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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">93whb5QFJkzpk7tF5fmgR5R</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240696</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Controle de Temperatura ap&#243;s Parada Card&#237;aca: Uma Revis&#227;o Narrativa na Perspectiva de um Pa&#237;s em Desenvolvimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3247-3123</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4469-8645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtz</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Rafaela Braga</bold> &#8226; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 650. CEP <postal-code>04039-002</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>braga.rafaela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>08</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240696</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O gerenciamento direcionado de temperatura (GDT) &#233; atualmente a &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o potencialmente neuroprotetora recomendada para cuidados p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca. No entanto, h&#225; preocupa&#231;&#245;es entre a comunidade cient&#237;fica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s evid&#234;ncias conflitantes que apoiam essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a maior parte dos ensaios inclu&#237;dos em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas que informam diretrizes e recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram conduzidos em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com mix de casos e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes que diferem significativamente da realidade de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Temperaturas corporais elevadas induzem altera&#231;&#245;es na integridade da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica e aumentam a demanda cerebral por oxig&#234;nio. Podem causar desequil&#237;brios no metabolismo de oxig&#234;nio cerebral e no fluxo sangu&#237;neo, levando &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e apoptose. O objetivo principal do GDT &#233; controlar as vias secund&#225;rias de les&#227;o, evitando altas temperaturas. O GDT, anteriormente denominado hipotermia terap&#234;utica, foi usado pela primeira vez para tratar les&#227;o cerebral p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca na d&#233;cada de 1950. Desde ent&#227;o, temos realizado ensaios cl&#237;nicos relevantes sobre o GDT, com resultados conflitantes, como os seguintes: GDT1, estudo HACA, GDT2, estudo HYPERION e algumas metan&#225;lises mantiveram o manejo da temperatura ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca em discuss&#227;o. Al&#233;m de individualizar a temperatura-alvo ideal para cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos e perfis de pacientes espec&#237;ficos, outros aspectos da administra&#231;&#227;o de GDT de alta qualidade s&#227;o cruciais. O momento de obten&#231;&#227;o da temperatura-alvo, a dura&#231;&#227;o do resfriamento, as taxas de reaquecimento e as pr&#225;ticas de seda&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos recentes. Em conclus&#227;o, &#233; crucial determinar a abordagem de GDT mais eficaz para alcan&#231;ar os melhores resultados neurol&#243;gicos poss&#237;veis, minimizando os potenciais efeitos adversos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Controle de Temperatura Direcionado</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-PCR</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240696-40696-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Reiniciar o cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca pode resultar em uma condi&#231;&#227;o conhecida como s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca, que pode incluir les&#227;o cerebral hip&#243;xico-isqu&#234;mica (LCHI). Embora essa condi&#231;&#227;o desencadeie uma resposta fisiopatol&#243;gica complexa que pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, a LCHI continua sendo a principal causa de morte naqueles que alcan&#231;am o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, os cuidados p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o tornaram-se um foco importante e t&#234;m sido recomendados em diretrizes internacionais para o tratamento de parada card&#237;aca. O manejo p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o envolve v&#225;rias terapias para otimizar a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a circula&#231;&#227;o, ao mesmo tempo em que previne danos neurol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O controle da temperatura &#233; atualmente a &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o potencialmente neuroprotetora recomendada para os cuidados p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca, mesmo com algumas controv&#233;rsias envolvendo o assunto. No entanto, h&#225; preocupa&#231;&#245;es entre a comunidade cient&#237;fica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s evid&#234;ncias conflitantes que apoiam essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a maior parte dos ensaios inclu&#237;dos em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas que informam diretrizes e recomenda&#231;&#245;es foi conduzida em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de casos e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes que diferem significativamente da realidade de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Nesta revis&#227;o narrativa, discutiremos as controv&#233;rsias atuais em torno da efic&#225;cia do controle de temperatura quando aplicado para melhorar os resultados ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca, com foco especial no papel desse tratamento no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico de um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia com escassos dados dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fisiopatologia</title>
        <p>A parada card&#237;aca pode causar dois tipos de les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica. A primeira &#233; o resultado da les&#227;o hipox&#234;mica prim&#225;ria, enquanto temos uma segunda les&#227;o que envolve desequil&#237;brios multissist&#234;micos ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Acredita-se que a les&#227;o prim&#225;ria causada pela parada card&#237;aca seja devida a despolariza&#231;&#245;es an&#243;xicas, que interrompem o denominado gradiente i&#244;nico transmembrana. Isso resulta em despolariza&#231;&#227;o descontrolada e disseminada, n&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de edema citot&#243;xico e, na maioria dos casos, libera&#231;&#227;o de glutamato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A les&#227;o cerebral secund&#225;ria envolve v&#225;rios fatores, como disfun&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria, produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio, perda da autorregula&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria cerebral, excitotoxicidade, as cascatas de proteases podem ser ativadas e termina com edema cerebral. Insultos sist&#234;micos representados por hipotens&#227;o, hipoglicemia e hipertermia podem exacerbar ainda mais esses processos. Temperaturas corporais elevadas induzem altera&#231;&#245;es na integridade da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica e aumentam a demanda cerebral por oxig&#234;nio. Pode causar desequil&#237;brios no metabolismo do oxig&#234;nio cerebral e no fluxo sangu&#237;neo, levando &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e &#224; apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O objetivo principal do gerenciamento direcionado de temperatura (GDT) &#233; controlar as vias secund&#225;rias de les&#227;o, evitando altas temperaturas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A hipotermia parece atuar de forma diferente, controlando v&#225;rias vias danosas simultaneamente para reduzir a morte celular no c&#233;rebro. Ela atenua as vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas que levam &#224; excitotoxicidade, apoptose, inflama&#231;&#227;o e produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, e afeta o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, o metabolismo e a integridade da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ilustra&#231;&#227;o central mostra o sistema afetado pela s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cronograma e julgamentos importantes</title>
        <p>O controle de temperatura, anteriormente conhecido como hipotermia terap&#234;utica, foi utilizado pela primeira vez para tratar les&#245;es cerebrais p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca na d&#233;cada de 1950. S&#233;ries de casos cl&#237;nicos da &#233;poca sugeriram que pacientes submetidos &#224; hipotermia entre 30 e 34&#176;C por 24 a 72 horas apresentaram d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos m&#237;nimos ou inexistentes ap&#243;s o reaquecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, os estudos apresentaram um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, visto que nenhum controle recebeu controle de temperatura e todos os casos foram tratados no mesmo centro. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos nocivos do resfriamento sist&#234;mico na &#233;poca impediram o uso cl&#237;nico generalizado desse tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s os resultados favor&#225;veis do controle de temperatura em estudos com animais, v&#225;rios estudos piloto n&#227;o randomizados foram conduzidos. Em 2002, um ensaio cl&#237;nico marcante foi publicado. O ensaio <italic>Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest</italic> (HACA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> incluiu pacientes de cinco pa&#237;ses europeus com parada card&#237;aca (PCR) extra-hospitalar e ritmo card&#237;aco choc&#225;vel (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e/ou taquicardia ventricular sem pulso). O ensaio randomizou 138 pacientes para n&#227;o receber interven&#231;&#227;o de temperatura, enquanto 137 pacientes receberam controle de temperatura de 32&#8211;34&#176;C por 24 horas, seguido por 8 horas de reaquecimento passivo. Aos 6 meses, o grupo controle de temperatura apresentou melhores n&#250;meros de mortalidade (41% versus 55%) e melhores n&#250;meros de desfechos neurol&#243;gicos favor&#225;veis (Escala de Categorias de Desempenho Cerebral de Glasgow-Pittsburgh &#8212; CPC 1&#8211;2) (55% versus 39%) quando comparado ao grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2013, o estudo GDT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> investigou se os benef&#237;cios do controle da temperatura poderiam ser alcan&#231;ados com hipotermia mais branda. O GDT foi um estudo randomizado com 950 pacientes adultos ap&#243;s PCR e ritmo sem perfus&#227;o (exceto para assistolia em paradas n&#227;o testemunhadas) que receberam controle de temperatura para 33 &#176;C ou 36 &#176;C por 24 horas. Foi seguido por reaquecimento lento. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma preven&#231;&#227;o ativa da febre at&#233; 72 horas ap&#243;s a parada. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na mortalidade ou desfecho neurol&#243;gico ruim (CPC 3 a 5 ou escala de Rankin modificada [mRS] 4 a 6) entre os dois grupos em 6 meses. Portanto, o primeiro estudo GDT indicou que, em casos de PCR com causa card&#237;aca ou presumivelmente card&#237;aca, n&#227;o houve benef&#237;cio em manter uma temperatura de 33&#176;C quando comparado a 36&#176;C, desde que cuidados p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca, reaquecimento lento controlado e neuroprognostica&#231;&#227;o fossem fornecidos. Como resultado dessas descobertas, muitos centros mudaram suas temperaturas-alvo para normotermia em vez de hipotermia.</p>
        <p>Em 2017, Kirkegaard et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> inclu&#237;ram 355 adultos em outro ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado com parada card&#237;aca extra-hospitalar e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa no desfecho neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel em 6 meses para aqueles tratados por 48 horas (69%) versus 24 horas (64%) (diferen&#231;a de 5%). Este foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico internacional, paralelo, pragm&#225;tico, multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, de superioridade cl&#237;nica, iniciado pelo pesquisador, com avalia&#231;&#227;o cega de desfechos, em 10 unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) de 10 hospitais universit&#225;rios em 6 pa&#237;ses europeus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo HYPERION, em 2019, foi o primeiro ensaio randomizado a incluir parada card&#237;aca intra-hospitalar (PCRIH). Apenas ritmos n&#227;o choc&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;dos. Neste estudo, 584 adultos que permaneceram inconscientes ap&#243;s o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea foram selecionados para 33&#176;C ou 37&#176;C (+ / &#8722; 0,5&#176;C) por 24 horas. Um reaquecimento lento controlado em pelo menos 24 horas e normotermia por mais 48 horas. No grupo hipot&#233;rmico, 10,2% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram independ&#234;ncia em 90 dias versus 5,7% no grupo normotermia (p &lt; 0,04). Por outro lado, &#233; importante mencionar que o desfecho secund&#225;rio, mortalidade em 90 dias, n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Publicado em 2021, o ensaio GDT2 testou a hip&#243;tese de que a preven&#231;&#227;o ativa da febre n&#227;o era inferior ao resfriamento at&#233; 33&#176;C nos sobreviventes de uma parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o hospitalar (PCRNH). Foi o maior ensaio multic&#234;ntrico internacional em parada card&#237;aca at&#233; o momento, com 1.861 PCRNH adultos inconscientes randomizados ap&#243;s qualquer ritmo inicial sem perfus&#227;o (exceto para paradas n&#227;o testemunhadas com assistolia), 33&#176;C ou manejo precoce da febre (ou seja, &#8805; 37,8&#176;C). Ap&#243;s 96 horas, a Neuroprognostica&#231;&#227;o foi padronizada, e o m&#233;dico que a realizou foi cegado quanto &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Os pacientes no grupo de 33&#176;C receberam hipotermia por 28 horas, seguida de reaquecimento de 0,3&#176;C por hora e temperatura controlada entre 36,5 e 37,7&#176;C por 72 horas. O grupo normotermia teve como meta &lt; 37,8&#176;C, e o resfriamento ativo foi realizado por resfriamento superficial ou endovascular ap&#243;s o uso de antipir&#233;ticos, 46% dos pacientes precisaram de algum antipir&#233;tico para manter a temperatura alvo. Aos 6 meses, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na mortalidade ou no desfecho neurol&#243;gico quando comparamos os dois grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem havido uma demanda por revis&#227;o das conclus&#245;es dos ensaios iniciais sobre controle de temperatura. Isso se deve, em parte, &#224; atualiza&#231;&#227;o da metodologia e da revis&#227;o estat&#237;stica dos ensaios desde sua publica&#231;&#227;o. Alguns dos ensaios mais antigos n&#227;o forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre como a febre foi evitada. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, os ensaios mais recentes inclu&#237;ram protocolos detalhados e relataram o n&#250;mero de pacientes resfriados ativamente para atingir a normotermia usando dispositivos. Al&#233;m disso, duas d&#233;cadas se passaram desde os ensaios iniciais, durante os quais houve m&#250;ltiplas mudan&#231;as no manejo, como melhorias na terapia intensiva, progn&#243;sticos neurol&#243;gicos mais protocolizados e maiores taxas de sobrevida ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2022, Wolfrum S et al. publicaram um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado que foi encerrado prematuramente por inutilidade. Eles compararam 32-34&#176;C com normotermia e mortalidade em 180 dias; a mortalidade hospitalar e os desfechos funcionais foram melhores no grupo normotermia. Foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado multic&#234;ntrico que comparou o controle da temperatura hipot&#233;rmica (32-34&#176;C) por 24 h com normotermia ap&#243;s PCRIH em 11 hospitais na Alemanha. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s 180 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O <italic>Capital Chill</italic> &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico canadense, randomizado, duplo-cego, de superioridade cl&#237;nica, unic&#234;ntrico, com um total de 389 pacientes com parada card&#237;aca fora do hospital. Sobreviventes comatosos de parada card&#237;aca fora do hospital apresentam altas taxas de mortalidade e les&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas graves, e o estudo pretendia comprovar que temperaturas mais baixas podem ter algum benef&#237;cio nesse grupo de pacientes. No entanto, concluiu-se que, em sobreviventes comatosos de parada card&#237;aca fora do hospital, uma temperatura alvo de 31&#176;C n&#227;o reduziu significativamente a taxa de mortalidade ou desfecho neurol&#243;gico desfavor&#225;vel em 180 dias, em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma temperatura alvo de 34&#176;C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de rede<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> publicada em 2021 revisou um total de dez ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados escritos sobre o uso de controle de temperatura em sobreviventes de uma parada card&#237;aca de qualquer ritmo ou etiologia inicial, comparando v&#225;rios alvos de controle de temperatura. Essa abordagem comparou interven&#231;&#245;es com base em sua efic&#225;cia, uma vez que as compara&#231;&#245;es diretas eram limitadas. Sobreviver com bom resultado funcional na alta (CPC 1&#8211;2, mRS 0&#8211;3 ou avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cega demonstrando incapacidade leve, moderada ou nenhuma) ou o &#250;ltimo ponto de tempo registrado at&#233; 6 meses foi o resultado prim&#225;rio. Foi identificada evid&#234;ncia fraca de melhora com hipotermia leve (35&#8211;36 &#176;C; OR 1,44 [IC 95% 0,74&#8211;2,80]), moderada (33&#8211;34&#176;C; OR 1,34 [IC 95% 0,92&#8211;1,94]) ou profunda (31&#8211;32&#176;C; OR 1,30 [IC 95% 0,73&#8211;2,30]) quando comparada &#224; normotermia. Quando comparadas, a hipotermia moderada e a profunda n&#227;o apresentaram benef&#237;cio adicional na sobrevida ou no resultado funcional. No entanto, arritmias foram mais comuns no grupo de hipotermia profunda em compara&#231;&#227;o ao outro grupo que recebeu hipotermia moderada (OR 2,47 [IC 95% 1,25&#8211;4,88]). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como sangramento ou infec&#231;&#245;es nos grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Este m&#233;todo empregado na metan&#225;lise de rede &#233; limitado pelas suposi&#231;&#245;es de consist&#234;ncia de dados entre os estudos, que s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para uma an&#225;lise v&#225;lida. Nesse contexto, uma metan&#225;lise bayesiana foi conduzida e publicada em 2022, empregando m&#233;todos que incorporam conhecimento pr&#233;vio na an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Essa abordagem fornece estimativas dos efeitos do tratamento juntamente com intervalos confi&#225;veis que refletem a incerteza das estimativas. Os resultados deste estudo bayesiano convergiram para a mesma conclus&#227;o da metan&#225;lise em rede e de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica atualizada do <italic>International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation</italic> (ILCOR) 2: n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias s&#243;lidas que sustentem o uso de hipotermia em n&#237;veis de temperatura de 32 a 34&#176;C em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle ativo da febre quanto ao risco de desfechos adversos ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca. Em apoio adicional a essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, no final de 2023, outra metan&#225;lise focada em pacientes com parada card&#237;aca e ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o choc&#225;vel, inclu&#237;dos em dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (GDT2 e Hyperion), n&#227;o apresentou efeitos ben&#233;ficos da hipotermia a 33&#176;C, contrastando com os resultados positivos, embora com um tamanho de efeito pequeno, do pr&#243;prio estudo Hyperion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em contraste com todas as revis&#245;es e diretrizes publicadas recentemente, outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica atualizada, esta supervisionada pela Biblioteca Cochrane<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e publicada em 2023, concluiu que "evid&#234;ncias de baixa certeza sugerem que m&#233;todos convencionais de resfriamento para induzir hipotermia terap&#234;utica leve podem melhorar o desfecho neurol&#243;gico ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca, especificamente se comparados &#224; aus&#234;ncia de controle de temperatura". A revis&#227;o incluiu mais estudos e recebeu cr&#237;ticas de que alguns dos ensaios inclu&#237;dos tinham m&#233;todos question&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o de tratamento. No entanto, o n&#237;vel de incerteza nos resultados e o fato de a maioria dos estudos positivos sobre hipotermia datarem de mais de 15 anos atr&#225;s reiteram que ainda existem lacunas consider&#225;veis de conhecimento sobre qual &#233; a abordagem ideal de controle de temperatura para cada sobrevivente de parada card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Essas lacunas, destacadas em uma revis&#227;o do <italic>Science Advisory</italic> da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es diretas para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em pa&#237;ses com limita&#231;&#245;es de recursos e escassez de dados cl&#237;nicos sobre sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca. A maioria dos pacientes tratados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados de controle de temperatura, especialmente no GDT2, apresentava ritmos choc&#225;veis e/ou etiologia card&#237;aca presumida para sua parada card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, 80% dos pacientes receberam ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar por pessoas presentes, e quase metade necessitou de controle ativo de temperatura para evitar febre no grupo controle. Embora dados epidemiol&#243;gicos concretos n&#227;o estejam dispon&#237;veis, uma coorte brasileira<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> publicada de 2.300 sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca admitidos em terapia intensiva mostrou uma realidade notavelmente diferente: pelo menos dois ter&#231;os tiveram parada card&#237;aca hospitalar, e apenas 13% foram admitidos na UTI ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, sugerindo uma etiologia card&#237;aca em uma minoria de indiv&#237;duos. De forma alarmante, apenas 1% da coorte recebeu controle ativo de temperatura, apesar de 1 em cada 10 hospitais responder que um protocolo de controle de temperatura havia sido implementado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Somada &#224; falta de treinamento em RCP para pessoas presentes, &#224; disponibilidade limitada de dispositivos com controle de temperatura por feedback e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de centros de tratamento de parada card&#237;aca com grande volume de pacientes, a realidade do manejo p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o no Brasil permanece muito diferente daquela testada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os principais estudos sobre controle de temperatura.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises em controle de temperatura</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5">Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica / Metan&#225;lises</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Autores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Granfeldt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Arrich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Taccone et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aneman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fernando et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2022</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de estudos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1719</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3956</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">912</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3792</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4218</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tipos de parada card&#237;aca e ritmos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PCRNH e PCRIH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o mencionado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PCRNH com ritmo n&#227;o choc&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PCRNH e PCRIH com todos os ritmos iniciais</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PCRNH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Metodologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e quase randomizados desde 2021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e quase randomizados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise bayesiana de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e quase randomizados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de rede</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Principais compara&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32-34&#176;C vs normotermia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32-34&#176;C vs normotermia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipotermia (temperatura alvo 33 &#176;C) ou normotermia (temperatura alvo 36,5 a 37,7&#176;C)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Qualquer temperatura GDT vs Sem GDT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipotermia leve, moderada e profunda vs normotermia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Principais descobertas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Resultado neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel na hipotermia (raz&#227;o de risco: 1,14 [IC 95%: 0,98, 1,34])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Os participantes do grupo de hipotermia terap&#234;utica tiveram maior probabilidade de alcan&#231;ar um resultado neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel (raz&#227;o de risco (RR) 1,41, intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% 1,12 a 1,76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No &#250;ltimo dia de acompanhamento, 386 de 429 no grupo de hipotermia (90,0%) e 413 de 463 no grupo de normotermia (89,2%) tiveram um resultado funcional desfavor&#225;vel (RR com hipotermia, 0,99; IC de 95%, 0,87-1,15; p = 0,97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A probabilidade posterior de nenhum benef&#237;cio (RR &#8805; 1) pelo GDT 32-34 &#176;C foi de 24% para morte e 12% para desfecho neurol&#243;gico desfavor&#225;vel.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sobreviv&#234;ncia com bom resultado funcional: hipotermia profunda (raz&#227;o de chances 1,30, IC 95% 0,73-2,30), hipotermia moderada (OR 1,34, IC 95% 0,92-1,94) e hipotermia leve (OR 1,44, IC 95% 0,74-2,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Limita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PCRNH foi inclu&#237;do em todos os ensaios. O PCRNH foi inclu&#237;do em apenas 1 de 6 ensaios</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">O uso de m&#233;todos inadequados para equilibrar os participantes entre os grupos de resfriamento e n&#227;o resfriamento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Foram exclu&#237;dos PCRIH e ritmos choc&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Os efeitos vari&#225;veis dentro da faixa hipot&#233;rmica n&#227;o foram explorados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aus&#234;ncia de fontes importantes de heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica entre os ensaios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>PCRIH: parada card&#237;aca intra-hospitalar; PCRNH: parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o hospitalar; GDT: gerenciamento direcionado de temperatura.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melhores pr&#225;ticas em controle de temperatura</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m de individualizar a temperatura-alvo ideal para cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos e perfis de pacientes espec&#237;ficos, outros aspectos da aplica&#231;&#227;o de controle de temperatura de alta qualidade s&#227;o cruciais. O tempo de obten&#231;&#227;o da temperatura-alvo, a dura&#231;&#227;o do resfriamento, as taxas de reaquecimento e as pr&#225;ticas de seda&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados em estudos recentes.</p>
        <p>Um estudo pivotal randomizou 789 adultos para duas estrat&#233;gias de controle de temperatura, focadas na preven&#231;&#227;o da febre e com dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel &#8211; 36 versus 72 horas &#8211; e n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a significativa no desfecho prim&#225;rio, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade ou incapacidade grave dentro de 90 dias ap&#243;s o evento. Ambos os protocolos foram iniciados a 36&#176;C nas primeiras 24 horas, sugerindo que a extens&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do controle de temperatura para preven&#231;&#227;o da febre pode n&#227;o impactar as taxas de mortalidade ou incapacidade grave. No entanto, a quest&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o ideal do controle de temperatura permanece em aberto. Os ensaios iniciais de hipotermia estabeleceram dura&#231;&#245;es de 12 a 24 horas, equilibrando o potencial terap&#234;utico com os efeitos colaterais. Ap&#243;s os ensaios de controle de temperatura, as diretrizes mudaram para recomendar pelo menos 24 horas de resfriamento, embora isso n&#227;o tenha sido sustentado por evid&#234;ncias comparativas diretas. Um ensaio comparando 24 a 48 horas de controle de temperatura foi identificado e n&#227;o relatou diferen&#231;as nos desfechos dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outros estudos, como os ensaios RINSE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e PRINCESS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> investigaram o tempo at&#233; o in&#237;cio do controle de temperatura. No RINSE, 1.198 pacientes com PCRNH foram randomizados para comparar o resfriamento intra-parada com o tratamento padr&#227;o. A porcentagem de pacientes com ritmos choc&#225;veis que alcan&#231;aram o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea no bra&#231;o de resfriamento pr&#233;-hospitalar foi menor do que no bra&#231;o de controle. Embora o grupo de resfriamento tenha chegado ao hospital com temperaturas mais baixas, isso n&#227;o se traduziu em melhores resultados neurol&#243;gicos. O ensaio PRINCESS repetiu esses achados; apesar do alcance mais r&#225;pido das temperaturas-alvo, nenhum benef&#237;cio significativo na sobrevida ou nos resultados neurol&#243;gicos foi observado. Nos grandes ensaios de controle de temperatura, o tempo para atingir a temperatura-alvo foi uma limita&#231;&#227;o comum, potencialmente impactando os resultados. Embora dados pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos sugiram que o resfriamento mais r&#225;pido melhora os resultados, isso n&#227;o foi demonstrado em ensaios cl&#237;nicos recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Embora as evid&#234;ncias atuais n&#227;o favore&#231;am uma dura&#231;&#227;o de controle de temperatura em detrimento de outra, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia que sugere que uma indu&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida &#224; temperatura alvo pode ser ben&#233;fica. Isso refor&#231;a a necessidade de uma abordagem padronizada de cuidado que enfatize o manejo r&#225;pido da temperatura, o controle meticuloso da temperatura durante a manuten&#231;&#227;o e o manejo cuidadoso dos tremores, juntamente com o reaquecimento gradual e a normotermia controlada ap&#243;s o controle da temperatura. Tal protocolo visa aproveitar todo o potencial do controle de temperatura, ao mesmo tempo em que mitiga os efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>V&#225;rios locais podem ser usados para monitoramento cont&#237;nuo da temperatura central durante o controle de temperatura, incluindo sondas vesicais, esof&#225;gicas e retais. De acordo com a diretriz GDT da <italic>Neurocritical Care Society</italic> (NCS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> as sondas esof&#225;gicas e vesicais s&#227;o as mais precisas para refletir as temperaturas dos cateteres de art&#233;ria pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, foi recomendado que sondas de temperatura esof&#225;gica sejam usadas durante o controle de temperatura. &#201; importante mencionar que o uso de sondas esof&#225;gicas &#233; limitado a pacientes intubados, e h&#225; um incentivo crescente para abandonar o monitoramento da temperatura da bexiga para prevenir infec&#231;&#245;es do trato urin&#225;rio associadas ao cateter. As sondas retais s&#227;o as menos precisas, e as sondas de art&#233;ria temporal n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas para medi&#231;&#227;o de temperatura, pois s&#227;o imprecisas e n&#227;o &#250;teis para monitoramento cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante de alguns dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de um protocolo padronizado de controle de temperatura intra-hospitalar para garantir que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos tenham recebido controle de temperatura no hospital. O controle de temperatura pode ser alcan&#231;ado por diversos m&#233;todos, incluindo interven&#231;&#245;es simples, como infus&#227;o r&#225;pida de fluidos frios e aplica&#231;&#227;o de compressas de gelo, mantas refrescantes ou almofadas adesivas de gel com mecanismos de feedback, ou dispositivos endovasculares automatizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos e dispositivos t&#233;cnicos diferentes foram usados para induzir a hipotermia como alvo, mas n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o m&#233;todo de resfriamento ideal. De Fazio et al. conclu&#237;ram em 2019 que os dispositivos de resfriamento endovascular poderiam ser mais precisos do que os m&#233;todos de superf&#237;cie em pacientes resfriados a 33 &#176;C ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca fora do hospital. No entanto, os resultados foram semelhantes ao comparar os m&#233;todos de resfriamento, o que sugere que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as clinicamente relevantes nesse cen&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise encontrou 12 estudos com um total de 1573 participantes comparando a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos dispositivos de resfriamento. Parece que os dispositivos intravasculares tendem a ser mais seguros em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e aos desfechos neurol&#243;gicos, com maior chance de arritmias, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A Atualiza&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> de 2015 para Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares de Emerg&#234;ncia afirma que o controle de temperatura, a melhor pr&#225;tica em controle de temperatura, deve ser com um mecanismo de controle de feedback de temperatura cont&#237;nuo. Os m&#233;todos f&#225;ceis de usar s&#227;o baratos, mas podem resultar em altera&#231;&#245;es e varia&#231;&#245;es imprevis&#237;veis na temperatura corporal, e a aus&#234;ncia de um mecanismo de controle por feedback de temperatura pode tornar o m&#233;todo pouco confi&#225;vel. Dispositivos de resfriamento endovascular modernos ou dispositivos de resfriamento de superf&#237;cie com mantas circulantes de &#225;gua fria ou almofadas de hidrogel tendem a atingir a temperatura alvo e manter rapidamente as faixas de temperatura terap&#234;utica desejadas por um per&#237;odo mais longo, utilizando um mecanismo de controle por feedback de temperatura. At&#233; o momento, nenhuma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica ou metan&#225;lise compara a efic&#225;cia desses dois tipos de dispositivos de resfriamento, ambos equipados com um mecanismo de controle por feedback de temperatura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e pr&#225;ticas atuais</title>
        <p>Em 2022, o <italic>European Resuscitation Council</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> publicou uma diretriz atualizada sobre o controle da temperatura em pacientes em coma ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais importantes s&#227;o o monitoramento cont&#237;nuo da temperatura central e a preven&#231;&#227;o da febre (definida como &gt; 37,7 &#176;C) por pelo menos 72 horas. Se necess&#225;rio, recomenda-se o uso de medicamentos antit&#233;rmicos ou de um dispositivo de resfriamento. O estudo GDT2 foi a principal refer&#234;ncia para essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As diretrizes esclarecem a insufici&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias para recomendar ou n&#227;o o resfriamento ativo de pacientes a 32&#8211;36 &#176;C (o mesmo que nas diretrizes anteriores) ou o uso de resfriamento precoce ap&#243;s o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Em resumo, elas recomendaram contra o reaquecimento ativo de pacientes comatosos hipot&#233;rmicos ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca e recomendaram contra o uso de infus&#245;es de grande volume de fluido frio para resfriar pacientes imediatamente ap&#243;s atingir o RCE. No momento, temos uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o focada no controle de temperatura em andamento pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic>. Ela considerar&#225; novas evid&#234;ncias emergentes dispon&#237;veis desde a &#250;ltima diretriz sobre este t&#243;pico, em 2020. Nesse &#237;nterim, um grupo consultivo cient&#237;fico da AHA concluiu que, para pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224;s inclu&#237;das no estudo GDT2 &#8211; PCRNH de causa card&#237;aca ou desconhecida, excluindo aqueles com assistolia n&#227;o testemunhada &#8211; controlar a temperatura central &lt;37,5 &#176;C &#233; uma abordagem razo&#225;vel e baseada em evid&#234;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Eles tamb&#233;m concordaram que, para o grupo mais amplo de sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca com PCRNH, ou PCRIH com etiologia m&#233;dica n&#227;o card&#237;aca, a abordagem ideal de controle de temperatura permanece incerta. Nesse grupo, a temperatura-alvo individualizada pode ser definida entre 33&#176;C e 37,5&#176;C, com &#234;nfase na administra&#231;&#227;o de controle de temperatura de alta qualidade e suporte de terapia intensiva.</p>
        <p>Apesar da descri&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica apontar o uso da hipotermia como uma boa op&#231;&#227;o no manejo, os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados mais importantes n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar benef&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Recomenda-se como boa pr&#225;tica que a febre seja evitada ou controlada ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca. A an&#225;lise post-hoc do estudo FINNRESUSCI, um estudo observacional que avaliou a incid&#234;ncia de febre e os fatores preditores de febre ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca, concluiu que metade dos pacientes n&#227;o tratados com GDT desenvolveu febre, sendo a febre mais comum em pacientes com ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o choc&#225;vel, e refor&#231;ou que a febre pode estar relacionada a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo INTREPID randomizou 2.024 pacientes com AVC, correlacionando febre e desfechos funcionais. O estudo foi interrompido ap&#243;s uma an&#225;lise interina planejada demonstrar a futilidade do desfecho secund&#225;rio principal, concluindo que a normotermia preventiva reduziu a febre, mas n&#227;o melhorou os desfechos funcionais. Isso demonstra que o conceito p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca pode ser expandido para outras condi&#231;&#245;es neurocr&#237;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O senso comum na metodologia e na amostra escolhida dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos mais importantes sugere que a hipotermia pode ter lugar em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos em andamento ou futuros sobre controle de temperatura ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Uma tecnologia que permite o gerenciamento seletivo da temperatura cerebral com um dispositivo port&#225;til foi publicada recentemente e seu uso pode ser razo&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>H&#225; tr&#234;s estudos promissores sobre controle de temperatura e resultados p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca na fase de recrutamento.</p>
        <p>O estudo STEP-CARE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> incluir&#225; tr&#234;s interven&#231;&#245;es diferentes com foco em metas de seda&#231;&#227;o, metas de temperatura e metas de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia. Espera-se que o controle da temperatura seja estudado por meio do controle da febre, com ou sem um dispositivo controlado por feedback. Os participantes ser&#227;o acompanhados por 30 dias e 6 meses. O desfecho prim&#225;rio ser&#225; a sobrevida em 6 meses.</p>
        <p>Outro ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado de recrutamento &#233; o SELECT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo ser&#225; estimar a viabilidade e a seguran&#231;a do desmame precoce do tratamento na UTI em pacientes ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca e um padr&#227;o EEG favor&#225;vel precoce (&lt; 12 h). O delineamento do estudo &#233; um delineamento cruzado randomizado por cluster com dois bra&#231;os de tratamento. O contraste da interven&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; a interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce da seda&#231;&#227;o e controle da temperatura, com subsequente desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, se apropriado (grupo interven&#231;&#227;o) versus o tratamento padr&#227;o, incluindo seda&#231;&#227;o e controle da temperatura por pelo menos 24 a 48 horas (grupo controle).</p>
        <p>O estudo ICECAP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> medir&#225; a influ&#234;ncia da dura&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia na efic&#225;cia em pacientes com parada card&#237;aca. Trata-se de um ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico e randomizado cujo objetivo &#233; responder &#224; quest&#227;o de que o aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia induzida est&#225; associado a uma taxa crescente de melhores desfechos neurol&#243;gicos. A ideia &#233; identificar a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da hipotermia induzida para neuroprote&#231;&#227;o em sobreviventes comatosos de parada card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, em dezembro de 2024, Skirifvars et al. propuseram uma revis&#227;o interessante mostrando os pr&#243;s e os contras da GDT a 33 &#176;C ap&#243;s parada card&#237;aca. Temos dados laboratoriais robustos, nenhum ensaio cl&#237;nico sugerindo danos e o benef&#237;cio relacionado &#224; gravidade da les&#227;o s&#227;o aspectos positivos a serem considerados na GDT a 33 &#176;C. Al&#233;m disso, desvantagens como a falha em demonstrar benef&#237;cio em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados recentes, o potencial dano na instabilidade card&#237;aca e o benef&#237;cio em estudos com animais podem n&#227;o ser replicados em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, &#233; crucial determinar a abordagem de controle de temperatura mais eficaz para alcan&#231;ar os melhores resultados neurol&#243;gicos poss&#237;veis, minimizando os potenciais efeitos adversos. Mais pesquisas ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para refinar nossas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sobre a temperatura, dura&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todo de resfriamento ideais, bem como os dispositivos ideais para monitoramento cont&#237;nuo da temperatura em diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias atuais ainda sugerem que a preven&#231;&#227;o da febre provavelmente n&#227;o &#233; inferior &#224; hipotermia para muitos pacientes. Identificar quais subgrupos podem se beneficiar de temperaturas mais baixas continua sendo o desafio para estudos futuros. Particularmente no Brasil, aplicar as melhores pr&#225;ticas de controle de temperatura em um pa&#237;s vasto e desigual continua sendo a maior dificuldade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram CANVA IA para cria&#231;&#227;o e modifica&#231;&#227;o da imagem do manuscrito. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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              <surname>Hovdenes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jakobsen</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merdji</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Njimi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pelosi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rylander</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxena</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wise</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lascarrou</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypothermia vs Normothermia in Patients With Cardiac Arrest and Nonshockable Rhythm: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Neurol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <month>02</month>
          <day>1</day>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>126</fpage>
          <lpage>133</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.4820</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">38109117</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">PMC10728804</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38 Taccone FS, Dankiewicz J, Cariou A, Lilja G, Asfar P, Belohlavek J, Boulain T, Colin G, Cronberg T, Frat JP, Friberg H, Grejs AM, Grillet G, Girardie P, Haenggi M, Hovdenes J, Jakobsen JC, Levin H, Merdji H, Njimi H, Pelosi P, Rylander C, Saxena M, Thomas M, Young PJ, Wise MP, Nielsen N, Lascarrou JB. Hypothermia vs Normothermia in Patients With Cardiac Arrest and Nonshockable Rhythm: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2024 Feb 1;81(2):126-133. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.4820. PMID: 38109117; PMCID: PMC10728804.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240696i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Temperature Control after Cardiac Arrest: A Narrative Review from a Developing Country Perspective</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3247-3123</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4469-8645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtz</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Rafaela Braga</bold> &#8226; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 650. Postal Code <postal-code>04039-002</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>braga.rafaela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Targeted temperature management (TTM) is currently the only potentially neuroprotective intervention recommended for post-cardiac arrest care. However, there are concerns among the scientific community regarding conflicting evidence supporting this recommendation. Moreover, the bulk of trials included in systematic reviews that inform guidelines and recommendations have been conducted in developed countries, with case mix and patient characteristics that significantly differ from the reality of developing countries such as Brazil. Elevated body temperatures induce changes in the blood-brain barrier integrity and increase the brain's demand for oxygen. They can cause imbalances in cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow, leading to inflammation and apoptosis. The primary aim of temperature control (TTM) is to control the secondary injury pathways by avoiding high temperatures. TTM, previously named therapeutic hypothermia, was first used to treat post-cardiac arrest brain injury in the 1950s. After that, we have been having relevant trials regarding TTM, with conflicting results as follows: TTM1, HACA study, TTM2, HYPERION study, and some meta-analyses kept the temperature management after a cardiac arrest in the discussion. In addition to individualizing the optimal target temperature for specific clinical scenarios and patient profiles, other aspects of high-quality TTM delivery are critical. The timing of target temperature achievement, duration of cooling, rewarming rates, and sedation practices have been evaluated in recent trials. In conclusion, it is crucial to determine the most effective TTM approach to achieve the best possible neurological outcomes while minimizing potential adverse effects.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Post Cardiac Arrest Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Targeted Temperature Management</kwd>
        <kwd>Post Cardiac Arrest Management</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240696-40696-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Restarting the heart after cardiac arrest can result in a condition known as post-cardiac arrest syndrome, which may include hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). Although this condition triggers a complex pathophysiological response that can lead to multiple organ dysfunction, HIBI remains the primary cause of death in those who achieve return of spontaneous circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, post-resuscitation care has become an important focus and has been recommended in international guidelines for cardiac arrest treatment. Post-resuscitation management involves various therapies to optimize ventilation and circulation while preventing neurological damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Temperature control is currently the only potentially neuroprotective intervention recommended for post-cardiac arrest care, even with some controversies involving the issue. However, there are concerns among the scientific community regarding conflicting evidence supporting this recommendation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Moreover, the bulk of trials included in systematic reviews that inform guidelines and recommendations have been conducted in developed countries, with case mix and patients&#8217; characteristics that significantly differ from the reality of developing countries such as Brazil. In this narrative review, we will discuss the ongoing controversies around the efficacy of temperature control when applied to improve outcomes after cardiac arrest, with a special focus on the role of this treatment in the clinical scenario of a middle-income country with scarce data available.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pathophysiology</title>
          <p>Cardiac arrest can cause two types of neurological injury. The first one is the result of the primary hypoxemic injury, while we have a second injury that involves multisystem imbalances after restoring systemic circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The primary injury caused by cardiac arrest is believed to be due to anoxic depolarizations, which disrupt the named transmembrane ionic gradient. This results in uncontrolled spreading depolarization, variable levels of cytotoxic edema, and, in most cases, glutamate release.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Secondary brain injury involves various factors such as microcirculatory dysfunction, the production of oxygen-free radicals, loss of cerebral circulatory autoregulation, excitotoxicity, the protease cascades may be activated, and it ends up with cerebral edema. Systemic insults represented by hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hyperthermia can further exacerbate these processes. Elevated body temperatures induce changes in the blood-brain barrier integrity and increase the brain's demand for oxygen. It can cause imbalances in cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow, leading to inflammation and apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The primary aim of temperature control (TTM) is to control the secondary injury pathways by avoiding high temperatures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Hypothermia seems to act differently by controlling several damaging pathways simultaneously to reduce cell death within the brain. It mitigates pathophysiological pathways leading to excitotoxicity, apoptosis, inflammation, and free radical production, and affects the blood flow, metabolism, and blood&#8211;brain barrier integrity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The central illustration shows the system affected by post-cardiac arrest syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Timeline and important trials</title>
          <p>Temperature control, previously known as therapeutic hypothermia, was first used to treat post-cardiac arrest brain injury in the 1950s. Clinical case series from that time suggested that patients submitted to hypothermia between 30 and 34&#176;C for 24 to 72 hours had minimal or no neurological deficits after being rewarmed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the studies presented a selection bias since no controls received temperature control, and all cases were treated at the same center. Additionally, the harmful effects of systemic cooling at that time prevented the widespread clinical use of this treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Following the favorable outcomes of temperature control in animal studies, various non-randomized pilot studies were conducted. In 2002, a landmark trial was published. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest (HACA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> trial included patients from five European countries with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and a shockable rhythm (ventricular fibrillation and/or pulseless ventricular tachycardia). The trial randomized 138 patients to receive no temperature intervention, while 137 patients received temperature control at 32&#8211;34&#176;C for 24 hours, followed by 8 hours of passive rewarming. At 6 months, the temperature control group had better mortality numbers (41% versus 55%) and better numbers for favorable neurological outcomes (Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Categories Scale&#8212;CPC 1&#8211;2) (55% versus 39%) when compared to the control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2013, the TTM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> trial investigated whether the benefits of temperature control could be accomplished with milder hypothermia. The TTM was a randomized trial with 950 adult patients after OHCA and non-perfusing rhythm (except for asystole in unwitnessed arrests) that received temperature control to either 33 &#176;C or 36 &#176;C for 24 hours. It was followed by slow rewarming. Also, there was an active prevention of fever until 72 hours post-arrest. It was no significant differences in mortality or poor neurological outcome (CPC 3 to 5 or modified Rankin scale [mRS] 4 to 6) between the two groups in 6 months. Therefore, the first TTM trial indicated that, in cases of OHCA with a cardiac or presumed cardiac cause, there was no benefit of maintaining a temperature of 33 &#176;C when compared to 36 &#176;C as long as post-cardiac arrest care, controlled slow rewarming, and neuroprognostication were provided. As a result of these findings, many centers shifted their target temperatures towards normothermia rather than hypothermia.</p>
          <p>In 2017, Kikergraad et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> enrolled 355 adults in another randomized clinical trial with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and found no significant difference in favorable neurologic outcome at 6 months for those treated for 48 hours (69%) vs 24 hours (64%) (difference, 5%). This was an international, investigator-initiated, blinded-outcome-assessor, parallel, pragmatic, multicenter, randomized clinical superiority trial in 10 intensive care units (ICUs) at 10 university hospitals in 6 European countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The HYPERION study, in 2019, was the first randomized trial to include in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Only non-shockable rhythms were included. In this study, 584 adults who remained unconscious following return of spontaneous circulation were selected to 33 &#176;C or 37 &#176;C (+ / &#8722; 0.5 &#176;C) for 24 hours. A controlled-slow rewarming in at least 24 hours and normothermia for an additional 48 hours. In the hypothermic group, 10.2% of subjects showed independence at 90 days versus 5.7% in the normothermia group (p &lt;0,04). On the other hand, it is important to mention that the secondary outcome, mortality at 90 days, did not differ between groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Published in 2021, the TTM2 trial tested the hypothesis that active prevention of fever was non-inferior to cooling until 33 &#176;C in the survivors of an OHCA. It was the largest international multicenter trial in cardiac arrest to date, with 1861 unconscious adult OHCA randomized after any initial non-perfusing rhythm (except for unwitnessed arrests with asystole), either 33 &#176;C or early management of fever (i.e., &#8805; 37.8 &#176;C). After 96 hours, Neuroprognostication was standardized, and the physician who performed it was blinded to treatment allocation. Patients in the 33 &#176;C group received hypothermia for 28 hours, followed by rewarming from 0.3 &#176;C per hour, and controlled temperature between 36.5 to 37.7 &#176;C for 72 hours. The normothermia group targeted &lt; 37.8 &#176;C, and the active cooling was performed by using surface or endovascular cooling after antipyretics were tried&#8212; 46% of patients needed some antipyretics to maintain the target temperature. At 6 months, there were no significant differences in mortality or neurological outcome when we compared the two groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Over the last few years, there has been a demand to review the conclusions of the initial trials on temperature control. This is partly because the methodology and statistical review of the trials have been updated since their publication. Some of the older trials did not provide information on how fever was avoided. In comparison, newer trials included detailed protocols and reported the number of patients actively cooled to achieve normothermia using devices. Additionally, two decades have passed since the initial trials, during which there have been multiple changes in management, such as improved intensive care, more protocolized neurological prognostication, and higher survival rates over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2022, Wolfrum S et al. published a randomized controlled trial that was prematurely finished because of futility. They compared 32- 34 &#176;C to normothermia and mortality in 180 days; hospital mortality and functional outcomes were better in the normothermia group. It was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing hypothermic temperature control (32-34&#176;C) for 24 h with normothermia after IHCA in 11 hospitals in Germany. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality after 180 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Capital Chill is a Canadian, single-center, double-masked, randomized, clinical superiority trial with a total of 389 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest experience high rates of death and severe neurologic injury, and the trial intended to prove that lower temperatures may have some benefit in this group of patients. However, it was concluded that in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, a target temperature of 31 &#176;C did not significantly reduce the rate of death or poor neurologic outcome at 180 days compared with a target temperature of 34&#176;C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A network meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> published in 2021 reviewed a total of ten randomized clinical trials written about the use of temperature control in survivors of a cardiac arrest of any initial rhythm or etiology, comparing various targets of temperature control. This approach compared interventions based on their effectiveness since direct comparisons were limited. Surviving with good functional outcome at discharge (CPC 1&#8211;2, mRS 0&#8211;3, or blind clinical evaluation demonstrating mild, moderate, or no disability) or the latest time point recorded up to 6 months was the primary outcome. It was identified weak evidence of improvement with mild (35&#8211;36 &#176;C; OR 1.44 [95% CI 0.74&#8211;2.80]), moderate (33&#8211;34 &#176;C; OR 1.34 [95% CI 0.92&#8211;1.94]), or deep (31&#8211;32 &#176;C; OR 1.30 [95% CI 0.73&#8211;2.30]) hypothermia when compared to normothermia. When compared, moderate and deep hypothermia showed no additional benefit on survival or functional outcome. Nevertheless, arrhythmias were more common in the group of deep hypothermia compared to the other group receiving moderate hypothermia (OR 2.47 [95% CI 1.25&#8211;4.88]). No significant differences in clinical complications as bleeding or infections, in the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This method employed in the network meta-analysis is limited by the assumptions of data consistency among studies, which are necessary for valid analysis. In this context, a Bayesian meta-analysis was conducted and published in 2022, employing methods that incorporate prior knowledge into the analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This approach provides estimates of treatment effects along with credible intervals reflecting the uncertainty of the estimates. The findings of this Bayesian study converged on the same conclusion as the network meta-analysis and from an updated systematic review of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> there is no strong evidence to support the use of hypothermia at temperature levels as 32&#8211;34&#176;C compared to active control of fever about the risk of poor outcomes following cardiac arrest. In further support of these recommendations, in the end of 2023, another metanalysis focused on cardiac arrest patients with non-shockable rhythm included in 2 randomized trials (TTM2 and Hyperion) yielded no beneficial effects of hypothermia at 33&#176;C, contrasting the positive results, albeit with a small effect size, of the Hyperion study itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In contrast to all recently published reviews and guidelines, another updated systematic review, this one overseen by the Cochrane Library<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and published in 2023, concluded that "low-certainty evidence suggests that conventional cooling methods to induce mild therapeutic hypothermia may improve neurological outcome after cardiac arrest, specifically if compared with no temperature management". It included more studies and received criticism that some of the included trials had questionable methods regarding randomization and treatment allocation. Nevertheless, the level of uncertainty in the findings and the fact that most of the positive studies on hypothermia date from more than 15 years ago reiterate that considerable knowledge gaps remain as to which is the optimal temperature control approach for which survivor of a cardiac arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>These gaps, highlighted in a review by the Science Advisory from the American Heart Association, have direct implications for clinical practice in countries with resource limitations and scarcity of clinical data on cardiac arrest survivors. Most patients treated in randomized trials of temperature control, especially in TTM2, had shockable rhythms and/or presumed cardiac etiology for their cardiac arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, 80% of patients received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and almost half required active temperature control to avoid fever in the control group. Although hard epidemiological data are unavailable, a published Brazilian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> cohort of 2,300 cardiac arrest survivors admitted to intensive care showed a strikingly different reality: at least two-thirds had in-hospital cardiac arrest, and only 13% were admitted to the ICU after a coronary intervention, suggesting a cardiac etiology in a minority of individuals. Alarmingly, only 1% of the cohort received active temperature control despite 1 in every 10 hospitals responding that a temperature control protocol had been implemented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Combined with the lack of bystander CPR training, limited availability of temperature feedback-controlled devices, and absence of high-volume cardiac arrest treatment centers, the reality of post-resuscitation management in Brazil remains very different than the ones tested in randomized trials. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> shows the main studies in temperature control.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses in temperature control</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5">Systematic review / Meta-analyses</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Authors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Granfeldt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arrich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Taccone et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Aneman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Fernando et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Year published</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2022</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Number of studies</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Number of patients</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1719</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3956</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">912</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3792</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Types of cardiac arrest and rhythms</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">OHCA and IHCA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Not mentioned</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">OHCA with non-shockable rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">OHCA and IHCA with all initial rhythms</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">OHCA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Methodology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Meta-analysis of Randomized and quasi-randomized trials since 2021</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized trials</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Randomized clinical trials</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized trials</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Systematic review and network meta-analysis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Main comparisons</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32-34&#176;C vs normothermia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32-34&#176;C vs normothermia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hypothermia (target temperature 33 &#176;C) or normothermia (target temperature 36.5 to 37.7 &#176;C)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Any TTM temperature vs<break/> No TTM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Mild, moderate, and deep hypothermia vs normothermia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Main findings</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Favorable neurological outcome in hypothermia (risk ratio: 1.14 [95%CI: 0.98, 1.34])</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Participants in the therapeutic hypothermia group were more likely to reach a favorable neurological outcome (risk ratio (RR) 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12 to 1.76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">On the last day of follow-up, 386 of 429 in the hypothermia group (90.0%) and 413 of 463 in the normothermia group (89.2%) had an unfavorable functional outcome (RR with hypothermia, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.87-1.15; P = .97)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">The posterior probability for no benefit (RR &#8805; 1) by TTM 32-34 &#176;C was 24% for death and 12% for unfavorable neurological outcome.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Survival with good functional outcome: deep hypothermia (odds ratio 1.30, 95% CI 0.73-2.30), moderate hypothermia<break/> (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.92-1.94), and mild hypothermia<break/> (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.74-2.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Limitations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">OHCA was included in all trials. IHCA was included in only 1 of 6 trials</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">The use of inadequate methods to balance participants between the cooling and no-cooling groups</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">IHCA and shockable rhythms were excluded</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Variable effects within the hypothermic range were not explored</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Lack of important sources of clinical heterogeneity across trials in relation to patient characteristics</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>OHCA: out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; IHCA: in-hospital cardiac arrest; TTM: targeted temperature management.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Best practices in temperature control</title>
          <p>In addition to individualizing the optimal target temperature for specific clinical scenarios and patient profiles, other aspects of high-quality temperature control delivery are critical. The timing of target temperature achievement, duration of cooling, rewarming rates, and sedation practices have been evaluated in recent trials.</p>
          <p>A pivotal study randomized 789 adults to two temperature control strategies, focused on fever prevention, and varying in duration &#8211; 36 versus 72 hours &#8211; and found no significant difference in the primary outcome, about mortality or severe disability within 90 days post-event. Both protocols were initiated at 36&#176;C for the first 24 hours, suggesting that the extension of temperature control duration for fever prevention may not impact the rates of death or severe disability. However, the question of optimal temperature control duration remains open. Initial trials of hypothermia set durations at 12 to 24 hours, balancing therapeutic potential against side effects. Following the temperature control trials, guidelines shifted to recommend at least 24 hours of cooling, though this was not underpinned by direct comparative evidence. One trial comparing 24 to 48 hours of temperature control was identified, and it reported no differences in patient outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Other studies &#8211; i.e., RINSE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and PRINCESS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> trials &#8211; investigated the timing until the temperature control starts. In RINSE, 1198 OHCA patients were randomized to compare intra-arrest cooling with standard care. The percentage of patients with shockable rhythms achieving return of spontaneous circulation in the pre-hospital cooling arm was lower than in the control arm. Although the cooling group arrived at the hospital with lower temperatures, this did not translate to improved neurological outcomes. The PRINCESS trial echoed these findings; despite faster achievement of target temperatures, no significant benefit in survival or neurological outcomes was observed. In the large temperature control trials, the time to achieve the target temperature was a common limitation, potentially impacting results. While preclinical data suggest that faster cooling improves outcomes, this has not been demonstrated in recent clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>While current evidence does not favor one temperature control duration over another, there is a trend suggesting that faster induction to target temperature could be beneficial. This underscores the need for a standardized care approach that emphasizes prompt temperature management, meticulous temperature control during maintenance, and careful shivering management, coupled with gradual rewarming and controlled normothermia post-temperature control. Such a protocol aims to harness the full potential of temperature control while mitigating adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Multiple sites can be used for continuous core temperature monitoring during temperature control, including bladder, esophageal, and rectal probes. According to the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) TTM guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>, esophageal and bladder probes are the most accurate in reflecting temperatures of pulmonary artery catheters. Also, it was recommended that esophageal temperature probes should be used during temperature control. It is important to mention that the use of esophageal probes is limited to intubated patients, and there is increasing incentive to move away from bladder temperature monitoring to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Rectal probes are the least accurate, and temporal artery probes are not recommended for temperature measurement as they are inaccurate and not useful for continuous monitoring.</p>
          <p>An important limitation of some of the included trials is the lack of a standardized in-hospital temperature control protocol to ensure that all included patients received temperature control in the hospital. Temperature control can be achieved by several different methods, including simple interventions such as rapid infusion of cold fluids and application of ice packs, cooling blankets or gel-adhesive pads with feedback mechanisms, or automated endovascular devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Several different methods and technical devices have been used to induce hypothermia as the target, but there is no consensus on the optimal cooling method. De Fazio et al concluded in 2019 that endovascular cooling devices could be more precise than surface methods in patients cooled at 33&#176;C after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, the outcomes were similar when comparing the cooling methods, which suggests no clinically relevant differences in this setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A Systematic review and meta-analysis found 12 studies with a total of 1573 participants comparing the safety and effectiveness of cooling devices. It looks like intravascular devices tend to be safer regarding mortality and neurological outcomes, with a higher chance of arrhythmias, but no significant difference between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care states that temperature control, the best practice in temperature control, should be with a continuous temperature feedback control mechanism. The easy-to-use methods are inexpensive, but they can result in unpredictable changes and variations in body temperature, and the lack of a temperature feedback control mechanism may render the method unreliable. Up-to-date endovascular cooling devices or surface cooling devices with cold-water circulating blankets or hydrogel pads tend to achieve the target temperature and maintain targeted therapeutic temperature rapidly ranges for a longer duration using a temperature feedback control mechanism. By the moment, no systematic review or meta-analysis compares the efficacy of these two types of cooling devices, both equipped with a temperature feedback control mechanism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recommendations and current practice</title>
          <p>In 2022, the European Resuscitation Council<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> released an updated guideline regarding temperature control in patients in coma after cardiac arrest. The most important recommendations are continuous monitoring of core temperature and prevention of fever (defined as &gt; 37.7 &#176;C) for at least 72 hours. If necessary, the use of antipyretic medications or a cooling device is recommended. The TTM2 trial was the main reference for this recommendation.</p>
          <p>The guidelines shed light on the insufficient evidence to recommend for or against actively cooling patients to 32&#8211;36&#176;C (the same as in prior guidelines) or the use of early cooling after return of spontaneous circulation. To sum up, they recommended against the active rewarming of hypothermic comatose patients following cardiac arrest and recommended against using large-volume infusions of cold fluid to cool patients immediately after achieving ROSC. By the moment, we have a focused update on temperature control in process by the American Heart Association. It will consider new emerging evidence available since the last guideline on this topic, in 2020. In this interim, a science advisory group from the AHA concluded that for patients with similar characteristics as those included in the TTM2 trial &#8211; OHCA of cardiac or unknown cause, excluding those with unwitnessed asystole&#8211;controlling core temperature &lt;37.5 &#176;C is a reasonable and evidence-based approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> They also agreed that for the broader group of cardiac arrest survivors with IHCA, or OHCA with a noncardiac, medical etiology, the optimal temperature control approach remains uncertain. In this group, individualized target temperature can be defined between 33 &#176;C and 37.5&#176;C, with emphasis on the administration of high-quality temperature control and intensive care support.</p>
          <p>Despite the pathophysiological description pointing to the use of hypothermia as a good option in management, the most important randomized trials failed to show benefits.</p>
          <p>It is recommended as good practice that fever may be avoided or controlled in post-cardiac arrest. The post-hoc analysis of the FINNRESUSCI study, an observational study that assessed the incidence of fever and factors predicting fever after cardiac arrest, concluded that half of the patients not treated with TTM developed fever, fever was more common in patients with non-shockable rhythm, and reinforced that fever may be related to unfavorable outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The INTREPID study in 2024 randomized patients with stroke, correlating fever and functional outcomes. The study was interrupted after a planned interim analysis demonstrated the futility of the principal secondary end point, concluding that preventive normothermia reduced fever but did not improve functional outcomes. Showing that the post-cardiac arrest concept may be expanded to other neurocritical ill conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A common sense in methodology and sample chosen of the most important clinical trials suggests that hypothermia may have a place in some selected populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ongoing or future clinical trials on temperature control after cardiac arrest</title>
          <p>A technology that allows selective brain temperature management with a portable device was recently published, and its use may be reasonable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>There are three promisors trials about temperature control and post-cardiac arrest outcome in the recruitment phase.</p>
          <p>The STEP-CARE trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> will include three different interventions focusing on sedation targets, temperature targets, and mean arterial pressure targets. Temperature control is expected to be studied through fever management with or without a feedback-controlled device. Participants will be followed up at 30 days and 6 months. The primary outcome will be survival at 6 months.</p>
          <p>Another recruiting randomized trial is the SELECT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The objective of this study will be to estimate the feasibility and safety of early weaning from ICU treatment in patients after cardiac arrest and an early (&lt; 12 h) favorable EEG pattern. The study design is a cluster-randomized crossover design with two treatment arms. The intervention contrast will be early cessation of sedation and temperature control, with subsequent weaning from mechanical ventilation if appropriate (intervention group) vs. standard care, including sedation and temperature control for at least 24-48 hours (control group).</p>
          <p>The ICECAP study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> will measure the influence of hypothermia duration on efficacy in cardiac arrest patients. It is a multicenter and randomized clinical trial with the goal of answer the question that increasing durations of induced hypothermia are associated with an increasing rate of better neurological outcomes. The idea is to identify the optimal duration of induced hypothermia for neuroprotection in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest.</p>
          <p>Most recently, in December 2024, Skirifvars et al proposed such an interesting review showing pros and cons with TTM at 33&#176;C after cardiac arrest. We have strong laboratory data, no clinical trials suggesting harm, and the benefit related to the injury severity as positive things to think about in TTM at 33&#176;C. Furthermore, disadvantages as the fail to show benefit in recent RCT trials, potential harm in cardiac instability, and the benefit in animal studies may not be replicated in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, it is crucial to determine the most effective temperature control approach to achieve the best possible neurological outcomes while minimizing potential adverse effects. Further research is still needed to refine our clinical decisions on the optimal temperature, duration, and method of cooling, as well as the ideal devices for continuous temperature monitoring in various clinical scenarios. Nonetheless, current evidence still suggests that preventing fever is likely non-inferior to hypothermia for many patients. Identifying which subgroups may benefit from lower temperatures remains the challenge for future trials. Particularly in Brazil, applying the best practice of temperature control in a vast and unequal country remains the biggest difficulty.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used CANVA for create and modify the manuscript image. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
