<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bKbVYkgswk6vnsgJk4Fx7Kv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240807</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>REBECGA: Registro Brasileiro de Cardiopatia e Gravidez. Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico Epidemiol&#243;gico sobre Cardiopatias na Gravidez: Etapa Retrospectiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Bruno da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Rodrigues Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ECOCENTER</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ECOCENTER, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas Faculdade de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria de Estado da Sa&#250;de do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Estado da Sa&#250;de do Cear&#225; (SESA), Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Municipal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Municipal, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Walkiria Samuel Avila &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>walkiria@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240807</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, que afeta cerca de 4% das gesta&#231;&#245;es, &#233; a principal causa n&#227;o obst&#233;trica de morte materna. Estima-se que 40% dessas mortes poderiam ser evitadas com a melhor compreens&#227;o sobre os riscos da gravidez.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Desenvolver o Registro Brasileiro de Cardiopatias na Gravidez (REBECGA) para estudar a preval&#234;ncia, as complica&#231;&#245;es e a mortalidade materna associadas &#224;s cardiopatias durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s o parto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo multic&#234;ntrico e retrospectivo da evolu&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 12 meses ap&#243;s seu t&#233;rmino, em mulheres com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, com an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis preditivas dos desfechos maternos. Adotou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bilateral de 5% para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Incluiu-se 638 gestantes com os seguintes diagn&#243;sticos: doen&#231;a valvar (37,8%), cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (35,7%), arritmias sem les&#227;o card&#237;aca estrutural (14,7%), cardiomiopatias (11,3%) e outras cardiopatias (6,4%). As principais complica&#231;&#245;es foram: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (16,7%), arritmias (10,7%) e s&#237;ncope (8,0%), com 18 &#243;bitos (2,8%) maternos (2,8%) sendo 10 no puerp&#233;rio. Parto ces&#225;rea foi indicado em 62,9%, com 25,7% de prematuros e 3,2% de perdas fetais. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou classe de risco IV da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de modificada (OR 3,51; IC 95% 1,75-7,04; p&lt;0,001); CF III/IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA) (OR 2,27; IC 95% 1,12-4,60; p=0,023) e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (OR 2,45; IC95% 1,05-5,70; p=0,037) como vari&#225;veis preditivas de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O REBECGA revelou a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a valvar, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como principal complica&#231;&#227;o, o puerp&#233;rio como um per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico para os &#243;bitos maternos e identificou vari&#225;veis preditivas de risco para a gravidez em mulheres com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>REBECGA: Registro Brasileiro de Cardiopatia e Gravidez. Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico Epidemiol&#243;gico sobre Cardiopatias na Gravidez: Etapa Retrospectiva</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/bKbVYkgswk6vnsgJk4Fx7Kv/b8e3206f0307c6e3589a48e5058c2826bbecc413.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/bKbVYkgswk6vnsgJk4Fx7Kv/602e7a1b2e2cc97086d22f5b3f2f229e9d186483.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/bKbVYkgswk6vnsgJk4Fx7Kv/882e56a0b3864495d723e978c6182763d5ec36be.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Registro</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Materna</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As cardiopatias afetam cerca de 4% das gesta&#231;&#245;es no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo a principal causa n&#227;o obst&#233;trica de morte materna durante a gravidez e ap&#243;s o parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse cen&#225;rio decorre do aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres jovens, o adiamento da gravidez para idades mais avan&#231;adas e a maior sobrevida de mulheres com cardiopatias manifestas na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Cerca de 80% das mortes maternas por cardiopatias s&#227;o evit&#225;veis, com dois ter&#231;os ocorrendo nos primeiros 12 meses p&#243;s-parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essas mortes s&#227;o frequentemente atribu&#237;das &#224; falta de diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento especializado, e a falhas no sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria das recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre cardiopatia e gravidez baseiam-se em evid&#234;ncias de n&#237;vel C, fundamentadas principalmente em opini&#245;es de especialistas e registros multic&#234;ntricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de modificada (OMSm) tem demonstrado boa sensibilidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es maternas, sendo uma ferramenta valiosa tanto para o aconselhamento pr&#233;vio &#224; concep&#231;&#227;o quanto na condu&#231;&#227;o das gesta&#231;&#245;es de mulheres cardiopatas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela 1 Suplementar</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>No entanto, lacunas persistem no Brasil, onde escores internacionais s&#227;o limitados devido a diferen&#231;as epidemiol&#243;gicas, sociais e demogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, a cria&#231;&#227;o do Registro Brasileiro de Cardiopatia e Gravidez (REBECGA) surge como uma necessidade para fornecer uma vis&#227;o realista das cardiopatias na gravidez no Brasil, alinhando o pa&#237;s &#224;s iniciativas globais.</p>
      <p>O principal objetivo do REBECGA &#233; determinar a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatias, avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e mortalidade materna relacionadas &#224; gravidez. Al&#233;m disso, busca identificar fatores preditivos de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos, bem como descrever a evolu&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica e fetal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O REBECGA &#233; um estudo observacional multic&#234;ntrico acess&#237;vel a hospitais de todo o Brasil com infraestrutura adequada para acompanhar mulheres com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, desde a gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 12 meses ap&#243;s o parto, mesmo que participem de outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos. O per&#237;odo de 12 meses p&#243;s-parto foi considerado para identificar as circunst&#226;ncias da mortalidade materna tardia, conceitualmente definida como at&#233; 12 meses ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da gesta&#231;&#227;o. O estudo &#233; composto por duas etapas: 1) uma etapa retrospectiva, j&#225; conclu&#237;da, com dados de gestantes atendidas entre 2017 e 2020 (conte&#250;do desta publica&#231;&#227;o); 2) uma etapa prospectiva, em andamento, com t&#233;rmino previsto para 2027.</p>
      <p>Os dados considerados para estudo foram: 1) diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia; 2) classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco OMSm ( CR I, II, II-III, IV - OMSm), 3) classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (CF I,II,III,IV-NYHA)); 4) fatores complicadores &#8211; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) , hipoxemia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), les&#245;es residuais ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, disfun&#231;&#227;o de enxertos ou de pr&#243;teses); 5) eventos card&#237;acos anteriores &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o; 6) hist&#243;rico de cirurgia ou interven&#231;&#227;o e 7) antecedentes obst&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram: pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico definido ou em investiga&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia, HP sem envolvimento card&#237;aco prim&#225;rio e arritmias card&#237;acas sem registro documentado.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da evolu&#231;&#227;o nos trimestres da gesta&#231;&#227;o, no puerp&#233;rio (per&#237;odo at&#233; 42 dias ap&#243;s o parto) e at&#233; 12 meses ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da gesta&#231;&#227;o, considerou a ocorr&#234;ncia de: 1) complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas &#8211; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), &#8220;nova&#8221; arritmia, tromboembolismo, hipoxemia, s&#237;ncope, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, endocardite infecciosa); 2) &#243;bitos maternos; 3) hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para tratamento das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas; 4) necessidade de tratamento intervencionista (cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo) e 5) complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas agrupadas em abortamento, hipertens&#227;o gestacional, hemorragia p&#243;s-parto e infec&#231;&#227;o. Os &#243;bitos maternos foram analisados &#8220;caso a caso&#8221;, considerando as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;vias &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, causa do &#243;bito e a sobrevida fetal.</p>
      <p>As condutas adotadas, incluindo medidas gerais e preventivas, terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica e/ou intervencionista, seguiram &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es convencionais estabelecidas pelas Diretrizes em Cardiopatia e Gravidez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise descritiva das informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos tipos de parto, &#224; anestesia utilizada e aos dados dos rec&#233;m-nascidos, incluindo perdas fetais, prematuridade e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, com base em informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis nos autorrelatos das pacientes ou prontu&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das pacientes e a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro e gerenciamento de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram registrados na plataforma Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> pelos pesquisadores de cada centro participante e monitorados pela <italic>Academic Research Organization</italic> (ARO) do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; FMUSP. O estudo foi observacional e descritivo, sem interven&#231;&#245;es e sem riscos &#224;s participantes, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) sob os protocolos SDC5232/21/007 CAAE: 42739321.9.1001.0068.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software R 4.2.2 e gr&#225;ficos elaborados com o pacote ggplot2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou medianas e intervalos interquartis, dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O teste de Fisher e o qui-quadrado avaliaram associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. ANOVA <italic>one-way</italic> e testes t n&#227;o pareados ou de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney foram usados para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foi ajustado para identificar vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e/ou &#243;bito materno, com sele&#231;&#227;o inicial de vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,10 no teste univariado e m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic>. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho preditivo dos modelos, considerou-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de curvas ROC. Para os testes estat&#237;sticos, foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e todos foram considerados como bicaudais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>)</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de 2017 a 2020, dados de 638 gestantes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas foram inclu&#237;dos na etapa retrospectiva do Registro-REBECGA, que contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de seis centros de cardiologia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 1</ext-link>). As pacientes do estudo tinham, em m&#233;dia, 30,4 &#177; 7,3 anos, com predomin&#226;ncia de mulheres brancas e solteiras. Metade possu&#237;a ensino fundamental ou m&#233;dio completo, e 62,7% relataram gesta&#231;&#245;es anteriores (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>). Quanto ao aconselhamento reprodutivo pr&#233;vio, apenas 32,2% planejaram a gravidez, 57,3% receberam orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre anticoncepcionais e 64,9% tiveram orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre os riscos da gravidez.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 2</ext-link>) destacou a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a valvar, muito pr&#243;xima &#224; das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, e um percentual de arritmias sem les&#227;o estrutural superior ao de cardiomiopatias. Houve predom&#237;nio da les&#227;o valvar mitral reum&#225;tica sendo que a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o teve o implante de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica (PB) como o procedimento mais frequente (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 3A</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>Entre as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, predominaram as les&#245;es combinadas, as comunica&#231;&#245;es intercavit&#225;rias (&#8220;shunts&#8221;) e a tetralogia de Fallot, como cardiopatia cianog&#234;nica (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 3B</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>No grupo das cardiomiopatias, o fen&#243;tipo dilatado foi o mais frequente, distribu&#237;dos de forma semelhante entre a idiop&#225;tica e periparto (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 3C</ext-link>). Entre as doen&#231;as arritmog&#234;nicas isoladas, as arritmias supraventriculares predominaram, sendo que 53 (56,4%) pacientes haviam sido submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea antes da gesta&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 3D</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das pacientes no primeiro atendimento da gesta&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabelas Suplementares 3 A, B, C, D, E</ext-link>) mostrou que cerca de um ter&#231;o (36,1%) das pacientes foram classificadas em risco III/IV-OMSm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>); 71/598 (11,2%) pacientes estavam em CF-III/IV-NYHA. No total, foram identificados 224 fatores complicadores (36,5%) e 187 eventos card&#237;acos pr&#233;vios &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o (29,2%) entre as pacientes inclu&#237;das, podendo um mesmo caso apresentar mais de um fator ou evento.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise longitudinal da evolu&#231;&#227;o materna (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 4</ext-link>) nos trimestres da gesta&#231;&#227;o mostrou a progress&#227;o da CF-NYHA at&#233; o puerp&#233;rio, com necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, ajustes na terap&#234;utica e indica&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas ou percut&#226;neas nos casos refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mais frequentes foram IC, arritmias e s&#237;ncope. Ao longo dos 12 meses seguintes &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es permaneceu elevada e mais da metade dos &#243;bitos maternos aconteceu no puerp&#233;rio, com um total de 10 em 18 (55,6%) ocorr&#234;ncias fatais. A frequ&#234;ncia dos medicamentos prescritos na gesta&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s o parto, de acordo com an&#225;lise de 602 pacientes, est&#225; resumida na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 5</ext-link>.</p>
      <p>Foram registrados 18 (2,8%) &#243;bitos maternos, tr&#234;s (16,6%) durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, 10 no puerp&#233;rio (55,5%) e cinco (27,7%) ao longo de 12 meses ap&#243;s o parto descritos caso a caso. Os casos 8, 9, 10 e 14 apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o por Covid-19 que antecedeu a morte materna, e houve um natimorto (caso 10) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 6</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>Foram realizados tr&#234;s procedimentos em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia: 1&#186; ) caso 13, corre&#231;&#227;o de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, com implante de coron&#225;rias, na 36&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a retirada do feto vivo e saud&#225;vel, com evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito materno no segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; 2&#186;) caso 10, reopera&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar mitral devido &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese, no 30&#186; dia p&#243;s-parto com evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito no segundo dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e 3&#186;) caso 12, realizado procedimento percut&#226;neo de &#8220;<italic>valve in valve</italic>,&#8221; na 12&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, em paciente com pr&#243;tese calcificada em IC aguda, evoluindo para &#243;bito no primeiro p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas basais das pacientes e da frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maternas e fetais mostrou diferen&#231;as (p &lt; 0,05) entre os tipos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, para as vari&#225;veis idade, OMSm, CF-NYHA, fatores complicadores, hist&#243;rico de eventos card&#237;acos e interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 7</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e os &#243;bitos maternos tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05) com as vari&#225;veis OMSm, CF-NYHA, interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, cardiomiopatias, IC, disfun&#231;&#227;o de enxertos/pr&#243;teses, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e HP, todas relacionadas a um maior risco materno (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabelas Suplementares 8A e 8B</ext-link>). A suban&#225;lise comparativa entre as cardiomiopatias idiop&#225;tica e periparto n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as quanto as complica&#231;&#245;es ou &#243;bitos maternos ({9 (45%) versus 5 (37%)}: p = 0,43).</p>
      <p>Os resultados obst&#233;tricos, relacionados &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es de 571 pacientes, mostraram que o parto ces&#225;rea predominou, com 548 (96,6%) rec&#233;m-nascidos vivos, 146 (25,7%) prematuros e 39 (8,4%) com complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo neonatal, sendo que nove deles tiveram diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 8</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e &#243;bitos maternos selecionou as vari&#225;veis significativas (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabelas Tabelas suplementares 8A e 8B</ext-link>) para a constru&#231;&#227;o dos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figuras 4A/B e Tabela 10A suplementares</ext-link>) e indicou a OMSm como covari&#225;vel independente de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e/ou &#243;bitos (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 10B</ext-link>). A an&#225;lise da predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas e fetais resultou no modelo final representado nas <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figuras 5A/B e Tabela 11 Suplementares</ext-link>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O REBECGA, primeiro registro nacional multic&#234;ntrico sobre doen&#231;as card&#237;acas na gesta&#231;&#227;o, re&#250;ne dados de seis centros especializados no Brasil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Este estudo pioneiro trouxe uma vis&#227;o abrangente da mortalidade materna associada &#224;s cardiopatias, incluindo &#243;bitos tardios at&#233; 12 meses ap&#243;s a gesta&#231;&#227;o, e dados valiosos sobre preval&#234;ncia, complica&#231;&#245;es e fatores preditivos, permitindo compara&#231;&#245;es com registros internacionais, como o M-PAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>e o ROPAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e considerando particularidades culturais, sociais e demogr&#225;ficas brasileiras.</p>
      <p>Inicialmente, a an&#225;lise dos dados demogr&#225;ficos deste estudo mostrou a m&#233;dia de idade de 30,4 anos, refletindo o aumento da idade materna das gestantes brasileiras nesta &#250;ltima d&#233;cada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e um percentual de 66,7% de mulheres brancas, superior aos 43,5% no Censo Nacional de 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia e caracter&#237;sticas das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as valvares foram as mais comuns entre as les&#245;es estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o, principalmente as da valva mitral. A etiologia reum&#225;tica foi observada em 168 pacientes (69,7%), o que reflete a realidade brasileira<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>assemelhando-se ao registrado em outros pa&#237;ses emergentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O predom&#237;nio da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica neste estudo pode justificar o elevado percentual de pacientes graves (46%), o que explica as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (42,9%) e de &#243;bitos maternos (3,9%). De fato, a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica favorece o desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es, como FA e HP, resultando em piores desfechos da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> &#201; importante destacar que esses desfechos ocorreram mesmo em pacientes com CF I/II-NYHA, relatada por 83,7% delas no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 7</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>A escolha da PB em 74% das pacientes submetidas a implante valvar reflete o princ&#237;pio amplamente adotado pela maioria dos servi&#231;os de cirurgia card&#237;aca no Brasil, conforme indicado nas diretrizes sobre doen&#231;as valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Essa abordagem favorece a PB em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, visto que essa op&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o exige o uso cont&#237;nuo de anticoagulantes. No entanto, do ponto de vista estrutural, o presente estudo mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese com complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos, sugerindo que a PB n&#227;o garante seguran&#231;a &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabelas 6 e 8 B suplementares</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foi de 35,7%, superior aos 19,1% relatados em um registro brasileiro da d&#233;cada de 1990<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mas ainda abaixo de outros registros internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Ao incluir os 16,6% de doen&#231;as valvares cong&#234;nitas, os dados se aproximaram dos padr&#245;es internacionais e superaram as cardiopatias reum&#225;ticas, antes predominantes no Brasil. Esses resultados refletem uma transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas em pacientes jovens no pa&#237;s, impulsionada pelo avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas na inf&#226;ncia. O predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es cong&#234;nitas com <italic>shunts</italic> em 33,8% dos casos est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com a preval&#234;ncia global das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas no adulto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Vale destacar o n&#250;mero crescente de gestantes com cardiopatias complexas, com bons resultados na gravidez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A mortalidade materna por cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas &#233; baixa, especialmente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Neste estudo, essas cardiopatias apresentaram menor risco de complica&#231;&#245;es (OR 0,47; IC 95% 0,29-0,75; p = 0,002), possivelmente devido &#224;s corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas realizadas antes da gesta&#231;&#227;o em 74,1% dos casos. Nesse cen&#225;rio, merece destaque o &#243;bito materno em paciente com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular n&#227;o operada e HP grave (caso 17), evidenciando a import&#226;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As arritmias card&#237;acas sem les&#227;o card&#237;aca estrutural, na maioria supraventriculares, tiveram bom controle medicamentoso ou por interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas, resultando em uma evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel da gravidez. &#201; not&#225;vel que os avan&#231;os na eletrofisiologia, tanto no diagn&#243;stico quanto no tratamento das arritmias, favore&#231;am um aumento significativo no percentual de gestantes com arritmias e bom progn&#243;stico da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Como contrapartida, arritmias associadas &#224; les&#227;o card&#237;aca estrutural, foram, neste estudo, a segunda causa de complica&#231;&#245;es, atr&#225;s apenas da IC (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 7</ext-link>). Em destaque, a FA, presente em 7,6% dos casos, esteve envolvida em dois dos 18 &#243;bitos maternos.</p>
        <p>No grupo das cardiomiopatias, observou-se um perfil desfavor&#225;vel desde o in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o, evidenciado pela presen&#231;a de fatores complicadores em 70,8% dos casos e por eventos card&#237;acos pr&#233;vios em 50% das pacientes (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 7</ext-link>). Essas condi&#231;&#245;es contribu&#237;ram para os &#243;bitos registrados em cinco casos, todos no p&#243;s-parto, devido &#224; IC, resultando em uma taxa de mortalidade de 6,8%. De forma geral, as cardiomiopatias tiveram forte associa&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos (OR 2,32; IC 95% 1,25-4,24; p = 0,007), independentemente da etiologia, refor&#231;ando a constata&#231;&#227;o de estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma particularidade do REBECGA foi a inclus&#227;o de seis casos (0,94%) de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, n&#250;mero muito inferior aos 128 casos (12,8%) registrados no Brasil na d&#233;cada de 1990, quando a doen&#231;a de Chagas causou uma taxa de mortalidade de 8,3% entre gestantes com cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No estudo atual, as formas arritmog&#234;nica e de IC da doen&#231;a n&#227;o se associaram aos &#243;bitos maternos. Esses resultados refletem avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico, no controle da transmiss&#227;o e no tratamento dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos recentes sugerem poss&#237;vel subnotifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, com um n&#250;mero maior de mulheres em idade reprodutiva infectadas, representando um risco significativo para m&#227;e e feto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as da aorta<bold>,</bold> apesar de sua baixa preval&#234;ncia, apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade materna de 14,2%, resultando em dois &#243;bitos entre os 14 casos estudados. Esses dados ressaltam o alto risco dessas doen&#231;as para a gravidez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as doen&#231;as da aorta geralmente ocorrem associadas a s&#237;ndromes heredit&#225;rias, como a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, ou a doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, como a arterite de Takayasu, a outras cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica foi observada em gestantes com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 37,0 &#177; 7 anos, representando 3,6% das cardiopatias registradas. &#201; importante mencionar que, entre as 23 pacientes, 65,2% apresentavam hist&#243;rico de eventos card&#237;acos isqu&#234;micos, enquanto as demais sofreram infarto durante ou ap&#243;s a gravidez.</p>
        <p>Vale destacar que mais da metade dessas pacientes teve complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas e/ou fetais, provavelmente devido &#224; natureza do tratamento emergencial dessa condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> De fato, a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi a vari&#225;vel mais significativa na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas e fetais nas an&#225;lises univariada (OR 5,61; IC 95%: 1,48-36,6; p = 0,026) e multivariada (OR 5,75; IC 95%: 1,24-26,7; p = 0,022).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e &#243;bitos maternos</title>
        <p>O registro REBECGA revelou uma taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es maternas de 28%, abaixo dos 36% observados em outros pa&#237;ses emergentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> mas pr&#243;xima aos 23,5% de um estudo brasileiro de 1990.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Isso sugere que, apesar das mudan&#231;as epidemiol&#243;gicas, os desafios permanecem. A IC continua sendo a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente, com preval&#234;ncia de 16,6%, refletindo tanto o impacto hemodin&#226;mico da gravidez<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> quanto o atraso no diagn&#243;stico e nas interven&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias indicam que o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos aumenta proporcionalmente com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da CR-OMSm, j&#225; validada como um bom preditor de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, este estudo revelou, de forma curiosa, uma taxa expressiva (26%) de complica&#231;&#245;es entre as pacientes classificadas como CR II-OMS, sugerindo a necessidade de estudos futuros para aprimorar a aplica&#231;&#227;o da CR-OMSm na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em cardiopatias.</p>
        <p>O percentual de &#243;bitos maternos foi de 2,8%, diferente do observado em outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> possivelmente devido &#224; inclus&#227;o de um per&#237;odo de 12 meses ap&#243;s o parto, enquanto os demais consideraram apenas o puerp&#233;rio ou at&#233; 90 ap&#243;s a gesta&#231;&#227;o. Dos 18 &#243;bitos, 10 (55,5%) ocorreram no puerp&#233;rio, e cinco (27,8%) foram classificados como mortalidade materna tardia. Isso destaca o p&#243;s-parto como um per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico, evidenciando a necessidade de otimizar o tratamento cardiovascular e garantir cuidados especializados. Al&#233;m disso, a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 precedeu a morte de quatro pacientes, corroborando os dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, que reportaram uma mortalidade de 13,5% entre gestantes e pu&#233;rperas infectadas, das quais 25% eram portadoras de cardiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis preditivas de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e &#243;bitos maternos</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de predi&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos ressaltou vari&#225;veis que refletem o perfil cl&#237;nico cr&#237;tico das pacientes inclu&#237;das neste registro, muitas delas com contraindica&#231;&#227;o formal &#224; gravidez (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Suplementar 10A</ext-link>). Apesar de 62,5% das pacientes terem recebido orienta&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica pr&#233;via sobre os riscos associados &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, apenas 32,5% planejaram a gravidez, evidenciando uma lacuna significativa no planejamento reprodutivo dessas mulheres.</p>
        <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis selecionadas, a HP merece destaque especial, pois manteve-se como um forte preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figura 4A e Tabela 10A suplementar</ext-link>) corroborando a literatura internacional. Um estudo com 3.532 gestantes relatou taxas mais altas de eventos cardiovasculares (15,7% vs. 0,3%; p &lt; 0,001) e mortalidade materna (0,9% vs. 0,01%; p &lt; 0,001) em mulheres com HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Esses dados refor&#231;am que, apesar dos avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos e melhora do progn&#243;stico, a gravidez continua sendo uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alto risco para mulheres com HP, sendo fortemente desaconselhada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medicamentos prescritos</title>
        <p>A escolha das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas na gesta&#231;&#227;o e no p&#243;s-parto (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 5</ext-link>), no tratamento das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas maternas, fundamentou-se nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Ressalta-se que os antagonistas dos receptores de angiotensina e os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, conhecidos por seus efeitos teratog&#234;nicos, n&#227;o foram prescritos durante a gravidez. Contudo, nos casos de gravidez n&#227;o planejada, as pacientes que j&#225; faziam uso desses medicamentos, o tratamento foi imediatamente suspenso na primeira consulta da gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es sobre os resultados obst&#233;tricos e fetais</title>
        <p>O parto ces&#225;rea foi realizado em 62,9% das pacientes, alinhando-se &#224; realidade brasileira, onde, segundo dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, cerca de 57% dos partos s&#227;o realizados por cesariana, o que equivale a cinco vezes as taxas recomendadas pela OMS, que s&#227;o de 10% a 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a escolha do tipo de parto foi baseada na indica&#231;&#227;o da equipe obst&#233;trica, reconhecendo-se as indiscut&#237;veis vantagens do parto vaginal, que incluem menores riscos de sangramento e infec&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de uma recupera&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida, resultando em menor ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. A incid&#234;ncia de partos prematuros de 25%, superior aos 11% reportados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral brasileira,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> possivelmente relacionada &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas maternas e &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica, que muitas vezes demandam a antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto. A ocorr&#234;ncia das perdas fetais em 6,3% das pacientes n&#227;o reflete plenamente a realidade das gestantes cardiopatas, j&#225; que, em estudos retrospectivos, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre perdas fetais precoces podem ser subnotificadas. Por outro lado, o &#237;ndice de hipertens&#227;o gestacional, observado em apenas 1,1%, foi significativamente menor do que o estimado para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo refletem caracter&#237;sticas inerentes a pesquisas retrospectivas, muitas vezes n&#227;o permitindo embasar discuss&#245;es aprofundadas sobre alguns t&#243;picos. Nesse contexto, a supervis&#227;o do centro regulador da pesquisa (Academic Research Organization &#8211; ARO) desempenhou papel crucial na filtragem dos dados, uniformiza&#231;&#227;o dos diagn&#243;sticos, agrupamento das complica&#231;&#245;es e padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos tratamentos, garantindo a conclus&#227;o desta etapa com qualidade. Ressalta-se que a temporalidade dos dados esteve limitada ao per&#237;odo de 2017 a 2021 para todos os centros, restringindo a an&#225;lise de tend&#234;ncias ao longo do tempo. O REBECGA foi idealizado para incluir hospitais de todas as macrorregi&#245;es do Brasil, com financiamento do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, empenhado em 2022, mas suspenso em 2023. Ainda assim, seis centros seguiram com a coleta e an&#225;lise dos dados com recursos pr&#243;prios, concluindo a etapa retrospectiva.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O REBECGA evidenciou a alta preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a valvar durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, identificou a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e as arritmias como as principais complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e revelou que a maioria das mortes maternas ocorreu no puerp&#233;rio. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo destacou que as condi&#231;&#245;es classificadas como risco IV pela OMS, a CF III/IV da NYHA e a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foram significativamente associadas &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos maternos. O REBECGA representa um marco importante na pesquisa sobre cardiopatias e gravidez no Brasil, e sua continuidade fortalecer&#225; as bases para estudos futuros, contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade materna associada a essas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e &#224; Academic Research Organization (ARO) do InCor-HCFMUSP pelo apoio constante neste projeto; ao Dr. Ivan Rivera e ao Sr. Sidnei Silva pela elabora&#231;&#227;o da arte gr&#225;fica; &#224; Luciana Ishihara pela an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; e &#224; Sra. Maria do Carmo Barreto pela revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica. Manifestamos, ainda, nossa gratid&#227;o a Adriane Oliveira, Leydiane Ferreira e Yasmin Amorim pelo valioso aux&#237;lio na coleta e revis&#227;o dos dados deste estudo.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de. Monitoramento dos Casos de Arboviroses Urbanas Transmitidas pelo Aedes Aegypti (Dengue, Chikungunya e Zika), Semanas Epidemiol&#243;gicas 1 a 19, 2020. Bol Epidemiol. 2020;20(51):1-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
            <collab>Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Monitoramento dos Casos de Arboviroses Urbanas Transmitidas pelo Aedes Aegypti (Dengue, Chikungunya e Zika), Semanas Epidemiol&#243;gicas 1 a 19, 2020</article-title>
          <source>Bol Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>51</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Campanharo FF, Cecatti JG, Haddad SM, Parpinelli MA, Born D, Costa ML, et al. The Impact of Cardiac Diseases during Pregnancy on Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Brazil. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144385.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campanharo</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cecatti</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parpinelli</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Born</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of Cardiac Diseases during Pregnancy on Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0144385</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0144385</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Carvalho PI, Frias PG, Lemos MLC, Frutuoso LALM, Figueir&#244;a BQ, Pereira CCB, et al. Sociodemographic and Health Care Profile of Maternal Death in Recife, PE, Brazil, 2006-2017: A Descriptive Study. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020;29(1):e2019185. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742020000100005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>PI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frias</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>MLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frutuoso</surname>
              <given-names>LALM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueir&#244;a</surname>
              <given-names>BQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>CCB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sociodemographic and Health Care Profile of Maternal Death in Recife, PE, Brazil, 2006-2017: A Descriptive Study</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Serv Saude</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e2019185</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5123/S1679-49742020000100005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Hirshberg A, Srinivas SK. Epidemiology of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality. Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(6):332-7. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.07.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirshberg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivas</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality</article-title>
          <source>Semin Perinatol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>332</fpage>
          <lpage>337</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.semperi.2017.07.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Avila WS, Alexandre ERG, Castro ML, Lucena AJG, Marques-Santos C, Freire CMV, et al. Brazilian Cardiology Society Statement for Management of Pregnancy and Family Planning in Women with Heart Disease - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(5):849-942. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200406.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexandre</surname>
              <given-names>ERG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucena</surname>
              <given-names>AJG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Cardiology Society Statement for Management of Pregnancy and Family Planning in Women with Heart Disease - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>942</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200406</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomstr&#246;m-Lundqvist C, C&#237;fkov&#225; R, De Bonis M, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(34):3165-241. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Regitz-Zagrosek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roos-Hesselink</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blomstr&#246;m-Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#237;fkov&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bonis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2018 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>34</issue>
          <fpage>3165</fpage>
          <lpage>3241</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Presidential Task Force on Pregnancy and Heart Disease and Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 212: Pregnancy and Heart Disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(5):320-56. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003243.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Presidential Task Force on Pregnancy and Heart Disease and Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 212: Pregnancy and Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>320</fpage>
          <lpage>356</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0000000000003243</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. van Hagen IM, Boersma E, Johnson MR, Thorne SA, Parsonage WA, Sub&#237;as PE, et al. Global Cardiac Risk Assessment in the Registry Of Pregnancy And Cardiac Disease: Results of a Registry from the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(5):523-33. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.501.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Hagen</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boersma</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorne</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parsonage</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sub&#237;as</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Cardiac Risk Assessment in the Registry Of Pregnancy And Cardiac Disease: Results of a Registry from the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>533</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.501</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Avila WS, Rossi EG, Ramires JA, Grinberg M, Bortolotto MR, Zugaib M, et al. Pregnancy in Patients with Heart Disease: Experience with 1,000 Cases. Clin Cardiol. 2003;26(3):135-42. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960260308.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugaib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy in Patients with Heart Disease: Experience with 1,000 Cases</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.4960260308</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Paul GJ, Princy SA, Anju S, Anita S, Mary MC, Gnanavelu G, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Heart Disease: The Madras Medical College Pregnancy And Cardiac (M-PAC) Registry from India. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(17):1530-40. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paul</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Princy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anju</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anita</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mary</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gnanavelu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Heart Disease: The Madras Medical College Pregnancy And Cardiac (M-PAC) Registry from India</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1530</fpage>
          <lpage>1540</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehad003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. D'Souza RD, Silversides CK, Tomlinson GA, Siu SC. Assessing Cardiac Risk in Pregnant Women with Heart Disease: How Risk Scores are Created and Their Role in Clinical Practice. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(7):1011-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.079.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Souza</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silversides</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siu</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing Cardiac Risk in Pregnant Women with Heart Disease: How Risk Scores are Created and Their Role in Clinical Practice</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1011</fpage>
          <lpage>1021</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.079</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Pijuan-Dom&#232;nech A, Galian L, Goya M, Casellas M, Merced C, Ferreira-Gonzalez I, et al. Cardiac Complications during Pregnancy are Better Predicted with the Modified WHO Risk Score. Int J Cardiol. 2015;195:149-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.076.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pijuan-Dom&#232;nech</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galian</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goya</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casellas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merced</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira-Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Complications during Pregnancy are Better Predicted with the Modified WHO Risk Score</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>195</volume>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>154</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.076</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Martins LC, Freire CM, Capuru&#231;u CA, Nunes MC, Rezende CA. Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnant Women with Heart Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(4):289-96. doi: 10.5935/abc.20160028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capuru&#231;u</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rezende</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnant Women with Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>296</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Nascimento BR, Beaton AZ, Nunes MC, Diamantino AC, Carmo GA, Oliveira KK, et al. Echocardiographic Prevalence of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Brazilian Schoolchildren: Data from the PROVAR Study. Int J Cardiol. 2016;219:439-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.088.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beaton</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diamantino</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmo</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Prevalence of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Brazilian Schoolchildren: Data from the PROVAR Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>219</volume>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>445</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.088</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.R-project.org/">http://www.R-project.org/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>R Core Team</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Apr 25</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.R-project.org/">http://www.R-project.org/</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Roos-Hesselink J, Baris L, Johnson M, De Backer J, Otto C, Marelli A, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Cardiovascular Disease: Evolving Trends over 10 Years in the ESC Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3848-55. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz136.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roos-Hesselink</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baris</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Backer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marelli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Cardiovascular Disease: Evolving Trends over 10 Years in the ESC Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>47</issue>
          <fpage>3848</fpage>
          <lpage>3855</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz136</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Mulher da Fam&#237;lia e dos Direitos Humanos. Secret&#225;ria Nacional da Fam&#237;lia. Fatos e N&#250;meros - Fam&#237;lais e Filhos no Brrasil [Internet]. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Mulher da Fam&#237;lia e dos Direitos Humanos; 2021 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/observatorio-nacional-da-familia/fatos-e-numeros/familias-e-filhos-no-brasil.pdf">https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/observatorio-nacional-da-familia/fatos-e-numeros/familias-e-filhos-no-brasil.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Mulher da Fam&#237;lia e dos Direitos Humanos</collab>
            <collab>Secret&#225;ria Nacional da Fam&#237;lia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Fatos e N&#250;meros - Fam&#237;lais e Filhos no Brrasil</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Mulher da Fam&#237;lia e dos Direitos Humanos</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Apr 25</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/observatorio-nacional-da-familia/fatos-e-numeros/familias-e-filhos-no-brasil.pdf">https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/observatorio-nacional-da-familia/fatos-e-numeros/familias-e-filhos-no-brasil.pdf</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica. Estat&#237;stica do Registro Civil [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica; 2015 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/135/rc_2015_v42.pdf">https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/135/rc_2015_v42.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Estat&#237;stica do Registro Civil</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Apr 25</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/135/rc_2015_v42.pdf">https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/135/rc_2015_v42.pdf</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. van Hagen IM, Thorne SA, Taha N, Youssef G, Elnagar A, Gabriel H, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease: Results from the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease. Circulation. 2018;137(8):806-16. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032561.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Hagen</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorne</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taha</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Youssef</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elnagar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabriel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease: Results from the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>806</fpage>
          <lpage>816</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032561</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Ramos AIO, Sampaio RO, Rosa VEE, Accorsi TAD, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):720-75. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201047.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>AIO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>VEE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Accorsi</surname>
              <given-names>TAD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>720</fpage>
          <lpage>775</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201047</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Silversides CK, Grewal J, Mason J, Sermer M, Kiess M, Rychel V, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Heart Disease: The CARPREG II Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(21):2419-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.076.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silversides</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grewal</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mason</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sermer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiess</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rychel</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Heart Disease: The CARPREG II Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2419</fpage>
          <lpage>2430</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.076</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Avila WS, Ribeiro VM, Rossi EG, Binotto MA, Bortolotto MR, Testa C, et al. Pregnancy in Women with Complex Congenital Heart Disease. A Constant Challenge. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(6):1062-9. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190197.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Binotto</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Testa</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy in Women with Complex Congenital Heart Disease. A Constant Challenge</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1062</fpage>
          <lpage>1069</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190197</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Lammers AE, Diller GP, Lober R, M&#246;llers M, Schmidt R, Radke RM, et al. Maternal and Neonatal Complications in Women with Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Analysis. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(41):4252-60. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab571.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lammers</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diller</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lober</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#246;llers</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radke</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal and Neonatal Complications in Women with Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>41</issue>
          <fpage>4252</fpage>
          <lpage>4260</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab571</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Tamirisa KP, Oliveros E, Paulraj S, Mares AC, Volgman AS. An Overview of Arrhythmias in Pregnancy. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2024;20(2):36-50. doi: 10.14797/mdcvj.1325.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tamirisa</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveros</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulraj</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mares</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volgman</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An Overview of Arrhythmias in Pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14797/mdcvj.1325</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Avila WS, Carvalho ME, Tschaen CK, Rossi EG, Grinberg M, Mady C, et al. Pregnancy and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. A Comparative and Prospective Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;79(5):484-93. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2002001400006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tschaen</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. A Comparative and Prospective Study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>484</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2002001400006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A Jr, Oliveira GMM, Correia LCL, Ramos NA Jr, Luquetti AO, et al. SBC Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Cardiomyopathy of Chagas Disease - 2023. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(6):e20230269. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230269.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LCL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luquetti</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SBC Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Cardiomyopathy of Chagas Disease - 2023</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230269</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230269</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Souza DK, Lopes VM, Cafe-Lopes AL, Medina-Lopes MD. Maternal Deaths by Chagas' Disease in Brazil. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2024;37:e20240009. doi: 10.36660/ijcs.20240009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cafe-Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina-Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal Deaths by Chagas' Disease in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <elocation-id>e20240009</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/ijcs.20240009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Rivera MAM, Rivera IR, Oliveira GMM, Echeverri AGM, Avila W. Chagas Disease and Maternal Mortality: An Overlooked Link in a Neglected Disease in Brazil. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2024;37:e20240148. doi: 10.36660/ijcs.20240148.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Echeverri</surname>
              <given-names>AGM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas Disease and Maternal Mortality: An Overlooked Link in a Neglected Disease in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <elocation-id>e20240148</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/ijcs.20240148</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Wang Y, Yin K, Datar Y, Mohnot J, Nodoushani AY, Zhan Y, et al. Aortic Dissection during Pregnancy and Puerperium: Contemporary Incidence and Outcomes in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(9):e028436. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028436.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Datar</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohnot</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nodoushani</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic Dissection during Pregnancy and Puerperium: Contemporary Incidence and Outcomes in the United States</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e028436</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.122.028436</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Black JH 3rd, Augoustides JG, Beck AW, Bolen MA, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;146(24):334-482. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Isselbacher</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Preventza</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Augoustides</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bolen</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>334</fpage>
          <lpage>482</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Nguyen AH, Murrin E, Moyo A, Sharma G, Sullivan SA, Maxwell GL, et al. Ischemic Heart Disease in Pregnancy: A Practical Approach to Management. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2024;6(3):101295. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101295.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murrin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moyo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maxwell</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischemic Heart Disease in Pregnancy: A Practical Approach to Management</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <size units="pages">101295</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101295</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Sanghavi M, Rutherford JD. Cardiovascular Physiology of Pregnancy. Circulation. 2014;130(12):1003-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanghavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rutherford</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Physiology of Pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1003</fpage>
          <lpage>1008</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. DeFilippis EM, Bhagra C, Casale J, Ging P, Macera F, Punnoose L, et al. Cardio-Obstetrics and Heart Failure: JACC: Heart Failure State-of-the-Art Review. JACC Heart Fail. 2023;11(9):1165-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.07.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeFilippis</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhagra</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casale</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ging</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macera</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Punnoose</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardio-Obstetrics and Heart Failure: JACC: Heart Failure State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1165</fpage>
          <lpage>1180</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2023.07.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. 34 Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Programa Nacional de Imuniza&#231;&#245;es/Grupo T&#233;cnico-Influenza. Dados do Sivep-Gripe 24 de maio de 2020 [Internet]. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2021 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/covid">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/covid</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>34 Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
            <collab>Programa Nacional de Imuniza&#231;&#245;es/Grupo T&#233;cnico-Influenza</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Dados do Sivep-Gripe 24 de maio de 2020</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 Apr 25</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/covid">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/covid</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Maligireddy A, Jabri A, Zghouzi M, Rojulpote C, VanAken G, Janga C, et al. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pulmonary Hypertension during Pregnancy: A Contemporary Nationwide Analysis. Am J Cardiol. 2024;221:113-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.04.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maligireddy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jabri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zghouzi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rojulpote</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>VanAken</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janga</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pulmonary Hypertension during Pregnancy: A Contemporary Nationwide Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>221</volume>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>119</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.04.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Halpern DG, Weinberg CR, Pinnelas R, Mehta-Lee S, Economy KE, Valente AM. Use of Medication for Cardiovascular Disease during Pregnancy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(4):457-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.075.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halpern</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weinberg</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinnelas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta-Lee</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Economy</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valente</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Medication for Cardiovascular Disease during Pregnancy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>457</fpage>
          <lpage>476</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.075</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Knobel R, Lopes TJP, Menezes MO, Andreucci CB, Gieburowski JT, Takemoto MLS. Cesarean-Section Rates in Brazil from 2014 to 2016: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using the Robson Classification. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(9):522-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1712134.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knobel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>TJP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreucci</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gieburowski</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takemoto</surname>
              <given-names>MLS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cesarean-Section Rates in Brazil from 2014 to 2016: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using the Robson Classification</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>522</fpage>
          <lpage>528</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0040-1712134</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Alberton M, Rosa VM, Iser BPM. Prevalence and Temporal Trend of Prematurity in Brazil Before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Historical Time Series Analysis, 2011-2021. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2023;32(2):e2022603. doi: 10.1590/S2237-96222023000200005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alberton</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iser</surname>
              <given-names>BPM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and Temporal Trend of Prematurity in Brazil Before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Historical Time Series Analysis, 2011-2021</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Serv Saude</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e2022603</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S2237-96222023000200005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Guida JPS, Andrade BG, Pissinatti LGF, Rodrigues BF, Hartman CA, Costa ML. Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2022;44(7):686-91. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1742680.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guida</surname>
              <given-names>JPS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pissinatti</surname>
              <given-names>LGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartman</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>686</fpage>
          <lpage>691</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0042-1742680</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.540.406. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar:</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240807i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>REBECGA: Brazilian Registry of Heart Disease and Pregnancy. Multicenter Epidemiological Study of Heart Diseases in Pregnancy: Retrospective Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Bruno da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Rodrigues Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ECOCENTER, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas Faculdade de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Estado da Sa&#250;de do Cear&#225; (SESA), Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Municipal, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Walkiria Samuel Avila &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: walkiria@incor.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart disease, which affects approximately 4% of pregnancies, is the leading non-obstetric cause of maternal death. It is estimated that 40% of these deaths could be prevented with a better understanding of pregnancy risks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To develop the Brazilian Registry of Heart Diseases in Pregnancy (REBECGA) to study the prevalence, complications, and maternal mortality associated with heart diseases during pregnancy and postpartum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A multicenter retrospective study of pregnancy and postpartum follow up until 12 months after delivery in women with heart diseases, including analysis of predictive variables for maternal outcomes. A two-tailed significance level of 5% was adopted for statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 638 pregnant women were included, with the following diagnoses: valvular disease (37.8%), congenital heart diseases (35.7%), arrhythmias without structural heart damage (14.7%), cardiomyopathies (11.3%), and other heart diseases (6.4%). The main complications were heart failure (16.7%), arrhythmia (10.7%), and syncope (8.0%), with 18 maternal deaths (2.8%), 10 of which occurred during the postpartum period. Cesarean delivery was indicated in 62.9% of cases, with 25.7% preterm births and 3.2% fetal losses. Multivariate analysis identified WHO class IV risk classification (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.75&#8211;7.04; p &lt; 0.001); NYHA class III/IV (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.12&#8211;4.60; p = 0.023), and pulmonary hypertension (OR 2.45; 95% CI 1.05&#8211;5.70; p = 0.037) as predictive variables for maternal complications and deaths.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> REBECGA highlighted the prevalence of valvular disease, heart failure as the main complication, the postpartum period as a critical time for maternal deaths, and identified predictive risk variables for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>REBECGA: Brazilian Registry of Heart Disease and Pregnancy. Multicenter Epidemiological Study of Heart Diseases in Pregnancy: Retrospective Cohort</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240807-40807-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Registry</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Maternal Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart diseases affect about 4% of pregnancies in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> being the main non-obstetric cause of maternal death during pregnancy and after childbirth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This scenario results from the increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in young women, the postponement of pregnancy to older ages, and the greater survival of women with heart diseases manifested in childhood and adolescence.</p>
        <p>About 80% of maternal deaths from heart diseases are preventable, with two-thirds occurring in the first 12 months postpartum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>These deaths are often attributed to the lack of early diagnosis and specialized treatment, and failures in the healthcare system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most recommendations on heart disease and pregnancy are based on level C evidence, mainly grounded in expert opinions and multicenter records.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this context, the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) classification has shown good sensitivity in predicting maternal complications, being a valuable tool for both pre-conception counseling and in managing pregnancies of women with heart disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>However, gaps persist in Brazil, where international scores are limited due to epidemiological, social, and demographic differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this scenario, the creation of the Brazilian Registry of Heart Disease and Pregnancy (REBECGA, <italic>Registro Brasileiro de Cardiopatia e Gravidez</italic>) emerges as a necessity to provide a realistic view of heart diseases in pregnancy in Brazil, aligning the country with global initiatives.</p>
        <p>The main objective of REBECGA is to determine the prevalence of heart diseases, cardiac complications, and maternal mortality related to pregnancy. It also aims to identify predictive factors of complications and maternal deaths, as well as describe obstetric and fetal outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>REBECGA is a multicenter observational study accessible to hospitals throughout Brazil with adequate infrastructure to monitor women with a previous diagnosis of heart disease, from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum, even if they participate in other clinical trials. The 12-month postpartum was considered in order to identified the circumstances of late maternal mortality, conceptually defined as up to 12 months after the end of pregnancy. The study consists of two stages: 1) a retrospective stage, already completed, with data from pregnant women attended between 2017 and 2020 (content of this publication); 2) a prospective stage, ongoing, with completion expected in 2027.</p>
        <p>The data considered for the study were: 1) diagnosis of heart disease; 2) mWHO risk classification (RC I, II, II-III, IV - mWHO); 3) New York Heart Association functional class (FC I, II, III, IV-NYHA); 4) complicating factors &#8211; ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension (PH), hypoxemia, atrial fibrillation (AF), residual lesions after surgical or percutaneous intervention, graft or prosthesis dysfunction; 5) cardiac events prior to pregnancy; 6) history of surgery or intervention; and 7) obstetric history.</p>
        <p>The exclusion criteria for the study were: patients without a defined diagnosis or under investigation for heart disease, PH without primary cardiac involvement, and cardiac arrhythmias without documented records.</p>
        <p>The analysis of disease progression during the trimesters of pregnancy, in the postpartum period (up to 42 days after childbirth), and up to 12 months after the end of pregnancy considered the occurrence of: 1) cardiac complications &#8211; heart failure (HF), &#8220;new&#8221; arrhythmia, thromboembolism, hypoxemia, syncope, acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, infectious endocarditis); 2) maternal deaths; 3) hospitalization for treatment of cardiac complications; 4) need for interventional treatment (surgical or percutaneous); and 5) obstetric complications grouped into miscarriage, gestational hypertension, postpartum hemorrhage, and infection. Maternal deaths were analyzed &#8220;on a case-by-case basis&#8221;, considering the clinical characteristics prior to pregnancy, cause of death, and fetal survival.</p>
        <p>The adopted approaches, including general and preventive measures, pharmacological and/or interventional therapy, followed the conventional recommendations established by the Guidelines on Heart Disease and Pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A descriptive analysis was carried out on the information related to types of delivery, anesthesia used, and newborn data, including fetal losses, prematurity, and congenital heart diseases, based on information from patients&#8217; self-reports or medical records.</p>
        <p>Analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between heart diseases, patients&#8217; baseline characteristics, complications, and maternal deaths.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data recording and management</title>
          <p>The data were recorded on the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) platform<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> by researchers from each participating center and monitored by the Academic Research Organization (ARO) of the Heart Institute (InCor) &#8211; FMUSP. The study was observational and descriptive, without interventions and without risks to the participants, and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the General Hospital of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) (protocol numbers SDC5232/21/007 CAAE: 42739321.9.1001.0068).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the R 4.2.2 software and graphs were created with the ggplot2 package.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Continuous variables were presented as means and standard deviations or as medians and interquartile ranges, depending on the distribution. Normality of the distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Fisher&#8217;s exact test and the chi-square test were used to evaluate associations between categorical variables. One-way ANOVA and unpaired t-tests or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare continuous variables between the groups. A binary logistic regression model was adjusted to identify variables associated with the occurrence of complications and/or maternal death, with initial selection of variables with p &lt; 0.10 in the univariate test and stepwise method. For the evaluation of the predictive performance of the models, ROC curves were considered. For statistical tests, a significance level of 5% was adopted and all were considered as two-tailed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>)</title>
        <p>Between 2017 and 2020, data from 638 pregnant women with heart disease were included in the retrospective phase of the REBECGA Registry, which involved six cardiology centers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure 1</ext-link>). The study participants had an mean age of 30.4 &#177; 7.3 years, with a predominance of white and single women. Half had completed elementary or high school, and 62.7% reported previous pregnancies (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). Regarding prior reproductive counseling, only 32.2% had planned the pregnancy, 57.3% had received guidance on contraceptive methods, and 64.9% had been advised about the risks of pregnancy.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the distribution of heart diseases (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure 2</ext-link>) highlighted the prevalence of valvular disease, which was very close to that of congenital heart disease, and a percentage of arrhythmias without structural lesions higher than that of cardiomyopathies. There was a predominance of rheumatic mitral valve disease, with previous surgical or percutaneous interventions before pregnancy most frequently involving the implantation of a biological prosthesis (BP) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure 3A</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>Among congenital heart diseases, combined lesions, intracavitary communications (&#8220;shunts&#8221;), and tetralogy of Fallot were predominant as cyanogenic heart diseases (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure 3B</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>In the group of cardiomyopathies, the dilated phenotype was the most frequent and similarly distributed between idiopathic and peripartum (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure 3C</ext-link>). Among isolated arrhythmogenic diseases, supraventricular arrhythmias were the most common; 53 (56.4%) patients had undergone percutaneous intervention before pregnancy (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure 3D</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>The clinical characteristics of the patients at the first pregnancy visit (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Tables 3 A, B, C, D, E</ext-link>) showed that about one-third (36.1%) of patients were classified as mWHO risk III/IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>); 71 out of 598 patients (11.2%) were in NYHA FC III-IV. A total of 224 complicating factors (36.5%) and 187 previous cardiac events (29.2%) were identified among the included patients, with some cases presenting more than one factor or event.</p>
        <p>The longitudinal analysis of maternal course (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 4</ext-link>) over the pregnancy trimesters showed the evolution of NYHA FC up to the postpartum period, with the need for hospitalizations, therapeutic adjustments, and indications for surgical or percutaneous interventions in cases refractory to clinical treatment. The most frequent cardiac complications were HF, arrhythmias, and syncope. Over the 12 months following pregnancy, the complication rate remained high, and more than half of maternal deaths occurred in the postpartum period, with a total of 10 out of 18 (55.6%) fatal occurrences. The frequency of medications prescribed during pregnancy and after childbirth, based on the analysis of 602 patients, is summarized in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 5</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Eighteen (2.8%) maternal deaths were recorded, three (16.6%) during pregnancy, 10 in the postpartum period (55.5%), and five (27.7%) over the 12 months following the postpartum period, described case by case (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 6</ext-link>). Cases 8, 9, 10, and 14 had COVID-19 infection preceding maternal death, and one stillbirth (case 10).</p>
        <p>Three emergency procedures were performed: 1<sup>st</sup>) case 13 &#8211; correction of aortic dissection with coronary implantation at the 36th week of pregnancy after the delivery of a live and healthy fetus, resulting in maternal death on the second postoperative day; 2<sup>nd</sup>) case 10 &#8211; reoperation for mitral valve replacement due to prosthesis calcification on the 30th postpartum day, resulting in death on the second postoperative day; 3<sup>rd</sup>) case 12 &#8211; percutaneous &#8220;valve in valve&#8221; procedure at the 12th week of pregnancy in a patient with a calcified prosthesis and acute HF, resulting in death on the first postoperative day.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the baseline characteristics of the patients and the frequency of maternal and fetal complications showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) between the types of heart disease for the variables age, mWHO, NYHA FC, complicating factors, history of cardiac events, and interventions prior to pregnancy (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 7</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>Cardiac complications and maternal deaths were significantly associated (p &lt; 0.05) with the variables mWHO classification, NYHA FC, interventions prior to pregnancy, congenital heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, HF, graft/prosthesis dysfunction, reduced ejection fraction, and PH, all related to higher maternal risk (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Tables 8A and 8B</ext-link>). The comparative sub-analysis between idiopathic and peripartum cardiomyopathies showed no significant differences in complications or maternal deaths ({9 [45%] vs. 5 [37%]}: p = 0.43).</p>
        <p>The obstetric outcomes related to information from 571 patients showed that cesarean delivery was the most frequently performed, with 548 (96.6%) live births, 146 (25.7%) premature, and 39 (8.4%) presenting complications in the neonatal period, nine of whom were diagnosed with congenital heart disease (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 8</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>The analysis of the predictors of cardiac complications and maternal deaths selected significant variables (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Tables 8A and 8B</ext-link>) for the construction of prediction models (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figures 4A/B and Table 10A</ext-link>) and indicated mWHO as an independent covariate of risk for cardiac complications and/or deaths (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 10B</ext-link>). The analysis of the prediction of obstetric and fetal complications resulted in the final model presented in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figures 5A/B and Table 11</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The REBECGA, the first national multicenter registry on heart diseases during pregnancy, gathers data from six specialized centers in Brazil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). This pioneering study provides a comprehensive view of maternal mortality associated with heart disease, including late deaths up to 12 months after pregnancy, and as well as on prevalence, complications, and predictive factors, allowing comparisons with international registries such as M-PAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and ROPAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> considering Brazilian cultural, social, and demographic particularities.</p>
        <p>Initially, the analysis of demographic data from this study showed an average age of 30.4 years, reflecting the increase in maternal age of Brazilian pregnant women in the last decade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and a proportion of 66.7% of white women, higher than the 43.5% in the National Census of 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (Supplementary Table 2).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence and characteristics of heart diseases</title>
          <p>Valvular diseases were the most common conditions among structural heart lesions, mostly involving the mitral valve. Rheumatic etiology was observed in 168 patients (69.7%), reflecting the Brazilian reality<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and resembles records from other emerging countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The predominance of rheumatic disease in this study may explain the high percentage (46%) of severe patients, which in turn explains the rates of cardiac complications (42.9%) and maternal deaths (3.9%). Indeed, the natural history of rheumatic valvular disease favors the development of complications, such as AF and PH, resulting in worse pregnancy outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> It is important to note that these outcomes occurred even in NYHA FC, I/II reported by 83.7% of patients at the beginning of pregnancy (Supplementary Table 7).</p>
          <p>The choice of BP in 74% of patients undergoing valve implantation reflects the principle widely adopted by most cardiac surgery services in Brazil, as indicated in the guidelines on valvular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>This approach favors BP in women of reproductive age, as this option does not require continuous use of anticoagulants. However, from a structural point of view, the present study showed the association between prosthesis dysfunction and complications and maternal deaths, suggesting that BP does not guarantee safety during pregnancy (Supplementary Tables 6 and 8B).</p>
          <p>The prevalence of congenital heart disease was 35.7%, higher than the 19.1% reported in a Brazilian registry from the 1990s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> but still below other international registries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Including the 16.6% of congenital valvular diseases, the data aligned more closely with international standards and surpassed rheumatic heart diseases, previously predominant in Brazil. These results reflect an epidemiological transition of heart diseases in young patients in the country, driven by advances in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart diseases in childhood. The predominance of congenital lesions with shunts in 33.8% of cases is in line with the global prevalence of congenital heart diseases in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It is worth noting the increasing number of pregnant women with complex heart diseases, with good pregnancy outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Maternal mortality due to congenital heart diseases is low, especially in developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In this study, these heart diseases presented a lower risk of complications (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.29&#8211;0.75; p=0.002), possibly due to surgical corrections performed before pregnancy in 74.1% of cases. In this context, the maternal death of a patient with unoperated ventricular septal defect and severe PH (case 17) highlights the importance of early surgical intervention in this population.</p>
          <p>Cardiac arrhythmias without structural heart lesions, mostly supraventricular, were well controlled through medication or percutaneous interventions, resulting in a favorable pregnancy outcome. It is notable that advances in electrophysiology, both in the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias, have contributed to in the percentage of pregnant women with arrhythmias and a pregnant women with arrhythmias and a good pregnancy prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Conversely, arrhythmias associated with structural heart lesions were the second leading cause of complications in this study, behind only HF (Supplementary Table 7). Atrial fibrillation, present in 7.6% of cases, was involved in two of the 18 maternal deaths.</p>
          <p>In the group of cardiomyopathies, an unfavorable profile was observed from the beginning of pregnancy, as evidenced by the presence of complicating factors in 70.8% of cases and previous cardiac events in 50% of patients (Supplementary Table 7). These conditions contributed to the five recorded maternal deaths, all in the postpartum period, due to HF, resulting in a mortality rate of 6.8%. Overall, cardiomyopathies were strongly associated with complications and maternal deaths (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.25&#8211;4.24; p = 0.007), regardless of etiology, reinforcing the findings of a previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A particular feature of REBECGA was the inclusion of six cases (0.94%) of Chagas cardiomyopathy, a much lower number than the 128 cases (12.8%) reported in Brazil in the 1990s, when Chagas disease caused a mortality rate of 8.3% among pregnant women with cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the current study, the arrhythmogenic and HF forms of the disease were not associated with maternal deaths. These results reflect advances in diagnosis, transmission control, and patient treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, recent studies suggest possible underreporting of the disease, with a higher number of women of reproductive age infected, representing a significant risk for both mother and fetus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Aortic diseases, despite their low prevalence, had a maternal mortality rate of 14.2%, resulting in two deaths among the 14 cases studied. These data highlight the high risk of these diseases for pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Additionally, aortic diseases generally occur in association with hereditary syndromes, such as the Marfan syndrome, or systemic diseases, such as Takayasu arteritis, and other congenital heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Ischemic heart disease was observed in pregnant women with a mean age of 37.0 &#177; 7 years, representing 3.6% of registered heart diseases. It is important to note that, among the 23 patients, 65.2% had a history of ischemic cardiac events, while the remaining patients suffered a heart attack during or after pregnancy.</p>
          <p>It is worth highlighting that more than half of these patients experienced obstetric and/or fetal complications, likely due to the emergency nature of the treatment for this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In fact, ischemic heart disease was the most significant variable in predicting obstetric and fetal complications in univariate (OR 5.61; 95% CI: 1.48-36.6; p = 0.026) and multivariate analyses (OR 5.75; 95% CI: 1.24-26.7; p = 0.022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considerations regarding cardiac complications and maternal deaths</title>
          <p>The REBECGA registry reported a maternal complication rate of 28%, lower than the 36% observed in other emerging countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> but close to the 23.5% reported in a Brazilian study conducted in 1990.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This suggests that, despite epidemiological changes, significant challenges remain. HF continues to be the most frequent complication, with a prevalence of 16.6%, reflecting both the hemodynamic impact of pregnancy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and delays in diagnosis and interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Evidence indicates that the risk of complications and maternal deaths increases proportionally with higher mWHO classifications, which have already been validated as a good risk predictor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, interestingly, this study revealed a significant rate (26%) of complications among patients classified as mWHO risk II, suggesting the need for future studies to improve the application of mWHO in risk stratification for heart disease.</p>
          <p>The maternal mortality rate was 2.8%, differing from other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> possibly due to the inclusion of a 12-month postpartum period, whereas others considered only the puerperium or up to 90 days after pregnancy. Among the 18 deaths, 10 (55.5%) occurred during the puerperium, and five (27.8%) were classified as cases of late maternal mortality. This highlights the postpartum period as a critical phase, underscoring the need to optimize cardiovascular treatment and ensure access to specialized care. Moreover, COVID-19 infection preceded the death of four patients, corroborating data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported a 13.5% mortality rate among pregnant and postpartum women infected, 25% of whom had heart conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictive variables of cardiac complications and maternal deaths</title>
          <p>The analysis of predictors for complications and maternal deaths highlighted variables that reflect the critical profile of patients included in this registry, many of whom had formal contraindications to pregnancy (Supplementary Table 10A). Despite 62.5% of patients having received prior cardiology counseling on the risks associated with pregnancy, only 32.5% had planned their pregnancy, revealing a significant gap in reproductive planning among these women.</p>
          <p>Among the selected variables, PH deserves special attention, as it remained a strong predictor of complications and maternal deaths (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Figure 4A and Supplementary Table 10A</ext-link>), consistent with international literature. A study involving 3,532 pregnant women reported higher rates of cardiovascular events (15.7% vs. 0.3%; p &lt; 0.001) and maternal mortality (0.9% vs. 0.01%; p &lt; 0.001) in women with PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> These findings reinforce that, despite therapeutic advances and improved prognosis, pregnancy continues to be a high-risk condition for women with PH and is strongly discouraged in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prescribed medications</title>
          <p>The choice of medications used during pregnancy and postpartum (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Table 5</ext-link>) in the treatment of maternal cardiac complications was based on conventional recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Notably, that angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), known for their teratogenic effects, were not prescribed during pregnancy. However, in cases of unplanned pregnancy, the treatment with these medications was immediately discontinued at the first prenatal consultation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considerations regarding obstetric and fetal outcomes</title>
          <p>Cesarean delivery was performed in 62.9% of the patients, consistent with the Brazilian context, where, according to Ministry of Health data, approximately 57% of deliveries are cesarean sections, equivalent to five times the rates recommended by the WHO, which range from 10 to 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In this study, the choice of delivery method was based on the recommendation of the obstetric team, recognizing the well-established advantages of vaginal delivery, which include lower risks of bleeding and infection, as well as faster recovery, resulting in fewer complications. The incidence of preterm deliveries was 25%, higher than the 11% reported in the general Brazilian population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> possibly related to maternal clinical conditions and obstetric evolution, often requiring early delivery. The occurrence of fetal losses in 6.3% of the patients does not fully reflect the reality of pregnant women with heart conditions, as early fetal losses may be underreported in retrospective studies. On the other hand, the rate of gestational hypertension observed at only 1.1% was significantly lower than that estimated for the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The limitations of the study reflect typical constraints of retrospective designs, often not allowing for in-depth discussions on some topics. In this context, the supervision of the research regulatory center (Academic Research Organization &#8211; ARO) played a crucial role in data filtering, diagnostic standardization, complication grouping, and treatment harmonization, ensuring high-quality completion of this phase. It is important to note that the data collection period was limited to the period from 2017 to 2021 for all centers, restricting the analysis of trends over time. REBECGA was designed to include hospitals from all macro-regions of Brazil, with funding from the Ministry of Health allocated in 2022 but suspended in 2023. Nevertheless, six centers continued data collection and analysis using their own resources, completing the retrospective phase.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>REBECGA highlighted the high prevalence of valvular disease during pregnancy, identified HF and arrhythmias as the main cardiac complications, and revealed that most maternal deaths occurred during the postpartum period. Moreover, the study emphasized that conditions classified</p>
        <p>as WHO risk class IV, NYHA functional class III/IV, and pulmonary hypertension were significantly associated with the prediction of maternal complications and deaths. REBECGA represents an important milestone in research on heart diseases and pregnancy in Brazil. Its continuity will strengthen the foundations for future studies, contributing to reducing maternal mortality associated with these conditions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank the ARO scientific commission of InCor-HCFMUSP for their constant support during this project; Dr. Ivan Rivera and Mr. Sidnei Silva for the graphic art design; Luciana Ishihara for the statistical analysis and Maria do Carmo Barreto for the bibliographic revision. We also thank Adriane Oliveira, Leydiane Ferreira and Yasmin Amorim for their valuable support in data collection and revision.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas under the protocol number 4.540.406. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials:</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0807_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
