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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tGHRNtGzh3zjrmjCNRJtJqN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240685</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240685</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento Cr&#244;nico com <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> Reduz a Press&#227;o Arterial e Melhora a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Ratas Ovariectomizadas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Formenton da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3728-2131</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabadini</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alc&#226;ntara</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Cristina Cotta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1896-9536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gerson Jhonatan Rodrigues</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Rod. Washington Lu&#237;s km 235 &#8211; SP-310 &#8211; CEP <postal-code>13565-905</postal-code>, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gerson@ufscar.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>A pesquisadora Patr&#237;cia Corr&#234;a Dias, p&#243;s-doutoranda regularmente inscrita no programa de P&#243;s-doutorado da UFSCar, atuou como coautora neste estudo. Declaramos que a referida coautora recebeu apoio financeiro da empresa Florien Fitoter&#225;picos para ministrar palestra e colaborar no desenvolvimento de produtos, em temas distintos do tema abordado no artigo cient&#237;fico a ser publicado. A empresa Florien Fitoter&#225;picos comercializa o produto testado nesta pesquisa, composto por <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, sob o nome comercial Mitochondrin<sup>&#174;</sup>. Esclarecemos que a participa&#231;&#227;o da coautora restringiu-se ao aux&#237;lio no desenho experimental e no aux&#237;lio da reda&#231;&#227;o deste artigo, n&#227;o havendo qualquer influ&#234;ncia na quantifica&#231;&#227;o ou acesso aos dados coletados.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240685</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A menopausa &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico natural que pode afetar diversos sistemas e &#243;rg&#227;os, frequentemente levando ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial. A combina&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (Pg + Ak) &#233; uma formula&#231;&#227;o conhecida por melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos <italic>in vivo</italic> dessas plantas combinadas sobre os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares em ratas em menopausa induzida por ovariectomia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e quatro ratas Wistar com 70 dias de vida foram distribu&#237;das aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos: falso-operadas (Sham), ovariectomizadas (OVX) e ovariectomizadas tratadas com Pg + Ak (OVX + Pg + Ak). As ratas do grupo tratado com Pg + Ak receberam inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de 100 mg/kg/dia por duas semanas. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida por pletismografia de cauda, e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada por meio de testes de reatividade vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao final do tratamento, a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia no grupo Sham foi menor do que no grupo controle (OVX), e o tratamento com Pg + Ak melhorou a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial causada pela ovariectomia. Isso ficou evidente na restaura&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos das ratas OVX tratadas com Pg + Ak, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as ratas OVX n&#227;o tratadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos achados sugerem que a combina&#231;&#227;o Pg + Ak reduz efetivamente a press&#227;o arterial e reverte a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em ratas ovariectomizadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tratamento Cr&#244;nico com Panax ginseng e Angelica keiskei Reduz a Press&#227;o Arterial e Melhora a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Ratas Ovariectomizadas</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Representa&#231;&#227;o cronol&#243;gica de tr&#234;s grupos experimentais, A: SHAM (SH), B: ovariectomizada (OVX) e C: ovariectomizada tratada com Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei (OVX+Pg+Ak). PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FE: fun&#231;&#227;o endothelial; [NO]: concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica. A seta para cima (&#8593;) indica aumento, a seta para baixo (&#8595;) indica diminui&#231;&#227;o e as setas para cima e para baixo (&#8593;&#8595;) indicam nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o.</attrib>
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          </fig>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ovariectomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fitoterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Panax</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/01093-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#8211; Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>140181/2020-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP: 2022/01093-1 projeto regular). Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#8211; Brasil (bolsas CNPq: 140181/2020-2) &#8211; bolsa da aluna</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="49"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A menopausa &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico natural caracterizado pela cessa&#231;&#227;o permanente da menstrua&#231;&#227;o por 12 meses, geralmente relacionado &#224; defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio associada &#224; idade e n&#227;o vinculada a patologias. A idade mediana da menopausa &#233; em torno de 51 anos. Embora a maioria das mulheres apresente sintomas vasomotores, a menopausa tamb&#233;m afeta diversos sistemas do corpo, incluindo os sistemas urogenital, psicog&#234;nico e cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio prejudica o eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-ov&#225;rio, levando &#224; falha no desenvolvimento endometrial, o que resulta em ciclos menstruais irregulares que, por fim, cessam completamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estrog&#234;nio desempenha um papel crucial na manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ao aumentar a s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) no endot&#233;lio vascular. O NO difunde-se nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares, promovendo o relaxamento &#8211; um processo conhecido como vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio (VDE). O estrog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m contribui para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ao reduzir a s&#237;ntese de endotelina-1, um potente vasoconstritor, nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais. Durante a menopausa, a VDE diminui, enquanto a s&#237;ntese de Endotelina-1 aumenta, ambos os fatores contribuindo para maior vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio pode afetar diversos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, incluindo o sistema cardiovascular, aumentando o risco de doen&#231;as como a hipertens&#227;o. Segundo dados do <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic>, a hipertens&#227;o &#233; o principal fator de risco mortal entre mulheres em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas &#233; de duas a seis vezes maior do que em mulheres pr&#233;-menop&#225;usicas da mesma faixa et&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Para o manejo desses sintomas, a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal (TRH) &#233; frequentemente recomendada como forma de mitigar a defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio, melhorando assim a qualidade de vida nos aspectos f&#237;sicos, emocionais e sexuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, devido aos efeitos colaterais conhecidos e &#224;s potenciais contraindica&#231;&#245;es da TRH, terapias bot&#226;nicas alternativas t&#234;m sido cada vez mais reconhecidas como ben&#233;ficas para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma das esp&#233;cies de ginseng mais amplamente utilizadas atualmente &#233; o <italic>Panax ginseng</italic>, cultivado principalmente na Coreia e na China, respons&#225;vel por uma parcela significativa da produ&#231;&#227;o global de ginseng.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os principais compostos ativos do <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> s&#227;o os ginsenos&#237;deos, que s&#227;o saponinas triterp&#234;nicas. Grande parte das pesquisas sobre as propriedades farmacol&#243;gicas e medicinais do <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> concentra-se nos ginsenos&#237;deos, incluindo Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re e Rd.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ginseng demonstrou diversas atividades biol&#243;gicas, incluindo propriedades anticancer&#237;genas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> antidiab&#233;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares, como auxiliar no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os ginsenos&#237;deos Rb1 e Rg1 apresentam efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios ao inibir a produ&#231;&#227;o de antioxidantes e promover a s&#237;ntese de NO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, esses ginsenos&#237;deos possuem propriedades antioxidantes, prevenindo a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs) por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o do NO. O ginsenos&#237;deo Rb1 e outros ginsenos&#237;deos tamb&#233;m combatem a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ao ativar a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o SIRT1/AMPK, inibir a produ&#231;&#227;o de EROs, ativar o receptor de estrog&#234;nio beta (ER-&#946;) e aumentar a express&#227;o da enzima super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p><italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, comumente conhecida como <italic>ashitaba</italic> ou "folha do amanh&#227;", &#233; uma planta perene resistente, nativa da costa pac&#237;fica do Jap&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Essa planta tem ganhado aten&#231;&#227;o por suas propriedades medicinais, incluindo efeitos antioxidantes, anti-inflamat&#243;rios, hipoglicemiantes, antimicrobianos, antitumorais, hipotensivos, antifibr&#243;ticos, laxativos, estimulantes e galactagogos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Embora os componentes ativos espec&#237;ficos da <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> ainda n&#227;o tenham sido identificados, mais de 100 compostos j&#225; foram isolados dela, incluindo chalconas, cumarinas e flavanonas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um produto conhecido como Mitochondrin&#174; combina <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, apresentando uma tripla padroniza&#231;&#227;o de 8% de chalconas, 10% de flavanonas e 0,9% de ginsenos&#237;deos Rb1, Rg1 e Rg3, proporcionando uma a&#231;&#227;o multialvo em diversos mecanismos epigen&#233;ticos. Esses componentes promovem a biog&#234;nese mitocondrial, essencial para a produ&#231;&#227;o de energia e envelhecimento saud&#225;vel, al&#233;m de estimular o gasto cal&#243;rico, reduzir o armazenamento de gordura e minimizar a inflama&#231;&#227;o por meio de efeitos antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essas plantas s&#227;o amplamente utilizadas na medicina tradicional chinesa por seus benef&#237;cios fisiol&#243;gicos, que incluem a redu&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> regula&#231;&#227;o da coagula&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> promo&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> melhora do metabolismo da glicose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> e redu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> As terapias complementares t&#234;m ganhado destaque como uma op&#231;&#227;o segura para o manejo dos sintomas da menopausa. Neste estudo, investigamos se a combina&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> pode melhorar os par&#226;metros vasculares em ratas ovariectomizadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e delineamento experimental</title>
        <p>Vinte e quatro ratas Wistar f&#234;meas, com peso entre 200 g e 250 g, foram divididas aleatoriamente (cada animal recebeu um n&#250;mero e os grupos foram determinados por meio de um gerador de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios, evitando vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o) em tr&#234;s grupos: ovariectomizadas (OVX) (n = 8), ovariectomizadas tratadas com extrato padronizado de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (OVX + Pg + Ak) (n = 8) e falso-operadas (Sham) (n = 8). Todos os procedimentos com as ratas descritos neste trabalho foram realizados ap&#243;s uma semana de aclimata&#231;&#227;o. Os animais foram mantidos em ciclo claro-escuro com alimento e &#225;gua dispon&#237;veis <italic>ad libitum</italic> at&#233; o dia do experimento. Todos os animais foram pesados a cada duas semanas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o da menopausa</title>
        <p>Todos os animais dos grupos OVX foram submetidos &#224; ovariectomia na 12&#170; semana de vida, devido &#224; boa resposta &#224; cirurgia evidenciada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica utilizada seguiu o protocolo de Zarrow,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> e a anestesia foi realizada com uma associa&#231;&#227;o de 13 mg/kg de xilazina e 33 mg/kg de base de cetamina por administra&#231;&#227;o parenteral (intramuscular). Primeiramente, uma pequena incis&#227;o bilateral (1,0 &#8211; 1,5 cm) foi feita atrav&#233;s da pele e da camada muscular, utilizando tesoura e pin&#231;a, aproximadamente 1 cm abaixo da &#250;ltima costela, perpendicular ao corpo do animal.</p>
        <p>Para o procedimento, a cavidade peritoneal foi aberta, os ov&#225;rios foram expostos e removidos, e uma sutura de n&#225;ilon foi realizada logo abaixo da f&#237;mbria. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o dos ov&#225;rios, uma incis&#227;o foi feita na musculatura e na pele com o fio de n&#225;ilon. Os animais do grupo falso-operado (sham) foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento cir&#250;rgico, com os ov&#225;rios sendo apenas exteriorizados da cavidade abdominal e depois recolocados, sem serem removidos. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, foi respeitado um per&#237;odo de duas semanas de recupera&#231;&#227;o antes do in&#237;cio dos procedimentos com o protocolo de administra&#231;&#227;o do extrato padronizado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medida da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Ao longo do tratamento, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica dos animais foi medida por pletismografia em animmais n&#227;o anestasiados de cauda &#8212; antes da indu&#231;&#227;o da menopausa, seis semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s o tratamento. As ratas foram colocadas em um aparato de conten&#231;&#227;o e aclimata&#231;&#227;o, em um ambiente calmo e silencioso, por uma hora. Esse procedimento foi repetido algumas vezes para que os ratos se familiarizassem com o teste.</p>
        <p>O pletism&#243;grafo possui uma bra&#231;adeira de borracha e um sensor fotoel&#233;trico de pulso que foi colocado ao redor da cauda do animal (modelo Power Lab 8/35, AD Instruments, Pty Ltda, Colorado Springs, CO). Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas, considerando a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica desses resultados como o valor da press&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o dos extratos padronizados de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic></title>
        <p>Os animais dos grupos que receberam o tratamento com extrato padronizado foram tratados com 100 mg/kg/dia por duas semanas, e o extrato padronizado foi administrado por via intraperitoneal.&#178;&#179; Todos os animais foram pesados para que a dose do extrato padronizado fosse adequada. Os animais dos grupos que n&#227;o receberam o tratamento com o extrato padronizado foram manuseados com a mesma frequ&#234;ncia que os tratados. Os extratos padronizados da associa&#231;&#227;o de Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei (1:1) comp&#245;em a formula&#231;&#227;o de um produto registrado sob o nome comercial Mitochondrin&#174;. Este produto apresenta tripla padroniza&#231;&#227;o: 8% de chalconas, 10% de flavanonas e 0,9% de ginsenos&#237;deos Rb1, Rg1 e Rg3. Os extratos foram solubilizados em solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (cloreto de s&#243;dio a 0,9%) imediatamente antes da administra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eutan&#225;sia e coleta de material biol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Os animais, anestesiados com isofluorano, foram sacrificados por decapita&#231;&#227;o e alguns tecidos foram coletados para an&#225;lises posteriores. A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica da aorta foi removida, isolada e cortada em an&#233;is de aproximadamente 4 mm de comprimento, sendo mantida em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs para o experimento de reatividade vascular. O &#250;tero foi coletado e fotografado para an&#225;lises adicionais. O sucesso da cirurgia foi verificado por meio da atrofia uterina observada nos grupos ovariectomizadas, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo falso-operado, conforme pode ser verificado na Figura Central e no material suplementar (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-suppl01.pdf">Imagem 1A</inline-supplementary-material>). O sangue foi coletado em tubos Falcon logo ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, para posterior obten&#231;&#227;o de al&#237;quotas de soro destinadas a testes bioqu&#237;micos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
        <p>Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos dissecados ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia foram colocados em um banho de &#243;rg&#227;o isolado contendo 5 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs a 37 &#176;C, pH 7,4, borbulhada continuamente com 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>, em um mi&#243;grafo isom&#233;trico (modelo Mulvany-Halpern 610 DMT-USA, Marietta, GA) e registrados por um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados PowerLab8/SP (ADInstruments Pty Ltd., Colorado Springs, CO).</p>
        <p>Primeiramente, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram submetidos a uma tens&#227;o de 1,5 g por trinta minutos para permitir a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, a integridade endotelial foi avaliada utilizando a EC50 da fenilefrina (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L) para contrair o vaso, seguida do relaxamento induzido por 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L de acetilcolina. Os an&#233;is foram descartados quando o relaxamento foi inferior a 80%, conforme o padr&#227;o estabelecido para ratos hipertensos com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos &#237;ntegros foram submetidos a uma segunda contra&#231;&#227;o com 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L de fenilefrina e, ent&#227;o, foram constru&#237;das curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; acetilcolina (0,1 nmol/L a 0,1 mmol/L). A pot&#234;ncia (pD<sub>2</sub>) e o efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo foram avaliados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medida do &#243;xido n&#237;trico</title>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NO, foi medida a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica dos produtos est&#225;veis do NO, nitrito (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) e nitrato (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>), conhecidos como NOx, conforme descrito anteriormente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> utilizando o NO Analyzer 280i (Sievers, Boulder, CO, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas dos resultados foram realizadas utilizando o software GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 8.0.1). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada quanto &#224; normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Como os dados apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, eles foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EP). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre todos os grupos foram realizadas utilizando ANOVA de uma via com o p&#243;s-teste de Newman-Keuls. Adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% (&#945; = 0,05) para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, garantindo que a probabilidade de erro tipo I permanecesse dentro de um limite aceit&#225;vel para infer&#234;ncias robustas e confi&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A ovariectomia induziu eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, como pode ser observado no grupo OVX (141,62 &#177; 6,0 mmHg, n = 8) e no grupo OVX + Pg + Ak antes do tratamento (143,77 &#177; 5,79 mmHg, n = 8), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Sham (123,77 &#177; 4,16 mmHg, n = 8). O tratamento por duas semanas com a associa&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> induziu redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em ratas OVX (OVX + Pg + Ak: 118,22 &#177; 4,8 mmHg, n = 8), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo OVX sem tratamento (139,12 &#177; 7,1 mmHg, n = 8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento de duas semanas. Cada ponto representa a m&#233;dia e o erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EP) dos dados obtidos a partir de determina&#231;&#245;es independentes. *Indica diferen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05) nos valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre Sham vs. OVX e Sham vs. OVX + Pg + Ak antes do tratamento com Pg + Ak (tempo = 0). Indica a diferen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05) entre os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica dos grupos OVX vs. OVX + Pg + Ak ap&#243;s duas semanas de tratamento com Pg + Ak (tempo = 2); OVX: ratas ovariectomizadas; OVX + Pg + Ak: ratas ovariectomizadas tratadas com extrato padronizado de Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio induzido por acetilcolina est&#225; prejudicado nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratas OVX (pD2: 6,17 &#177; 0,16, n = 8; EM: 72,46 &#177; 4,03%, n = 8), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle Sham (pD2: 6,91 &#177; 0,19, n = 8; EM: 90,84 &#177; 1,78%, n = 8). O tratamento cr&#244;nico com <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (Pg + Ak) melhorou a VDE nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratas OVX (pD2: 6,83 &#177; 0,20, n = 8; EM: 89,75 &#177; 2,29%, n = 8), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo OVX (pD2: 6,17 &#177; 0,16, n = 8; EM: 72,46 &#177; 4,03%, n = 8), sem diferen&#231;a entre OVX + Pg + Ak e Sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 2A, 2B e 2C</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento cr&#244;nico com <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (Pg + Ak) induziu aumento nos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de NO em ratas OVX (OVX + Pg + Ak: 50,69 &#177; 2,82 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, n = 5), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo OVX (31,45 &#177; 2,98 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, n = 5) e ao grupo Sham (31,79 &#177; 2,11 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, n = 5) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em an&#233;is de aorta isolados dos grupos Sham, OVX e OVX + Pg + Ak. Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito cumulativas foram realizadas para a acetilcolina em aortas pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina. Cada ponto representa a m&#233;dia e o erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EP) dos dados obtidos a partir de determina&#231;&#245;es independentes. 2A e 2B; * Indicam diferen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05) nos valores de pD2 entre as aortas dos grupos Sham vs OVX e OVX vs OVX + Pg + Ak; 2A e 2C ** Indicam diferen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,01) nos valores de Emax entre Sham vs OVX e OVX vs OVX + Pg + Ak; OVX: ratas ovariectomizadas; OVX + Pg + Ak: ratas ovariectomizadas tratadas com extrato padronizado de Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) no sangue de ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos OVX + Pg + Ak e Sham. *Indica diferen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05) nos n&#237;veis de NO em OVX + Pg + Ak vs. OVX. Indica diferen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05) nos n&#237;veis de NO no grupo OVX + Pg + Ak vs. Sham. OVX: ratas ovariectomizadas; OVX + Pg + Ak: ratas ovariectomizadas tratadas com extrato padronizado de Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, observamos que o tratamento com <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> por duas semanas resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumento nos n&#237;veis circulantes de NO. A ovariectomia induziu efetivamente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>O <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> &#233; uma planta antiga com usos medicinais enraizada na medicina tradicional chinesa. Seus efeitos anti-hipertensivos, especialmente no sistema cardiovascular, s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos, em parte, ao aumento de NO circulante derivado do endot&#233;lio. Essa planta ativa a enzima eNOS (&#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial), que converte a L-arginina em L-citrulina e NO, levando &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, induzindo vasorrelaxamento e, consequentemente, redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, observamos esse efeito em ratas OVX. Os principais agentes respons&#225;veis por esse mecanismo s&#227;o os ginsenos&#237;deos Rb1, Rg1 e Rg3, que estimulam a produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o Rg3 &#233; reconhecido como o mais potente vasodilatador entre os ginsenos&#237;deos. Sua a&#231;&#227;o envolve a inibi&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus da musculatura lisa vascular por meio da preven&#231;&#227;o do influxo de Ca&#178;<sup>+</sup> e est&#237;mulo ao efluxo de K<sup>+</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Este estudo confirmou os efeitos hipotensores do <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> em ratas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> O ginsenos&#237;deo Rg3 tamb&#233;m promove o aumento da express&#227;o de eNOS, intensificando a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e levando &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos extratos de <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, estudos indicam que eles exercem efeitos protetores vasculares contra a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina por meio de mecanismos mediados por NO e fator relaxante derivado do endot&#233;lio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Pesquisas tamb&#233;m demonstraram que compostos como Xantoangelol (XAG) e 4-hidroxidericina (4-HD) influenciam a fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, podendo prevenir doen&#231;as tromb&#243;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> A capacidade de <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> em reduzir o tempo de sangramento na cauda de camundongos sugere um efeito sobre a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria <italic>in vivo</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o concluiu que o XAG pode inibir diretamente as fun&#231;&#245;es da musculatura lisa ao reduzir o c&#225;lcio intracelular livre (Ca&#178;<sup>+</sup>), enquanto a 4-hidroxidericina suprime a eleva&#231;&#227;o de Ca&#178;<sup>+</sup>induzida por fenilefrina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Flavonoides presentes na <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> possuem uma estrutura complexa que inibe a enzima conversora de angiotensina, uma enzima-chave na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Esses compostos flavonoides atuam como agentes anti-hipertensivos, reduzem o estresse e inibem a atividade oxidativa da enzima conversora de angiotensina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora alguns estudos tenham examinado os efeitos biol&#243;gicos combinados de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, nenhum deles focou em seus efeitos cardiovasculares. Muitos dos componentes individuais dessas plantas s&#227;o conhecidos por beneficiar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular. Assim, a combina&#231;&#227;o desses extratos parece uma op&#231;&#227;o promissora para o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados sugerem que a combina&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> pode promover melhorias de longo prazo na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular. O <italic>Panax ginseng</italic>, por meio de seus ginsenos&#237;deos, ativa vias-chave de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, enquanto a <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> demonstrou diversos efeitos ben&#233;ficos em dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e doen&#231;as associadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, sendo os xantoangel&#243;is seus principais compostos ativos.</p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; que o grupo Sham foi submetido apenas &#224; simula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sem receber solu&#231;&#227;o salina, que foi utilizada como ve&#237;culo para os tratamentos com plantas. Portanto, o grupo Sham n&#227;o recebeu nenhum tratamento, o que pode limitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as observadas entre os grupos tratados com as plantas e o grupo Sham. Al&#233;m disso, os tratamentos com as plantas foram administrados por inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal, o que, embora eficaz para o protocolo experimental, n&#227;o reproduz totalmente a administra&#231;&#227;o oral, que seria mais representativa do uso humano no dia a dia. Essa diferen&#231;a na via de administra&#231;&#227;o pode afetar a farmacocin&#233;tica e a aplicabilidade geral dos achados para o tratamento em humanos.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, observamos melhora do relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos do grupo OVX + Pg + Ak, sugerindo que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida pela ovariectomia pode ser revertida por meio do tratamento com <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>. Nossos resultados indicam que esse tratamento combinado melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e eleva os n&#237;veis circulantes de NO, o que provavelmente contribui para a redu&#231;&#227;o observada da press&#227;o arterial nas ratas OVX.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram que a ovariectomia pode induzir eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, as quais foram reduzidas ap&#243;s duas semanas de tratamento com a associa&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> e <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP: 2022/01093-1 projeto regular). Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#8211; Brasil (bolsas CNPq: 140181/2020-2) &#8211; bolsa da aluna</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Nayara Formenton da Silva pelo Programa Interinstitucional de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas Associa&#231;&#227;o Ampla.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6449201120. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecimentos especiais &#224; Professora Evelin Capellari C&#225;rnio do Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brasil, pelos experimentos auxiliares de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de nitrito e nitrato s&#233;ricos com o equipamento NO Analyzer 280i.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0685_supplementary.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240685i</article-id>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chronic Treatment with <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> Decreases Blood Pressure and Improves Endothelial Function in Ovariectomized Rats</article-title>
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            <given-names>Nayara Formenton da</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3728-2131</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Oliveira de</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabadini</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Pereira</given-names>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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        <aff id="aff2">
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            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gerson Jhonatan Rodrigues</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Rod. Washington Lu&#237;s km 235 &#8211; SP-310 &#8211; Postal Code <postal-code>13565-905</postal-code>, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>gerson@ufscar.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>Researcher Patr&#237;cia Corr&#234;a Dias, a postdoctoral fellow regularly enrolled in the UFSCar Postdoctoral Program, acted as a co-author in this study. We declare that the aforementioned co-author received financial support from the company Florien Fitoter&#225;picos to give a lecture and collaborate in the development of products, on topics different from those addressed in the scientific article to be published. The company Florien Fitoter&#225;picos markets the product tested in this research, composed of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, under the trade name Mitochondrin<sup>&#174;</sup>. We clarify that the co-author's participation was limited to assisting in the experimental design and in assisting in the writing of this article, with no influence on the quantification or access to the collected data.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Menopause is a natural physiological process that can impact various systems and organs, often leading to increased blood pressure. The combination of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (Pg + Ak) is a formulation known to improve vascular function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate the <italic>in vivo</italic> effects of these combined plants on cardiovascular parameters in female rats experiencing menopause induced by ovariectomy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Twenty-four 70-day-old female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham-operated (Sham), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized with Pg + Ak treatment (OVX + Pg + Ak). The rats in the Pg + Ak treatment group received an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Blood pressure was measured using tail plethysmography, and endothelial function was assessed through vascular reactivity tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>At the end of the treatment, mean blood pressure in the SH group was lower than in the control group (OVX), and the Pg + Ak treatment improved the endothelial dysfunction caused by ovariectomy. This was evident in the restored endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aortic rings of the OVX rats treated with Pg + Ak compared to untreated OVX rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our findings suggest that the Pg + Ak combination effectively reduces blood pressure and reverses endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chronic Treatment with Panax ginseng and Angelica keiskei Decreases Blood Pressure and Improves Endothelial Function in Ovariectomized Rats</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Timeline representation of three experimental groups, A: sham (SH), B: ovariectomized (OVX), and C: ovariectomized treated with Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei (OVX+Pg+Ak). SAP: systolic arterial pressure; EF: endothelial function, [NO]: Serum nitric oxide concentration.Up arrow (&#8593;) indicates increase, down arrow (&#8595;) indicates decrease and up and down arrow (&#8593;&#8595;) indicates no change.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ovariectomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Herbal Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Panax</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/01093-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#8211; Brazil</funding-source>
          <award-id>140181/2020-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by grants from the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP grants: 2022/01093-1 regular project). National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#8211; Brazil (CNPq grants: 140181/2020-2) &#8211; student grant</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Menopause is a natural physiological process marked by the permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 months, typically related to age-related estrogen deficiency and not linked to pathology. The median age for menopause is around 51 years. Although most women experience vasomotor symptoms, menopause also affects various body systems, including the urogenital, psychogenic, and cardiovascular systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A decrease in estrogen levels disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, leading to the failure of endometrial development, which results in irregular menstrual cycles that ultimately stop altogether.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estrogen plays a critical role in maintaining endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the vascular endothelium. NO diffuses into vascular smooth muscle cells, causing relaxation &#8211; a process known as endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV). Estrogen also helps maintain endothelial function by reducing the synthesis of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor, in endothelial cells. During menopause, EDV decreases, while endothelin-1 synthesis rises, both contributing to increased vasoconstriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, estrogen deficiency can impact various organs and systems, including the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of diseases like hypertension. According to Global Burden of Disease data, hypertension is the leading deadly risk factor for women worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The incidence of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women is two to six times higher than in premenopausal women of the same age group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> To address these symptoms, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often recommended as a means of mitigating estrogen deficiency, thereby enhancing quality of life across physical, emotional, and sexual health dimensions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, due to the known side effects and potential contraindications of HRT, alternative botanical therapies are increasingly recognized as beneficial for this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the most widely used ginseng species today is <italic>Panax ginseng</italic>, primarily grown in Korea and China, which accounts for a significant portion of global ginseng production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The primary active compounds in <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> are ginsenosides, which are triterpene saponins. Much research on the pharmacological and medicinal properties of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> focuses on ginsenosides, including Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, and Rd.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ginseng has demonstrated several biological activities, including anticancer properties,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> antidiabetic effects,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and cardiovascular benefits, such as aiding in hypertension treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting antioxidant production and promoting NO synthesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Additionally, these ginsenosides have antioxidant properties, preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through NO stimulation. Ginsenoside Rb1 and other ginsenosides also counter endothelial dysfunction by activating the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway, inhibiting ROS production, activating estrogen receptor beta (ER-&#946;), and upregulating superoxide dismutase (SOD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p><italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, commonly known as ashitaba or "tomorrow's leaf," is a hardy perennial plant native to Japan's Pacific coast.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This plant has gained attention for its medicinal properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antitumor, hypotensive, antifibrotic, laxative, stimulant, and galactagogue effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> While the specific active components of <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> remain unidentified, over 100 compounds have been isolated from it, including chalcones, coumarins, and flavanones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A product known as Mitochondrin&#174; combines <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, featuring a triple standardization of 8% chalcones, 10% flavanones, and 0.9% ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3, providing a multi-targeted action on several epigenetic mechanisms. These components enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, vital for energy production and healthy aging, while promoting caloric expenditure, reducing fat storage, and minimizing inflammation through antioxidant effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These plants are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for their physiological benefits, which include reducing free radicals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> controlling inflammation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> regulating coagulation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> promoting NO production,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> enhancing glucose metabolism,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> and reducing mitochondrial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Complementary therapies are increasingly prominent as a safe option for managing menopausal symptoms. In this study, we investigate whether the unique combination of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> can improve vascular parameters in ovariectomized rats.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals and experimental design</title>
          <p>Twenty-four female Wistar rats with 200 g to 250 g were divided randomly (each animal was assigned a number, and groups were determined using a random number generator, preventing selection bias) into three groups: ovariectomized (OVX) (n = 8), ovariectomized rats treated with standardized extract of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (OVX + Pg + Ak) (n = 8), and sham (Sham) (n = 8). All the procedures with rats that will be described in this work were conducted after one week of acclimatization. The animals were kept in the light-dark cycle with food and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> until the experiment day. All animals were weighed every two weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Menopause induction</title>
          <p>All animals in the OVX groups underwent ovariectomy in the 12th week of life, due to the good response to surgery evidenced in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> The technique used followed the Zarrow protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> and anesthesia was performed with an association of 13 mg/Kg of xylazine and 33 mg/Kg of ketamine base by parenteral administration (intramuscular). First, a small bilateral incision (1.0-1.5 cm) was made through the skin and muscle layer using scissors and tweezers, approximately 1 cm below the last rib, perpendicular to the animal's body.</p>
          <p>For the procedure, the peritoneal cavity was opened, the ovaries exposed and removed, and a nylon suture ligated just below the fimbria. After removing the ovaries, an incision was made in the musculature and skin with the nylon thread. The animals in the sham groups underwent the same surgical procedure, had the ovaries externalized to the abdominal cavity and returned, without removing them. After the surgery, a period of two weeks of recovery was respected to start the procedures with the standardized extract administration protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
          <p>Throughout the treatment, systolic blood pressure was measured in the animals using tail-cuff plethysmography in non-anesthetized animals, prior to menopause induction, six weeks after induction, and following treatment. The rats were placed in a restraint and acclimatization apparatus within a quiet and calm environment for one hour. This procedure was repeated a few times before the analysis, with the concern of making them familiar with the test.</p>
          <p>The plethysmograph has a rubberized cuff and a photoelectric pulse sensor that was placed around the animal's tail (model Power Lab 8/35, AD Instruments, Pty Ltda, Colorado Springs, CO). Three consecutive measurements were performed, considering the arithmetic mean of these results as the pressure value.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Administration of standardized extracts of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic></title>
          <p>The animals in the groups that received the standardized extract treatment were treated with 100 mg/kg/day for two weeks and the standardized extract was administered intraperitoneally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> All animals were weighed so that the dose of the standardized extract was adequate. The animals in the groups that did not receive treatment with the standardized extract were handled with the same frequency as the treated ones. The standardized extracts of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> association (1:1). These standardized extracts make up the formulation of a product registered under the name Mitochondrin<sup>&#174;</sup>. This product has a triple standardization of 8% chalcones, 10% flavanones, and 0.9% ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3. The extracts were solubilized in physiological saline (sodium chloride 0.9%), just before treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Euthanasia and biological material collect</title>
          <p>The animal, anesthetized with isoflurane, were sacrificed by decapitation and some tissues were collected for further analysis. The aortic thoracic artery was removed, isolated and cut into rings of approximately 4 mm in length and kept in Krebs solution to vascular reactivity experiment. The uterus was collected and photographed for further analysis. The success of the surgery was verified by the uterine atrophy observed in the ovariectomized groups when compared to the sham group, as can be verified at the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Central Illustration</xref> and supplementary material (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-suppl01-en.pdf">Image 1A</inline-supplementary-material>). Blood was collected in falcon tubes shortly after euthanasia for subsequent serum aliquots for biochemical tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vascular reactivity</title>
          <p>The aortic rings dissected after euthanasia were placed in an isolated organ bath containing 5 mL of Krebs solution at 37 &#176;C, pH 7.4, continuously bubbled with 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub> in an isometric myograph (Mulvany-Halpern-model 610 DMT-USA, Marietta, GA) and recorded by a PowerLab8/SP data acquisition system (ADInstruments Pty Ltd., Colorado Springs, CO).</p>
          <p>Firstly, the aortic rings were submitted to a tension of 1.5 g for thirty minutes to allow for stabilization. Then, the endothelial integrity was assessed using the EC<sub>50</sub> of phenylephrine (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L) to contract the vessel, followed by the relaxation induced by 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L acetylcholine. Rings were discarded when the relaxation was lower than 80 %, assuming what has been standardized for the hypertensive endothelial dysfunctional rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The intact aortic rings were submitted to a second contraction with 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L phenylephrine and then were constructed concentration-effect curves to acetylcholine (0.1 nmol/L to 0.1 mmol/L). The potency (pD2) and the maximal relaxant effect were evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nitric oxide measurement</title>
          <p>For nitric oxide (NO) measurement levels, serum concentration of NO stable product was measured, nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), known as NOx, as described previously,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> by using NO Analyzer 280i (Sievers, Boulder, CO, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analyses of the results were performed using GraphPad Prism software (version 8.0.1). Data distribution was assessed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Since the data followed a normal distribution, they were presented as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). Comparisons among all groups were made using one-way ANOVA with the Newman-Keuls post-test. A significance level of 95% (&#945; = 0.05) was adopted for all statistical analyses, ensuring that the probability of Type I error remained within an acceptable threshold for robust and reliable inference.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Ovariectomy induced elevation in systolic blood pressure, as can be observed in the group OVX (141.62 &#177; 6.0 mmHg, n = 8) and OVX + Pg + Ak before the treatment (143.77 &#177; 5.79 mmHg, n = 8) compared to Sham (123.77 &#177; 4.16 mmHg, n = 8). Two-week treatment with association of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> induced a decrease in systolic blood pressure in OVX rats (OVX + Pg + Ak: 118.22 &#177; 4.8 mmHg, n = 8), compared to the OVX group with no treatment (139.12 &#177; 7.1 mmHg, n = 8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Systolic blood pressure before and after two-week treatment. Each dot represents the mean and mean standard error (SEM) of data obtained from independent determinations.; *difference (p &lt; 0.05) in systolic blood pressure values in Sham vs. OVX and Sham vs. OVX + Pg + Ak before Pg + Ak treatment (time = 0). **Indicates the difference (p &lt; 0.05) in values between systolic blood pressure from OVX vs OVX+ Pg + Ak after two-week treatment with Pg + Ak (time = 2); OVX: ovariectomized rats; OVX + Pg + Ak: ovariectomized rats treated with standardized extract of Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine is impaired in aortic rings in OVX rats (pD2: 6.17 &#177; 0.16, n = 8; ME: 72.46 &#177; 4.03%, n = 8), compared to control Sham (pD2: 6.91 &#177; 0.19, n = 8; ME: 90.84 &#177; 1.78%, n = 8). The chronic treatment with <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (Pg + Ak) improved the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in aortic rings in OVX rats (pD2: 6.83 &#177; 0.20, n = 8; ME: 89.75 &#177; 2.29%, n = 8) compared to OVX (pD2: 6.17 &#177; 0.16, n = 8; ME: 72.46 &#177; 4.03%, n = 8), with no difference between OVX + Pg + Ak and Sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 2A, 2B and 2C</xref>). In addition, chronic treatment with <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> + <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> (Pg + Ak) induced an increase in NO blood levels in OVX rats (OVX + Pg + Ak: 50.69 &#177; 2.82 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, n = 5) compared to OVX (31.45 &#177; 2.98 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, n = 5) and with Sham (31.79 &#177; 2.11 <italic>&#181;</italic>M, n = 5) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study of the endothelium function in isolated aortic rings vessels from Sham, OVX and OVX + Pg + Ak rats. Cumulative concentration-effect curves performed for the acetylcholine in aortas pre-contracted with phenylephrine. Each dot represents the mean and mean standard error (SEM) of data obtained from independent determinations. 2A and 2B * Indicates the difference (p &lt; 0.05) in pD2 values between aortas from Sham vs OVX and OVX vs OVX + Pg + Ak. 2A and 2C ** Indicates the difference (p &lt; 0.01) in Emax values between Sham vs OVX and OVX vs OVX + Pg + Ak; OVX: ovariectomized rats; OVX + Pg + Ak: ovariectomized rats treated with standardized extract of Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nitric oxide blood levels from ovariectomized (OVX) rats compared to OVX + Pg + Ak and with Sham. *Indicates the difference (p &lt; 0.05) in NO levels in OVX + Pg + Ak vs. OVX. **Indicates the difference (p&lt;0.05) in NO levels in OVX + Pg + Ak vs. SHAM; OVX: ovariectomized rats; OVX + Pg + Ak: ovariectomized rats treated with standardized extract of Panax ginseng + Angelica keiskei.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240685-40685-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that treatment with <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> for two weeks resulted in a reduction in blood pressure, improved endothelial function, and increased circulating NO levels. Ovariectomy effectively induced endothelial dysfunction and blood pressure elevation.</p>
        <p><italic>Panax ginseng</italic> is an ancient plant with medicinal uses rooted in traditional Chinese medicine. Its antihypertensive effects, particularly on the cardiovascular system, are partly attributed to increased circulating NO derived from the endothelium. This plant activates the enzyme eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), which converts L-arginine into L-citrulline and NO, leading to activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme in smooth muscle, inducing vasorelaxation and, consequently, a decrease in blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In our study, we observed this effect in OVX rats. The primary agents responsible for this mechanism are the ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3, which stimulate endothelial NO production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, Rg3 is recognized as the most potent vasodilator among the ginsenosides. Its action involves inhibiting vascular smooth muscle tone by preventing Ca&#178;<sup>+</sup> influx and stimulating K<sup>+</sup> efflux.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> This study confirmed the hypotensive effects of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> in rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Ginsenoside Rg3 also promotes increased eNOS expression, enhancing NO production and leading to vasorelaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> extracts, studies indicate that they exert vascular protective effects against phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction through NO and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Research has also shown that compounds such as Xanthoangelol (XAG) and 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD) influence platelet function, potentially preventing thrombotic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> The ability of <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> to reduce tail bleeding duration in mice suggests an effect on platelet aggregation <italic>in vivo</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A review concluded that XAG can directly inhibit smooth muscle functions by reducing intracellular free calcium (Ca&#178;<sup>+</sup>), while 4-hydroxyderricin suppresses phenylephrine-induced Ca&#178;<sup>+</sup> elevation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Flavonoids in <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> possess a complex structure that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, a key enzyme in regulating blood pressure. These flavonoid compounds serve as antihypertensive agents, reduce stress, and inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme oxidative activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although a few studies have examined the combined biological effects of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>, none has focused on their cardiovascular effects. Many individual components of these plants are known to benefit cardiovascular health. Thus, combining these extracts appears to be a promising option for treating cardiometabolic diseases.</p>
        <p>Our findings suggest that the combination of <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> may yield long-term improvements in vascular function. <italic>Panax ginseng</italic>, with its ginsenosides, activates key vasorelaxation pathways, while <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> has demonstrated various beneficial effects in metabolic disorders and other diseases associated with inflammation, with xanthoangelols being the primary active compounds.</p>
        <p>One limitation of the study is that the Sham group underwent only the surgical simulation without receiving saline, which was used as the vehicle for the plant treatments. Therefore, the Sham group did not receive any treatment, and this may limit the interpretation of the differences observed between the plant-treated groups and the Sham group. Additionally, the plant treatments were administered via intraperitoneal injection, which, although effective for the experimental protocol, does not fully replicate the oral administration that would be more representative of human usage in daily life. This difference in administration route could affect the pharmacokinetics and overall applicability of the findings to human treatment.</p>
        <p>In this study, we observed improved endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic rings from the OVX + Pg + Ak group, suggesting that ovariectomy-induced endothelial dysfunction can be reversed through treatment with <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic>. Our results indicate that this combined treatment enhances endothelial function and raises circulating NO levels, which is likely to contribute to the observed reduction in blood pressure in OVX rats.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Taken together, our results show that ovariectomy can induce elevation of systolic blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction, which were reduced by two-week treatment with the <italic>Panax ginseng</italic> and <italic>Angelica keiskei</italic> association.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by grants from the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP grants: 2022/01093-1 regular project). National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#8211; Brazil (CNPq grants: 140181/2020-2) &#8211; student grant</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Nayara Formenton da Silva, from Programa Interinstitucional de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas Associa&#231;&#227;o Ampla.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Animal Use Ethics Committee under the protocol number 6449201120. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>Special thanks to Professor Evelin Capellari C&#225;rnio from the Department of Nursing, general and specialized, Nursing School of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, University of S&#227;o Paulo, USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brazil, for the auxiliary experiments of serum nitrite and nitrate quantification with the equipment NO Analyzer 280i.</p>
      </ack>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0685_supplementary.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
