. Therefore, this study has further increased the clinical usefulness of this index.</p>
        <p>The absolute mechanisms regarding the independent relationship between GLR and CI-AKI is currently unknown. On the other hand, serum glucose is regarded as a metabolic marker potentially associated with the induction of persistent subtle inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that high glucose levels may trigger oxidative stress and associated chronic inflammation that might manifest as the expression of various proinflammatory mediators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Under high-glucose circumstances, activated endothelial cells may release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines in response to paracrine and autocrine signals usually demonstrating a vicious cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Moreover, high glycemia potentially induces glucose oxidation along with nonenzymatic protein glycation leading to disproportionately high production of free radicals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> However, antioxidant defense mechanisms may have the potential to prevent such pathological damage and emerging insulin resistance further triggered by the hyperglycemia-associated oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, as a crucial component of the systemic inflammatory response, decreased lymphocyte count, may be associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis in acute STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Several studies have suggested lymphocyte-based serum inflammatory biomarkers (including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> the systemic immune-inflammation index,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> the prognostic nutritional index,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> among others) as markers of CI-AKI development and unfavorable outcomes in patients in diverse populations. However, only a few reports have investigated the combined impact of proinflammatory factors and glucose as a metabolic factor. Taken together, GLR represents the synergistic impact of systemic inflammation and glucose, suggesting its unique clinical value. However, the clinical value of GLR in the prediction of CI-AKI should be further tested in STEMI patients as well as in other populations.</p>
        <p>This study also has some limitations. First, this is a single-center analysis that might be inherently associated with selection biases even in the presence of large sample size. Second, we were not able to assess serial changes in the GLR value during the hospitalization period. Third, serum creatinine levels may be influenced by hemodynamic alterations even though there was no patient with cardiogenic shock in the study cohort. Finally, this is a retrospective analysis, potentially warranting prospective multicenter studies to confirm these findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In the present study, we showed, for the first time, that admission GLR may act as an independent predictor of postprocedural CI-AKI in subjects with STEMI managed with PPCI. These results may impact clinical practice, including the possibility of using GLR in clinical protocols and reno-protective strategies, such as intravenous hydration and limited use of contrast media during the procedure. Further prospective studies are needed to better understand the mechanism of the relationship between high-GLR and CI-AKI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the T&#252;tf-Giri&#351;imsel Olmayan Bilimsel Ara&#351;tirmalar Etik Kurulu under the protocol number TUTF-GOBAEK 2023/371. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
