<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Gvb3zCKvjWhzCnG5HgHyRdP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240830</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapias Modificadoras de Doen&#231;a para a Cardiomiopatia por Amiloidose por Transtirretina: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6060-8403</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Ligia Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Pacheco Fiuza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sapahia</surname>
            <given-names>Kaushiki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Austreg&#233;silo de Athayde de Hollanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muniz</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Queiroz Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Domenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Migliavaca</surname>
            <given-names>Celina Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University College of Medical Sciences of New Delhi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Delhi</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IN">&#205;ndia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences of New Delhi, Delhi &#8211; &#205;ndia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Macei&#243;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Centro Universit&#225;rio de Macei&#243; (Cesmac), Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Schmieder Klinik Heidelberg</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine, Schmieder Klinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Colorado Health Parkview Medical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Colorado</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Parkview Medical Center, Colorado &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">MOVE Academic Research Organization</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">MOVE Academic Research Organization, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>L&#237;gia Carolina Facin</bold> &#8226; Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Cardiologia - R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910. CEP <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ligiacarolinafacin@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Financiamento de pesquisa sob a responsabilidade direta/pessoal da Dra. Andreia Biolo (direcionado ao seu departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica e de empresas da &#225;rea de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos m&#233;dicos e dispositivos implant&#225;veis, nacionais ou internacionais.</p>
          <p>A Dra. Andreia Biolo &#233; a pesquisadora principal do estudo APOLLO-B com Patisiran, patrocinado pela Alnylam.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240830</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia por amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR-CM) &#233; a forma mais comum de cardiomiopatia restritiva. Novas terapias farmacol&#243;gicas buscam modificar a progress&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a e retardar seu avan&#231;o. No entanto, ainda s&#227;o escassos os dados que comparam diretamente a efic&#225;cia das diferentes classes de f&#225;rmacos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise avaliou a efic&#225;cia dos estabilizadores e silenciadores de transtirretina (TTR), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, sobre a mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, desfechos funcionais e n&#237;veis do biomarcador NT-proBNP em pacientes com ATTR-CM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Cochrane por ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) publicados at&#233; abril de 2025, que avaliaram patisiran, tafamidis, inotersen, revusiran, acoramidis ou vutrisiran versus placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. As an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por classe de f&#225;rmaco, considerando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos sete ECRs, totalizando 2.526 participantes; 42,5% receberam estabilizadores de TTR e 57,5% receberam silenciadores de TTR. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente a mortalidade (RR: 0,71; IC 95% 0,59-0,87; p=0,0006) e e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (RR: 0,81; IC 95% 0,73-0,89; p&lt;0,0001), ambas por todas as causas. J&#225; os silenciadores de TTR n&#227;o reduziram significativamente nem a mortalidade (RR: 0,79; IC 95% 0,37-1,68; p=0,54) nem as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (RR: 1,11; IC 95% 0,83-1,48; p=0,48). As duas abordagens terap&#234;uticas melhoraram a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, a qualidade de vida e reduziram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos NT-proBNP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente a mortalidade e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas em pacientes com ATTR-CM, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. Esses benef&#237;cios n&#227;o foram observados com os silenciadores de TTR, possivelmente em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo de seguimento mais curto nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. Ambas as terapias, contudo, promoveram melhorias no estado funcional e na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do biomarcador NT-proBNP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia por Amiloidose por Transtirretina</kwd>
        <kwd>Estabilizador de TTR</kwd>
        <kwd>Silenciador de TTR</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <p>Os estabilizadores de TTR previnem a dissocia&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na transtirretina, enquanto os silenciadores de TTR inibem sua produ&#231;&#227;o, atuando principalmente no citoplasma das c&#233;lulas hep&#225;ticas. Os dados indicam que os estabilizadores de TTR reduzem significativamente a mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. ATTR-CM: cardiomiopatia por amiloidose por transtirretina; Chi<sup>2</sup>: qui-quadrado; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; df: graus de liberdade; I<sup>2</sup>: estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins; M-H: m&#233;todo de Mantel-Haenszel; p: valor de p; Tau: tau de Kendall; TTR: transtirretina.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <sec>
      <title>Destaques</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>As terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a para ATTR-CM est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis e podem retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e melhorar o progn&#243;stico;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise de ECRs, os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente a mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, confirmando sua efic&#225;cia na ATTR-CM;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Os silenciadores de TTR n&#227;o demonstraram efeitos significativos sobre a mortalidade e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo; esses resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelo tempo de seguimento mais curto nos estudos dispon&#237;veis;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos em andamento com silenciadores de TTR e novas classes de f&#225;rmacos dever&#227;o fornecer evid&#234;ncias adicionais e complementar os achados desta metan&#225;lise.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) apresenta uma incid&#234;ncia estimada entre 18 e 55 casos por 100.000 pessoas-ano, com aumento progressivo tanto na preval&#234;ncia quanto na mortalidade associada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Reino Unido, o n&#250;mero de pacientes diagnosticados com amiloidose aumentou 6,7 vezes desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, refletindo, provavelmente, uma maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a e os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas. Nos Estados Unidos, as taxas de mortalidade tamb&#233;m aumentaram de forma significativa, passando de 1,77 por 1.000.000 em 1979 para 3,96 por 1.000.000 em 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A AC &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o progressiva que pode ser fatal caso n&#227;o seja diagnosticada e tratada precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As terapias convencionais atuam apenas sobre as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como arritmias ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas n&#227;o interrompem a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a transformou o manejo da cardiomiopatia por amiloidose por transtirretina (TTR) (ATTR-CM). A TTR &#233; uma prote&#237;na plasm&#225;tica sol&#250;vel de curta meia-vida, sintetizada principalmente pelo f&#237;gado, com estrutura tetram&#233;rica composta por quatro subunidades id&#234;nticas, respons&#225;veis pelo transporte de tiroxina e vitamina A. As terapias mais estudadas e clinicamente dispon&#237;veis direcionadas &#224; cardiomiopatia amiloide s&#227;o os estabilizadores e os silenciadores de TTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os estabilizadores de TTR, incluindo tafamidis e acoramidis, ligam-se &#224; interface d&#237;mero-d&#237;mero do tetr&#226;mero de TTR, impedindo sua dissocia&#231;&#227;o em mon&#244;meros e, consequentemente, a forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrilas amiloides que se depositam no mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Por outro lado, os silenciadores de TTR atuam predominantemente no citoplasma dos hepat&#243;citos, inibindo a s&#237;ntese da prote&#237;na TTR e reduzindo de forma significativa as concentra&#231;&#245;es circulantes de TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esta classe inclui oligonucleot&#237;deos antisense (p. ex., inotersen) e RNAs de interfer&#234;ncia curta (p.ex., revusiran, patisiran e vutrisiran).</p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo sintetizou de forma abrangente a efic&#225;cia das terapias direcionadas &#224; ATTR-CM, especialmente quando estratificadas por mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esta revis&#227;o teve como objetivo avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a das terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a para ATTR-CM, incluindo tafamidis, revusiran, patisiran, inotersen, acoramidis e vutrisiran, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. A an&#225;lise teve como foco desfechos centrados no paciente, incluindo mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida, al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o foi prospectivamente registrada no <italic>International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews</italic> (PROSPERO) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CRD42024517136.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes do <italic>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions</italic> e reportada conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca, crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Cochrane em 13 de abril de 2025. A estrat&#233;gia de busca completa est&#225; apresentada na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl01.pdf">Tabela S1</inline-supplementary-material>. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o dos duplicados, a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos foi realizada em duas fases. Na primeira, t&#237;tulos e resumos foram triados utilizando o Zotero. Em seguida, os textos completos dos estudos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis foram avaliados para inclus&#227;o. Dois revisores independentes (L.F. e C.G.) realizaram o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o, e eventuais diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro revisor (A.B.).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (1) ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) revisados por pares; (2) avalia&#231;&#227;o de terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a para ATTR-CM em pacientes com envolvimento card&#237;aco confirmado; e (3) relato de pelo menos um desfecho de interesse. Os estudos foram exclu&#237;dos se: (1) inclu&#237;ssem popula&#231;&#245;es duplicadas; (2) n&#227;o tivessem grupo controle; ou (3) n&#227;o apresentassem desfechos relevantes. N&#227;o foram aplicadas restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; data de publica&#231;&#227;o, idioma ou dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento.</p>
        <p>Foram extra&#237;dos dados sobre o desenho dos estudos (dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento, interven&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero de pacientes randomizados) e caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes (sexo, idade, classe funcional da New York Heart Association [NYHA], pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal [NT-proBNP] e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [VE] [FEVE]).</p>
        <p>Dois revisores independentes (L.F. e I.P.) realizaram a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados utilizando uma planilha do Excel previamente elaborada para esta revis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos de interesse</title>
        <p>Os desfechos de interesse inclu&#237;ram mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade cardiovascular, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, capacidade funcional avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M), qualidade de vida avaliada pelo <italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire</italic> &#8211; <italic>Overall Score</italic> (KCCQ-OS), n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP e de transtirretina (TTR), <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (GLS) do VE, massa do VE, espessura da parede do VE e FEVE. A disponibilidade de cada desfecho nos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#225; detalhada na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl02.pdf">Tabela S2</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados e estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas metan&#225;lises com modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, utilizando o m&#233;todo de Mantel-Haenszel ou o m&#233;todo de Vari&#226;ncia Inversa Gen&#233;rica para desfechos bin&#225;rios, e o m&#233;todo de vari&#226;ncia inversa para desfechos cont&#237;nuos, com a estimativa de Tau realizada pelo m&#233;todo de DerSimonian e Laird.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Quando necess&#225;rio, os desvios padr&#227;o das varia&#231;&#245;es foram imputados utilizando um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A heterogeneidade foi avaliada por meio da estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins e explorada adicionalmente por meio de an&#225;lises de subgrupos.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software RevMan, vers&#227;o 5.4 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhague, Dinamarca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo um valor de p bilateral &lt;0,05.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, para considerar varia&#231;&#245;es na dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento, as mudan&#231;as anualizadas no TC6M e no KCCQ-OS foram calculadas dividindo-se a varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta pelo tempo de seguimento relatado em cada estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>O risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi avaliado utilizando a ferramenta <italic>Risk of Bias 2</italic> (RoB 2) para ECRs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A certeza da evid&#234;ncia para cada desfecho foi avaliada de acordo com o <italic>Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation</italic> (GRADE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>O processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos est&#225; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>. Foram identificadas 2.504 refer&#234;ncias por meio das buscas nas bases de dados. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas e a triagem de t&#237;tulos e resumos, 44 artigos foram selecionados para avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto completo. Ao final, sete ECRs foram inclu&#237;dos, relatados em 11 publica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo quatro an&#225;lises post hoc. Esses ECRs inclu&#237;ram um total de 2.526 pacientes, sendo 1.073 (42,5%) nos estudos que avaliaram estabilizadores de TTR e 1.453 (57,5%) nos estudos que avaliaram silenciadores de TTR.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de fluxo PRISMA para triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os sete ECRs inclu&#237;dos avaliaram patisiran, inotersen, tafamidis, revusiran, acoramidis e vutrisiran. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo masculino (89%). Em todos os estudos, a FEVE m&#233;dia ou mediana foi consistentemente &#8805;50%, e os n&#237;veis medianos de NT-proBNP estavam uniformemente elevados. Al&#233;m disso, a maior parte dos pacientes (86%) foi classificada como classe funcional I ou II da NYHA. A dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento variou de aproximadamente 6 a 36 meses.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="9%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">ID do estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o principal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Classe de TTR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes (Int/Pla)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (Int/Pla)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres (%) (Int/Pla)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA &lt; III (%)(Int/Plac)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (pg/ml) (Int/Pla)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">FEVE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (%) (Int/Pla)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Per&#237;odo de acompanhamento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Adams 2018 (APOLLO)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Patisiran</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-PN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Silenciador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90/36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60/62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24/18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100/100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">756,4/845,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60/62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Benson 2018 (NEURO-TTR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Inotersen</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-PN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Silenciador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">75/33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">d</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">d</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100/100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">d</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65/64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Maurer 2018 (ATTR-ACT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Tafamidis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Estabilizador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">264/177</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74/74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9/11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70/65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.995,9/3.161,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48/49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Judge 2020 (ENDEAVOUR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Revusiran</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Silenciador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">140/66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69/68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25/20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69/70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.371,0/2.719,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">53/51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.7 meses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Maurer 2023 (APOLLO-B)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Patisiran</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Silenciador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">181/178</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76/76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11/10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92/93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.008,0/1.813,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58/60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Gilmore 2024 (ATTRibute-CM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Acoramidis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Estabilizador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">421/211</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77/77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9/12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89/90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.326,0/2.306,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">e</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fontana 2024 (HELIOS-B)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Vutrisiran</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Silenciador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">326/328</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77/76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8/7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92/90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.021,0/1.801,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">e</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 meses</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia ou mediana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Mediana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Mediana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>Dados n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para pacientes com cardiomiopatia;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>e</label>
              <p>Dados n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5a">
              <p>ATTR-PN: amiloidose por transtirretina com polineuropatia; ATTR-CM: cardiomiopatia amiloide por transtirretina; Int: grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o; Pla: grupo placebo; NYHA: New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP: pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; LVEF: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NA: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel. Todos os estudos adotaram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>De modo geral, a maioria dos desfechos foi classificada como apresentando baixo risco de vi&#233;s. No entanto, diversos desfechos do estudo ENDEAVOUR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> foram avaliados como de alto risco de vi&#233;s ou com algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es, principalmente devido a quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos e dados ausentes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada do risco de vi&#233;s est&#225; apresentada na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl03.pdf">Figura S1</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
        <p>A certeza da evid&#234;ncia para cada desfecho foi classificada como muito baixa, baixa, moderada ou alta, conforme apresentado na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl04.pdf">Tabela S3</inline-supplementary-material>. As limita&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente identificadas foram inconsist&#234;ncia e imprecis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2A</xref>, ao agrupar todos os estudos, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas (RR: 0,72; IC 95%, 0,57-0,91; p=0,005). Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos, os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente a mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (RR: 0,71; IC 95% 0,59-0,87; p=0,0006), enquanto nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada no subgrupo de silenciadores de TTR (RR: 0,79; IC 95% 0,37-1,68; p=0,54). No que diz respeito &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular, os dados dispon&#237;veis limitaram-se aos estudos que avaliaram silenciadores de TTR, os quais n&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no risco em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (RR: 1,87; IC 95% 0,64-5,44; p=0,25). Apesar desses achados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as classes de f&#225;rmacos e o placebo ao se analisar o valor de p para intera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Mortalidade por todas as causas com terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a versus placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. (B) Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por todas as causas com terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a versus placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. Chi<sup>2</sup>: qui-quadrado; EP: erro padr&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; df: graus de liberdade; I-quadrado: estat&#237;stica I-quadrado de Higgins; IV: vari&#226;ncia inversa; log: logaritmo; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel; p: valor de p; Tau: tau de Kendall; TTR: transtirretina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2B</xref>, ao combinar todas as terapias, n&#227;o foi observado efeito significativo sobre as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas (RR: 0,90; IC 95% 0,77-1,06; p=0,21). No entanto, na an&#225;lise de subgrupos, os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente as taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (RR: 0,81; IC 95% 0,73-0,89; p&lt;0,0001), enquanto os silenciadores de TTR n&#227;o apresentaram efeito significativo (RR: 1,11; IC 95% 0,83-1,48; p=0,48). Para hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es de causa card&#237;aca, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar metan&#225;lise por classes terap&#234;uticas, sendo a an&#225;lise restrita ao conjunto de todas as interven&#231;&#245;es, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (RR: 0,90; IC 95%: 0,75&#8211;1,09; p = 0,28). Quanto &#224;s hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a metan&#225;lise foi vi&#225;vel para a an&#225;lise geral (RR: 1,03; IC 95%: 0,69&#8211;1,54; p = 0,88) e para o subgrupo de silenciadores de TTR (RR: 1,40; IC 95%: 0,84&#8211;2,34; p = 0,19) somente, ambas tambem sem diferen&#231;as significativas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>Como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3A</xref>, o tratamento com terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a resultou em melhora significativa na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia [DM] de 31,81 metros; IC 95%, 10,99-52,62; p=0,003). De maneira semelhante, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3B</xref> mostra uma melhora significativa nos escores do KCCQ-OS (DM de 8,05 pontos; IC 95%, 3,99-12,10; p&lt;0,0001).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) com terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a versus placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. (B) Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Score (KCCQ-OS) com terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a versus placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. DTP6: dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos; Chi<sup>2</sup>: qui-quadrado; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; df: graus de liberdade; I<sup>2</sup>: estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins; IV: vari&#226;ncia inversa; p: valor de p; Tau: tau de Kendall; TTR: transtirretina; KCCQ-OS: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Score.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos, a melhora no TC6M foi significativa em ambos os grupos: estabilizadores de TTR (DM: 57,16 metros; IC 95%, 21,92-92,40; p=0,001) e silenciadores de TTR (DM: 18,02 metros; IC 95%, 4,22-31,82; p=0,01). Quanto ao KCCQ-OS, ambos os subgrupos tamb&#233;m apresentaram melhorias significativas: estabilizadores de TTR (DM: 11,55 pontos; IC 95%, 7,89-15,22; p&lt;0,00001) e silenciadores de TTR (DM de 4,82 pontos; IC 95%, 2,39-7,25; p&lt;0,0001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4</xref>, o tratamento com terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (DM na varia&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal: &#8722;0,86 pg/ml; IC 95% &#8722;1,30 a &#8722;0,41; p=0,0002). De maneira semelhante, a <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl05.pdf">Figura S2</inline-supplementary-material> demonstra uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de prote&#237;na TTR em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (DM: &#8722;70,25%; IC 95% &#8722;97,04 a &#8722;43,46; p&lt;0,00001).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP com terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a versus placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. Chi<sup>2</sup>: qui-quadrado; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; df: graus de liberdade; I<sup>2</sup>: estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins; IV: vari&#226;ncia inversa; NT-proBNP: pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; p: valor-p; Tau: tau de Kendall; TTR: transtirretina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos por classe terap&#234;utica, tanto os estabilizadores de TTR (DM na varia&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal: &#8722;1,42 pg/ml; IC 95% &#8722;1,67 a &#8722;1,16; p&lt;0,00001) quanto os silenciadores de TTR (DM na varia&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal: &#8722;0,42 pg/ml; IC 95% &#8722;0,70 a &#8722;0,15; p=0,002) reduziram significativamente os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TTR s&#243; foi possivel realizar metanalise do subgrupo dos silenciadores de TTR, que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (DM: &#8722;81,62%; IC 95% &#8722;86,44 a &#8722;76,80; p&lt;0,00001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>As <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl06.pdf">Figuras S3A</inline-supplementary-material> a <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl07.pdf">S3D</inline-supplementary-material> apresentam os resultados da an&#225;lise dos desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Embora todos os desfechos tenham sido avaliados na an&#225;lise geral, apenas os estudos com silenciadores de TTR disponibilizaram dados suficientes para a condu&#231;&#227;o de metan&#225;lise por subgrupo.</p>
        <p>O uso de terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a foi associado a uma melhora significativa no GLS do VE (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl08.pdf">Figura S3A</inline-supplementary-material>), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (DM: - 0,83%; IC 95%: - 1,27 a - 0,40; p = 0,0002). A an&#225;lise por subgrupo demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os silenciadores de TTR (DM: - 0,85%; IC 95%: - 1,41 a - 0,30; p = 0,003).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa do VE (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl09.pdf">Figura S3B</inline-supplementary-material>), observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (DM: - 9,74 g; IC 95%: - 17,07 a - 2,40; p = 0,009). Este desfecho foi reportado exclusivamente em estudos com silenciadores de TTR.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na espessura da parede ventricular esquerda (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl10.pdf">Figura S3C</inline-supplementary-material>), tanto na an&#225;lise geral (DM: - 0,30 mm; IC 95%: - 0,66 a 0,06; p = 0,10), quanto na an&#225;lise por subgrupo dos silenciadores de TTR (DM: - 0,28 mm; IC 95%: - 0,67 a 0,11; p = 0,16).</p>
        <p>De modo semelhante, a FEVE (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl11.pdf">Figura S3D</inline-supplementary-material>) n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle (DM: - 0,16%; IC 95%: - 1,97 a 1,64; p = 0,86), e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi identificado efeito significativo na an&#225;lise por subgrupo dos silenciadores de TTR (DM: &#8722;0,99%; IC 95%: - 3,05 a 1,06; p = 0,34).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade excluindo o estudo ENDEAVOUR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> devido &#224; sua interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce. Esta an&#225;lise revelou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas (RR: 0,70; IC 95% 0,60-0,82; p&lt;0,0001) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl12.pdf">Figura S4A</inline-supplementary-material>). Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos, tanto os estabilizadores de TTR (RR: 0,71; IC 95% 0,59-0,87; p=0,0006) quanto os silenciadores de TTR (RR: 0,67; IC 95% 0,51-0,89; p=0,005) demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo.</p>
        <p>Apesar desse achado,a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre as classes de f&#225;rmacos e o placebo ao avaliar o valor de p para intera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No que se refere &#224; espessura de parede de VE, a exclus&#227;o do estudo ENDEAVOUR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa tanto na an&#225;lise combinada das duas classes terap&#234;uticas (DM &#8211;0,44 mm; IC95% &#8211;0,81 a &#8211;0,06; p=0,02) quanto no subgrupo de silenciadores de TTR (DM &#8211;0,44 mm; IC95% &#8211;0,84 a &#8211;0,03; p=0,03).</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, excluindo os estudos cujo objetivo principal era o tratamento de neuropatias amiloides. O estudo APOLLO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foi removido dos desfechos considerados na an&#225;lise principal - mortalidade por todas as causas (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl13.pdf">Figura S5A</inline-supplementary-material>) e NT-proBNP s&#233;rico (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl14.pdf">Figura S5B</inline-supplementary-material>) - a fim de confirmar que sua exclus&#227;o n&#227;o alteraria a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Para mortalidade por todas as causas, a an&#225;lise global permaneceu significativa (RR 0,73; IC95% 0,57&#8211;0,94; p=0,01), enquanto nenhum efeito significativo foi observado no subgrupo de silenciadores de TTR (RR 0,92; IC95% 0,33&#8211;2,57; p=0,88). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NT-proBNP, a signific&#226;ncia foi mantida tanto na an&#225;lise global (DM na varia&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal: &#8211;0,89 pg/mL; IC95% &#8211;1,39 a &#8211;0,40; p=0,0004) quanto no subgrupo de silenciadores de TTR (DM na varia&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal: &#8211;0,40 pg/mL; IC95% &#8211;0,70 a &#8211;0,10; p=0,010). O estudo NEURO-TTR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o por disponibilizar apenas dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o incluiu sete ECRs que compararam diversas terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a com placebo em pacientes com ATTR-CM. Os principais achados foram os seguintes: (1) os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente a mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo; (2) os silenciadores de TTR n&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nesses desfechos; e (3) ambas as classes terap&#234;uticas foram eficazes em melhorar a capacidade funcional (TC6M) e a qualidade de vida (KCCQ-OS), bem como em reduzir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo.</p>
      <p>Observamos que os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram significativamente a mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. Embora o estudo ATTRibute<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> n&#227;o tenha demonstrado uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade, os autores sugeriram que isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao aumento da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a, resultando em diagn&#243;stico e tratamento mais precoces, e, consequentemente, em um menor risco de mortalidade por todas as causas na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Ao combinar os resultados dos estudos ATTR-ACT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e ATTRibute<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> em nossa revis&#227;o, o aumento do poder estat&#237;stico revelou uma redu&#231;&#227;o consistente no risco de mortalidade em ambos os estudos. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos estabilizadores de TTR sobre a mortalidade tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados em cen&#225;rios do mundo real, refor&#231;ando a validade externa desses achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de um efeito significativo dos silenciadores de TTR sobre a mortalidade pode ser atribu&#237;da, em parte, aos per&#237;odos de seguimento mais curtos na maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, resultando em menor n&#250;mero de eventos observados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos estudos que avaliaram estabilizadores de TTR. Nos estudos com estabilizadores de TTR, as diferen&#231;as na mortalidade entre os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o e placebo geralmente surgiram entre 15 e 18 meses, com ambos os ECRs apresentando dura&#231;&#227;o de seguimento de 30 meses. Em contraste, o seguimento m&#233;dio nos estudos com silenciadores de TTR foi de aproximadamente 17 meses. Destaca-se que o estudo HELIOS-B,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> que teve um seguimento mais longo, de 36 meses, demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, ao realizar uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade excluindo o estudo ENDEAVOUR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> que foi interrompido precocemente, os silenciadores de TTR tamb&#233;m apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo.</p>
      <p>As hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es representam uma carga cr&#237;tica no manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nesta an&#225;lise, agrupamos dados sobre hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, cardiovasculares e relacionadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nossos achados demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas entre os pacientes tratados com estabilizadores de TTR em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. No entanto, varia&#231;&#245;es na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos eventos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o entre os ECRs inclu&#237;dos limitaram a possibilidade de padronizar esses dados para uma conclus&#227;o mais definitiva.</p>
      <p>Para considerar as diferen&#231;as nas dura&#231;&#245;es de seguimento &#8212; mais longas nos estudos que avaliaram estabilizadores de TTR &#8212;, foi calculada a varia&#231;&#227;o anualizada, ajustada pelo placebo, no TC6M (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl15.pdf">Tabela S4</inline-supplementary-material>). Ao considerar esses resultados anualizados, ambas as classes terap&#234;uticas demonstraram melhorias compar&#225;veis. No entanto, as melhorias ajustadas no TC6M permaneceram abaixo do limiar de 35 metros por ano, valor sugerido como tendo significado progn&#243;stico na AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> De maneira semelhante, para o KCCQ-OS, as varia&#231;&#245;es anualizadas, ajustadas pelo placebo, foram compar&#225;veis entre as classes terap&#234;uticas. Ainda assim, os estabilizadores de TTR alcan&#231;aram uma melhoria superior no estudo ATTR-ACT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>, ultrapassando o limiar de 5 pontos, associado a um impacto cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos biomarcadores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> nossa an&#225;lise demonstrou que as terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a estiveram associadas a redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP e de prote&#237;na TTR, ambos utilizados rotineiramente para avaliar a gravidade da doen&#231;a. Os estabilizadores de TTR resultaram em uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada do NT-proBNP, enquanto os silenciadores de TTR promoveram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TTR, em conson&#226;ncia com seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o de inibi&#231;&#227;o transcricional da s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de TTR. Embora os estabilizadores de TTR sejam geralmente esperados para preservar ou aumentar os n&#237;veis circulantes de TTR ao prevenir a dissocia&#231;&#227;o do tetr&#226;mero, os &#250;nicos dados dispon&#237;veis em nossa an&#225;lise vieram do estudo ATTRibute-CM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que relatou uma redu&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, esse achado deve ser interpretado com cautela.</p>
      <p>A aplicabilidade dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico da AC &#233; limitada, uma vez que a maioria dos dados prov&#233;m de estudos de pequeno porte. No entanto, especialmente em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, a ecocardiografia tem se mostrado &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nossa revis&#227;o demonstrou melhorias no GLS do VE e na massa do VE, sendo a redu&#231;&#227;o do GLS impulsionada principalmente pelos silenciadores de TTR. De forma semelhante, a redu&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE foi observada exclusivamente nos estudos que avaliaram silenciadores de TTR. N&#227;o foram encontrados efeitos significativos sobre a espessura da parede do VE ou sobre a FEVE na an&#225;lise geral. Entretanto, na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, excluindo o estudo ENDEAVOUR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observou-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tanto no efeito combinado das duas classes terap&#234;uticas quanto na an&#225;lise dos silenciadores de TTR versus placebo. &#201; importante destacar que o tamanho da amostra para desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi limitado na maioria das an&#225;lises.</p>
      <p>Metan&#225;lises anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> focaram-se principalmente na efic&#225;cia do tafamidis, incorporando dados de ECRs e estudos observacionais. Em contraste, nossa an&#225;lise incluiu sete ECRs, dos quais cinco foram especificamente desenhados para ATTR-CM. De maneira semelhante, uma metan&#225;lise conduzida por Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> avaliou o efeito do tafamidis na ATTR-CM e relatou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a terapia com estabilizadores de TTR e a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, em concord&#226;ncia com os achados do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, embora os estudos APOLLO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e NEURO-TTR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> tenham sido desenhados principalmente para avaliar desfechos neurol&#243;gicos, apenas os dados relacionados &#224; cardiomiopatia foram inclu&#237;dos em nossa an&#225;lise. Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, excluindo o estudo APOLLO, confirmou que sua exclus&#227;o n&#227;o alterou os resultados. Em segundo lugar, as dura&#231;&#245;es de seguimento mais curtas nos estudos com silenciadores de TTR podem ter limitado o n&#250;mero de eventos cl&#237;nicos observados; para mitigar essa limita&#231;&#227;o, avaliamos a a varia&#231;&#227;o anualizada, ajustada pelo placebo (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl16.pdf">Tabela S4</inline-supplementary-material>). Em terceiro lugar, a interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do estudo ENDEAVOUR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> pode ter comprometido a confiabilidade de seus dados; por isso, apresentamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade excluindo esse estudo nas an&#225;lises suplementares. Quarto, n&#227;o realizamos compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre estabilizadores e silenciadores de TTR, uma vez que todas as compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. Por fim, os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos permanecem limitados nos estudos dispon&#237;veis; no entanto, estudos em andamento dever&#227;o fornecer evid&#234;ncias mais robustas.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta diversas fortalezas, incluindo a metodologia rigorosa, a estrita ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes Cochrane e PRISMA, al&#233;m da inclus&#227;o abrangente de todos os ECRs dispon&#237;veis que avaliaram a efic&#225;cia das terapias atualmente aprovadas para ATTR-CM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise das terapias modificadoras de doen&#231;a para AC, observou-se que os estabilizadores de TTR reduziram de forma significativa a mortalidade e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas em pacientes com ATTR-CM em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. Por outro lado, os silenciadores de TTR n&#227;o demonstraram impacto significativo nesses desfechos quando comparados ao placebo. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer a efic&#225;cia em longo prazo desta classe terap&#234;utica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Argon</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nart</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmazbarbet</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Turk Patoloji Derg</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5146/tjpath.2023.12923</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Argon A, Nart D, Yilmazbarbet F. Cardiac Amyloidosis: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Turk Patoloji Derg. 2024;40(1):1-9. doi: 10.5146/tjpath.2023.12923.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orav</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacob</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menon</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padera</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Geographic Disparities in Reported US Amyloidosis Mortality From 1979 to 2015: Potential Underdetection of Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>865</fpage>
          <lpage>870</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2093</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Alexander KM, Orav J, Singh A, Jacob SA, Menon A, Padera RF, et al. Geographic Disparities in Reported US Amyloidosis Mortality From 1979 to 2015: Potential Underdetection of Cardiac Amyloidosis. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(9):865-70. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2093.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruberg</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis Due to Transthyretin Protein: A Review</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>331</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>778</fpage>
          <lpage>791</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2024.0442</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Ruberg FL, Maurer MS. Cardiac Amyloidosis Due to Transthyretin Protein: A Review. JAMA. 2024;331(9):778-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0442.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comenzo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Semigran</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rapezzi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Addressing Common Questions Encountered in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1357</fpage>
          <lpage>1377</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024438</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Maurer MS, Elliott P, Comenzo R, Semigran M, Rapezzi C. Addressing Common Questions Encountered in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circulation. 2017;135(14):1357-77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024438.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ioannou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razvi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porcari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinagra</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Venneri</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Earlier Diagnosis in Cardiac ATTR Amyloidosis Over the Course of 20 Years</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>1657</fpage>
          <lpage>1670</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060852</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Ioannou A, Patel RK, Razvi Y, Porcari A, Sinagra G, Venneri L, et al. Impact of Earlier Diagnosis in Cardiac ATTR Amyloidosis Over the Course of 20 Years. Circulation. 2022;146(22):1657-70. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060852.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giancaterino</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Urey</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darden</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>351</fpage>
          <lpage>361</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2020.01.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Giancaterino S, Urey MA, Darden D, Hsu JC. Management of Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(4):351-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.01.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albrecht</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arenaza</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bart</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Better</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvajal-Juarez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>World Heart Federation Consensus on Transthyretin Amyloidosis Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM)</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5334/gh.1262</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Brito D, Albrecht FC, Arenaza DP, Bart N, Better N, Carvajal-Juarez I, et al. World Heart Federation Consensus on Transthyretin Amyloidosis Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). Glob Heart. 2023;18(1):59. doi: 10.5334/gh.1262.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kittleson</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruberg</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ambardekar</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brannagan</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2023 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Care for the Patient with Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1076</fpage>
          <lpage>1126</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Kittleson MM, Ruberg FL, Ambardekar AV, Brannagan TH, Cheng RK, Clarke JO, et al. 2023 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Care for the Patient with Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(11):1076-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.022.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mallus</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzello</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of Amyloidosis: Present and Future</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Suppl</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl B</supplement>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad082</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Mallus MT, Rizzello V. Treatment of Amyloidosis: Present and Future. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2023;25(Suppl B):99-103. doi: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad082.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scheinberg</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>598</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210718</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Sim&#245;es MV, Fernandes F, Marcondes-Braga FG, Scheinberg P, Correia EB, Rohde LEP, et al. Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(3):561-98. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210718.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenblum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alvarez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldsmith</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helmke</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TTR (Transthyretin) Stabilizers are Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with TTR Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004769</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004769</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Rosenblum H, Castano A, Alvarez J, Goldsmith J, Helmke S, Maurer MS. TTR (Transthyretin) Stabilizers are Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with TTR Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(4):e004769. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004769.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Riordan</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kristen</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patisiran, an RNAi Therapeutic, for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>379</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1716153</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Adams D, Gonzalez-Duarte A, O&#8217;Riordan WD, Yang CC, Ueda M, Kristen AV, et al. Patisiran, an RNAi Therapeutic, for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):11-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716153.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tafamidis Treatment in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>EClinicalMedicine</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <fpage>102172</fpage>
          <lpage>102172</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102172</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Wang J, Chen H, Tang Z, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wan K, et al. Tafamidis Treatment in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;63:102172. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102172.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sukaina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rehman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waheed</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shehryar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasool</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of Tafamidis in Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Med Surg</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>438</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MS9.0000000000001482</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Sukaina M, Rehman S, Waheed M, Shehryar M, Rasool R, Ahmed N, et al. Efficacy of Tafamidis in Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Med Surg. 2023;86(1):433-8. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001482.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moher</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tetzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>PRISMA Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>339</volume>
          <fpage>b2535</fpage>
          <lpage>b2535</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.b2535</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2535.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JPT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cumpston</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023)</source>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Cochrane</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). London: Cochrane; 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 8.1.1</source>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>The Cochrane Collaboration</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 8.1.1. London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sterne</surname>
              <given-names>JAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savovi&#263;</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elbers</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blencowe</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutron</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <fpage>l4898</fpage>
          <lpage>l4898</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.l4898</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Sterne JAC, Savovi&#263; J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4898.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sch&#252;nemann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bro&#380;ek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyatt</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oxman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>GRADE Handbook [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Hamilton</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>McMaster University</publisher-name>
          <year>2013</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2025 May 27</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html">https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Sch&#252;nemann H, Bro&#380;ek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE Handbook [Internet]. Hamilton: McMaster University; 2013 [cited 2025 May 27]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html">https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Judge</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kristen</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grogan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phase 3 Multicenter Study of Revusiran in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin-Mediated (hATTR) Amyloidosis with Cardiomyopathy (ENDEAVOUR)</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10557-019-06919-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Judge DP, Kristen AV, Grogan M, Maurer MS, Falk RH, Hanna M, et al. Phase 3 Multicenter Study of Revusiran in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin-Mediated (hATTR) Amyloidosis with Cardiomyopathy (ENDEAVOUR). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34(3):357-70. doi: 10.1007/s10557-019-06919-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gillmore</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Judge</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cappelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Pavia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbs</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Acoramidis in Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>390</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2305434</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Gillmore JD, Judge DP, Cappelli F, Fontana M, Garcia-Pavia P, Gibbs S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Acoramidis in Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(2):132-42. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2305434.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gundapaneni</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merlini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waddington-Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>379</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1007</fpage>
          <lpage>1016</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1805689</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Maurer MS, Schwartz JH, Gundapaneni B, Elliott PM, Merlini G, Waddington-Cruz M, et al. Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(11):1007-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805689.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berk</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillmore</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witteles</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grogan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drachman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vutrisiran in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis with Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>392</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2409134</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Fontana M, Berk JL, Gillmore JD, Witteles RM, Grogan M, Drachman B, et al. Vutrisiran in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis with Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(1):33-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2409134.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ioannou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fumagalli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razvi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porcari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rauf</surname>
              <given-names>MU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez-Naharro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of a 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Ioannou A, Fumagalli C, Razvi Y, Porcari A, Rauf MU, Martinez-Naharro A, et al. Prognostic Value of a 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;84(1):43-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandhu</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interpreting the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in Clinical Trials and Clinical Care: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2379</fpage>
          <lpage>2390</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.542</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Spertus JA, Jones PG, Sandhu AT, Arnold SV. Interpreting the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in Clinical Trials and Clinical Care: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(20):2379-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.542.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hood</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hendren</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedretti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roth</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saelices</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grodin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update on Disease-Specific Biomarkers in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Curr Heart Fail Rep</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>356</fpage>
          <lpage>363</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11897-022-00570-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Hood CJ, Hendren NS, Pedretti R, Roth LR, Saelices L, Grodin JL. Update on Disease-Specific Biomarkers in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2022;19(5):356-63. doi: 10.1007/s11897-022-00570-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moody</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turvey-Haigh</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knight</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schofield</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>British Society of Echocardiography Guideline for the Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Echo Res Pract</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s44156-023-00028-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Moody WE, Turvey-Haigh L, Knight D, Coats CJ, Cooper RM, Schofield R, et al. British Society of Echocardiography Guideline for the Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Echo Res Pract. 2023;10(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s44156-023-00028-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waddington-Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berk</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polydefkis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dyck</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inotersen Treatment for Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>379</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1716793</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Benson MD, Waddington-Cruz M, Berk JL, Polydefkis M, Dyck PJ, Wang AK, et al. Inotersen Treatment for Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):22-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716793.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kale</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berk</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grogan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patisiran Treatment in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1553</fpage>
          <lpage>1565</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2300757</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Maurer MS, Kale P, Fontana M, Berk JL, Grogan M, Gustafsson F, et al. Patisiran Treatment in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(17):1553-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2300757.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0830_apendice_suplementar_port.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240830i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disease-Modifying Therapies for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6060-8403</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Ligia Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Pacheco Fiuza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sapahia</surname>
            <given-names>Kaushiki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Austreg&#233;silo de Athayde de Hollanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muniz</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Queiroz Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Domenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Migliavaca</surname>
            <given-names>Celina Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Delhi</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IN">India</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences of New Delhi, Delhi &#8211; India</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Centro Universit&#225;rio de Macei&#243; (Cesmac), Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine, Schmieder Klinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Colorado</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Parkview Medical Center, Colorado &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">MOVE Academic Research Organization, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>L&#237;gia Carolina Facin</bold> &#8226; Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Cardiologia - R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail:<email>ligiacarolinafacin@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Transthyretin (TTR) amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is the most common form of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Emerging pharmacological therapies aim to alter the natural history of disease and delay its advancement. However, data directly comparing the efficacy of different drug classes versus placebo remain limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This systematic review assessed the efficacy of TTR stabilizers and silencers compared with placebo on all-cause mortality, hospitalizations, functional outcomes, and serum levels of the biomarker NT-proBNP in patients with ATTR-CM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published through April 2025. Eligible studies compared patisiran, tafamidis, inotersen, revusiran, acoramidis, or vutrisiran to placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. Analyses were stratified by drug class, and statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seven RCTs involving 2,526 participants were included; 42.5% received TTR stabilizers and 57.5% received TTR silencers. Compared with placebo, TTR stabilizers significantly reduced all-cause mortality (RR: 0.71; 95% CI 0.59-0.87; p=0.0006) and hospitalizations (RR: 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.89; p&lt;0,0001). TTR silencers did not significantly reduce mortality (RR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.37-1.68; p=0.54) or hospitalizations (RR: 1.11; 95% CI 0.83-1.48; p=0.48). Both therapies were associated with improvements in 6-minute walk distance, quality of life, and reductions in serum NT-proBNP levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>TTR stabilizers significantly reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalizations in patients with ATTR-CM compared with placebo. These benefits were not observed with TTR silencers, potentially due to shorter follow-up durations in the studies evaluated. Both therapies improved functional status and serum levels of NT-proBNP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>TTR Stabilizer</kwd>
        <kwd>TTR Silencer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Highlights</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Disease-modifying therapies for ATTR-CM are available and can slow disease progression and improve prognosis;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In this meta-analysis of RCTs, TTR stabilizers significantly reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalizations, confirming their efficacy in ATTR-CM;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>TTR silencers did not show significant effects on mortality or hospitalizations compared with placebo; these findings may be influenced by shorter follow-up durations in the available studies;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ongoing trials of TTR silencers and emerging drug classes are expected to provide additional evidence and complement the findings of this meta-analysis.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f6">
          <p>TTR stabilizers prevent the dissociation of the transthyretin protein, while TTR silencers inhibit its production, primarily within the cytoplasm of liver cells. Data indicate that TTR stabilizers significantly reduce all-cause mortality compared with placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. ATTR-CM: transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy; Chi<sup>2</sup>: chi-square; CI: confidence interval; df: degrees of freedom; I<sup>2</sup>: Higgins&#8217; I<sup>2</sup> statistics; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel; p: p-value; Tau: Kendall's tau; TTR: transthyretin.</p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) has an estimated incidence of 18 to 55 cases per 100,000 person-years, with its prevalence and associated mortality rising steadily over recent decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the United Kingdom, the number of patients diagnosed with amyloidosis has increased 6.7-fold since the 1990s, likely reflecting improved disease awareness and advances in diagnostic techniques. In the United States, mortality rates have also risen significantly, from 1.77 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 3.96 per 1,000,000 in 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CA is a progressive condition that can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conventional therapies target clinical manifestations such as arrhythmias or heart failure but are not disease-modifying.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The development of disease-modifying therapies has transformed the management of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). TTR is a short-lived soluble plasma protein, primarily synthesized by the liver, with a tetrameric structure composed of four identical subunits responsible for transporting thyroxine and vitamin A. The most widely studied and clinically available therapies targeting amyloid cardiomyopathy are TTR stabilizers and TTR silencers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> TTR stabilizers, including tafamidis and acoramidis, bind to the dimer-dimer interface of the TTR tetramer, preventing its dissociation into monomers and, consequently, the formation of amyloid fibrils that accumulate in the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> TTR silencers, on the other hand, act primarily within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes by inhibiting TTR protein synthesis, significantly reducing circulating TTR concentrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This class includes antisense oligonucleotides (e.g., inotersen) and small interfering RNAs (e.g., revusiran, patisiran, and vutrisiran).</p>
        <p>To date, no study has comprehensively synthesized the effectiveness of ATTR-targeted therapies, particularly when stratified by mechanism of action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of disease-modifying therapies for ATTR-CM, including tafamidis, revusiran, patisiran, inotersen, acoramidis, and vutrisiran, compared with placebo. The analysis focused on patient-centered outcomes, including all-cause mortality and hospitalizations, functional capacity, quality of life, and serum NT-proBNP levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocol</title>
          <p>This review was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under protocol number CRD42024517136.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This review was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy, eligibility criteria, and data extraction</title>
          <p>A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed on April 13, 2025. The complete search strategy is provided in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl01-en.pdf">Table S1</inline-supplementary-material>. Following the removal of duplicates, study selection was conducted in two phases. First, titles and abstracts were screened using Zotero. Subsequently, the full texts of potentially eligible studies were assessed for inclusion. Two independent review authors (L.F. and C.G.) performed the selection process, with discrepancies resolved by a third review author (A.B.).</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria (1) peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (2) evaluation of disease-modifying therapies for ATTR-CM in patients with confirmed cardiac involvement; and (3) reporting at least one outcome of interest. Studies were excluded if they (1) included duplicate populations; (2) lacked a control group; or (3) did not report relevant outcomes. No restrictions were applied regarding publication date, language, or follow-up duration.</p>
          <p>Data extracted included study design (follow-up duration, intervention, and number of patients randomized) and baseline patient characteristics (sex, age, New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], and left ventricular [LV] ejection fraction [LVEF]).</p>
          <p>Two independent review authors (L.F. and I.P.) performed data extraction using a pre-designed Excel sheet developed for this review.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes of interest</title>
          <p>The outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause hospitalizations, cardiovascular hospitalizations, heart failure hospitalizations, functional capacity assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), quality of life assessed by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Score (KCCQ-OS), serum NT-proBNP and TTR levels, LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), LV mass, LV wall thickness, and LVEF. The availability of each outcome across the included studies is detailed in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl02-en.pdf">Table S2</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis and statistics</title>
          <p>Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the Mantel-Haenszel or Generic Inverse Variance method for binary outcomes and the inverse variance method for continuous outcomes, with Tau estimated using the DerSimonian and Laird approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> When necessary, standard deviations for change were imputed using a correlation coefficient of 0.5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Heterogeneity was assessed using the Higgins&#8217; I<sup>2</sup> statistics and further explored through subgroup analyses.</p>
          <p>All statistical analyses were conducted using RevMan version 5.4 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>Additionally, to account for variations in follow-up duration, annualized changes in 6-MWT and KCCQ-OS were calculated by dividing the absolute change by the follow-up time reported in each study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for RCTs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The certainty of evidence for each outcome was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection and baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>The study selection process is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>. A total of 2.504 references were identified through database searches. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 44 articles were selected for full-text review. Ultimately, seven RCTs were included, reported across 11 publications, including four post hoc analyses. These trials enrolled a total of 2,526 patients, with 1,073 (42.5%) included in studies evaluating TTR stabilizers and 1,453 (57.5%) in studies evaluating TTR silencers.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>PRISMA flow diagram for study screening and selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Baseline patient characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. The seven included RCTs evaluated patisiran, inotersen, tafamidis, revusiran, acoramidis, and vutrisiran. Most participants were male (89%). Across studies, the mean or median LVEF was consistently &#8805;50%, and median NT-proBNP levels were uniformly elevated. Additionally, most patients (86%) were classified as NYHA functional class I or II. Follow-up durations ranged from approximately 6 to 36 months.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of the included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="9%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Study ID</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Intervention</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Main population</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">TTR class</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients (Int/Pla)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref>(Int/Pla)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Female(%)(Int/Pla)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA &lt; III(%)(Int/Pla)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref>(pg/mL)(Int/Pla)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LVEF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref>(%)(Int/Pla)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Follow-up period</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Adams 2018 (APOLLO)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Patisiran</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-PN</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Silencer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90/36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60/62</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24/18</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100/100</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">756.4/845.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60/62</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Benson 2018 (NEURO-TTR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Inotersen</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-PN</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Silencer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">75/33</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">d</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">d</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100/100</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">d</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65/64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Maurer 2018 (ATTR-ACT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Tafamidis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Stabilizer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">264/177</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74/74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9/11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70/65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.995.9/3.161.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">48/49</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Judge 2020 (ENDEAVOUR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Revusiran</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Silencer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140/66</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">69/68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25/20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">69/70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.371.0/2.719.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">53/51</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.7 months<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Maurer 2023 (APOLLO-B)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Patisiran</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Silencer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">181/178</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">76/76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11/10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">92/93</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.008.0/1.813.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">58/60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Gilmore 2024 (ATTRibute-CM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Acoramidis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Stabilizer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">421/211</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">77/77</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9/12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">89/90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.326.0/2.306.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">e</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Fontana 2024 (HELIOS-B)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Vutrisiran</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">ATTR-CM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Silencer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">326/328</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">77/76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8/7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">92/90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.021.0/1.801.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">e</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36 months</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Median or mean;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Median;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>Median;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>d</label>
                <p>No data available for patients with cardiomyopathy;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>e</label>
                <p>Data not available.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10a">
                <p>ATTR-PN: transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy; ATTR-CM: transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy; Int: intervention group; Pla: placebo group; NYHA: New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NA: not available. All studies adopted a statistical significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>Overall, most outcomes were classified as having a low risk of bias. However, several outcomes from the ENDEAVOUR trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> were rated as high risk of bias or as having some concerns, primarily due to issues related to outcome measurement and missing data. The detailed risk of bias assessment is shown in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl03-en.pdf">Figure S1</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
          <p>The certainty of evidence for each outcome was rated as very low, low, moderate, or high, as presented in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl04-en.pdf">Table S3</inline-supplementary-material>. The most frequent limitations identified were inconsistency and imprecision.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality and hospitalizations</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2A</xref>, when all studies were pooled, there was a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.91; p=0.005). In the subgroup analysis, TTR stabilizers significantly reduced all-cause mortality compared with placebo (RR: 0.71; 95% CI 0.59-0.87; p=0.0006), whereas no significant difference was observed in the TTR silencers subgroup (RR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.37-1.68; p=0.54). Regarding cardiovascular mortality, available data were limited to studies evaluating TTR silencers, which did not demonstrate a significant reduction in risk compared with placebo (RR: 1.87; 95% CI 0.64-5.44; p=0.25). Despite these findings for all-cause mortality, no significant differences were observed between drug classes and placebo when analyzing p for interaction.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) All-cause mortality with disease-modifying therapies versus placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. B) All-cause hospitalization with disease-modifying therapies versus placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. Chi<sup>2</sup>: chi-square; CI: confidence interval; df: degrees of freedom; I<sup>2</sup>: Higgins&#8217; I<sup>2</sup> statistics; IV: inverse variance; log: logarithm; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel; p: p-value; SE: standard error; Tau: Kendall's tau; TTR: transthyretin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2B</xref>, when all therapies were combined, there was no significant effect on all-cause hospitalizations (RR: 0.90; 95% CI 0.77-1.06; p=0.21). However, in the subgroup analysis, TTR stabilizers significantly reduced hospitalization rates compared with placebo (RR: 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.89; p&lt;0.0001), while TTR silencers showed no significant effect (RR: 1.11; 95% CI 0.83-1.48; p=0.48). For cardiovascular hospitalizations, meta-analysis by therapeutic class was not feasible; the analysis was limited to all therapies combined and did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.75&#8211;1.09; p = 0.28). Regarding heart failure hospitalizations, meta-analysis was feasible only for the comparison of all therapies combined (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.69&#8211;1.54; p = 0.88) and for the TTR silencers subgroup (RR: 1.40; 95% CI: 0.84&#8211;2.34; p = 0.19), with neither showing significant differences.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional capacity and quality of life</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3A</xref>, treatment with disease-modifying therapies significantly improved the 6-minute walk distance (6-MWD) compared with placebo (mean difference [MD] 31.81 meters; 95% CI, 10.99-52.62; p=0.003). Similarly, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3B</xref> shows a significant improvement in KCCQ-OS scores (MD 8.05 points; 95% CI, 3.99-12.10; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) 6-minute walk distance (6-MWD) with disease-modifying therapies versus placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. B) Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Score (KCCQ-OS) with disease-modifying therapies versus placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. 6-MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Chi<sup>2</sup>: chi-square; CI: confidence interval; df: degrees of freedom;I<sup>2</sup>: Higgins&#8217; I<sup>2</sup> statistics; IV: inverse variance; p: p-value; Tau: Kendall's tau; TTR: transthyretin; KCCQ-OS: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>In the subgroup analysis, the improvement in 6-MWD was significant in both groups: TTR stabilizers (MD 57.16 meters; 95% CI, 21.92-92.40; p=0.001) and TTR silencers (MD 18.02 meters; 95% CI, 4.22-31.82; p=0.01). Regarding KCCQ-OS, both subgroups also showed significant improvements: TTR stabilizers (MD 11.55 points; 95% CI, 7.89-15.22; p&lt;0.00001) and TTR silencers (MD 4.82 points; 95% CI, 2.39-7.25; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory endpoints</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4A</xref>, treatment with disease-modifying therapies resulted in a significant reduction in NT-proBNP levels compared with placebo (mean difference [MD] in geometric change from baseline: &#8722;0.86 pg/mL; 95% CI &#8722;1.30 to &#8722;0.41; p=0.0002). Similarly, <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl05-en.pdf">Figure S2</inline-supplementary-material> demonstrates a significant reduction in serum TTR protein levels compared with placebo (MD: &#8722;70.25%; 95% CI &#8722;97.04 to &#8722;43.46; p&lt;0.00001).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Serum NT-proBNP levels with disease-modifying therapies versus placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. Chi<sup>2</sup>: chi-square; CI: confidence interval; df: degrees of freedom; I<sup>2</sup>: Higgins&#8217; I<sup>2</sup> statistics; IV: inverse variance; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; p: p-value; Tau: Kendall's tau; TTR: transthyretin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>In the subgroup analysis by therapy class, both TTR stabilizers (MD in geometric change from baseline: &#8722;1.42 pg/mL; 95% CI &#8722;1.67 to &#8722;1.16; p&lt;0.00001) and TTR silencers (MD in geometric change from baseline: - 0.42 pg/mL; 95% CI - 0.70 to - 0.15; p=0.002) significantly reduced NT-proBNP levels. Regarding serum TTR levels, meta-analysis was only feasible for the TTR silencer subgroup, which showed a significant reduction (MD: &#8211;81.62%; 95% CI: &#8211;86.44 to &#8211;76.80; p &lt; 0.00001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic endpoints</title>
          <p><inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl06-en.pdf">Figures S3A</inline-supplementary-material> to <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl07-en.pdf">S3D</inline-supplementary-material> present the results of the echocardiographic outcome analyses. Although all outcomes were evaluated in the overall analysis, only studies investigating TTR silencers provided sufficient data for subgroup meta-analysis.</p>
          <p>The use of disease-modifying therapies was associated with a significant improvement in LV GLS (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl08-en.pdf">Figure S3A</inline-supplementary-material>) compared with placebo (MD: - 0.83%; 95% CI: &#8722;1.27 to &#8722;0.40; p = 0.0002). Subgroup analysis demonstrated statistical significance among TTR silencers (MD: - 0.85%; 95% CI: &#8722;1.41 to - 0.30; p = 0.003).</p>
          <p>Regarding LV mass (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl09-en.pdf">Figure S3B</inline-supplementary-material>), a significant reduction was observed compared with placebo (MD: &#8722;9.74 g; 95% CI: &#8722;17.07 to -2.40; p = 0.009). This outcome was reported exclusively in studies evaluating TTR silencers.</p>
          <p>No statistically significant differences in LV wall thickness (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl10-en.pdf">Figure S3C</inline-supplementary-material>) were identified in the overall analysis (MD: - 0.30 mm; 95% CI: - 0.66 to 0.06; p = 0.10) or within the TTR silencer subgroup (MD: - 0.28 mm; 95% CI: &#8722;0.67 to 0.11; p = 0.16).</p>
          <p>Similarly, no significant differences in LVEF (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl11-en.pdf">Figure S3D</inline-supplementary-material>) were observed between all intervention groups and placebo (MD: &#8722;0.16%; 95% CI: &#8211;1.97 to 1.64; p = 0.86) or within the TTR silencer subgroup (MD: &#8211;0.99%; 95% CI: &#8211;3.05 to 1.06; p = 0.34).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>A sensitivity analysis excluding the ENDEAVOUR trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> &#8212; due to its premature termination &#8212; was conducted. This analysis revealed a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.70; 95% CI 0.60-0.82; p&lt;0.0001) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl12-en.pdf">Figure S4A</inline-supplementary-material>). In the subgroup analysis, both TTR stabilizers (RR: 0.71; 95% CI 0.59-0.87; p=0.0006) and TTR silencers (RR: 0.67; 95% CI 0.51-0.89; p=0.005) demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality compared with placebo.</p>
          <p>Despite this finding, no significant difference between the drug class and placebo was observed in the sensitivity analysis assessing the p-value for interaction.</p>
          <p>In the analysis of left ventricular wall thickness, exclusion of the ENDEAVOUR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> trial resulted in a significant reduction for the combined therapeutic classes (MD &#8211;0.44 mm; 95% CI &#8211;0.81 to &#8211;0.06; p=0.02) and for the TTR silencers subgroup (MD &#8211;0.44 mm; 95% CI &#8211;0.84 to &#8211;0.03; p=0.03).</p>
          <p>A sensitivity analysis was also conducted, excluding studies in which the primary objective was the treatment of amyloid neuropathies. The APOLLO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> trial was excluded from the analyses of the main outcomes&#8212;all-cause mortality (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl13-en.pdf">Figure S5A</inline-supplementary-material>) and serum NT-proBNP (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl14-en.pdf">Figure S5B</inline-supplementary-material>)&#8212;to confirm that its exclusion did not affect the statistical significance. For all-cause mortality, the overall analysis remained significant (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57&#8211;0.94; p=0.01), whereas no significant effect was observed in the TTR silencers subgroup (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.33&#8211;2.57; p=0.88). For NT-proBNP, statistical significance was preserved in the overall analysis (MD in geometric change from baseline &#8211;0.89 pg/mL; 95% CI &#8211;1.39 to &#8211;0.40; p=0.0004) as well as in the TTR silencers subgroup (MD in geometric change from baseline &#8211;0.40 pg/mL; 95% CI &#8211;0.70 to &#8211;0.10; p=0.010). The NEURO-TTR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> trial was not included in this assessment, as it reported only echocardiographic data.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This review included seven RCTs comparing various disease-modifying therapies with placebo in patients with ATTR-CM. The main findings were as follows: (1) TTR stabilizers significantly reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalizations compared with placebo; (2) TTR silencers did not demonstrate a significant reduction in these outcomes; and (3) both therapy classes were effective in improving functional capacity (6-MWD) and quality of life (KCCQ-OS),as well as in reducing serum NT-proBNP levels compared with placebo.</p>
        <p>We observed that TTR stabilizers significantly reduced mortality compared with placebo. Although the ATTRibute trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> did not show a statistically significant reduction in mortality, the authors suggested this may be attributed to increased disease awareness, leading to earlier diagnosis and treatment, and consequently, a lower all-cause mortality risk in the study population. When combining the results of the ATTR-ACT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and ATTRibute<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> trials in our review, the increased statistical power revealed a consistent reduction in mortality risk across both studies. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of TTR stabilizers on mortality have also been demonstrated in real-world settings, supporting the external validity of these findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The lack of a significant effect of TTR silencers on mortality may be partly attributed to the shorter follow-up periods in most of the included studies, leading to fewer observed events compared with trials evaluating TTR stabilizers. In studies of TTR stabilizers, differences in mortality between the intervention and placebo groups typically emerged between 15 and 18 months, with both RCTs having follow-up durations of 30 months. In contrast, the average follow-up in TTR silencer trials was approximately 17 months. Notably, the HELIOS-B trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> which had a longer follow-up of 36 months, did demonstrate a significant reduction in mortality. Furthermore, when performing a sensitivity analysis excluding the prematurely terminated ENDEAVOUR trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> TTR silencers also showed a significant reduction in all-cause mortality compared with placebo.</p>
        <p>Hospitalizations represent a critical burden in the management of heart failure. In this analysis, we pooled data on all-cause, cardiovascular, and heart failure-related hospitalizations. Our findings demonstrated a significant reduction in all-cause hospitalizations among patients treated with TTR stabilizers compared with placebo. However, variations in the classification of hospitalization events across the included RCTs limited the ability to standardize these data for a more definitive conclusion.</p>
        <p>To account for the differing follow-up durations &#8212; longer in trials evaluating TTR stabilizers &#8212; the placebo-adjusted annual change in 6-MWD was calculated (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl15-en.pdf">Table S4</inline-supplementary-material>). When considering such results, both therapy classes demonstrated comparable improvements. However, the adjusted improvements in 6-MWD remained below the threshold of 35 meters per year, which has been suggested to have prognostic significance in CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Similarly, for KCCQ-OS, the placebo-adjusted annual change were comparable between therapy classes. Nevertheless, TTR stabilizers achieved a greater improvement in the ATTR-ACT trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> surpassing the 5-point threshold that has been associated with clinically meaningful and prognostic impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding biomarkers, our overall analysis demonstrated that disease-modifying therapies were associated with significant reductions in serum NT-proBNP and TTR protein levels, both routinely used to assess disease severity. TTR stabilizers resulted in a greater reduction in NT-proBNP, while TTR silencers led to a more pronounced decrease in serum TTR levels, consistent with their mechanism of transcriptional inhibition of hepatic TTR synthesis. Although TTR stabilizers are generally expected to preserve or increase circulating TTR levels by preventing tetramer dissociation, the only available data in our analysis came from the ATTRibute-CM trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which reported a reduction. This result therefore warrants cautious interpretation.</p>
        <p>The applicability of echocardiographic parameters in assessing the prognosis of CA is limited, as most data derive from small-scale studies. However, particularly in asymptomatic patients, echocardiography has proven useful in detecting early disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Our review demonstrated significant improvement in LV GLS both in the overall analysis and in the TTR silencers subgroup. Regarding LV mass, a significant reduction was observed exclusively in TTR silencers subgroup. No significant effects were found on LV wall thickness or LVEF, either in the overall analysis or in TTR silencers subgroup. However, in the sensitivity analysis excluding the ENDEAVOUR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> trial, a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular wall thickness was observed for both the combined therapeutic classes and for TTR silencers versus placebo. It is important to note that the sample size for echocardiographic outcomes was limited in most analyses.</p>
        <p>Previous meta-analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> have primarily focused on the effectiveness of tafamidis, incorporating data from both RCTs and observational studies. In contrast, our analysis included seven RCTs, five of which were specifically designed for ATTR-CM. Similarly, a meta-analysis by Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> assessed the effect of tafamidis in ATTR-CM and reported a significant association between TTR stabilizer therapy and reduced mortality, consistent with the findings of our study.</p>
        <p>This review has several limitations. First, although the APOLLO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and NEURO-TTR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> trials were primarily designed to assess neurological outcomes, only cardiomyopathy-related data were included in our analysis. A sensitivity analysis excluding the APOLLO trial confirmed that its exclusion did not alter the results. Second, the shorter follow-up durations in trials of TTR silencers may have limited the number of clinical events; to address this, we evaluated the placebo-adjusted annual change (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240830-40830-suppl16-en.pdf">Table S4</inline-supplementary-material>). Third, the early termination of the ENDEAVOUR trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> may have compromised the reliability of its data; thus, a sensitivity analysis excluding this trial is presented in the supplementary analyses. Fourth, we did not perform direct comparisons between TTR stabilizers and silencers, as all comparisons were made against placebo. Finally, echocardiographic data remain limited across trials; however, ongoing studies are expected to provide more robust evidence.</p>
        <p>This study also has several strengths, including its rigorous methodology, strict adherence to Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines, and the comprehensive inclusion of all available RCTs evaluating the efficacy of currently approved therapies for ATTR-CM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis of disease-modifying therapies for CA, TTR stabilizers significantly reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalizations in patients with ATTR-CM compared with placebo. In contrast, TTR silencers did not demonstrate a significant impact on these outcomes relative to placebo. Additional studies are required to establish the long-term efficacy of this therapeutic class.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>Research funding under the direct/personal esponsability od Dr. Andreia Biolo (directed to her departament or institution) form the pharmaceutical industry and from companies in the field of orthoses, prostheses, medical equipment, and implantable devices, national or international.</p>
          <p>Dr. Andreia Biolo in the principal investigator of the APOLLO-B trial with Patisiran, sponsored by Alnylam.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0830_apendice_suplementar_ing.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
